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Open back rounded vowel

January 22, 2023

The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɒ⟩. It is called "turned script a", being a rotated version of "script (cursive) a", which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed a". Turned script a ⟨ɒ⟩ has its linear stroke on the left, whereas "script a" ⟨ɑ⟩ (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke on the right.

Open back rounded vowel
ɒ
IPA Number313
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɒ
Unicode (hex)U+0252
X-SAMPAQ
Braille

Features

  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[2] daar [dɒːr] 'there' Fully back. Used by some speakers, particularly young female speakers of northern accents. Other speakers use an unrounded vowel [ɑː ~ ɑ̟ː].[2] See Afrikaans phonology
Assamese কৰ / kor [kɒ̹ɹ] 'to do' An "over-rounded" [ɒ̹], with rounding as strong as that for [u].[3]
Catalan Majorcan[4][5] soc [ˈsɒk] 'clog' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Catalan phonology
Menorcan[4][5]
Valencian[4][5]
Some Valencian speakers[6] taula [ˈt̪ɑ̟wɫɒ̝] 'table' Can be realized as unrounded [ɑ].
Dutch Leiden[7] bad [bɒ̝t] 'bath' Near-open fully back; may be unrounded [ɑ̝] instead.[7] It corresponds to [ɑ] in standard Dutch.
Rotterdam[7]
Some dialects[8] bot [bɒt] 'bone' Some non-Randstad dialects,[8] for example those of Den Bosch and Groningen. It is open-mid [ɔ] in standard Dutch.
English Received Pronunciation[9] not [nɒt] 'not' Somewhat raised. Younger RP speakers may pronounce a closer vowel [ɔ]. It is proposed that the /ɒ/ vowel of Received Pronunciation, which is normally described as a rounded vowel, is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one of sulcality.[10] See English phonology
Northern English[11] May be somewhat raised and fronted.[11]
South African[12] [nɒ̜̈t] Near-back and weakly rounded.[12] Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel [ʌ̈].[12] See South African English phonology
General American thought  [θɒt] (help·info) 'thought' Vowel /ɔ(:)/ is lowered (phonetic realization of /ɔ(:)/ is much lower in GA than in RP).

However "Short o" before r before a vowel (a short o sound followed by r and then another vowel, as in orange, forest, moral, and warrant) is realized as [oɹ~ɔɹ].

