fbpx
Wikipedia

Close front unrounded vowel

January 13, 2023

The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word meet—and often called long-e in American English.[2] Although in English this sound has additional length (usually being represented as /iː/) and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slight diphthong), some dialects have been reported to pronounce the phoneme as a pure sound.[3] A pure [i] sound is also heard in many other languages, such as French, in words like chic.

Close front unrounded vowel
i
IPA Number301
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)i
Unicode (hex)U+0069
X-SAMPAi
Braille

The close front unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the palatal approximant [j]. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [i̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [j] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Languages that use the Latin script commonly use the letter ⟨i⟩ to represent this sound, though there are some exceptions: in English orthography that letter is usually associated with /aɪ/ (as in bite) or /ɪ/ (as in bit), and /iː/ is more commonly represented by ⟨e⟩, ⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, ⟨ie⟩ or ⟨ei⟩, as in the words scene, bean, meet, niece, conceive; (see Great Vowel Shift). Irish orthography reflects both etymology and whether preceding consonants are broad or slender, so such combinations as ⟨aí⟩, ⟨ei⟩, and ⟨aío⟩ all represent /iː/.

Features

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans[4] dief [dif] 'thief' See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Standard[5] دين/diin [d̪iːn] 'religion' See Arabic phonology
Catalan[6] sic [ˈsik] 'sic' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[7][8] 七 / qī  [tɕʰi˥] 'seven' See Standard Chinese phonology
Chuvash çип [ɕ̬ip] 'thread'
Czech[9][10] bílý  [ˈbiːliː] 'white' See Czech phonology
Dutch[11][12] biet  [bit] 'beet' See Dutch phonology
English[13] All dialects free  [fɹiː] 'free' Depending on dialect, can be pronounced as a diphthong. See English phonology
Australian[14] bit [bit] 'bit' Also described as near-close front [ɪ̟].[15] See Australian English phonology
French[16][17] fini [fini] 'finished' See French phonology
German[18][19] Ziel  [t͡siːl] 'goal' See Standard German phonology
Greek Modern Standard[20][21] κήπος / kípos [ˈc̠ipo̞s̠] 'garden' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew[citation needed] Modern Standard חשיבה [χäʃivä] 'thinking' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian[22] ív [iːv] 'arch' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[23] bile [ˈbiːle̞] 'rage' See Italian phonology
Japanese[24] 銀/gin  [ɡʲiɴ] 'silver' See Japanese phonology
Khmer លទ្ធិ / lôtthĭ [lattʰiʔ] 'doctrine' See Khmer phonology
Korean[25] 아이 / ai [ɐi] 'child' See Korean phonology
Kurdish[26][27] Kurmanji (Northern) şîr [ʃiːɾ] 'milk' See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) شیر/šîr
Palewani (Southern)
Lithuanian vyras [viːrɐs̪] 'man' See Lithuanian orthography
Malay Malaysian Malay ikut [i.kʊt] 'to follow' See Malay phonology
Polish[28] miś  [ˈmʲiɕ] 'teddy bear' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[29] fino  [ˈfinu] (help·info) 'thin' Also occurs as an unstressed allophone of other vowels. May be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[30] insulă [ˈin̪s̪ulə] 'island' See Romanian phonology
Rungus[31] rikot [ˈri.kot] 'to come'
Russian[32] лист/list  [lʲis̪t̪] 'leaf' Only occurs word-initially or after palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[33] виле / vile [ʋîle̞] 'hayfork' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish[34] tipo [ˈt̪ipo̞] 'type' May also be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Spanish phonology
Sotho[35] ho bitsa [huˌbit͡sʼɑ̈] 'to call' Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[35] See Sotho phonology
Swedish Central Standard[36][37] bli [bliː] 'to become' Often realized as a sequence [ij] or [iʝ] (hear the word:  [blij]); it may also be fricated [iᶻː] or, in some regions, fricated and centralized ([ɨᶻː]).[37][38] See Swedish phonology
Tagalog ibon [ˈʔibɔn] 'bird'
Thai[39] กริช/krit [krìt] 'dagger'
Turkish[40][41] ip [ip] 'rope' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[42] місто/misto ['misto] 'city, town' See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh es i [eːs iː] 'I went' See Welsh phonology
Yoruba[43] síbí [síbí] 'spoon'

