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Close-mid back unrounded vowel

January 22, 2023

The close-mid back unrounded vowel, or high-mid back unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ɤ⟩, called "ram's horns." This symbol is distinct from the symbol for the voiced velar fricative, ⟨ɣ⟩, which has a descender, but some texts[2] use this symbol for the voiced velar fricative.

Close-mid back unrounded vowel
ɤ
IPA Number315
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɤ
Unicode (hex)U+0264
X-SAMPA7
Braille

Before the 1989 IPA Convention, the symbol for the close-mid back unrounded vowel was ⟨⟩, sometimes called "baby gamma", which has a flat top; this symbol was in turn derived from and replaced the inverted small capital A, ⟨Ɐ⟩, that represented the sound before the 1928 revision to the IPA.[3] The symbol was ultimately revised to be ⟨⟩, "ram's horns", with a rounded top, in order to better differentiate it from the Latin gamma ⟨ɣ⟩.[4]

Unicode provides U+0264 ɤ LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN, but in some fonts this character may appear as a "baby gamma" instead. The superscript IPA version is U+10791 𐞑 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL RAMS HORN.[5]

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aklanon saeamat [saɤamat] 'thanks'
Bashkir туғыҙ/tuğïð  [tuˈʁɤð] (help·info) 'nine'
Bulgarian български/bălgarski  [bɤɫɡɐrski] (help·info) 'Bulgarian'
Chinese Mandarin 餓/è [ɤ˥˩] 'hungry'
English Cape Flats[6] foot [fɤt] 'foot' Possible realization of /ʊ/; may be [u] or [ʉ] instead.[6] See South African English phonology
South African[7] Possible realization of /ʊ/; may be a weakly rounded [ʊ] instead.[7] See South African English phonology
Estonian[8] kõrv [kɤrv] 'ear' Can be close-mid central [ɘ] or close back [ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.[8] See Estonian phonology
Gayo[9] kule [kuˈlɤː] 'tiger' Close-mid or mid; one of the possible allophones of /ə/.[9]
Iaai[10] löö [lɤː] 'banana leaf'
Irish Ulster[11] Uladh [ɤl̪ˠu] 'Ulster' See Irish phonology
Kaingang[12] mo [ˈᵐbɤ] 'tail' Varies between back [ɤ] and central [ɘ][13]
Korean Gyeongsang dialect 거기/geogi [ˈkɤ̘ɡɪ] 'there' See Korean phonology
Northern Tiwa Taos dialect mânpəumán [ˌmã̀ˑˈpɤ̄u̯mã̄] 'it was squeezed' May be central [ɘ] instead. See Taos phonology
Scottish Gaelic doirbh [d̪̊ɤrʲɤv] 'difficult' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Thai[14] เธอ/thoe [tʰɤː] 'you'

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Such as Booij (1999) and Nowikow (2012).
  3. ^ International Phonetic Association (1912). The principles of the International Phonetic Association. Paris, Association Phonétique Internationale. pp. 10.
  4. ^ Nicholas, Nick (2003). . Greek Unicode Issues. University of California, Irvine. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
  5. ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
  6. ^ a b Finn (2004), p. 970.
  7. ^ a b Mesthrie (2004), p. 956.
  8. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 369.
  9. ^ a b Eades & Hajek (2006), p. 111.
  10. ^ Maddieson & Anderson (1994), p. 164.
  11. ^ Ní Chasaide (1999:114–115)
  12. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  13. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  14. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 25.

References

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
  • Eades, Domenyk; Hajek, John (2006), "Gayo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 107–115, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002416
  • Finn, Peter (2004), "Cape Flats English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 934–984, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
  • Mesthrie, Rajend (2004), "Indian South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 953–963, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Maddieson, Ian; Anderson, Victoria (1994), "Phonemic Structures of Iaai" (PDF), UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, Los Angeles: UCLA, vol. 87: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages II, pp. 163–182
  • Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) [First published 1992], Fonetyka hiszpańska (3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8
  • Tingsabadh, M. R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–28, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746

