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Salah

Salah (Arabic: صَلاة, plural salawat, romanized: Arabic pronunciation: [sˤaˈlaː(h)] or Old Arabic [t͡sˤaˈloːh] , ([sˤaˈlaːt] or Old Arabic [t͡sˤaˈloːtʰ] in construct state) lit.'prayer'),[1] also known as namāz (Persian: نماز) and also spelled salat, are prayers performed by Muslims. Facing the qibla, the direction of the Kaaba with respect to those praying, Muslims pray first standing and later kneeling or sitting on the ground, reciting prescribed prayers and phrases from the Quran as they bow and prostrate themselves in between. Salah is composed of prescribed repetitive cycles of bows and prostrations, called rakat (sing. rak'ah). The number of rak'ahs, also known as units of prayer, varies from prayer to prayer. Ritual purity and wudu are prerequisites for performing the prayers.[2][3][4]

Salah
Pashtun Muslims doing ruku (bowing) during festival prayer in Kandahar, Afghanistan
Official nameصلاة
Also calledPrayer in Islam
Observed byMuslims
TypeIslamic
SignificanceMuslim prayer offered to God according to legal jurisprudence
Observances
Related toTilawa, ruku, sujud

The daily obligatory prayers collectively form the second of the five pillars in Islam, observed three[5] or five times (the latter being the majority) every day at prescribed times. These are usually Fajr (observed at dawn), Zuhr (observed at noon), Asr (observed late in the afternoon), Maghrib (observed after sunset), and Isha (observed at dusk). Salah can be performed either in solitude, or collectively (known as jama'ah). When performed in jama'ah, worshippers line up in parallel rows behind a leader, known as the imam. Special prayers are exclusively performed in congregation, such as the Friday prayer and the Eid prayers, and are coupled with two sermons each, delivered by the imam.[2]

Etymology

Ṣalāh ([sˤaˈlaː(h)] صلاة) is an Arabic word that means to pray.[6] The word is used primarily by English speakers only to refer to the five obligatory prayers of Islam. This term is spelled as solat in Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia.


The origin of the word salah has become a matter of debate, particularly in relation to Quranism. Some have suggested that salah derives from the root و ص ل (w-ṣ-l) which means "linking things together",[7] hence why the obligatory prayers in Islam are referred to by the word salah (in the sense that through prayer one "connects" to God). In some translations, namely that of Rashad Khalifa, salah is translated as the "Contact Prayer"[8] either because of the physical contact the head makes with the ground during the prostration part of the ritual (sujud), or again because the prayer "connects" the one who performs it to God.

Other sources claim that the root is in fact ص ل و (s-l-w) the ultimate meaning of which is not agreed upon.[9]

Salah is thought to come from the Classical Syriac word ܨܠܘܬ‎ (ṣəlōṯ) meaning prayer, temple, sanctuary or the theological idea of reconciliation in Christianity. Səlōṯ itself is believed to derive from the root ܨ-ܠ-ܐ (ṣ-l-ʾ) which is related to bending or bowing down.

Some Quranists make the argument that the Quran does not support the traditional meaning ascribed to salah, saying that it instead means "duty" or perhaps "adherence", though this is yet to receive any widespread academic support. Those who argue for this interpretation often refer to verse 33:56 of the Quran which states that "Allah and His Angels yuṣallūna upon the Prophet". They argue that such verses demonstrate the conventional understanding of salah to be inconsistent and in this case blasphemous as the idea of Allah praying to Muhammad (or indeed praying at all) is at odds with the Quran's message of strict monotheism.

In the Quran

The noun ṣalāh (‏صلاة‎) is used 82 times in the Quran.[10][11]

There are about 15 other derivatives of its triliteral root ṣ-l.[10] Words connected to salah (such as mosque, wudu, dhikr, etc.) are used in approximately one-sixth of Quranic verses.[12] "Surely my prayer, and my sacrifice and my life and my death are (all) for God",[13][a] and "I am Allah, there is no god but I, therefore serve Me and keep up prayer for My remembrance"[14][b] are both examples of this.

