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Near-close near-front rounded vowel

April 26, 2024

The near-close front rounded vowel, or near-high front rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.

Near-close near-front rounded vowel
ʏ
IPA Number320
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʏ
Unicode (hex)U+028F
X-SAMPAY
Braille
Spectrogram of ʏ

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʏ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter y, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Y.

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ʏ] as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front rounded vowel (transcribed [y̽] or [ÿ˕]), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ is near-close near-front rounded vowel.[2] However, acoustic analysis of cardinal vowels as produced by Daniel Jones and John C. Wells has shown that basically all cardinal front rounded vowels (so not just [y] but also [ø, œ, ɶ]) are near-front (or front-central) in their articulation, so [ʏ] may be just a lowered cardinal [y] ([y˕]), a vowel that is intermediate between cardinal [y] and cardinal [ø].[3] In many languages that contrast close, near-close and close-mid front rounded vowels, there is no appreciable difference in backness between them.[4][5][6][7] In some transcriptions, the vowel is transcribed with ⟨y⟩[8] or ⟨ø⟩.[9] When that is the case, this article transcribes it with the symbols ⟨y˕⟩ (a lowered ⟨y⟩) and ⟨ø̝⟩ (a raised ⟨ø⟩), respectively. ⟨ʏ⟩ implies too weak a rounding in some cases (specifically in the case of the vowels that are described as tense in Germanic languages, which are typically transcribed with ⟨øː⟩), which would have to be specified as ⟨ʏ̹⟩.

In some languages, however, ⟨ʏ⟩ is used to transcribe a vowel that is as low as close-mid but still fits the definition of a lowered and centralized (or just lowered) cardinal [y]. It occurs in German Standard German as well as some dialects of English (such as Estuary),[10][11][12] and it can be transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ̞⟩ (a lowered ⟨ʏ⟩) in narrow transcription. For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ (or ⟨y⟩), see close-mid front rounded vowel.

In most languages, the rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips (in an exolabial manner). However, in a few cases, the lips are protruded (in an endolabial manner), such as in Swedish, which contrasts the two types of rounding.

Transcription edit

The near-close front rounded vowel is transcribed with ⟨y⟩, ⟨ʏ⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ in world's languages. However, when the Latin ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ø⟩ are used for this vowel, ⟨ʏ⟩ may still be used for phonological reasons for a vowel that is lower than near-close, potentially leading to confusion. This is the case in several Germanic language varieties, as well as in some transcriptions of Shanghainese.

In the following table, the difference between compressed and protruded vowels is ignored, except in the case of Swedish. Short vowels transcribed with ⟨ʉ⟩, ⟨ʏ⟩, ⟨ɵ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩ in broad transcription are assumed to have a weak rounding in most cases.

Symbol Phonetic values in various language varieties
Dutch Dzongkha Frisian languages German Limburgish Shanghainese Swedish
Fering Saterland Northern Standard Hamont-Achel Maastricht Weert Central Standard
⟨y⟩ [y] ~ [ʏ] ~ [ʉ] — — [y] [y] [ʉ̞] [ʉ] [y] — same as ⟨ʏ⟩
⟨yː⟩ [yː] ~ [ʏː] ~ [ʉː] [yː] ~ [ʏː] [yː] [yː] [yː] [yː] [ʉː] [yː] — [y̫ː]
⟨ʉ⟩ same as ⟨ʏ⟩ — — — — — — — — [ʉ̞ᵝ]
⟨ʉː⟩ — — — — — — — — — [ʏᵝː] ~ [yᵝː]
⟨ʏ⟩ [ɵ] — [ʉ̞] [ø] [ø̜] [ɵ] [ɵ] [ɵ] [ø] [ø̫] ~ [ʏ̫] ~ [y̫]
⟨ø⟩ same as ⟨øː⟩ — — — [ø̹] same as ⟨øː⟩ same as ⟨øː⟩ same as ⟨øː⟩ [ʏ] same as ⟨œ⟩
⟨øː⟩ [øʏ] ~ [øː] ~ [ɵː] [øː] ~ [œː] [ʉ̞ː] [ʏː] [ø̹ː] [ɵː] [ɵː] ~ [ɵʊ̈] [øə] — [ø̫ː]
⟨ɵ⟩ same as ⟨ʏ⟩ — — — — — — — — [ɵ̞ᵝ]
⟨œ⟩ same as ⟨ʏ⟩ — [ɵ] [œ] [œ] [œ] [œ̝] [œ̝] — [œ̫˔]
⟨œː⟩ [œː] — — [øː] [œː] [œː] [ɞː] [œ̝ː] — —

Because of that, IPA transcriptions of Limburgish dialects on Wikipedia utilize the symbol ⟨ɵ⟩ instead of ⟨ʏ⟩, following the symbol chosen for the corresponding Standard Dutch vowel by Rietveld & Van Heuven (2009).