External links

  • List of languages with [ɤ] on PHOIBLE

January 22, 2023
close, back, unrounded, vowel, close, back, unrounded, vowel, high, back, unrounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, used, some, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, called, horns, this, symbol, distinct, from, symbol, voiced, velar, fricat. The close mid back unrounded vowel or high mid back unrounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ɤ called ram s horns This symbol is distinct from the symbol for the voiced velar fricative ɣ which has a descender but some texts 2 use this symbol for the voiced velar fricative Close mid back unrounded vowelɤIPA Number315Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 612 Unicode hex U 0264X SAMPA7BrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedBefore the 1989 IPA Convention the symbol for the close mid back unrounded vowel was sometimes called baby gamma which has a flat top this symbol was in turn derived from and replaced the inverted small capital A Ɐ that represented the sound before the 1928 revision to the IPA 3 The symbol was ultimately revised to be ram s horns with a rounded top in order to better differentiate it from the Latin gamma ɣ 4 Unicode provides U 0264 ɤ LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN but in some fonts this character may appear as a baby gamma instead The superscript IPA version is U 10791 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL RAMS HORN 5 Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures EditIts vowel height is close mid also known as high mid which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel a high vowel and a mid vowel Its vowel backness is back which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized which means that often they are in fact near back It is unrounded which means that the lips are not rounded Occurrence EditLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAklanon saeamat saɤamat thanks Bashkir tugyҙ tugid tuˈʁɤd help info nine Bulgarian blgarski bălgarski bɤɫɡɐrski help info Bulgarian Chinese Mandarin 餓 e ɤ hungry English Cape Flats 6 foot fɤt foot Possible realization of ʊ may be u or ʉ instead 6 See South African English phonologySouth African 7 Possible realization of ʊ may be a weakly rounded ʊ instead 7 See South African English phonologyEstonian 8 korv kɤrv ear Can be close mid central ɘ or close back ɯ instead depending on the speaker 8 See Estonian phonologyGayo 9 kule kuˈlɤː tiger Close mid or mid one of the possible allophones of e 9 Iaai 10 loo lɤː banana leaf Irish Ulster 11 Uladh ɤl ˠu Ulster See Irish phonologyKaingang 12 mo ˈᵐbɤ tail Varies between back ɤ and central ɘ 13 Korean Gyeongsang dialect 거기 geogi ˈkɤ ɡɪ there See Korean phonologyNorthern Tiwa Taos dialect manpeuman ˌma ˑˈpɤ u ma it was squeezed May be central ɘ instead See Taos phonologyScottish Gaelic doirbh d ɤrʲɤv difficult See Scottish Gaelic phonologyThai 14 ethx thoe tʰɤː you See also EditIndex of phonetics articlesNotes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low Such as Booij 1999 and Nowikow 2012 International Phonetic Association 1912 The principles of the International Phonetic Association Paris Association Phonetique Internationale pp 10 Nicholas Nick 2003 Greek derived IPA symbols Greek Unicode Issues University of California Irvine Archived from the original on 2013 12 19 Retrieved 2013 12 18 Miller Kirk Ashby Michael 2020 11 08 L2 20 252R Unicode request for IPA modifier letters a pulmonic PDF a b Finn 2004 p 970 a b Mesthrie 2004 p 956 a b Asu amp Teras 2009 p 369 a b Eades amp Hajek 2006 p 111 Maddieson amp Anderson 1994 p 164 Ni Chasaide 1999 114 115 Jolkesky 2009 pp 676 677 682 Jolkesky 2009 pp 676 682 Tingsabadh amp Abramson 1993 p 25 References EditAsu Eva Liina Teras Pire 2009 Estonian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 3 367 372 doi 10 1017 s002510030999017x Booij Geert 1999 The phonology of Dutch Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 823869 X Eades Domenyk Hajek John 2006 Gayo Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 1 107 115 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002416 Finn Peter 2004 Cape Flats English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 934 984 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho de Valhery 2009 Fonologia e prosodia do Kaingang falado em Cacique Doble Anais do SETA Campinas Editora do IEL UNICAMP 3 675 685 Mesthrie Rajend 2004 Indian South African English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 953 963 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Maddieson Ian Anderson Victoria 1994 Phonemic Structures of Iaai PDF UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Los Angeles UCLA vol 87 Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages II pp 163 182 Ni Chasaide Ailbhe 1999 Irish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 111 16 ISBN 0 521 63751 1 Nowikow Wieczyslaw 2012 First published 1992 Fonetyka hiszpanska 3rd ed Warsaw Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN ISBN 978 83 01 16856 8 Tingsabadh M R Kalaya Abramson Arthur S 1993 Thai Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 1 24 28 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004746External links EditList of languages with ɤ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Close mid back unrounded vowel amp oldid 1130729918, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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