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Open-mid front rounded vowel

December 02, 2023

The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is ⟨œ⟩. The symbol œ is a lowercase ligature of the letters o and e. The sound ⟨ɶ⟩, a small capital version of the ⟨Œ⟩ ligature, is used for a distinct vowel sound: the open front rounded vowel.

Open-mid front rounded vowel
œ
IPA Number311
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)œ
Unicode (hex)U+0153
X-SAMPA9
Braille

Open-mid front compressed vowel edit

The open-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨œ⟩, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated IPA diacritic for compression. However, the compression of the lips can be shown by the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɛ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɛ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɛᵝ⟩ ([ɛ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨œ͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Features edit

  • Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence edit

Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Asturian Some Western dialects[2] fuöra [ˈfwœɾɐ] 'outside' Realization of ⟨o⟩ in the diphthong ⟨uo⟩. May also be realized as [ɵ] or [ø].
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[3] Seil [sœː] 'rope' Contrasts close [y], near-close [ø̝], close-mid [ø] and open-mid [œ] front rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä].[3] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɶ⟩.
Northern[4] I helfad [i ˈhœlʲfɐd̥] 'I'd help' Allophone of /ɛ/ before /l/.[4]
Breton All speakers[5] leur [lœːr] 'floor' Short counterpart of /øː/.[6] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ø⟩.
Bas-Léon[6] [example needed] Long; contrasts with the short open-mid /œ/ and the long close-mid /øː/. Other speakers have only one mid front rounded vowel /øː/.[6]
Buwal[7] [kʷœ̄lɛ̄lɛ̄] 'fine' Allophone of /a/ when adjacent to a labialized consonant.[7]
Chinese Cantonese 長 / cheung4 [tsʰœːŋ˩] 'long' See Cantonese phonology
Lombard Lombard fiœ [fjœː] 'boy','man' Occurs naturally in the language, most frequently in western and northern regions, alternating with ø in many words, and rendered under the letter 'œ', while [ø] is under the letter ö.
Danish Standard[8] gøre [ˈkœːɐ] 'to do' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɶː⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[9][10] manoeuvre [maˈnœːvrə]ⓘ 'manoeuvre' Occurs only in a few loanwords.[9][10] See Dutch phonology
Some speakers[11] parfum [pɑrˈfœ̃ː] 'perfume' Nasalized; occurs only in a few loanwords and it is used mainly in southern accents. Often nativized as [ʏm].[11] See Dutch phonology
The Hague dialect[12] uit [œːt] 'out' Corresponds to [œy] in standard Dutch.[13] See Dutch phonology
English General New Zealand[14][15] bird [bœːd] 'bird' May be mid [œ̝ː] instead. In broader varieties, it is close-mid or higher.[14][15][16] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɵː⟩. See New Zealand English phonology
Scouse[17] Possible realization of the merged SQUARE–NURSE vowel /eː/.[17]
Southern Welsh[18] Also described as mid [œ̝ː][19] and close-mid [øː].[20][21]
General South African[22] go [ɡœː] 'go' Some speakers. Can be a diphthong of the type [œʉ̯]~[œɘ̯] instead. Other South African varieties do not monophthongize. See South African English phonology
French[23][24] jeune [ʒœn] 'young' See French phonology
Galician[25] semana [s̺œˈmãnɐ̃] ˈweek' Labialization of pre-tonic [e], which is usually realized as [o]
German Standard[26] Hölle [ˈhœlə] 'hell' See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[27] schön [ʃœːn] 'beautiful' Close-mid [øː] in other accents.[28] See Standard German phonology
Limburgish Many dialects[29][30] mäö [mœː] 'sleeve' Central [ɞː] in Maastricht;[31] the example word is from the Hasselt dialect.
Low German[32] söss / zös [zœs] 'six'
Espírito Santo East Pomeranian[33] ['hœɫ] 'hell'
Saterland Frisian[34][35] bölkje [ˈbœlkjə] 'to rear'
West Frisian Hindeloopers[36] [example needed] See West Frisian phonology
Súdwesthoeksk[36][37] skoalle [ˈskœlə] 'school'

Open-mid front protruded vowel edit

Open-mid front protruded vowel
œ̫
œʷ
ɛʷ

Catford notes[full citation needed] that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One Scandinavian language, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨œʷ⟩ or ⟨ɛʷ⟩ (an open-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but it could be misread as a diphthong.

