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Close back unrounded vowel

September 13, 2023

Not to be confused with the Armenian letter ա, the old Zhuang letter ɯ, or the Cyrillic letter ш.

The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɯ⟩. Typographically, it is a turned letter ⟨m⟩; given its relation to the sound represented by the letter ⟨u⟩, it can be considered a ⟨u⟩ with an extra "bowl".

Close back unrounded vowel
ɯ
IPA Number316
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɯ
Unicode (hex)U+026F
X-SAMPAM
Braille

The close back unrounded vowel can in many cases be considered the vocalic equivalent of the voiced velar approximant [ɰ].

Features Edit

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence Edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Acehnese[2] eu [ɯ] 'see' Also described as closer to [ɨ].[3][4]
Arara[5] îput [ɯput̚] 'my skin' Frequent realisation of /ɨ/.[5]
Azerbaijani bahalı [bɑhɑˈɫɯ] 'expensive' Closer to an [ɘ][6]
Bashkir ҡыҙ / qıď [qɯð] 'girl'
Chinese Mandarin 刺 / cì [t͡sʰɯ˥˩] 'thorn'
Some Wu dialects 父 / vu [vɯ] 'father'
Xiang 火 / xu [xɯ] 'fire'
Chuvash ыхра/ıxra [ɯɣra] 'garlic'
Crimean Tatar джаным/canım [dʒanɯm] 'please'
English African-American[7] hook [hɯ̞k] 'hook' Near-close; possible realization of /ʊ/.[7]
Tidewater[8] Near-close; may be rounded [ʊ] instead.[8]
Some California speakers[9] goose [ɡɯˑs] 'goose' Corresponds to [uː] in other dialects.
New Zealand[10][11] treacle [ˈtɹ̝̊iːkɯ] 'treacle' Possible realization of the unstressed vowel /ɯ/, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.[10][11] Corresponds to /əl/ in other accents. Develops from dark L; See New Zealand English phonology
Some Philadelphia speakers[12] plus [pɫ̥ɯs] 'plus' Used by some speakers; the exact height and backness is variable.[12] It corresponds to [ʌ] in other accents. See English phonology
South African[13] pill [pʰɯ̞ɫ] 'pill' Near-close; possible allophone of /ɪ/ before the velarised allophone of /l/.[13] See South African English phonology
Estonian[14] kõrv [kɯrv] 'ear' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid central [ɘ] or close-mid back [ɤ] instead, depending on the speaker.[14] See Estonian phonology
Irish Ulster caol [kʰɯːl̪ˠ] 'narrow' See Irish phonology
Japanese[15] 空気 / kūki [kɯːki]i 'air' May be compressed [ɯᵝ].[16] See Japanese phonology
Katukina[17] [babɯˈdʒɯ] 'oscar (fish)'
Kazakh қыс/qys [qɯs] 'winter' May be pronounced as [qəs]
Korean[18] 음식 飮食 / eumsik [ɯːmɕ͈ik̚] 'food' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Kurmanji (Northern) tirş [tˤɯɾʃ] 'sour' See Kurdish phonology. The "i" after "t" always uses this sound if the "t" is "tˤ". However, it can also appear at other places.
Sorani (Central) ترش / tirş
Kyrgyz кыз / qyz [qɯz] 'girl' See Kyrgyz phonology
Panará[19] [tɯˈsəʰ] 'to breathe'
Portuguese European[20] pegar [pɯ̞ˈɣäɾ]i 'to grab' Reduced vowel. Near-close.[20] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian Some speakers când [kɯnd] 'when' Typically described as /ɨ/. See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic caol [kʰɯːl̪ˠ] 'thin' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Sop düm [dɯm] 'tree' See Sop language
Tamil அழகு / aḻagu [əɻəɣɯ] 'beauty'
Thai Standard[21] ขึ้น / khuen/khîn [kʰɯn˥˩] 'to go up'
Turkish[22] sığ [sɯː] 'shallow' Described variously as close back [ɯ],[22] near-close near-back [ɯ̞][23] and close central [ɨ].[24] See Turkish phonology
Turkmen ýaşyl [jɑːˈʃɯl] 'green'
Uyghur تىلىم/tılım / tilim [tɯlɯm] 'my language' In complementary distribution with /ɪ/. See Uyghur phonology
Vietnamese tư [tɯ] 'fourth' See Vietnamese phonology