Religious significance

The primary purpose of salah is to act as a person's communication with God.[15] Purification of the heart is the ultimate religious objective of salah. Via salah, a believer can grow closer to Allah and in turn strengthen their faith; it is believed that the soul requires prayer and closeness to God to stay sustained and healthy, and that prayer spiritually sustains the human soul.[16]

Tafsir (exegesis) of the Quran can give four reasons for the observation of salah. First, in order to commend God, God's servants, together with the angels, do salah ("blessing, salutations").[17][c] Second, salah is done involuntarily by all beings in creation, in the sense that they are always in contact with God by virtue of him creating and sustaining them.[18][d] Third, Muslims voluntarily offer salah to reveal that it is the particular form of worship that belongs to the prophets.[e] Fourth, salah is described as the second pillar of Islam.[6]

Procedure

 
Various prescribed movements in salah, which collectively constitute a rak'ah. From left to right: rukū', qiyām/i'tidal, sujūd, takbīr and qu'ūd/julūs.

Each salah is made up of repeating units known as rakat (Arabic: رَكَعَات, sing. rak'ah). Each prayer may consist of two to four rakat. Each rak'ah consists of specific movements and recitations. On the major elements there is consensus, but on minor details there may be different views. Between each position there is a very slight pause. The phrase Allahu akbar (takbir), is recited when moving from one position to another.

Beginning

Before prayer, a Muslim should always perform wudu, an act in which the hands are first washed, the mouth and nose are cleaned, the face is cleaned, the arms up to the elbow are washed, and the head is wiped over with wet hands, including the ears, before finally the feet are washed. Intention, known as niyyah, is a prerequisite for salah, and what distinguishes real worship from 'going through the motions'. Some authorities hold that intention suffices in the heart, and some require that it be spoken, usually under the breath.[19]

The person praying begins in a standing position known as qiyam, although people who find it difficult to do so may begin while sitting or lying on the ground.[6] This is followed by the raising of the hands to the head and recitation of the takbīr, known in combination as takbīrat al-iḥrām or takbīrat at-taḥrīmah (consecratory takbīr). Takbīr is read as Allaahu Akbar (lit.'God is The Greatest'). One then lowers one's hands. The first takbīr represents the beginning of prayer. From this point forward one praying may not converse, eat, or do things that are otherwise halal. A Muslim must keep their vision low during prayer, looking at the place where their face will contact the ground during prostration.[19][20][21]

Common elements of each rakat

Still standing, the next principal act is the recitation of Al-Fatiha, the first chapter of the Quran. This chapter begins with praise of God and then a supplication is made to God. In the first and second rakat, another portion of the Quran is recited following the Fatiha. This is followed by saying Allaahu Akbar and raising the hands up to the ear lobes (rafah yadain) followed by rakooh (bowing from the waist), with palms placed on the knees (depending on the madhhab, rules may differ for women). While bowing, those praying generally utter words of praise under their breath, such as سبحان ربي العظيم (lit.'Glory be to my Lord, the Most Magnificent'), thrice or more. As the worshipper straightens their back, they say سمع الله لمن حمده (lit.'God hears the one who praises him') and ربنا لك الحمد (rabbanā laka l-ḥamd, "Our Lord, all praise be to you.")[19]

 
Yemeni Muslim in sujūd, performing salah in the desert during the North Yemen Civil War