Near-close front compressed vowel edit

The near-close front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʏ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɪ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɪ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɪᵝ⟩ ([ɪ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨ʏ͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

The close-mid front compressed vowel can be transcribed ⟨ɪ̞͡β̞⟩, ⟨ɪ̞ᵝ⟩ or ⟨ʏ͍˕⟩.

Features edit

  • Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed. The prototypical [ʏ] has a weak compressed rounding, more like [œ] than the neighboring cardinal vowels.

Occurrence edit

Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion. Vowels transcribed with ⟨y˕⟩ and ⟨ø̝⟩ may have a stronger rounding than the prototypical value of ⟨ʏ⟩.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian Gheg yll [ʏɫ] 'star'
Bashkir дүрт/dürt [dʏrt]ⓘ 'four'
Bavarian Northern[13] vill [v̥ʏl] 'much' Allophone of /i/ before /l/.[13]
Buwal[14] [ɗɛ́ɗʏ̄wɛ̄k] 'bitter' Palatalized allophone of /ə/ when adjacent to a labialized consonant.[14]
Chinese Shanghainese[15] 肝 / koe [kø̝˩] 'liver' Realization of /ø/ in open syllables and /ʏ/ in closed syllables. Near-close [ø̝] in the former case, close-mid [ʏ̞] in the latter.[15]
Danish Standard[16] købe [ˈkʰø̝ːpə] 'buy' Also described as close-mid [øː].[17] See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[18] nu [ny˕] 'now' Also transcribed as close front [y][19][20] and, in the Standard Northern accent, as close central [ʉ].[21] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. See Dutch phonology
English Estuary[22][23] foot [fʏʔt] 'foot' Possible realization of /ʊ/ and /uː/. In the former case, the height varies between near-close [ʏ] and close-mid [ʏ̞].[22][24]
Multicultural London[25] Possible realization of /ʊ/.[25]
Rural white Southern American[26] [fʏt̚] Can be central [ʊ̈] instead.[26]
West Country[27] [fʏt] Possible realization of /ʊ/ and /uː/.[27]
New Zealand[28][29] nurse [nʏːs] 'nurse' Possible realization of /ɵː/ (and also /ʉː/).[28][29][30] See New Zealand English phonology
Ulster[31] mule [mjʏl] 'mule' Short allophone of /u/; occurs only after /j/.[31] See English phonology
Multicultural London food [fʏːd]ⓘ 'food'
Faroese[32] krúss [kɹʏsː] 'mug' See Faroese phonology
French Parisian[33] tu [t̪y˕] 'you' Also described as close [y];[34][35] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. See French phonology
Quebec[36] lune [lʏn] 'moon' Allophone of /y/ in closed syllables.[36] See Quebec French phonology
German Standard[10][11] schützen [ˈʃʏ̞t͡sn̩] 'protect' Close-mid; it may be as high as [y] for some speakers.[10][11] See Standard German phonology
Some speakers[37] schwimmen [ʃvʏmː] 'to swim' Allophone of /ɪ/ before labial consonants. Used by some speakers in Northern and Central Germany.[37] See Standard German phonology
Hungarian[4] üt [y˕t̪]ⓘ 'hit' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic[38] vinur [ˈʋɪ̞ːnʏ̞ɾ] 'friend' Close-mid;[38] also described as central [ɵ].[39] See Icelandic phonology
Kazakh жүр/jür [ʑʏr] 'go'
Kurdish dwênê [dʏneː] 'yesterday' Allophone of /weː/ before consonant.
Low German[40] lütt / lut [lʏt] 'little'
Norwegian[41] nytt [nʏtː] 'new' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel varies between compressed [ʏ] and protruded [ʏ̫].[42] Its height has been variously described as near-close [ʏ][41] and close [y].[43] See Norwegian phonology.
Saterland Frisian[7] röögje [ˈʀø̝ːɡjə] 'to rain' Phonetic realization of /øː/ and /ʏ/. Near-close [ø̝ː] in the former case, close-mid [ʏ̞] in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to /œː/ ([øː]).[7]
Scots[44] buit [bʏt] 'boot' May be central [ʉ] instead.[44]
Swedish Central Standard[5][45] ut [ʏːt̪] 'out' Often realized as a sequence [ʏβ̞] or [ʏβ][46][47] (hear the word: [ʏβt̪]ⓘ). The height has been variously described as near-close [ʏː][5][45] and close [yː].[48] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉː⟩; it is central [ʉː] in other dialects. See Swedish phonology
Turkish[49] atasözü [ät̪äˈs̪ø̞z̪ʏ] 'proverb' Allophone of /y/ described variously as "word-final"[49] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[50] See Turkish phonology
Turkmen[51] Türkmençe [tʏɾkmøntʃø] 'Turkmen'
Wymysorys[52] büwa [ˈbʏvä] 'boys'

