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A laminal consonant is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue in contact with upper lip, teeth, alveolar ridge, to possibly, as far back as the prepalatal arch, although in the last contact may involve parts behind the blade as well.[1] It is distinct from an apical consonant, produced by creating an obstruction with the tongue apex (tongue tip) only. Sometimes laminal is used exclusively for an articulation that involves only the blade of the tongue with the tip being lowered and apicolaminal for an articulation that involves both the blade of the tongue and the raised tongue tip.[2][3] The distinction applies only to coronal consonants, which use the front of the tongue.
Schematic linguograms of 1) apical, 2) upper apical, 3) laminal and 4) apicolaminal stops based on Dart (1991:16), illustrating the areas of the tongue in contact with the palate during articulation (shown in grey).
Some languages in South Asia contrast apical and laminal stops. In Hindustani, the apical stops are normally called "retroflex" but are really alveolar or postalveolar. Malayalam has a three-way distinction between laminal dental, apical alveolar and true subapical retroflex in nasal and voiceless oral stops.
Because laminal consonants use the flat of the tongue, they cover a broader area of contact than apical consonants. Laminal consonants in some languages have been recorded with a broad occlusion (closure) that covers all the front of the mouth from the hard palate to the teeth, which makes it difficult to compare the two. Alveolar laminals and apicals are two different articulations.
A very common laminal articulation is sometimes called denti-alveolar. It spans the alveolar ridge to the teeth but is a little farther forward than other alveolar laminal consonants, which cover more of the alveolar ridge and might be considered postalveolar. This occurs in French.
Compared to alveolaredit
Part of the confusion in naming laminal consonants is quite literally a matter of point of view. When one looks at a person pronouncing a laminal alveolar or denti-alveolar, the tip of the tongue can be seen touching the back of the teeth or even protruding between the teeth, which gives them the common name of dental.
Acoustically, however, the important element is the place of the rearmost occlusion, which is the point that the resonant chamber in the mouth terminates. That determines the size, shape and acoustics of the oral cavity, which produces the harmonics of the vowels. Thus, French coronals are alveolar and differ from English alveolars primarily in being laminal rather than apical (in French, the tongue is flatter).
There are true laminal dentals in some languages with no alveolar contact, such as in Hindustani, which are different from French consonants. Nevertheless, the breadth of contact has some importance; it influences the shape of the tongue farther back and so the shape of the resonant cavity. Also, if the release of a denti-alveolar consonant is not abrupt, the tongue may peel off from the roof of the mouth from back to front and so shift from an alveolar to a dental pronunciation.
In the IPA, the diacritic for laminal consonants is U+033B◌̻COMBINING SQUARE BELOW.
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Bibliographyedit
Catford, J.C. (1977). Fundamental problems in phonetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Gafos, Diamandis (1997). "A Cross-Sectional View of s, ʃ, θ". Proceedings of the North East Linguistics Society. 27.
Dart, Sarah N. (1991). Articulatory and Acoustic Properties of Apical and Laminal Articulations. Working Papers in Phonetics. Vol. No. 79.
Dart, Sarah N.; Nihalani, Paroo (1999). "The articulation of Malayalam coronal stops and nasals". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. 29 (2): 129-142. doi:10.1017/S0025100300006502. JSTOR 44526241. S2CID 145638382.
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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Laminal consonant news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2019 This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations October 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message A laminal consonant is a phone speech sound produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue in contact with upper lip teeth alveolar ridge to possibly as far back as the prepalatal arch although in the last contact may involve parts behind the blade as well 1 It is distinct from an apical consonant produced by creating an obstruction with the tongue apex tongue tip only Sometimes laminal is used exclusively for an articulation that involves only the blade of the tongue with the tip being lowered and apicolaminal for an articulation that involves both the blade of the tongue and the raised tongue tip 2 3 The distinction applies only to coronal consonants which use the front of the tongue Laminal IPA Number410EncodingEntity decimal amp 827 Unicode hex U 033BSchematic linguograms of 1 apical 2 upper apical 3 laminal and 4 apicolaminal stops based on Dart 1991 16 illustrating the areas of the tongue in contact with the palate during articulation shown in grey Contents 1 Compared to apical 2 Compared to alveolar 3 See also 4 References 5 BibliographyCompared to apical editAlthough most languages do not contrast laminal and apical sounds the distinction is found in a number of languages The contrast is very common in Australian Aboriginal languages which usually have no fricatives Some languages in South Asia contrast apical and laminal stops In Hindustani the apical stops are normally called retroflex but are really alveolar or postalveolar Malayalam has a three way distinction between laminal dental apical alveolar and true subapical retroflex in nasal and voiceless oral stops Basque and Mirandese differentiate between laminal and apical sibilants in the alveolar region Mandarin Chinese 4 Serbo Croatian and Polish make such a distinction with postalveolar consonants Some native languages of California have the distinction in both stops and fricatives Dahalo makes the distinction only in its stops Because laminal consonants use the flat of the tongue they cover a broader area of contact than apical consonants Laminal consonants in some languages have been recorded with a broad occlusion closure that covers all the front of the mouth from the hard palate to the teeth which makes it difficult to compare the two Alveolar laminals and apicals are two different articulations A very common laminal articulation is sometimes called denti alveolar It spans the alveolar ridge to the teeth but is a little farther forward than other alveolar laminal consonants which cover more of the alveolar ridge and might be considered postalveolar This occurs in French Compared to alveolar editPart of the confusion in naming laminal consonants is quite literally a matter of point of view When one looks at a person pronouncing a laminal alveolar or denti alveolar the tip of the tongue can be seen touching the back of the teeth or even protruding between the teeth which gives them the common name of dental Acoustically however the important element is the place of the rearmost occlusion which is the point that the resonant chamber in the mouth terminates That determines the size shape and acoustics of the oral cavity which produces the harmonics of the vowels Thus French coronals are alveolar and differ from English alveolars primarily in being laminal rather than apical in French the tongue is flatter There are true laminal dentals in some languages with no alveolar contact such as in Hindustani which are different from French consonants Nevertheless the breadth of contact has some importance it influences the shape of the tongue farther back and so the shape of the resonant cavity Also if the release of a denti alveolar consonant is not abrupt the tongue may peel off from the roof of the mouth from back to front and so shift from an alveolar to a dental pronunciation In the IPA the diacritic for laminal consonants is U 033B COMBINING SQUARE BELOW See also editApical consonant Subapical consonant Coronal consonant List of phonetic topicsReferences edit Catford 1977 p 152 Gafos 1997 p 129 Dart amp Nihalani 1999 p 133 The Articulation of the Coronal Sounds in the Peking Dialect PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2021 07 24 Retrieved 2014 08 26 Bibliography editCatford J C 1977 Fundamental problems in phonetics Bloomington Indiana University Press Gafos Diamandis 1997 A Cross Sectional View of s ʃ 8 Proceedings of the North East Linguistics Society 27 Dart Sarah N 1991 Articulatory and Acoustic Properties of Apical and Laminal Articulations Working Papers in Phonetics Vol No 79 Dart Sarah N Nihalani Paroo 1999 The articulation of Malayalam coronal stops and nasals Journal of the International Phonetic Association Cambridge University Press 29 2 129 142 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006502 JSTOR 44526241 S2CID 145638382 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 0 631 19815 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Laminal consonant amp oldid 1189106120, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