Inland Northern American[13] See Northern cities vowel shift
Indian[14] [t̪ʰɒʈ] /ɒ/ and /ɔː/ differ entirely by length in Indian English.
Welsh[15][16] [θɒːt] Open-mid in Cardiff; may merge with /oː/ in northern dialects.
German Many speakers[17] Gourmand [ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɒ̃ː] 'gourmand' Nasalized; common phonetic realization of /ɑ̃ː/.[17] See Standard German phonology
Many Swiss dialects[18] maane [ˈmɒːnə] 'remind' The example word is from the Zurich dialect, in which [ɒː] is in free variation with the unrounded [ɑː].[19]
Hungarian Standard[20] magyar [ˈmɒ̜̽ɟɒ̜̽r] 'Hungarian' Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. Unrounded [ɑ] in some dialects.[21] See Hungarian phonology
Ibibio[22] dọ [dɒ̝́] 'marry' Near-open;[22] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.
Irish Ulster[23] ólann [ɒ̝ːɫ̪ən̪ˠ] '(he) drinks' Near-open;[23] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
Istro-Romanian[24] cåp [kɒp] 'head' See Istro-Romanian pronunciation (in Romanian).
Lehali[25] dön̄ [ⁿdɒ̝ŋ] 'yam' Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[25]
Lemerig[26] ‘ān̄sār [ʔɒ̝ŋsɒ̝r] 'person' Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[26]
Limburgish Maastrichtian[27] plaots [plɒ̝ːts] 'place' Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.[27] Corresponds to [ɔː] in other dialects.
Malay Kedah tua [tu.ɒ] 'old' Northern Kedah subdialect/dialect. Allophone of /a/ in word-final position in open-ended words and close-ended words that end with a glottal stop /ʔ/ or a glottal fricative /h/.
Norwegian Urban East[28][29] topp [tʰɒ̝pː] 'top' Near-open,[28][29] also described as close-mid back [o].[30] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Norwegian phonology
Dialects along the Swedish border[31] hat [hɒ̜ːt] 'hate' Weakly rounded and fully back.[31] See Norwegian phonology
Persian ف‍‍ارسی / fârsi [fɒːɾˈsiː] 'Persian'
Slovak Some speakers[32] a [ɒ] 'and' Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short /a/ as rounded.[32] See Slovak phonology
Swedish Central Standard[33][34] jаg [jɒ̝ːɡ] 'I' Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.[33] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See Swedish phonology
Gothenburg[34] [jɒːɡ] More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.[34]
Uzbek Standard[35] choy [t͡ʃɒj] 'tea'
Vastese[36] uâʃtə
Yoruba[37] [example needed] Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/".
  3. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 293–294.
  4. ^ a b c Recasens (1996), pp. 81, 130–131.
  5. ^ a b c Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  6. ^ Saborit (2009), pp. 25–26.
  7. ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
  8. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
  9. ^ Roach (2004), p. 242.
  10. ^ Lass, Roger (1984). Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts. p. 124.
  11. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  12. ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 115.
  13. ^ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013
  14. ^ Sailaja (2009), pp. 24–25.
  15. ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  16. ^ Tench (1990), p. 135.
  17. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38.
  18. ^ Krech et al. (2009), p. 263.
  19. ^ Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 248.
  20. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  21. ^ Vago (1980), p. 1.
  22. ^ a b Urua (2004), p. 106.
  23. ^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
  24. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  25. ^ a b François (2011), p. 194.
  26. ^ a b François (2011), pp. 195, 208.
  27. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159.
  28. ^ a b Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
  29. ^ a b Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
  30. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  31. ^ a b Popperwell (2010), p. 23.
  32. ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 54.
  33. ^ a b Engstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.
  34. ^ a b c Riad (2014), pp. 35–36.
  35. ^ Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 17.
  36. ^ "Vastesi Language - Vastesi in the World". Vastesi in the World. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  37. ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
  • Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
  • Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 243–253, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441
  • François, Alexandre (2011), "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra, hdl:1885/29283, S2CID 42217419
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008), New Zealand English, Dialects of English, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2529-1
  • Horvath, Barbara M. (2004), "Australian English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 625–644, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
  • Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "7.3.10 Norwegisch", Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 978-3-926972-54-5
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Mahanta, Shakuntala (2012), "Assamese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 217–224, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000096
  • Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
  • Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0
  • Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
  • Saborit, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia (in Catalan), Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
  • Sailaja, Pingali (2009), Indian English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, pp. 17–38, ISBN 978-0-7486-2594-9
  • Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
  • Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
  • Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
  • Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
  • Vago, Robert M. (1980), The Sound Pattern of Hungarian, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128540-2 .
  • Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