Acoustically, the sound is "between" the more typical compressed open-mid front vowel [œ] and the unrounded open-mid front vowel [ɛ].

Features edit

Occurrence edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Norwegian[38][39] nøtt [nœ̫tː] 'nut' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel has also been described as mid central [ɞ̝].[40] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central Standard[41][42][43] öra [²œ̫ːra̠]ⓘ 'ear' Allophone of /œ/ and most often also /øː/ before /r/.[41][42][43] May be more open [ɶ, ɶː] for younger speakers from Stockholm.[43] See Swedish phonology
Younger Stockholm speakers[43] köpa [²ɕœ̫ːpa̠] 'to buy' Higher [øː] for other speakers. See Swedish phonology

Notes edit

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ García, Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena (2015-09-01). "Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética". Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana (in undetermined language). 14 (14). ISSN 2341-1147.
  3. ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. ^ a b Rowley (1990), p. 422.
  5. ^ Ternes (1992), p. 433.
  6. ^ a b c Ternes (1992), pp. 431, 433.
  7. ^ a b Viljoen (2013), p. 50.
  8. ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  9. ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
  10. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 137.
  11. ^ a b van de Velde & van Hout (2002).
  12. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  13. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 135–136.
  14. ^ a b Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 188.
  15. ^ a b Bauer & Warren (2004), pp. 582, 591.
  16. ^ Wells (1982), p. 607.
  17. ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), pp. 118, 138.
  18. ^ Penhallurick (2004), p. 104.
  19. ^ Wells (1982), p. 381.
  20. ^ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  21. ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  22. ^ Lass (2002), p. 118.
  23. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  24. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  25. ^ Freixeiro Mato, X. Ramón. (2006). Gramática da lingua galega (2. ed.). [Vigo, Spain]: Edicions A Nosa Terra. ISBN 84-8341-060-5. OCLC 213259857.
  26. ^ Hall (2003), pp. 97, 107.
  27. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  28. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  29. ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  30. ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  31. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  32. ^ Prehn (2012), p. 157.
  33. ^ Schaeffer & Meireles (2014), p. 51.
  34. ^ Fort (2001), p. 411.
  35. ^ Peters (2017), p. ?.
  36. ^ a b van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
  37. ^ Hoekstra (2001), p. 83.
  38. ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
  39. ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
  40. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  41. ^ a b Eliasson (1986), p. 273.
  42. ^ a b Thorén & Petterson (1992), pp. 13–14.
  43. ^ a b c d Riad (2014), p. 38.

References edit

  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
  • Fort, Marron C. (2001), "36. Das Saterfriesische", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.), Handbook of Frisian studies, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, pp. 409–422, ISBN 3-484-73048-X
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290, S2CID 249412109
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
  • Hoekstra, Jarich (2001), "12. Standard West Frisian", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.), Handbook of Frisian studies, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, pp. 83–98, ISBN 3-484-73048-X
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Peters, Jörg (2017), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226, S2CID 232348873
  • Prehn, Maike (2012). Vowel quantity and the fortis-lenis distinction in North Low Saxon (PDF) (PhD). Amsterdam: LOT. ISBN 978-94-6093-077-5.
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
  • Rowley, Anthony R. (1990), "14 North Bavarian", in Russ, Charles (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 417–437, ISBN 0-415-00308-3
  • Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 0-521-23127-2
  • Thorén, Bosse; Petterson, Nils-Owe (1992), Svenska Utifrån Uttalsanvisningar, ISBN 91-520-0284-5
  • Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
  • van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (2002), "Uitspraakvariatie in leenwoorden", in Hiligsmann, Philippe; Leijnse, Elisabeth (eds.), NVT-onderwijs en -onderzoek in Franstalig gebied, Nijmegen: Vantilt, pp. 77–95
  • van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001), "13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.), Handbook of Frisian studies, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, pp. 98–116, ISBN 3-484-73048-X
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Viljoen, Melanie Helen (2013), A grammatical description of the Buwal language, Melbourne: La Trobe University
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 .
  • Schaeffer, Shirlei C. B.; Meireles, Alexsandro R. (2014), "Descrição sonora da língua pomerana", Letras de Hoje, 49 (1): 46, doi:10.15448/1984-7726.2014.1.14700

