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Open-mid central rounded vowel

October 12, 2023

The open-mid central rounded vowel, or low-mid central rounded vowel,[1] is a vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɞ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 3\. The symbol is called closed reversed epsilon. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ɔ̈⟩.

Open-mid central rounded vowel
ɞ
IPA Number395
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɞ
Unicode (hex)U+025E
X-SAMPA3\
Braille

IPA charts were first published with this vowel transcribed as a closed epsilon, ⟨ʚ⟩ (that is, a closed variant of ⟨ɛ⟩, much as the high-mid vowel letter ⟨ɵ⟩ is a closed variant of ⟨e⟩), and this variant made its way into Unicode as U+029A ʚ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E. The IPA charts were later changed to the current closed reversed epsilon ⟨ɞ⟩, and this was adopted into Unicode as U+025E ɞ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E.

Features Edit

Occurrence Edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[2] lug [lɞχ] 'air' Also been described as mid [ɞ̝], typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. Many speakers merge /œ/ with /ə/, even in formal speech.[3] See Afrikaans phonology
English Irish[4] but [bɞθ̠] 'but' Corresponds to [ʌ] in other varieties. See English phonology
New Zealand[5] not [nɞʔt] 'not' Possible realization of /ɒ/.[5] See New Zealand English phonology
Faroese[6] høgur [ˈhɞːʋʊɹ] 'high' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩. See Faroese phonology
French Parisian[7] port [pɞːʁ]ⓘ 'port', 'harbour' Described variously as an allophone of /ɔ/ before /ʁ/[8] and as the default allophone of /ɔ/.[7] See French phonology
German Chemnitz dialect[9] Wonne [ˈv̞ɞnə] 'bliss' May be transcribed as ⟨ɞ̝⟩ though ⟨ɞ⟩ is typically used.[9]
Irish tomhail [tɞːlʲ] 'consume' (imp.) See Irish phonology
Kashubian ptôch [ptɞx] 'bird'
Limburgish Maastrichtian[10] lui [lɞː] 'lazy' Allophone of /œy/ in words with Accent 2. May be slightly diphthongal [ɞɵ] itself. It contrasts with the near-open [ɐ̹ː] in words with Accent 2 ([ɐ̹ː] itself is always toneless).[11] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨œː⟩, as it is a phonological front vowel.
Mwerlap[12] N̄wërlap [ŋʷɞrˈlap] 'Merelava'
Navajo[13] tsosts’id [tsʰɞstsˈɪt] 'seven' See Navajo phonology
Northern Tiwa Taos dialect ącut'uonbo [ʔãˌtʃʊt̚ːˈʔuɞnbɑ] 'his-garment-around' Allophone of /ɑ/. See Taos phonology
Panará[14] [kɾə'kɞ] 'trousers' Contrasts with [ə].[15]
Poitevin o doune [ɞ dun] 'he gives'
Somali keenaysaa [keːnɞjsɑː] 'she brings' See Somali phonology
West Frisian Southwestern dialects[16] boare [ˈbɞːrə] 'tomcat' Corresponds to [wa] in other dialects.[16] See West Frisian phonology

Notes Edit

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Wissing (2012), p. 711.
  3. ^ Wissing (2016), section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
  4. ^ Wells (1982), p. 422.
  5. ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
  6. ^ Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
  7. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  8. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  9. ^ a b Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  10. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 159, 161–162.
  11. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 159, 161–162, 164.
  12. ^ François (2005: 445, 460).
  13. ^ McDonough, Ladefoged & George (1993). The authors gave a narrow transcription of [ɵ], though at the time the IPA had only this one symbol for a mid central rounded vowel, and it is clear from the discussion and formant charts that this vowel a centralized open-mid vowel.
  14. ^ Vasconcelos (2013), pp. 182, 183.
  15. ^ Vasconcelos (2013), p. 182.
  16. ^ a b Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)

References Edit

  • Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199229314
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages" (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034, S2CID 131668754
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Hoekstra, Jarich (2003), "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay" (PDF), Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present, vol. 18, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 193–209, ISBN 978-90-272-1856-8
  • Hof, Jan Jelles (1933), (PDF), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-07
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013). "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (2): 231–241. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145.
  • McDonough, Joyce; Ladefoged, Peter; George, Helen (1993), "Navajo Vowels and Phonetic Universal Tendencies", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages, 84: 143–150
  • Peterson, Hjalmar P. (2000), "Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum", Málting, 28: 37–43
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. II: The British Isles, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
  • Wissing, Daan (2012), "Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk", LitNet Akademies (in Afrikaans), Stellenbosch: LitNet, 9 (2): 701–743, ISSN 1995-5928, from the original on 15 April 2017, retrieved 16 April 2017
  • Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  • Vasconcelos, Eduardo A. (2013). Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará (PhD). Campinas: University of Campinas. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2013.929939. hdl:20.500.12733/1622968.