External links

  • List of languages with [ɒ] on PHOIBLE

January 22, 2023
open, back, rounded, vowel, open, back, rounded, vowel, back, rounded, vowel, type, vowel, sound, used, some, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, this, sound, called, turned, script, being, rotated, version, script, . The open back rounded vowel or low back rounded vowel 1 is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɒ It is called turned script a being a rotated version of script cursive a which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a printed a Turned script a ɒ has its linear stroke on the left whereas script a ɑ for its unrounded counterpart has its linear stroke on the right Open back rounded vowelɒIPA Number313Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 594 Unicode hex U 0252X SAMPAQBrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded rounded Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures EditIts vowel height is open also known as low which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth that is low in the mouth Its vowel backness is back which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant It is rounded which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed Occurrence EditLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAfrikaans Standard 2 daar dɒːr there Fully back Used by some speakers particularly young female speakers of northern accents Other speakers use an unrounded vowel ɑː ɑ ː 2 See Afrikaans phonologyAssamese কৰ kor kɒ ɹ to do An over rounded ɒ with rounding as strong as that for u 3 Catalan Majorcan 4 5 soc ˈsɒk clog Typically transcribed in IPA with ɔ See Catalan phonologyMenorcan 4 5 Valencian 4 5 Some Valencian speakers 6 taula ˈt ɑ wɫɒ table Can be realized as unrounded ɑ Dutch Leiden 7 bad bɒ t bath Near open fully back may be unrounded ɑ instead 7 It corresponds to ɑ in standard Dutch Rotterdam 7 Some dialects 8 bot bɒt bone Some non Randstad dialects 8 for example those of Den Bosch and Groningen It is open mid ɔ in standard Dutch English Received Pronunciation 9 not nɒt not Somewhat raised Younger RP speakers may pronounce a closer vowel ɔ It is proposed that the ɒ vowel of Received Pronunciation which is normally described as a rounded vowel is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one of sulcality 10 See English phonologyNorthern English 11 May be somewhat raised and fronted 11 South African 12 nɒ t Near back and weakly rounded 12 Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel ʌ 12 See South African English phonologyGeneral American thought 8ɒt help info thought Vowel ɔ is lowered phonetic realization of ɔ is much lower in GA than in RP However Short o before r before a vowel a short o sound followed by r and then another vowel as in orange forest moral and warrant is realized as oɹ ɔɹ Inland Northern American 13 See Northern cities vowel shiftIndian 14 t ʰɒʈ ɒ and ɔː differ entirely by length in Indian English Welsh 15 16 8ɒːt Open mid in Cardiff may merge with oː in northern dialects German Many speakers 17 Gourmand ɡ ʊʁˈmɒ ː gourmand Nasalized common phonetic realization of ɑ ː 17 See Standard German phonologyMany Swiss dialects 18 maane ˈmɒːne remind The example word is from the Zurich dialect in which ɒː is in free variation with the unrounded ɑː 19 Hungarian Standard 20 magyar ˈmɒ ɟɒ r Hungarian Somewhat fronted and raised with only slight rounding sometimes transcribed in IPA with ɔ Unrounded ɑ in some dialects 21 See Hungarian phonologyIbibio 22 dọ dɒ marry Near open 22 typically transcribed in IPA with ɔ Irish Ulster 23 olann ɒ ːɫ en ˠ he drinks Near open 23 may be transcribed in IPA with ɔː Istro Romanian 24 cap kɒp head See Istro Romanian pronunciation in Romanian Lehali 25 don ⁿdɒ ŋ yam Raised vowel being the back rounded counterpart of ae in a symmetrical vowel inventory 25 Lemerig 26 an sar ʔɒ ŋsɒ r person Raised vowel being the back rounded counterpart of ae in a symmetrical vowel inventory 26 Limburgish Maastrichtian 27 plaots plɒ ːts place Near open fully back typically transcribed in IPA with ɔː 27 Corresponds to ɔː in other dialects Malay Kedah tua tu ɒ old Northern Kedah subdialect dialect Allophone of a in word final position in open ended words and close ended words that end with a glottal stop ʔ or a glottal fricative h Norwegian Urban East 28 29 topp tʰɒ pː top Near open 28 29 also described as close mid back o 30 Typically transcribed in IPA with ɔ See Norwegian phonologyDialects along the Swedish border 31 hat hɒ ːt hate Weakly rounded and fully back 31 See Norwegian phonologyPersian ف ارسی farsi fɒːɾˈsiː Persian Slovak Some speakers 32 a ɒ and Under Hungarian influence some speakers realize the short a as rounded 32 See Slovak phonologySwedish Central Standard 33 34 jag jɒ ːɡ I Near open fully back weakly rounded vowel 33 Typically transcribed in IPA with ɑː See Swedish phonologyGothenburg 34 jɒːɡ More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish 34 Uzbek Standard 35 choy t ʃɒj tea Vastese 36 uaʃteYoruba 37 example needed Most often transcribed in IPA with ɔ See also EditTurned a Index of phonetics articlesNotes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low a b Wissing 2016 section The unrounded low central vowel a Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 pp 293 294 a b c Recasens 1996 pp 81 130 131 a b c Rafel 1999 p 14 Saborit 2009 pp 25 26 a b c Collins amp Mees 2003 p 131 a b Collins amp Mees 2003 p 132 Roach 2004 p 242 Lass Roger 1984 Phonology an introduction to basic concepts p 124 a b Lodge 2009 p 163 a b c Lass 2002 p 115 W Labov S Ash and C Boberg 1997 A national map of the regional dialects of American English Department of Linguistics University of Pennsylvania retrieved May 27 2013 Sailaja 2009 pp 24 25 Connolly 1990 p 125 Tench 1990 p 135 a b Dudenredaktion Kleiner amp Knobl 2015 p 38 Krech et al 2009 p 263 Fleischer amp Schmid 2006 p 248 Szende 1994 p 92 Vago 1980 p 1 a b Urua 2004 p 106 a b Ni Chasaide 1999 p 114 Pop 1938 p 29 a b Francois 2011 p 194 a b Francois 2011 