External links edit

  • List of languages with [œ] on PHOIBLE

December 02, 2023
open, front, rounded, vowel, open, front, rounded, vowel, front, rounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, used, some, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, sound, symbol, lowercase, ligature, letters, sound, small, capital,. The open mid front rounded vowel or low mid front rounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is œ The symbol œ is a lowercase ligature of the letters o and e The sound ɶ a small capital version of the Œ ligature is used for a distinct vowel sound the open front rounded vowel Open mid front rounded vowelœIPA Number311Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 339 Unicode hex U 0153X SAMPA9BrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded rounded Contents 1 Open mid front compressed vowel 1 1 Features 1 2 Occurrence 2 Open mid front protruded vowel 2 1 Features 2 2 Occurrence 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksOpen mid front compressed vowel editThe open mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as œ which is the convention used in this article There is no dedicated IPA diacritic for compression However the compression of the lips can be shown by the letter b as ɛ b simultaneous ɛ and labial compression or ɛᵝ ɛ modified with labial compression The spread lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter œ as an ad hoc symbol but spread technically means unrounded Features edit Its vowel height is open mid also known as low mid which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel a low vowel and a mid vowel Its vowel backness is front which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Rounded front vowels are often centralized which means that often they are in fact near front Its roundedness is compressed which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed Occurrence edit Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression and few descriptions cover the distinction some of the following may actually have protrusion Language Word IPA Meaning NotesAsturian Some Western dialects 2 fuora ˈfwœɾɐ outside Realization of o in the diphthong uo May also be realized as ɵ or o Bavarian Amstetten dialect 3 Seil sœː rope Contrasts close y near close o close mid o and open mid œ front rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded a 3 Typically transcribed in IPA with ɶ Northern 4 I helfad i ˈhœlʲfɐd I d help Allophone of ɛ before l 4 Breton All speakers 5 leur lœːr floor Short counterpart of oː 6 May be transcribed in IPA with o Bas Leon 6 example needed Long contrasts with the short open mid œ and the long close mid oː Other speakers have only one mid front rounded vowel oː 6 Buwal 7 kʷœ lɛ lɛ fine Allophone of a when adjacent to a labialized consonant 7 Chinese Cantonese 長 cheung4 tsʰœːŋ long See Cantonese phonologyLombard Lombard fiœ fjœː boy man Occurs naturally in the language most frequently in western and northern regions alternating with o in many words and rendered under the letter œ while o is under the letter o Danish Standard 8 gore ˈkœːɐ to do Typically transcribed in IPA with ɶː See Danish phonologyDutch Standard 9 10 manoeuvre maˈnœːvre manoeuvre Occurs only in a few loanwords 9 10 See Dutch phonologySome speakers 11 parfum pɑrˈfœ ː perfume Nasalized occurs only in a few loanwords and it is used mainly in southern accents Often nativized as ʏm 11 See Dutch phonologyThe Hague dialect 12 uit œːt out Corresponds to œy in standard Dutch 13 See Dutch phonologyEnglish General New Zealand 14 15 bird bœːd bird May be mid œ ː instead In broader varieties it is close mid or higher 14 15 16 Typically transcribed in IPA with ɵː See New Zealand English phonologyScouse 17 Possible realization of the merged SQUARE NURSE vowel eː 17 Southern Welsh 18 Also described as mid œ ː 19 and close mid oː 20 21 General South African 22 go ɡœː go Some speakers Can be a diphthong of the type œʉ œɘ instead Other South African varieties do not monophthongize See South African English phonologyFrench 23 24 jeune ʒœn young See French phonologyGalician 25 semana s œˈmanɐ ˈweek Labialization of pre tonic e which is usually realized as o German Standard 26 Holle ˈhœle hell See Standard German phonologyWestern Swiss accents 27 schon ʃœːn beautiful Close mid oː in other accents 28 See Standard German phonologyLimburgish Many dialects 29 30 mao mœː sleeve Central ɞː in Maastricht 31 the example word is from the Hasselt dialect Low German 32 soss zos zœs six Espirito