This is followed by saying Allaahu Akbar and raising the hands up to the ear lobes, before the worshipper kneels and prostrates with the forehead, nose, knees, palms and toes touching the floor, saying سبحان ربى الأعلى (lit.'Glory be to my Lord, the Most High'). After a short while in prostration, the worshipper very briefly rises to sit, then returns to the ground a second time. Lifting the head from the second prostration completes a rak'ah. If this is the second or last raka'ah, the worshiper proceeds to sit and recite the tashahhud, salawat and other prayers.[19] Many schools hold that the right index finger is raised when reciting the salawat,[19] particularly the Sunni school scholars who adapted the technical practice of prayer found in the hadith of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, as transmitted by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. In the final phase of az-Zubayr's practice, the middle, ring, and pinky fingers on the right hand are clasped, while the index finger is pointed and the thumb placed above the clasped middle finger.[Notes 1] This practice of az-Zubayr's became a basis principle by modern scholars such as Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in his book, Adab al-Mashy Ila as-Salaa,[23] and Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani.[24] If the worshipper then intends to finish their prayer, they perform the taslim (illustrated below), or continue with a new rak'ah.

Mistakes in salah are believed to be compensated for by prostrating twice at the end of the prayer, known as sujud sahwi.[25] The taslim is read as Assalamualaikum wa rahmatullah (lit.'Peace and mercy of Allah be upon you All'). Taslim represents the end of prayer.

Performing the Taslim    
Reciting the salam facing the right direction Reciting the salam facing the left direction

Types of salah

Prayers in Islam are classified into categories based on degrees of obligation. One common classification is fard ("compulsory"), sunnah ("tradition") and nafl ("voluntary").[26]

Compulsory prayers

The five daily prayers are obligatory on every Muslim who has reached the age of puberty, with the exception of those for whom it may not be possible due to physical or mental disabilities,[27] and those menstruating (hayd) or experiencing postnatal bleeding (nifas).[28] Those who are sick or otherwise physically unable to offer their prayers in the traditional form are permitted to offer their prayers while sitting or lying, as they are able.[29] Each of the five prayers has a prescribed time, depending on the movement of the sun. These are the Fajr prayer (2 rakat, observed at dawn), Zuhr prayer (4 rakat, observed at noon), Asr prayer (4 rakat, observed late in the afternoon), Maghrib prayer (3 rakat, observed after sunset), and the Isha prayer (4 rakat, observed at nighttime). Salah must be prayed in its time. In certain circumstances, one may be unable to offer one's prayer within the prescribed time. In this case, the prayer must be offered as soon as possible. Several hadith narrate that Muhammad stated that it is permissible to pray salah out of its permissible time if a person accidentally sleeps through the prescribed time. However, knowingly sleeping through the prescribed time for Salah is deemed impermissible by most scholars.[30]

 
Display showing prayer times in a Turkish mosque

Qasr (Shortening Prayers)

When traveling over long distances, one may shorten the Zuhr, 'Asr and 'Isha'a prayers to 2 rakat, a practice known as qasr.[31]

Jam' (Combining Prayers)

In Shia Ja'fari Fiqh, one may perform jam' bayn as-salātayn, which refers to praying the Zuhr and 'Asr prayers in combination at one of its time, as well as the Maghrib and Isha'a prayers at one of its time. However, praying separately is considered better. Neither qasr nor jam' bayn as-salātayn can be applied to the Fajr prayer.[32]

Barring the Hanafites, Sunni jurisprudence also permit to combine Maghrib and 'Isha'a prayers or Dhuhr and 'Asr prayers if they are traveling and incapable of independently performing the prayers. Amongst Sunnis, Salafi Muslims allow the combining of two consecutive prayers for a wide range of reasons; such as when various needs arise or due to any difficulty.[33][34] Taking precedence from Imams of the Salaf and early Muhaddithun; many Salafis amongst the Ahl-i Hadith school permit combining two consecutive prayers generally, although praying separately is preferred.[35][36]