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Mid-vowels in Acehnese 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
  4. ^ Acehnese Coda Condition
  5. ^ a b Alves (2013), p. 269.
  6. ^ Ghaffarvand-Mokari & Werner 2016, p. 514.
  7. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 557.
  8. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 536.
  9. ^ Ladefoged (1999), pp. 42–43.
  10. ^ a b "NZE Phonology" (PDF). Victoria University of Wellington. p. 3.
  11. ^ a b Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 585.
  12. ^ a b Gordon (2004), p. 290.
  13. ^ a b Bowerman (2004), p. 936.
  14. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 369.
  15. ^ Labrune (2012), p. 25.
  16. ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
  17. ^ dos Anjos (2012), p. 129.
  18. ^ Lee (1999), p. 122.
  19. ^ Vasconcelos (2013), p. 182.
  20. ^ a b Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  21. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
  22. ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
  23. ^ Kılıç & Öğüt (2004)
  24. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)

References Edit

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009). "Estonian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 367–372. doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x.
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–44
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
  • Gordon, Matthew J. (2004), "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 282–299, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Kılıç, Mehmet Akif; Öğüt, Fatih (2004). "A high unrounded vowel in Turkish: is it a central or back vowel?" (PDF). Speech Communication. 43 (1–2): 143–154. doi:10.1016/j.specom.2004.03.001 – via Elsevier ScienceDirect.
  • Labrune, Laurence (2012), The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–123, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Ghaffarvand-Mokari, Payam; Werner, Stefan (2016), "An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels", Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 52 (3), doi:10.1515/psicl-2016-0019, S2CID 151826061
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993). "Thai". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 24–26. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746. S2CID 242001518.
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128541-0 .
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-20
  • Vasconcelos, Eduardo A. (2013). Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará (PhD). Campinas: University of Campinas. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2013.929939. hdl:20.500.12733/1622968.
  • Alves, Ana Carolina Ferreira (2013). "Aspectos do sistema fonológico de Arara (Karib)". Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas. 8 (2): 265–277. doi:10.1590/S1981-81222013000200003.
  • dos Anjos, Zoraide (2012). "Fonologia Katukina-Kanamari". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 12 (1): 123–156. doi:10.20396/liames.v0i12.1486.