Near-close front protruded vowel edit

Near-close front protruded vowel
ʏ̫
ʏʷ
ɪʷ

Catford notes[full citation needed] that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One of them, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels as well as height and duration.[53]

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, the old diacritic for labialization, ⟨◌̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʏʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪʷ⟩ (a near-close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

The close-mid front protruded vowel can be transcribed ⟨ʏ̫˕⟩, ⟨ʏ̞ʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪ̞ʷ⟩.

For the close-mid front protruded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ (or ⟨y⟩), see close-mid front protruded vowel.

Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed near-close front vowel [ʏ] and the unrounded near-close front vowel [ɪ].

Features edit

  • Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
  • Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed. The prototypical [ʏ] has a weak rounding (though it is compressed, rather than protruded), more like [œ] than the neighboring cardinal vowels.

Occurrence edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Norwegian[41] nytt [nʏ̫tː] 'new' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel varies between protruded [ʏ̫] and compressed [ʏ].[42] Its height has been variously described as near-close [ʏ][41] and close [y].[43] See Norwegian phonology.
Swedish Central Standard[5][45] ylle [²ʏ̫lːɛ̝]ⓘ 'wool' The height has been variously described as close-mid [ʏ̫˕],[5] near-close [ʏ̫][45] and close [y̫].[54] See Swedish phonology

References edit

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), pp. 13, 171, 180.
  3. ^ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
  4. ^ a b Szende (1994), p. 92.
  5. ^ a b c d e Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  6. ^ Lodge (2009), p. 87.
  7. ^ a b c Peters (2017), p. ?.
  8. ^ For example, by Collins & Mees (2013:225) and Szende (1994:92).
  9. ^ For example by Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328); Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited in Basbøll (2005:48) and Peters (2017:?).
  10. ^ a b c Hall (2003), pp. 93–94, 107.
  11. ^ a b c Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 64.
  12. ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004), pp. 188, 191.
  13. ^ a b Rowley (1990), p. 422.
  14. ^ a b Viljoen (2013), p. 50.
  15. ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
  16. ^ Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited in Basbøll (2005:48).
  17. ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
  18. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
  19. ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  20. ^ Gussenhoven (2007), p. 30.
  21. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  22. ^ a b Przedlacka (2001), pp. 42–43.
  23. ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004), pp. 188, 190–191.
  24. ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004), pp. 188, 190.
  25. ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
  26. ^ a b Thomas (2004), pp. 303, 308.
  27. ^ a b Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 200.
  28. ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
  29. ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  30. ^ Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 582.
  31. ^ a b Jilka, Matthias. (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
  32. ^ Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
  33. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  34. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  35. ^ Lodge (2009), p. 84.
  36. ^ a b Walker (1984), pp. 51–60.
  37. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  38. ^ a b Árnason (2011), p. 60.
  39. ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  40. ^ Prehn (2012), p. 157.
  41. ^ a b c d Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
  42. ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 15–16.
  43. ^ a b Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
  44. ^ a b Stuart-Smith (2004), p. 54.
  45. ^ a b c d Bolander (2001), p. 55.
  46. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  47. ^ Riad (2014), p. 28.
  48. ^ Riad (2014), pp. 27–28.
  49. ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
  50. ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999), p. 155.
  51. ^ Hoey (2013), p. 6.
  52. ^ Jarosław Weckwerth. "The pure vowels (monophthongs) of Wilamowicean – spectral characteristics" (PDF). pp. 1–2, 5.
  53. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. ?.
  54. ^ Dahlstedt (1967), p. 16.