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Maddox, Maeve. "DailyWritingTips: The Six Spellings of "Long E"". www.dailywritingtips.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  3. ^ Labov, William; Sharon, Ash; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. chpt. 17. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.
  4. ^ Donaldson (1993), p. 2.
  5. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 38.
  6. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  7. ^ Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.
  8. ^ Duanmu (2007), pp. 35–36.
  9. ^ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  10. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  11. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  12. ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  13. ^ Roach (2004), p. 240.
  14. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
  15. ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65.
  16. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  17. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  18. ^ Hall (2003), pp. 78, 107.
  19. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  20. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
  21. ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  22. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  23. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  24. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  25. ^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
  26. ^ Thackston (2006a), p. 1.
  27. ^ Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
  28. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  29. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
  30. ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  31. ^ Forschner, T. A. (December 1994). Outline of A Momogun Grammar (Rungus Dialect) (PDF). Kudat. p. 6. (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2020.
  32. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 30.
  33. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  34. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  35. ^ a b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  36. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  37. ^ a b Riad (2014), p. 21.
  38. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  39. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
  40. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  41. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  42. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  43. ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
  • Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 249414876
  • Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Doke, Clement Martyn; Mofokeng, S. Machabe (1974), Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar (3rd ed.), Cape Town: Longman Southern Africa, ISBN 978-0-582-61700-1
  • Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
  • Duanmu, San (2007) [First published 2000], The Phonology of Standard Chinese (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-921578-2
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 249404451
  • Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 243772965
  • Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-6689-4
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191, ISSN 0025-1003
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Khan, Celadet Bedir; Lescot, Roger (1970), Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji) (PDF), Paris: La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve, retrieved 28 October 2017
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 109–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373, ISSN 0025-1003
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768, ISSN 0025-1003
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628, ISSN 0025-1003
  • Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
  • Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
  • Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 242632087
  • Thackston, W.M. (2006a), —Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings (PDF), retrieved 29 October 2017
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 243640727
  • Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–26, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746, ISSN 0025-1003, S2CID 242001518
  • Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology", Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97, doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-20