Santo East Pomeranian 33 hœɫ hell Saterland Frisian 34 35 bolkje ˈbœlkje to rear West Frisian Hindeloopers 36 example needed See West Frisian phonologySudwesthoeksk 36 37 skoalle ˈskœle school Open mid front protruded vowel editOpen mid front protruded vowelœ œʷɛʷCatford notes full citation needed that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels However a few such as Scandinavian languages have protruded front vowels One Scandinavian language Swedish even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels see near close front rounded vowel with Swedish examples of both types of rounding As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding an old diacritic for labialization will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels Another possible transcription is œʷ or ɛʷ an open mid front vowel modified by endolabialization but it could be misread as a diphthong Acoustically the sound is between the more typical compressed open mid front vowel œ and the unrounded open mid front vowel ɛ Features edit Its vowel height is open mid also known as low mid which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel a low vowel and a mid vowel Its vowel backness is front which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant Rounded front vowels are often centralized which means that often they are in fact near front Its roundedness is protruded which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together and the inner surfaces exposed Occurrence edit Language Word IPA Meaning NotesNorwegian 38 39 nott nœ tː nut The example word is from Urban East Norwegian in which the vowel has also been described as mid central ɞ 40 See Norwegian phonologySwedish Central Standard 41 42 43 ora œ ːra ear Allophone of œ and most often also oː before r 41 42 43 May be more open ɶ ɶː for younger speakers from Stockholm 43 See Swedish phonologyYounger Stockholm speakers 43 kopa ɕœ ːpa to buy Higher oː for other speakers See Swedish phonologyNotes edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low Garcia Fernando Alvarez Balbuena 2015 09 01 Na frontera del asturlliones y el gallegoportugues descripcion y exame horiometricu de la fala de Fernidiellu Forniella Llion Parte primera fonetica Revista de Filoloxia Asturiana in undetermined language 14 14 ISSN 2341 1147 a b Traunmuller 1982 cited in Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 290 a b Rowley 1990 p 422 Ternes 1992 p 433 a b c Ternes 1992 pp 431 433 a b Viljoen 2013 p 50 Gronnum 1998 p 100 a b Gussenhoven 1999 p 76 a b Collins amp Mees 2003 p 137 a b van de Velde amp van Hout 2002 Collins amp Mees 2003 p 136 Collins amp Mees 2003 pp 135 136 a b Roca amp Johnson 1999 p 188 a b Bauer amp Warren 2004 pp 582 591 Wells 1982 p 607 a b Cruttenden 2014 pp 118 138 Penhallurick 2004 p 104 Wells 1982 p 381 Collins amp Mees 1990 p 95 sfnp error no target CITEREFCollinsMees1990 help Connolly 1990 p 125 Lass 2002 p 118 Fougeron amp Smith 1993 p 73 Collins amp Mees 2013 p 225 Freixeiro Mato X Ramon 2006 Gramatica da lingua galega 2 ed Vigo Spain Edicions A Nosa Terra ISBN 84 8341 060 5 OCLC 213259857 Hall 2003 pp 97 107 Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 65 Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 pp 34 65 Peters 2006 p 119 Verhoeven 2007 p 221 Gussenhoven amp Aarts 1999 p 159 Prehn 2012 p 157 Schaeffer amp Meireles 2014 p 51 Fort 2001 p 411 Peters 2017 p a b van der Veen 2001 p 102 Hoekstra 2001 p 83 Vanvik 1979 pp 13 20 Kvifte amp Gude Husken 2005 p 2 Kristoffersen 2000 pp 16 17 a b Eliasson 1986 p 273 a b Thoren amp Petterson 1992 pp 13 14 a b c d Riad 2014 p 38 References editBasboll Hans 2005 The Phonology of Danish ISBN 0 203 97876 5 Bauer Laurie Warren Paul 2004 New Zealand English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 580 602 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2003 First published 1981 The Phonetics of English and Dutch 5th ed Leiden Brill Publishers ISBN 9004103406 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2013 First published 2003 Practical Phonetics and Phonology A Resource Book for Students 3rd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 50650 2 Connolly John H 1990 Port Talbot English in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 121 129 ISBN 1 85359 032 0 Cruttenden Alan 2014 Gimson s Pronunciation of English 8th ed Routledge ISBN 9781444183092 Dudenredaktion Kleiner Stefan Knobl Ralf 2015 First published 1962 Das Ausspracheworterbuch in German 7th ed Berlin Dudenverlag ISBN 978 3 411 04067 4 Eliasson