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External links edit

  • List of languages with [ʏ] on PHOIBLE
  • List of languages with [y̞] on PHOIBLE

April 26, 2024
near, close, near, front, rounded, vowel, near, close, front, rounded, vowel, near, high, front, rounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, used, some, spoken, languages, ʏipa, number320audio, sample, source, source, source, helpencodingentity, decimal, unicode, 028f. The near close front rounded vowel or near high front rounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages Near close near front rounded vowelʏIPA Number320Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 655 Unicode hex U 028FX SAMPAYBrailleImage IPA Vowels Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near open ae ɐ Open a ɶ a ɑ ɒ IPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded rounded Spectrogram of ʏ The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʏ a small capital version of the Latin letter y and the equivalent X SAMPA symbol is Y Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines ʏ as a mid centralized lowered and centralized close front rounded vowel transcribed y or y and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol ʏ is near close near front rounded vowel 2 However acoustic analysis of cardinal vowels as produced by Daniel Jones and John C Wells has shown that basically all cardinal front rounded vowels so not just y but also o œ ɶ are near front or front central in their articulation so ʏ may be just a lowered cardinal y y a vowel that is intermediate between cardinal y and cardinal o 3 In many languages that contrast close near close and close mid front rounded vowels there is no appreciable difference in backness between them 4 5 6 7 In some transcriptions the vowel is transcribed with y 8 or o 9 When that is the case this article transcribes it with the symbols y a lowered y and o a raised o respectively ʏ implies too weak a rounding in some cases specifically in the case of the vowels that are described as tense in Germanic languages which are typically transcribed with oː which would have to be specified as ʏ In some languages however ʏ is used to transcribe a vowel that is as low as close mid but still fits the definition of a lowered and centralized or just lowered cardinal y It occurs in German Standard German as well as some dialects of English such as Estuary 10 11 12 and it can be transcribed with the symbol ʏ a lowered ʏ in narrow transcription For the close mid front rounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ʏ or y see close mid front rounded vowel In most languages the rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips in an exolabial manner However in a few cases the lips are protruded in an endolabial manner such as in Swedish which contrasts the two types of rounding Contents 1 Transcription 2 Near close front compressed vowel 2 1 Features 2 2 Occurrence 3 Near close front protruded vowel 3 1 Features 3 2 Occurrence 4 References 5 Sources 6 External linksTranscription editThe near close front rounded vowel is transcribed with y ʏ and o in world s languages However when the Latin y or o are used for this vowel ʏ may still be used for phonological reasons for a vowel that is lower than near close potentially leading to confusion This is the case in several Germanic language varieties as well as in some transcriptions of Shanghainese In the following table the difference between compressed and protruded vowels is ignored except in the case of Swedish Short vowels transcribed with ʉ ʏ ɵ and œ in broad transcription are assumed to have a weak rounding in most cases Symbol Phonetic values in various language varieties Dutch Dzongkha Frisian languages German Limburgish Shanghainese Swedish Fering Saterland Northern Standard Hamont Achel Maastricht Weert Central Standard y y ʏ ʉ y y ʉ ʉ y same as ʏ yː yː ʏː ʉː yː ʏː yː yː yː yː ʉː yː y ː ʉ same as ʏ ʉ ᵝ ʉː ʏᵝː yᵝː ʏ ɵ ʉ o o ɵ ɵ ɵ o o ʏ y o same as oː o same as oː same as oː same as oː ʏ same as œ oː oʏ oː ɵː oː œː ʉ ː ʏː o ː ɵː ɵː ɵʊ oe o ː ɵ same as ʏ ɵ ᵝ œ same as ʏ ɵ œ œ œ œ œ œ œː œː oː œː œː ɞː œ ː Because of that IPA transcriptions of Limburgish dialects on Wikipedia utilize the symbol ɵ instead of ʏ following the symbol chosen for the corresponding Standard Dutch vowel by Rietveld amp Van Heuven 2009 harvcoltxt error no target CITEREFRietveldVan Heuven2009 help Near close front compressed vowel editThe near close front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ʏ and that is the convention used in this article There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA However the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter b as ɪ b