Wikipedia
Close-mid front unrounded vowel
The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
| Close-mid front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| e | |
| IPA Number | 302 |
| Audio sample | |
source · help | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | e |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0065 |
| X-SAMPA | e |
| Braille | |
| IPA: Vowels |
|---|
| Legend: unrounded • rounded |
For the close-mid front unrounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Features
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[2] | bed | [bet] | 'bed' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. The height varies between close-mid [e] and mid [ɛ̝].[2] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Standard | مَجۡر۪ىٰهَا/maǧrēhā | [mad͡ʒ.reː.haː] | See imalah | |
| Azerbaijani | gecə | [ɟeˈd͡ʒæ] | 'night' | ||
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [example needed] | |||
| Breton[4] | daneg | [ˈdãːnek] | 'the Danish language' | Unstressed /ɛ/ can be mid [ɛ̝] or close-mid [e] instead.[4] | |
| Catalan[5] | séc | [ˈsek] | 'fold' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Shanghainese[6] | 该/kè | [ke̠ʔ˩] | 'should' | Near-front; realization of /ɛ/, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]), which appears only in closed syllables.[6] |
| Chuvash | эрешмен | [erɛʃ'mɛnʲ] | 'spider' | ||
| Danish | Standard[7][8] | hæl | [ˈheːˀl] | 'heel' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Belgian[9] | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Australian[10] | bed | [bed] | 'bed' | See Australian English phonology |
| New Zealand[11] | The height varies from near-close in broad varieties to mid in the Cultivated variety.[11] See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
| General American[12] | may | [meː] | 'may' | Most often a closing diphthong [eɪ].[12] | |
| General Indian[13] | |||||
| General Pakistani[14] | Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker. | ||||
| Geordie[15] | |||||
| Scottish[16] | |||||
| Singaporean[17] | |||||
| Ulster[18] | Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast. | ||||
| Some Cardiff speakers[19] | square | [skweː] | 'square' | More often open-mid [ɛː].[19] | |
| Yorkshire[20] | play | [ple̞ː] | 'play' | ||
| Scottish[16] | bit | [bë̞ʔ] | 'bit' | Near-front,[16] may be [ɪ] (also [ə]) instead for other speakers. | |
| Cockney[21] | bird | [bɛ̝̈ːd] | 'bird' | Near-front; occasional realization of /ɜː/. It can be rounded [œ̝ː] or, more often, unrounded central [ɜ̝ː] instead.[21] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. | |
| Estonian[22] | keha | [ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ] | 'body' | See Estonian phonology | |
| French[23][24] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 'beauty' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[25][26] | Seele | [ˈzeːlə] | 'soul' | See Standard German phonology |
| Many speakers[27] | Jäger | [ˈjeːɡɐ] | 'hunter' | Outcome of the /ɛː–eː/ merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions.[27] See Standard German phonology | |
| Southern accents[28] | Bett | [b̥et] | 'bed' | Common realization of /ɛ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[28] See Standard German phonology | |
| Swabian accent[28] | Contrasts with the open-mid [ɛ].[28] See Standard German phonology | ||||
| Greek | Sfakian[29] | [example needed] | Corresponds to mid [e̞] in Modern Standard Greek.[30] See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hebrew[31] | כן/ken | [ke̞n] | 'yes' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | के/ke | [keː] | 'of' | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | کے/ke | ||||
| Hungarian[32] | hét | [heːt̪] | 'seven' | Also described as mid [e̞ː].[33] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian | Standard[34] | stelle | [ˈs̪t̪elle] | 'stars' | See Italian phonology |
| Khmer | ទុរេន / tŭrén | [tureːn] | 'durian' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | 메아리 / meari | [meɐɾi] | 'echo' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Most dialects[35][36][37] | leef | [leːf] | 'dear' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
| Lithuanian | tėtė | [t̪eːt̪eː] | 'father' | 'Tete' and 'tėtis' are more commonly used than 'tėtė.' | |
| Malay | kecil | [kə.t͡ʃel] | 'small' | Allophone of /i/ in closed-final syllables. May be [ɪ] or [e̞] depending on the speaker. See Malay phonology | |
| Malayalam | ചെവി | [ȶ͡ɕeʋi] | 'ear' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Marathi | एक | [e:k] | 'one' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Norwegian | le | [leː] | 'laugh' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian.[38][39] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | سه/se | [se] | 'three' | ||
| Polish[40] | dzień | [d͡ʑeɲ̟] | 'day' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[41] | mesa | [ˈmezɐ] | 'table' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Russian[42] | шея/sheja/sheya | [ˈʂejə] | 'neck' | Close-mid [e] before and between soft consonants, mid [e̞] after soft consonants.[42] See Russian phonology | |
| Saterland Frisian[43] | tään | [te̠ːn] | 'thin' | Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ is actually near-close [e̝ː].[43] | |
| Slovene[44] | sedem | [ˈsèːdəm] | 'seven' | See Slovene phonology | |
| Sotho[45] | ho jwetsa | [hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈] | 'to tell' | Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[45] See Sotho phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[46][47] | se | [s̪eː] | 'see' | Often diphthongized to [eə̯] (hear the word: [s̪eə̯]). See Swedish phonology |
| Tahitian | vahine | [vahine] | 'woman' | ||
| Tamil | செவி | [ȶ͡ɕeʋi] | 'ear' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Ukrainian | ефі́рний efirnyj | [eˈfirnɪj] | 'ethereal' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | chwech | [χweːχ] | 'six' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Yoruba[48] | [example needed] | ||||
See also
Notes
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/".
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Ternes (1992), p. 433.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
- ^ a b Gordon & Maclagan (2004), p. 609.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 487.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 626.
- ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1010.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
- ^ a b c Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ^ Deterding (2000), p. ?.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 179.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 305.
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b c d Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
- ^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13–14.
- ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 106.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 41, 44.
- ^ a b Peters (2019), p. ?.
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 137.
- ^ a b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
References
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- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
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External links
- List of languages with [e] on PHOIBLE