Stig 1986 Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian in Anderson Henning ed Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe Berlin de Gruyter pp 271 300 Fort Marron C 2001 36 Das Saterfriesische in Munske Horst Haider Arhammar Hans eds Handbook of Frisian studies Tubingen Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH pp 409 422 ISBN 3 484 73048 X Fougeron Cecile Smith Caroline L 1993 French Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 2 73 76 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004874 S2CID 249404451 Gronnum Nina 1998 Illustrations of the IPA Danish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 1 amp 2 99 105 doi 10 1017 s0025100300006290 S2CID 249412109 Gussenhoven Carlos 1999 Dutch Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 74 77 ISBN 0 521 65236 7 Gussenhoven Carlos Aarts Flor 1999 The dialect of Maastricht PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association University of Nijmegen Centre for Language Studies 29 2 155 166 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006526 S2CID 145782045 Hall Christopher 2003 First published 1992 Modern German pronunciation An introduction for speakers of English 2nd ed Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 0 7190 6689 1 Hoekstra Jarich 2001 12 Standard West Frisian in Munske Horst Haider Arhammar Hans eds Handbook of Frisian studies Tubingen Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH pp 83 98 ISBN 3 484 73048 X Kristoffersen Gjert 2000 The Phonology of Norwegian Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 823765 5 Kvifte Bjorn Gude Husken Verena 2005 First published 1997 Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache 3rd ed Gottfried Egert Verlag ISBN 3 926972 54 8 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19815 4 Lass Roger 2002 South African English in Mesthrie Rajend ed Language in South Africa Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521791052 Penhallurick Robert 2004 Welsh English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 98 112 ISBN 3 11 017532 0 Peters Jorg 2006 The dialect of Hasselt Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 1 117 124 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002428 Peters Jorg 2017 Saterland Frisian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 49 2 223 230 doi 10 1017 S0025100317000226 S2CID 232348873 Prehn Maike 2012 Vowel quantity and the fortis lenis distinction in North Low Saxon PDF PhD Amsterdam LOT ISBN 978 94 6093 077 5 Riad Tomas 2014 The Phonology of Swedish Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 954357 1 Roca Iggy Johnson Wyn 1999 A Course in Phonology Blackwell Publishing Rowley Anthony R 1990 14 North Bavarian in Russ Charles ed The Dialects of Modern German A Linguistic Survey Abingdon Routledge pp 417 437 ISBN 0 415 00308 3 Ternes Elmar 1992 The Breton language in MacAulay Donald ed The Celtic Languages Cambridge University Press pp 371 452 ISBN 0 521 23127 2 Thoren Bosse Petterson Nils Owe 1992 Svenska Utifran Uttalsanvisningar ISBN 91 520 0284 5 Traunmuller Hartmut 1982 Vokalismus in der westniederosterreichischen Mundart Zeitschrift fur Dialektologie und Linguistik 2 289 333 van de Velde Hans van Hout Roeland 2002 Uitspraakvariatie in leenwoorden in Hiligsmann Philippe Leijnse Elisabeth eds NVT onderwijs en onderzoek in Franstalig gebied Nijmegen Vantilt pp 77 95 van der Veen Klaas F 2001 13 West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects in Munske Horst Haider Arhammar Hans eds Handbook of Frisian studies Tubingen Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH pp 98 116 ISBN 3 484 73048 X Vanvik Arne 1979 Norsk fonetikk Oslo Universitetet i Oslo ISBN 82 990584 0 6 Verhoeven Jo 2007 The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 2 219 225 doi 10 1017 S0025100307002940 Viljoen Melanie Helen 2013 A grammatical description of the Buwal language Melbourne La Trobe University Wells John C 1982 Accents of English Vol 2 The British Isles pp i xx 279 466 Vol 3 Beyond the British Isles pp i xx 467 674 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 52128540 2 0 52128541 0 Schaeffer Shirlei C B Meireles Alexsandro R 2014 Descricao sonora da lingua pomerana Letras de Hoje 49 1 46 doi 10 15448 1984 7726 2014 1 14700External links editList of languages with œ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Open mid front rounded vowel amp oldid 1186371436, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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