Wikipedia
Voiced alveolar fricative
The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
- The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is ⟨z⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is
z. The IPA letter ⟨z⟩ is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively). - The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
| Dental | Denti- alveolar | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retracted | Retroflex | Palato- alveolar | Alveolo- palatal | |||||
| Sibilant | plain | z̪ | z̄ | z͇ | z̠ | ʐ | ʒ | ʑ |
| Non-sibilant | ð | ð̠/ð͇/ɹ̝ | ɻ̝ | |||||
| tapped | ɾ̞/ɹ̝̆ | |||||||
Voiced alveolar sibilant
| Voiced alveolar fricative | |
|---|---|
| z | |
| IPA Number | 133 |
| Audio sample | |
source · help | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | z |
| Unicode (hex) | U+007A |
| X-SAMPA | z |
| Braille | |
| Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant | |
|---|---|
| z̪ |
| Voiced laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant | |
|---|---|
| z̟ |
| Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant | |
|---|---|
| z̠ | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | z̺ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+007A U+033A |
The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.
Features
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- There are at least three specific variants of [z]:
- Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [z] is very strong.[1]
- Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
- Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dentalized laminal alveolar
Non-retracted alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | зы | [ˈzə] (help·info) | 'one' | ||
| Albanian | zjarr | [zjar] | 'fire' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[27] | زائِر | [ˈzaːʔir] | 'visitor' | See Arabic phonology |
| Assamese | জলকীয়া | [zɔlɔkija] | 'chili' | ||
| Assyrian | ܙܢ̱ܓܐ zìga | [ziɡa] | 'bell' | ||
| Bengali | নামাজ | [namaz] | 'Salah' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Breton | iliz | [iliz] | 'church' | ||
| Chechen | зурма / zurma | [zuɾma] | 'music' | ||
| Dutch[28][29] | zaad | [z̻aːt̻] | 'seed' | Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.[28][29] See Dutch phonology | |
| Emilian and Romagnol | raṡån | [raːz̺ʌŋ] | 'reason' | Palatalized apical; may be [ʐ] or [ʒ] instead. | |
| English | zoo | [zuː] | 'zoo' | Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | kuzo | [ˈkuzo] | 'cousin' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Georgian[30] | ზარი | [ˈzɑɾi] | 'bell' | ||
| Greek | Athens dialect[31] | ζάλη / záli | [ˈz̻ali] | 'dizziness' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Hebrew | זאב | [zeˈʔev] | 'wolf' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | ज़मीन | [zəmiːn] | 'land' | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | زمین | ||||
| Japanese[32] | 全部 / zenbu | [zembɯ] | 'everything' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | зы | [ˈzə] (help·info) | 'one' | ||
| Kalaw Lagaw Ya | zilamiz | [zilʌmiz] | 'go' | ||
| Kashmiri | ज़ानुन / زانُن | [zaːnun] | 'to know' | ||
| Khmer | បែលហ្ស៊ិក / bêlhsĭk | [ɓaelzɨk] | noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)' adjective: 'Belgian' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Konda[33][34] | sunz | [sunz] | 'to sleep' | ||
| Malay | beza | [bezə] | 'difference' | ||
| Maltese | żelu | [zelu] | 'zeal' | ||
| Marathi | जर | [zər] | 'if' | See Marathi phonology. | |
| Occitan | Limousin | jòune | [ˈzɒwne] | 'young' | See Occitan phonology |
| Persian | روز | [ɾuːz] | 'day' | ||
| Portuguese[35] | casa | [ˈkazɐ] | 'house' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ | [zɪnˈd̪əgi] | 'life' | ||
| Spanish | Andalusian | comunismo | [ko̞muˈnizmo̞] | 'Communism' | Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to [h ~ ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it is dental [z̪]. |
| Latin American | |||||
| Filipino | |||||
| Mexican | isla | [ˈiz.lä] | 'island' | Some northern dialects. Corresponds to /s/ in other Mexican dialects, and to /θ/ in Peninsular Spanish. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | lazima | [lɑzimɑ] | 'must' | ||
| West Frisian[36] | sizze | [ˈsɪzə] | 'to say' | It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yi | ꍂ / ssy | [zɹ̩˧] | 'generation' | ||
| Yiddish | זון / zien | [zin] | 'son' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[37] | guanaz | [ɡʷanaz] | 'went to grab' | |
Retracted alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan[38][39] | zel | [ˈz̺ɛɫ] | 'zeal' | Apical. See Catalan phonology | |
| Galician | mesmo | [ˈme̞z̺mo̞] | 'same' | Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. | |
| Greek[40] | μάζα / máza | [ˈmɐz̠ɐ] | 'mass' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Italian | Central Italy[41] | caso | [ˈkäːz̠o] | 'case' | Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,[41] most of Umbria[41] (save Perugia and the extreme south)[41] and Le Marche south of the Potenza.[41] |
| Northern Italy[42][43] | Apical.[44] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.[45][46] See Italian phonology | ||||
| Sicily[41] | Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.[41] | ||||
| Low German[47] | [example needed] | ||||
| Maldivian | zaraafaa | [z̺aˈraːfaː] | 'giraffe' | ||
| Mirandese | eisistir | [e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ] | 'to exist' | Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: ⟨ch⟩ /tʃ/, ⟨x⟩ /ʃ/, ⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩ /ʒ/, ⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩ /s̪/, ⟨z⟩ /z̪/, ⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩- /s̺/, -⟨s⟩- /z̺/ | |
| Occitan | Gascon | casèrna | [kaz̺ɛrno] | 'barracks' | See Occitan phonology |
| Languedocien | véser | [bez̺e] | 'to see' | ||
| Piedmontese | amis | [aˈmiz̠] | 'friend' | Apical. See Piemontese phonology | |
| Portuguese | Coastal Northern European | [example needed] | Merges with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Inland Northern European | [example needed] | Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology | |||