simultaneous ɪ and labial compression or ɪᵝ ɪ modified with labial compression The spread lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ʏ as an ad hoc symbol though technically spread means unrounded The close mid front compressed vowel can be transcribed ɪ b ɪ ᵝ or ʏ Features edit Its vowel height is near close also known as near high which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel high vowel Its vowel backness is front which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Rounded front vowels are often centralized which means that often they are in fact near front Its roundedness is compressed which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed The prototypical ʏ has a weak compressed rounding more like œ than the neighboring cardinal vowels Occurrence edit Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression and few descriptions cover the distinction some of the following may actually have protrusion Vowels transcribed with y and o may have a stronger rounding than the prototypical value of ʏ Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Albanian Gheg yll ʏɫ star Bashkir dүrt durt dʏrt four Bavarian Northern 13 vill v ʏl much Allophone of i before l 13 Buwal 14 ɗɛ ɗʏ wɛ k bitter Palatalized allophone of e when adjacent to a labialized consonant 14 Chinese Shanghainese 15 肝 koe ko liver Realization of o in open syllables and ʏ in closed syllables Near close o in the former case close mid ʏ in the latter 15 Danish Standard 16 kobe ˈkʰo ːpe buy Also described as close mid oː 17 See Danish phonology Dutch Standard 18 nu ny now Also transcribed as close front y 19 20 and in the Standard Northern accent as close central ʉ 21 Typically transcribed in IPA with y See Dutch phonology English Estuary 22 23 foot fʏʔt foot Possible realization of ʊ and uː In the former case the height varies between near close ʏ and close mid ʏ 22 24 Multicultural London 25 Possible realization of ʊ 25 Rural white Southern American 26 fʏt Can be central ʊ instead 26 West Country 27 fʏt Possible realization of ʊ and uː 27 New Zealand 28 29 nurse nʏːs nurse Possible realization of ɵː and also ʉː 28 29 30 See New Zealand English phonology Ulster 31 mule mjʏl mule Short allophone of u occurs only after j 31 See English phonology Multicultural London food fʏːd food Faroese 32 kruss kɹʏsː mug See Faroese phonology French Parisian 33 tu t y you Also described as close y 34 35 typically transcribed in IPA with y See French phonology Quebec 36 lune lʏn moon Allophone of y in closed syllables 36 See Quebec French phonology German Standard 10 11 schutzen ˈʃʏ t sn protect Close mid it may be as high as y for some speakers 10 11 See Standard German phonology Some speakers 37 schwimmen ʃvʏmː to swim Allophone of ɪ before labial consonants Used by some speakers in Northern and Central Germany 37 See Standard German phonology Hungarian 4 ut y t hit Typically transcribed in IPA with y See Hungarian phonology Icelandic 38 vinur ˈʋɪ ːnʏ ɾ friend Close mid 38 also described as central ɵ 39 See Icelandic phonology Kazakh zhүr jur ʑʏr go Kurdish dwene dʏneː yesterday Allophone of weː before consonant Low German 40 lutt lut lʏt little Norwegian 41 nytt nʏtː new The example word is from Urban East Norwegian in which the vowel varies between compressed ʏ and protruded ʏ 42 Its height has been variously described as near close ʏ 41 and close y 43 See Norwegian phonology Saterland Frisian 7 roogje ˈʀo ːɡje to rain Phonetic realization of oː and ʏ Near close o ː in the former case close mid ʏ in the latter Phonetically the latter is nearly identical to œː oː 7 Scots 44 buit bʏt boot May be central ʉ instead 44 Swedish Central Standard 5 45 ut ʏːt out Often realized as a sequence ʏb or ʏb 46 47 hear the word ʏbt The height has been variously described as near close ʏː 5 45 and close yː 48 Typically transcribed in IPA with ʉː it is central ʉː in other dialects See Swedish phonology Turkish 49 atasozu at aˈs o z ʏ proverb Allophone of y described variously as word final 49 and occurring in final open syllable of a phrase 50 See Turkish phonology Turkmen 51 Turkmence tʏɾkmontʃo Turkmen Wymysorys 52 buwa ˈbʏva boys Near close front protruded vowel editNear close front protruded vowelʏ ʏʷɪʷ Catford notes full citation needed that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels However a few languages such as Scandinavian languages have protruded front vowels One of them Swedish even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels as well as height and duration 53 As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding the old diacritic for labialization will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels Another possible transcription is ʏʷ or ɪʷ a near