External links Edit

  • List of languages with [ɯ] on PHOIBLE

September 13, 2023
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Not to be confused with the Armenian letter ա the old Zhuang letter ɯ or the Cyrillic letter sh This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Close back unrounded vowel news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message The close back unrounded vowel or high back unrounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɯ Typographically it is a turned letter m given its relation to the sound represented by the letter u it can be considered a u with an extra bowl Close back unrounded vowelɯIPA Number316Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 623 Unicode hex U 026FX SAMPAMBrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedThe close back unrounded vowel can in many cases be considered the vocalic equivalent of the voiced velar approximant ɰ Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures EditIts vowel height is close also known as high which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Its vowel backness is back which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized which means that often they are in fact near back It is unrounded which means that the lips are not rounded Occurrence EditLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAcehnese 2 eu ɯ see Also described as closer to ɨ 3 4 Arara 5 iput ɯput my skin Frequent realisation of ɨ 5 Azerbaijani bahali bɑhɑˈɫɯ expensive Closer to an ɘ 6 Bashkir ҡyҙ qid qɯd girl Chinese Mandarin 刺 ci t sʰɯ thorn Some Wu dialects 父 vu vɯ father Xiang 火 xu xɯ fire Chuvash yhra ixra ɯɣra garlic Crimean Tatar dzhanym canim dʒanɯm please English African American 7 hook hɯ k hook Near close possible realization of ʊ 7 Tidewater 8 Near close may be rounded ʊ instead 8 Some California speakers 9 goose ɡɯˑs goose Corresponds to uː in other dialects New Zealand 10 11 treacle ˈtɹ iːkɯ treacle Possible realization of the unstressed vowel ɯ which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to more often back and close to close mid 10 11 Corresponds to el in other accents Develops from dark L See New Zealand English phonologySome Philadelphia speakers 12 plus pɫ ɯs plus Used by some speakers the exact height and backness is variable 12 It corresponds to ʌ in other accents See English phonologySouth African 13 pill pʰɯ ɫ pill Near close possible allophone of ɪ before the velarised allophone of l 13 See South African English phonologyEstonian 14 korv kɯrv ear Typically transcribed in IPA with ɤ can be close mid central ɘ or close mid back ɤ instead depending on the speaker 14 See Estonian phonologyIrish Ulster caol kʰɯːl ˠ narrow See Irish phonologyJapanese 15 空気 kuki kɯːki i air May be compressed ɯᵝ 16 See Japanese phonologyKatukina 17 babɯˈdʒɯ oscar fish Kazakh kys qys qɯs winter May be pronounced as qes Korean 18 음식 飮食 eumsik ɯːmɕ ik food See Korean phonologyKurdish Kurmanji Northern tirs tˤɯɾʃ sour See Kurdish phonology The i after t always uses this sound if the t is tˤ However it can also appear at other places Sorani Central ترش tirsKyrgyz kyz qyz qɯz girl See Kyrgyz phonologyPanara 19 tɯˈseʰ to breathe Portuguese European 20 pegar pɯ ˈɣaɾ i to grab Reduced vowel Near close 20 Typically transcribed in IPA with ɨ See Portuguese phonologyRomanian Some speakers cand kɯnd when Typically described as ɨ See Romanian phonologyScottish Gaelic caol kʰɯːl ˠ thin See Scottish Gaelic phonologySop dum dɯm tree See Sop languageTamil அழக aḻagu eɻeɣɯ beauty Thai Standard 21 khun khuen khin kʰɯn to go up Turkish 22 sig sɯː shallow Described variously as close back ɯ 22 near close near back ɯ 23 and close central ɨ 24 See Turkish phonologyTurkmen yasyl jɑːˈʃɯl green Uyghur تىلىم tilim tilim tɯlɯm my language In complementary distribution with ɪ See Uyghur phonologyVietnamese tư tɯ fourth See Vietnamese phonologySee also EditIndex of phonetics articles ƜNotes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low Mid vowels in Acehnese Archived 2010 07 14 at the Wayback Machine Agreement System in Acehnese PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2009 07 30 Retrieved 2012 05 21 Acehnese Coda Condition a b Alves 2013 p 269 Ghaffarvand Mokari amp Werner 2016 p 514 a b Wells 1982 p 557 a b Wells 1982 p 536 Ladefoged 1999 pp 42 43 a b NZE Phonology PDF Victoria University of Wellington p 3 a b Bauer amp Warren 2004 p 585 a b Gordon 2004 p 290 a b Bowerman 2004 p 936 a b Asu amp Teras 2009 p 369 Labrune 2012 p 25 Okada 1999 p 118 dos Anjos 2012 p 129 Lee 1999 p 122 Vasconcelos 2013 p 182 a b Cruz Ferreira 1995 p 91 Tingsabadh amp Abramson 1993 p 24 a b Goksel amp Kerslake 2005 10 Kilic amp Ogut 2004 Zimmer amp Orgun 1999 155 References EditAsu Eva Liina Teras Pire 2009 Estonian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 3 367 372 doi 10 1017 s002510030999017x Bauer Laurie Warren Paul 2004 New Zealand English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 580 602 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Bowerman Sean 2004 White South African English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 931 942 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Ladefoged Peter 1999 American English Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 41 44 Cruz Ferreira Madalena 1995 European Portuguese Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 2 90 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005223 S2CID 249414876 Goksel Asli Kerslake Celia 2005 Turkish a comprehensive grammar Routledge ISBN 978 0415114943 Gordon Matthew J 2004 New York Philadelphia and other northern cities phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 282 299 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 International Phonetic Association 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 65236 7 Kilic Mehmet Akif Ogut Fatih 2004 A high unrounded vowel in Turkish is it a central or back vowel PDF Speech Communication 43 1 2 143 154 doi 10 1016 j specom 2004 03 001 via Elsevier ScienceDirect Labrune Laurence 2012 The Phonology of Japanese Oxford England Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 954583 4 Lee Hyun Bok 1999 Korean Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge University Press pp 120 123 ISBN 0 521 63751 1 Ghaffarvand Mokari Payam Werner Stefan 2016 An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 52 3 doi 10 1515 psicl 2016 0019 S2CID 151826061 Okada Hideo 1999 Japanese in International Phonetic Association ed Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge University Press pp 117 119 ISBN 978 0 52163751 0 Tingsabadh M R Kalaya Abramson Arthur S 1993 Thai Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 1 24 26 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004746 S2CID 242001518 Wells John C 1982 Accents of English Vol 3 Beyond the British Isles pp i xx 467 674 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 52128541 0 Zimmer Karl Orgun Orhan 1999 Turkish PDF Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 154 158 ISBN 0 521 65236 7 archived from the original PDF on 2018 07 25 retrieved 2015 11 20 Vasconcelos Eduardo A 2013 Investigando a hipotese Cayapo do Sul Panara PhD Campinas University of Campinas doi 10 47749 T UNICAMP 2013 929939 hdl 20 500 12733 1622968 Alves Ana Carolina Ferreira 2013 Aspectos do sistema fonologico de Arara Karib Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Ciencias Humanas 8 2 265 277 doi 10 1590 S1981 81222013000200003 dos Anjos Zoraide 2012 Fonologia Katukina Kanamari LIAMES Linguas Indigenas Americanas 12 1 123 156 doi 10 20396 liames v0i12 1486 External links EditList of languages with ɯ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Close back unrounded vowel amp oldid 1174418921, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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