| Spanish | Andean | mismo | [ˈmiz̺mo̞] | 'same' | Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. See Spanish phonology |
| Castilian | |||||
| Paisa Region | |||||
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Standard[48] | sauber | [ˈzäʊ̯bɐ] | 'clean' | Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[48] See Standard German phonology |
| Italian | Standard[49] | caso | [ˈkäːzo] | 'case' | Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[49] See Italian phonology |
| Ticino[44] | Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[50] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[44] See Italian phonology | ||||
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
| Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative | |
|---|---|
| ð̠ | |
| ð͇ | |
| ɹ̝ | |
| d̞ | |
| Audio sample | |
source · help | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ð̠ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+00F0 U+0320 |
| Voiced alveolar tapped fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɾ̞ | |
| ɹ̝̆ | |
| IPA Number | 124 430 |
| Audio sample | |
source · help | |
The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ð͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized [ð], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted [ɹ]), or ⟨d̞⟩ (lowered [d]).
Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.[51]
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aragonese | Pyrenean[52] | aire | [ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞] | 'air' | Tapped; common realization of /ɾ/.[52] |
| Czech[53] | čtyři | [ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ] | 'four' | May be a fricative trill[53] or a tap fricative instead.[54] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology | |
| Dahalo[55] | [káð̠i] | 'work' | Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be an approximant [ð̠˕] or simply a plosive [d] instead.[56] | ||
| Dutch[57] | voor | [vöːɹ̝] | 'for' | One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology | |
| Emilian | Bolognese | chèṡ | [ˈkɛːð̠] | 'case' | Laminal |
| English | Scouse[58] | maid | [meɪð̠] | 'maid' | Allophone of /d/. See English phonology |
| South African[59][60] | round | [ɹ̝æʊ̯nd] | 'round' | Apical,[60] present in some urban dialects.[59] See South African English phonology | |
| Icelandic[61][62] | bróðir | [ˈprou̯ð̠ir] | 'brother' | Usually apical,[61][62] may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Italian | Sicily[63] | terra | [ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä] | 'earth' | Apical; corresponds to /rr/ in standard Italian.[63] See Italian phonology |
| Manx | mooar | [muːɹ̝] | 'big' | Common word-final realization of /r/. | |
| Spanish[64] | Aragonese | aire | [ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞] | 'air' | Tapped; possible realization of /ɾ/.[64] See Spanish phonology |
| Swedish | Central Standard[65][66] | vandrare | [²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ] | 'wanderer' | Allophone of /r/ around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology |
| Tacana[67] | [example needed] | Tapped.[67] | |||
| Turkish[68] | rüya | [ˈɾ̞ÿjä] | 'dream' | Tapped; word-initial allophone of /ɾ/.[68] See Turkish phonology | |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
- ^ Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
- ^ Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 136, 139–142.
- ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
- ^ Klagstad (1958), p. 46.
- ^ Palková (1994), p. 228.
- ^ "english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". 31 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ a b Adams (1975), p. 288.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
- ^ Szende (1999), p. 104.
- ^ Jerzy Treder. . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ Kara (2002), p. 10.
- ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
- ^ Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
- ^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Chew (2003), p. 67.
- ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
- ^ Buk, Solomija; Mačutek, Ján; Rovenchak, Andrij (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16 (16): 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198. Bibcode:2008arXiv0802.4198B. (PDF ram-verlag.eu)
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
- ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
- ^ Thompson (1987), pp. 5 and 7.
- ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ Adams (1975), p. 283.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ Emeneau (1970).
- ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Sipma (1913), p. 16.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
- ^ a b c d e f g Adams (1975), p. 286.
- ^ Adams (1975), pp. 285–286.
- ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71-72.
- ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 72.
- ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71.
- ^ Adams (1975), p. 285.
- ^ Adams (1975), p. 289.
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 50.
- ^ a b Canepari (1992), p. 68.
- ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
- ^ Laver (1994), p. 263.
- ^ a b Mott (2007), pp. 104, 112.
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226.
- ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
- ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:199). Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
- ^ Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
- ^ a b Ogden (2009), p. 92.
- ^ a b Pétursson (1971:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:139)
- ^ a b Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b Mott (2007), p. 112.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), pp. 141.
- ^ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
- ^ a b "UPSID r[F". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ^ a b Yavuz & Balcı (2011), p. 25.
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