close front vowel modified by endolabialization but that could be misread as a diphthong The close mid front protruded vowel can be transcribed ʏ ʏ ʷ or ɪ ʷ For the close mid front protruded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ʏ or y see close mid front protruded vowel Acoustically this sound is between the more typical compressed near close front vowel ʏ and the unrounded near close front vowel ɪ Features edit Its vowel height is near close also known as near high which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel high vowel Its vowel backness is front which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Rounded front vowels are often centralized which means that often they are in fact near front Its roundedness is protruded which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together and the inner surfaces exposed The prototypical ʏ has a weak rounding though it is compressed rather than protruded more like œ than the neighboring cardinal vowels Occurrence edit Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Norwegian 41 nytt nʏ tː new The example word is from Urban East Norwegian in which the vowel varies between protruded ʏ and compressed ʏ 42 Its height has been variously described as near close ʏ 41 and close y 43 See Norwegian phonology Swedish Central Standard 5 45 ylle ʏ lːɛ wool The height has been variously described as close mid ʏ 5 near close ʏ 45 and close y 54 See Swedish phonologyReferences edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low International Phonetic Association 1999 pp 13 171 180 Geoff Lindsey 2013 The vowel space Speech Talk a b Szende 1994 p 92 a b c d e Engstrand 1999 p 140 Lodge 2009 p 87 a b c Peters 2017 p For example by Collins amp Mees 2013 225 and Szende 1994 92 For example by Chen amp Gussenhoven 2015 328 Basboll amp Wagner 1985 40 cited in Basboll 2005 48 and Peters 2017 a b c Hall 2003 pp 93 94 107 a b c Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 pp 34 64 Altendorf amp Watt 2004 pp 188 191 a b Rowley 1990 p 422 a b Viljoen 2013 p 50 a b Chen amp Gussenhoven 2015 p 328 Basboll amp Wagner 1985 40 cited in Basboll 2005 48 Basboll 2005 p 46 Collins amp Mees 2003 p 132 Verhoeven 2005 p 245 Gussenhoven 2007 p 30 Gussenhoven 1992 p 47 a b Przedlacka 2001 pp 42 43 Altendorf amp Watt 2004 pp 188 190 191 Altendorf amp Watt 2004 pp 188 190 a b Cruttenden 2014 p 91 a b Thomas 2004 pp 303 308 a b Altendorf amp Watt 2004 p 200 a b Bauer et al 2007 p 98 a b Mannell Cox amp Harrington 2009 Bauer amp Warren 2004 p 582 a b Jilka Matthias Irish English and Ulster English PDF Stuttgart Institut fur Linguistik Anglistik University of Stuttgart p 6 Archived from the original PDF on 21 April 2014 Peterson 2000 cited in Arnason 2011 76 Collins amp Mees 2013 p 225 Fougeron amp Smith 1993 p 73 Lodge 2009 p 84 a b Walker 1984 pp 51 60 sfnp error no target CITEREFWalker1984 help a b Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 65 a b Arnason 2011 p 60 Einarsson 1945 10 cited in Gussmann 2011 73 Prehn 2012 p 157 a b c d Vanvik 1979 pp 13 20 a b Kristoffersen 2000 pp 15 16 a b Kvifte amp Gude Husken 2005 p 2 a b Stuart Smith 2004 p 54 a b c d Bolander 2001 p 55 Engstrand 1999 p 141 Riad 2014 p 28 Riad 2014 pp 27 28 a b Goksel amp Kerslake 2005 p 11 Zimmer amp Organ 1999 p 155 sfnp error no target CITEREFZimmerOrgan1999 help Hoey 2013 p 6 Jaroslaw Weckwerth The pure vowels monophthongs of Wilamowicean spectral characteristics PDF pp 1 2 5 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p Dahlstedt 1967 p 16 Sources editAltendorf Ulrike Watt Dominik 2004 The dialects in the South of England phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 181 196 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Arnason Kristjan 2011 The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 922931 4 Basboll Hans 2005 The Phonology of Danish Taylor amp Francis ISBN 0 203 97876 5 Basboll Hans Wagner Johannes 1985 Kontrastive Phonologie des Deutschen und Danischen Max Niemeyer Verlag ISBN 978 3 484 30160 3 Bauer Laurie Warren Paul 2004 New Zealand English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 580 602 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Bauer Laurie Warren Paul Bardsley Dianne Kennedy Marianna Major George 2007 New Zealand English Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 1 97 102 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002830 Bolander Maria 2001 Funktionell svensk grammatik 1st ed Liber AB ISBN 9789147050543 Chen Yiya Gussenhoven Carlos 2015 Shanghai Chinese Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 3 321 327 doi 10 1017 S0025100315000043 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2003 First published 1981 The Phonetics