External links

  • List of languages with [i] on PHOIBLE

January 13, 2023
close, front, unrounded, vowel, close, front, unrounded, vowel, high, front, unrounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, that, occurs, most, spoken, languages, represented, international, phonetic, alphabet, symbol, similar, vowel, sound, english, word, meet, often,. The close front unrounded vowel or high front unrounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word meet and often called long e in American English 2 Although in English this sound has additional length usually being represented as iː and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel it is a slight diphthong some dialects have been reported to pronounce the phoneme as a pure sound 3 A pure i sound is also heard in many other languages such as French in words like chic Close front unrounded voweliIPA Number301Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 105 Unicode hex U 0069X SAMPAiBrailleIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedThe close front unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the palatal approximant j They alternate with each other in certain languages such as French and in the diphthongs of some languages i with the non syllabic diacritic and j are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound Languages that use the Latin script commonly use the letter i to represent this sound though there are some exceptions in English orthography that letter is usually associated with aɪ as in bite or ɪ as in bit and iː is more commonly represented by e ea ee ie or ei as in the words scene bean meet niece conceive see Great Vowel Shift Irish orthography reflects both etymology and whether preceding consonants are broad or slender so such combinations as ai ei and aio all represent iː Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksFeatures EditIts vowel height is close also known as high which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Its vowel backness is front which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant It is unrounded which means that the lips are not rounded Occurrence EditLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAfrikaans 4 dief dif thief See Afrikaans phonologyArabic Standard 5 دين diin d iːn religion See Arabic phonologyCatalan 6 sic ˈsik sic See Catalan phonologyChinese Mandarin 7 8 七 qi tɕʰi seven See Standard Chinese phonologyChuvash cip ɕ ip thread Czech 9 10 bily ˈbiːliː white See Czech phonologyDutch 11 12 biet bit beet See Dutch phonologyEnglish 13 All dialects free fɹiː free Depending on dialect can be pronounced as a diphthong See English phonologyAustralian 14 bit bit bit Also described as near close front ɪ 15 See Australian English phonologyFrench 16 17 fini fini finished See French phonologyGerman 18 19 Ziel t siːl goal See Standard German phonologyGreek Modern Standard 20 21 khpos kipos ˈc ipo s garden See Modern Greek phonologyHebrew citation needed Modern Standard חשיבה xaʃiva thinking See Modern Hebrew phonologyHungarian 22 iv iːv arch See Hungarian phonologyItalian 23 bile ˈbiːle rage See Italian phonologyJapanese 24 銀 gin ɡʲiɴ silver See Japanese phonologyKhmer លទ ធ lotthĭ lattʰiʔ doctrine See Khmer phonologyKorean 25 아이 ai ɐi child See Korean phonologyKurdish 26 27 Kurmanji Northern sir ʃiːɾ milk See Kurdish phonologySorani Central شیر sirPalewani Southern Lithuanian vyras viːrɐs man See Lithuanian orthographyMalay Malaysian Malay ikut i kʊt to follow See Malay phonologyPolish 28 mis ˈmʲiɕ teddy bear See Polish phonologyPortuguese 29 fino ˈfinu help info thin Also occurs as an unstressed allophone of other vowels May be represented by y See Portuguese phonologyRomanian 30 insulă ˈin s ule island See Romanian phonologyRungus 31 rikot ˈri kot to come Russian 32 list list lʲis t leaf Only occurs word initially or after palatalized consonants See Russian phonologySerbo Croatian 33 vile vile ʋile hayfork See Serbo Croatian phonologySpanish 34 tipo ˈt ipo type May also be represented by y See Spanish phonologySotho 35 ho bitsa huˌbit sʼɑ to call Contrasts close near close and close mid front unrounded vowels 35 See Sotho phonologySwedish Central Standard 36 37 bli bliː to become Often realized as a sequence ij or iʝ hear the word blij it may also be fricated iᶻː or in some regions fricated and centralized ɨᶻː 37 38 See Swedish phonologyTagalog ibon ˈʔibɔn bird Thai 39 krich krit krit dagger Turkish 40 41 ip ip rope See Turkish phonologyUkrainian 42 misto misto misto city town See Ukrainian phonologyWelsh es i eːs iː I went See Welsh phonologyYoruba 43 sibi sibi spoon Notes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low Maddox Maeve DailyWritingTips The Six Spellings of Long E www dailywritingtips com Retrieved July 20 2014 Labov William Sharon Ash Boberg Charles 2006 The Atlas of North American English Berlin Mouton de Gruyter chpt 17 ISBN 978 3 11 016746 7 Donaldson 1993 p 2 Thelwall 1990 p 38 Carbonell amp Llisterri 1992 p 54 Lee amp Zee 2003 p 110 Duanmu 2007 pp 35 36 Dankovicova 1999 p 72 Simackova Podlipsky amp Chladkova 2012 p 228 Gussenhoven 1992 p 47 Verhoeven 2005 p 245 Roach 2004 p 240 Cox amp Palethorpe 2007 p 344 Cox amp Fletcher 2017 p 65 Fougeron amp Smith 1993 p 73 Collins amp Mees 2013 p 225 Hall 2003 pp 78 107 Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 34 Arvaniti 2007 p 28 Trudgill 2009 p 81 Szende 1994 p 92 Rogers amp d Arcangeli 2004 p 119 Okada 1999 p 117 Lee 1999 p 121 Thackston 2006a p 1 Khan amp Lescot 1970 pp 8 16 Jassem 2003 p 105 Cruz Ferreira 1995 p 92 Sarlin 2014 p 18 Forschner T A December 1994 Outline of A Momogun Grammar Rungus Dialect PDF Kudat p 6 Archived PDF from the original on 19 September 2020 Jones amp Ward 1969 p 30 Landau et al 1999 p 67 Martinez Celdran Fernandez Planas amp Carrera Sabate 2003 p 256 a b Doke amp Mofokeng 1974 p Engstrand 1999 p 140 a b Riad 2014 p 21 Engstrand 1999 p 141 Tingsabadh amp Abramson 1993 p 24 Zimmer amp Orgun 1999 p 155 Goksel amp Kerslake 2005 p 10 Danyenko amp Vakulenko 1995 p 4 Bamgboṣe 1966 p 166 References EditArvaniti Amalia 2007 Greek Phonetics The State of the Art PDF Journal of Greek Linguistics 8 97 208 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 