pp 195 208 a b Gussenhoven amp Aarts 1999 pp 158 159 a b Vanvik 1979 pp 13 17 a b Kvifte amp Gude Husken 2005 p 2 Kristoffersen 2000 pp 16 17 a b Popperwell 2010 p 23 a b Kraľ 1988 p 54 a b Engstrand 1999 pp 140 141 a b c Riad 2014 pp 35 36 Sjoberg Andree F 1963 Uzbek Structural Grammar Uralic and Altaic Series Vol 18 Bloomington Indiana University p 17 Vastesi Language Vastesi in the World Vastesi in the World Retrieved 21 November 2016 Bamgboṣe 1966 p 166 References EditBamgboṣe Ayọ 1966 A Grammar of Yoruba West African Languages Survey Institute of African Studies Cambridge Cambridge University Press Bauer Laurie Warren Paul Bardsley Dianne Kennedy Marianna Major George 2007 New Zealand English Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 1 97 102 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002830 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2003 First published 1981 The Phonetics of English and Dutch 5th ed Leiden Brill Publishers ISBN 978 9004103405 Connolly John H 1990 Port Talbot English in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 121 129 ISBN 978 1 85359 032 0 Cox Felicity Fletcher Janet 2017 First published 2012 Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription 2nd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 316 63926 9 Dudenredaktion Kleiner Stefan Knobl Ralf 2015 First published 1962 Das Ausspracheworterbuch in German 7th ed Berlin Dudenverlag ISBN 978 3 411 04067 4 Engstrand Olle 1999 Swedish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 140 142 ISBN 978 0 521 63751 0 Fleischer Jurg Schmid Stephan 2006 Zurich German Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 2 243 253 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002441 Francois Alexandre 2011 Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage A tale of divergence and convergence PDF Journal of Historical Linguistics 1 2 175 246 doi 10 1075 jhl 1 2 03fra hdl 1885 29283 S2CID 42217419 Gussenhoven Carlos Aarts Flor 1999 The dialect of Maastricht PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 29 2 155 166 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006526 S2CID 145782045 Hay Jennifer Maclagan Margaret Gordon Elizabeth 2008 New Zealand English Dialects of English Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 2529 1 Horvath Barbara M 2004 Australian English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 625 644 ISBN 978 3 11 017532 5 Kraľ Abel 1988 Pravidla slovenskej vyslovnosti Bratislava Slovenske pedagogicke nakladateľstvo Krech Eva Maria Stock Eberhard Hirschfeld Ursula Anders Lutz Christian 2009 7 3 10 Norwegisch Deutsches Ausspracheworterbuch Berlin New York Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 018202 6 Kristoffersen Gjert 2000 The Phonology of Norwegian Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 823765 5 Kvifte Bjorn Gude Husken Verena 2005 First published 1997 Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache 3rd ed Gottfried Egert Verlag ISBN 978 3 926972 54 5 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19815 4 Lass Roger 2002 South African English in Mesthrie Rajend ed Language in South Africa Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521791052 Lodge Ken 2009 A Critical Introduction to Phonetics Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8264 8873 2 Mahanta Shakuntala 2012 Assamese Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 2 217 224 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000096 Ni Chasaide Ailbhe 1999 Irish Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press pp 111 16 ISBN 978 0 521 63751 0 Pop Sever 1938 Micul Atlas Linguistic Roman Muzeul Limbii Romane Cluj Popperwell Ronald G 2010 First published 1963 Pronunciation of Norwegian Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 15742 1 Rafel Joaquim 1999 Aplicacio al catala dels principis de transcripcio de l Associacio Fonetica Internacional PDF 3rd ed Barcelona Institut d Estudis Catalans ISBN 978 84 7283 446 0 Recasens Daniel 1996 Fonetica descriptiva del catala assaig de caracteritzacio de la pronuncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme catala al segle XX 2nd ed Barcelona Institut d Estudis Catalans ISBN 978 84 7283 312 8 Riad Tomas 2014 The Phonology of Swedish Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 954357 1 Roach Peter 2004 British English Received Pronunciation Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 2 239 245 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001768 Saborit Josep 2009 Millorem la pronuncia in Catalan Academia Valenciana de la Llengua Sailaja Pingali 2009 Indian English Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press Ltd pp 17 38 ISBN 978 0 7486 2594 9 Scobbie James M Gordeeva Olga B Matthews Benjamin 2006 Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology an overview Edinburgh QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers Szende Tamas 1994 Hungarian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 24 2 91 94 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005090 S2CID 242632087 Tench Paul 1990 The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 130 141 ISBN 978 1 85359 032 0 Urua Eno Abasi E 2004 Ibibio Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 1 105 109 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001550 Vago Robert M 1980 The Sound Pattern of Hungarian Washington D C Georgetown University Press Vanvik Arne 1979 Norsk fonetikk Oslo Universitetet i Oslo ISBN 978 82 990584 0 7 Wells John C 1982 Accents of English Volume 2 The British Isles pp i xx 279 466 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 52128540 2 Wissing Daan 2016 Afrikaans phonology segment inventory Taalportaal Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 Retrieved 16 April 2017 External links EditList of languages with ɒ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Open back rounded vowel amp oldid 1133170169, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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