of English and Dutch 5th ed Leiden Brill Publishers ISBN 9004103406 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2013 First published 2003 Practical Phonetics and Phonology A Resource Book for Students 3rd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 50650 2 Cruttenden Alan 2014 Gimson s Pronunciation of English 8th ed Routledge ISBN 9781444183092 Dahlstedt Karl Hampus 1967 Svarigheter i svenskans uttal Modersmalslararnas forening Dudenredaktion Kleiner Stefan Knobl Ralf 2015 First published 1962 Das Ausspracheworterbuch in German 7th ed Berlin Dudenverlag ISBN 978 3 411 04067 4 Einarsson Stefan 1945 Icelandic Grammar texts glossary Baltimore The Johns Hopkins Press ISBN 978 0801863578 Engstrand Olle 1999 Swedish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 140 142 ISBN 0 521 63751 1 Fougeron Cecile Smith Caroline L 1993 French Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 2 73 76 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004874 S2CID 249404451 Goksel Asli Kerslake Celia 2005 Turkish a comprehensive grammar Routledge ISBN 978 0415114943 Gussenhoven Carlos 1992 Dutch Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 2 45 47 doi 10 1017 S002510030000459X S2CID 243772965 Gussenhoven Carlos 2007 Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands PDF in Dutch Nijmegen Radboud University archived PDF from the original on 25 March 2017 Gussmann Edmund 2011 Getting your head around the vowel system of Modern Icelandic PDF Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 12 71 90 ISBN 978 83 232 2296 5 Hall Christopher 2003 First published 1992 Modern German pronunciation An introduction for speakers of English 2nd ed Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 0 7190 6689 1 Hoey Elliott 2013 Grammatical sketch of Turkmen Santa Barbara University of California International Phonetic Association 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 65236 7 Kristoffersen Gjert 2000 The Phonology of Norwegian Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 823765 5 Kvifte Bjorn Gude Husken Verena 2005 First published 1997 Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache 3rd ed Gottfried Egert Verlag ISBN 3 926972 54 8 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 0 631 19815 6 Lodge Ken 2009 A Critical Introduction to Phonetics Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8264 8873 2 Mannell Robert Cox Felicity Harrington Jonathan 2009 An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology Macquarie University Peters Jorg 2017 Saterland Frisian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 49 2 223 230 doi 10 1017 S0025100317000226 S2CID 232348873 Peterson Hjalmar P 2000 Matingar af sjalvljodum i foruyskum Malting 28 37 43 Prehn Maike 2012 Vowel quantity and the fortis lenis distinction in North Low Saxon PDF PhD Amsterdam LOT ISBN 978 94 6093 077 5 Przedlacka Joanna 2001 Estuary English and RP Some Recent Findings PDF Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 36 35 50 Riad Tomas 2014 The Phonology of Swedish Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 954357 1 Rietveld Antonius C M van Heuven Vincent J 2009 First published 1997 Algemene Fonetiek in Dutch 3rd ed Bussum Uitgeverij Coutinho ISBN 978 90 469 0163 2 Rowley Anthony R 1990 14 North Bavarian in Russ Charles ed The Dialects of Modern German A Linguistic Survey Abingdon Routledge pp 417 437 ISBN 0 415 00308 3 Stuart Smith Jane 2004 Scottish English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 47 67 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Szende Tamas 1994 Illustrations of the IPA Hungarian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 24 2 91 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005090 S2CID 242632087 Thomas Erik R 2004 Rural Southern white accents in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 300 324 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Vanvik Arne 1979 Norsk fonetikk Oslo Universitetet i Oslo ISBN 82 990584 0 6 Verhoeven Jo 2005 Belgian Standard Dutch Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 2 243 247 doi 10 1017 S0025100305002173 Viljoen Melanie Helen 2013 A grammatical description of the Buwal language Melbourne La Trobe University Zimmer Karl Orgun Orhan 1999 Turkish PDF Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 154 158 ISBN 0 521 65236 7 archived from the original PDF on 2018 07 25 retrieved 2015 11 21External links editList of languages with ʏ on PHOIBLE List of languages with y on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Near close near front rounded vowel amp oldid 1220455486, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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