692 1365 doi 10 1075 jgl 8 08arv archived from the original PDF on 2013 12 11 Bamgboṣe Ayọ 1966 A Grammar of Yoruba West African Languages Survey Institute of African Studies Cambridge Cambridge University Press Carbonell Joan F Llisterri Joaquim 1992 Catalan Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 1 2 53 56 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004618 S2CID 249411809 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2013 First published 2003 Practical Phonetics and Phonology A Resource Book for Students 3rd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 50650 2 Cox Felicity Fletcher Janet 2017 First published 2012 Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription 2nd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 316 63926 9 Cox Felicity Palethorpe Sallyanne 2007 Australian English PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 3 341 350 doi 10 1017 S0025100307003192 Cruz Ferreira Madalena 1995 European Portuguese Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 2 90 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005223 ISSN 0025 1003 S2CID 249414876 Dankovicova Jana 1999 Czech Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 70 74 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 Danyenko Andrii Vakulenko Serhii 1995 Ukrainian Lincom Europa ISBN 9783929075083 Doke Clement Martyn Mofokeng S Machabe 1974 Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar 3rd ed Cape Town Longman Southern Africa ISBN 978 0 582 61700 1 Donaldson Bruce C 1993 1 Pronunciation A Grammar of Afrikaans Mouton de Gruyter pp 1 35 ISBN 9783110134261 Duanmu San 2007 First published 2000 The Phonology of Standard Chinese 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 921578 2 Dudenredaktion Kleiner Stefan Knobl Ralf 2015 First published 1962 Das Ausspracheworterbuch in German 7th ed Berlin Dudenverlag ISBN 978 3 411 04067 4 Engstrand Olle 1999 Swedish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 140 142 ISBN 978 0 521 63751 0 Fougeron Cecile Smith Caroline L 1993 Illustrations of the IPA French Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 2 73 76 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004874 ISSN 0025 1003 S2CID 249404451 Goksel Asli Kerslake Celia 2005 Turkish a comprehensive grammar Routledge ISBN 978 0415114943 Gussenhoven Carlos 1992 Dutch Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 2 45 47 doi 10 1017 S002510030000459X ISSN 0025 1003 S2CID 243772965 Hall Christopher 2003 First published 1992 Modern German pronunciation An introduction for speakers of English 2nd ed Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 6689 4 Jassem Wiktor 2003 Polish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 1 103 107 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001191 ISSN 0025 1003 Jones Daniel Ward Dennis 1969 The Phonetics of Russian Cambridge University Press Khan Celadet Bedir Lescot Roger 1970 Grammaire Kurde Dialecte kurmandji PDF Paris La librairie d Amerique et d Orient Adrien Maisonneuve retrieved 28 October 2017 Landau Ernestina Loncarica Mijo Horga Damir Skaric Ivo 1999 Croatian Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 66 69 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 Lee Hyun Bok 1999 Korean Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 120 122 ISBN 978 0 521 63751 0 Lee Wai Sum Zee Eric 2003 Standard Chinese Beijing Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 1 109 112 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001208 Martinez Celdran Eugenio Fernandez Planas Ana Ma Carrera Sabate Josefina 2003 Castilian Spanish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 2 255 259 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001373 ISSN 0025 1003 Okada Hideo 1999 Japanese in International Phonetic Association ed Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge University Press pp 117 119 ISBN 978 0 52163751 0 Riad Tomas 2014 The Phonology of Swedish Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 954357 1 Roach Peter 2004 British English Received Pronunciation Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 2 239 245 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001768 ISSN 0025 1003 Rogers Derek d Arcangeli Luciana 2004 Italian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 1 117 121 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001628 ISSN 0025 1003 Sarlin Mika 2014 First published 2013 Sounds of Romanian and their spelling Romanian Grammar 2nd ed Helsinki Books on Demand GmbH pp 16 37 ISBN 978 952 286 898 5 Simackova Sarka Podlipsky Vaclav Jonas Chladkova Katerina 2012 Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 2 225 232 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000102 Szende Tamas 1994 Illustrations of the IPA Hungarian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 24 2 91 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005090 ISSN 0025 1003 S2CID 242632087 Thackston W M 2006a Sorani Kurdish A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings PDF retrieved 29 October 2017 Thelwall Robin 1990 Illustrations of the IPA Arabic Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 2 37 41 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004266 ISSN 0025 1003 S2CID 243640727 Tingsabadh M R Kalaya Abramson Arthur S 1993 Thai Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 1 24 26 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004746 ISSN 0025 1003 S2CID 242001518 Trudgill Peter 2009 Greek Dialect Vowel Systems Vowel Dispersion Theory and Sociolinguistic Typology Journal of Greek Linguistics 9 1 80 97 doi 10 1163 156658409X12500896406041 Verhoeven Jo 2005 Belgian Standard Dutch Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 2 243 247 doi 10 1017 S0025100305002173 Zimmer Karl Orgun Orhan 1999 Turkish PDF Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 154 158 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 archived from the original PDF on 2018 07 25 retrieved 2015 11 20External links EditList of languages with i on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Close front unrounded vowel amp oldid 1131833483, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.