External links Edit

  • List of languages with [ɞ] on PHOIBLE

October 12, 2023
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The open mid central rounded vowel or low mid central rounded vowel 1 is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɞ and the equivalent X SAMPA symbol is 3 The symbol is called closed reversed epsilon It was added to the IPA in 1993 before that this vowel was transcribed ɔ Open mid central rounded vowelɞIPA Number395Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 606 Unicode hex U 025EX SAMPA3 BrailleImageIPA VowelsFront Central BackClose i y ɨ ʉ ɯ uNear close ɪ ʏ ʊClose mid e o ɘ ɵ ɤ oMid e o e ɤ o Open mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔNear open ae ɐOpen a ɶ a ɑ ɒIPA help audio full chart template Legend unrounded roundedIPA charts were first published with this vowel transcribed as a closed epsilon ʚ that is a closed variant of ɛ much as the high mid vowel letter ɵ is a closed variant of e and this variant made its way into Unicode as U 029A ʚ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E The IPA charts were later changed to the current closed reversed epsilon ɞ and this was adopted into Unicode as U 025E ɞ LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksFeatures EditIts vowel height is open mid also known as low mid which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel a low vowel and a mid vowel Its vowel backness is central which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel It is rounded which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed Occurrence EditLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAfrikaans Standard 2 lug lɞx air Also been described as mid ɞ typically transcribed in IPA with œ Many speakers merge œ with e even in formal speech 3 See Afrikaans phonologyEnglish Irish 4 but bɞ8 but Corresponds to ʌ in other varieties See English phonologyNew Zealand 5 not nɞʔt not Possible realization of ɒ 5 See New Zealand English phonologyFaroese 6 hogur ˈhɞːʋʊɹ high Typically transcribed in IPA with oː See Faroese phonologyFrench Parisian 7 port pɞːʁ port harbour Described variously as an allophone of ɔ before ʁ 8 and as the default allophone of ɔ 7 See French phonologyGerman Chemnitz dialect 9 Wonne ˈv ɞne bliss May be transcribed as ɞ though ɞ is typically used 9 Irish tomhail tɞːlʲ consume imp See Irish phonologyKashubian ptoch ptɞx bird Limburgish Maastrichtian 10 lui lɞː lazy Allophone of œy in words with Accent 2 May be slightly diphthongal ɞɵ itself It contrasts with the near open ɐ ː in words with Accent 2 ɐ ː itself is always toneless 11 It may be transcribed in IPA with œː as it is a phonological front vowel Mwerlap 12 N werlap ŋʷɞrˈlap Merelava Navajo 13 tsosts id tsʰɞstsˈɪt seven See Navajo phonologyNorthern Tiwa Taos dialect acut uonbo ʔaˌtʃʊt ːˈʔuɞnbɑ his garment around Allophone of ɑ See Taos phonologyPanara 14 kɾe kɞ trousers Contrasts with e 15 Poitevin o doune ɞ dun he gives Somali keenaysaa keːnɞjsɑː she brings See Somali phonologyWest Frisian Southwestern dialects 16 boare ˈbɞːre tomcat Corresponds to wa in other dialects 16 See West Frisian phonologyNotes Edit While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms close and open for vowel height many linguists use high and low Wissing 2012 p 711 Wissing 2016 section The rounded and unrounded mid central vowels Wells 1982 p 422 a b Bauer et al 2007 p 98 Peterson 2000 cited in Arnason 2011 76 a b Collins amp Mees 2013 p 225 Fougeron amp Smith 1993 p 73 a b Khan amp Weise 2013 p 236 Gussenhoven amp Aarts 1999 pp 159 161 162 Gussenhoven amp Aarts 1999 pp 159 161 162 164 Francois 2005 445 460 McDonough Ladefoged amp George 1993 The authors gave a narrow transcription of ɵ though at the time the IPA had only this one symbol for a mid central rounded vowel and it is clear from the discussion and formant charts that this vowel a centralized open mid vowel Vasconcelos 2013 pp 182 183 Vasconcelos 2013 p 182 a b Hoekstra 2003 202 citing Hof 1933 14 References EditArnason Kristjan 2011 The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199229314 Bauer Laurie Warren Paul Bardsley Dianne Kennedy Marianna Major George 2007 New Zealand English Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 1 97 102 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002830 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2013 First published 2003 Practical Phonetics and Phonology A Resource Book for Students 3rd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 50650 2 Fougeron Cecile Smith Caroline L 1993 French Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 2 73 76 doi 10 1017 S0025100300004874 S2CID 249404451 Francois Alexandre 2005 Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages PDF Oceanic Linguistics 44 2 443 504 doi 10 1353 ol 2005 0034 S2CID 131668754 Gussenhoven Carlos Aarts Flor 1999 The dialect of Maastricht PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association University of Nijmegen Centre for Language Studies 29 2 155 166 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006526 S2CID 145782045 Hoekstra Jarich 2003 Frisian Standardization in progress of a language in decay PDF Germanic Standardizations Past to Present vol 18 Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company pp 193 209 ISBN 978 90 272 1856 8 Hof Jan Jelles 1933 Friesche Dialectgeographie PDF The Hague Martinus Nijhoff archived from the original PDF on 2016 10 07 Khan Sameer ud Dowla Weise Constanze 2013 Upper Saxon Chemnitz dialect PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 2 231 241 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000145 McDonough Joyce Ladefoged Peter George Helen 1993 Navajo Vowels and Phonetic Universal Tendencies UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages 84 143 150 Peterson Hjalmar P 2000 Matingar af sjalvljodum i foruyskum Malting 28 37 43 Wells John C 1982 Accents of English vol II The British Isles Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 28541 0 Wissing Daan 2012 Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale n beskrywingsraamwerk LitNet Akademies in Afrikaans Stellenbosch LitNet 9 2 701 743 ISSN 1995 5928 archived from the original on 15 April 2017 retrieved 16 April 2017 Wissing Daan 2016 Afrikaans phonology segment inventory Taalportaal Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 Retrieved 16 April 2017 Vasconcelos Eduardo A 2013 Investigando a hipotese Cayapo do Sul Panara PhD Campinas University of Campinas doi 10 47749 T UNICAMP 2013 929939 hdl 20 500 12733 1622968 External links EditList of languages with ɞ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Open mid central rounded vowel amp oldid 1179415335, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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