Sunni view

Of the fard category are the five daily prayers, as well as the Gathering prayer (Jumu'ah), while the Eid prayers and Witr are of the Wajib category.[37] Abandoning the obligatory prayers due to negligence is Kufr (disbelief) according to the stricter Hanbali madhhab of Sunni Islam, while the other Sunni madhhabs consider doing so a major sin. However, all four madhhabs agree that denial of the mandatory status of these prayers invalidates the faith of those who do so, rendering them apostates. The Islamic prophet Muhammad is reported to have said: "Between man and polytheism and unbelief is the abandonment of salat." (Sahih Muslim Book 1, hadith 154).[38]

Fard prayers (as with all fard actions) are further classed as either fard al-ayn (obligation of the self) and fard al-kifayah (obligation of sufficiency).[citation needed] Fard al-Ayn are actions considered obligatory on individuals, for which the individual will be held to account if the actions are neglected.[39] Fard al-Kifayah are actions considered obligatory on the Muslim community at large, so that if some people within the community carry it out no Muslim is considered blameworthy, but if no one carries it out, all incur a collective punishment.[40]

Followers of Imam Abu Hanifa also include a 6th obligatory prayer, witr. It is supposed to be the last prayer of the night and is composed of an odd number of rakat. This obligation is considered a lesser obligation to the other 5 obligatory prayers, in that its rejection isn't an act of disbelief according to the Hanafi school. The other schools consider this to be a Sunnah muakkadah (emphasized sunnah).

Some Islamic scholars require men to offer the mandatory salat in congregation (jama'ah), behind an imam when they are able however, according to most Islamic scholars, prayer in congregation is mustahabb (recommended) for men, if they are able to do so.[41]

Special congregational prayers

 
Women praying in Najaf, Iraq on Eid al-Fitr

The Jumu'ah is a congregational prayer on Friday, which replaces the Zuhr prayer. It is compulsory upon men to pray this in congregation, while women may pray it so or offer Zuhr prayer instead.[42] Jumu'ah consists of a sermon (khutbah), after which two rakats are prayed.[43] Since the khutbah replaces the two rakat of Zuhr, it is believed that listening to it carefully compensates the thawāb of 2 rakat.[44]

The salah of the 'Idayn is said on the mornings of ''Eid al-Fitr and 'Eid an-nahr. The Eid prayer is classified by some as fard, likely an individual obligation (fard al-ayn) though some Islamic scholars argue it is only a collective obligation (fard al-kifayah). It consists of two rakats, with seven (or three for the followers Imam Abu Hanifa) takbirs offered before the start of the first rakat and five (or three for the followers of Imam Abu Hanifa) before the second. After the salah is completed, a sermon (khutbah) is offered. However, the khutbah is not an integral part of the Eid salah.[45] The Eid salah must be offered between sunrise and true noon i.e. between the time periods for Fajr and Zuhr.[31]

Supererogatory prayers

Sunnah and nafl

Sunni Muslims perform optional sunnah salah (voluntary prayers offered by Muhammad) of two categories: sunnah mu'akkadah (verified sunnah) and sunnah ghair-mu'akkadah (unverified sunnah). The primary difference between the two being the frequency of Muhammad having performed the relevant salah. Certain sunnah prayers have prescribed times. Those ordained for before each of the fard prayers must be offered between the first call to prayer (adhan) and the second call (iqamah), which signifies the start of the fard prayer. Those sunnah ordained for after the fard prayers can be said any time between the end of the fard prayers and the end of the current prayer's waqt.[citation needed]

While Sunni Muslims classify these prayers as sunnah, Shia consider them nafl. Nafl salah are voluntary and can be offered at any time.[46] Many Sunni Muslims also offer two rakats of nafl salah after the Zuhr and Maghrib prayers. During the Isha prayer, they pray the two rakats of nafl after the two sunnah mu'akkadah and wajib prayers.[47] There are many specific conditions or situations when one may wish to offer nafl prayers. They cannot be offered at sunrise, true noon, or sunset. The prohibition against salah at these times is to prevent the practice of sun worship.[48] Some Muslims offer voluntary prayers immediately before and after the five prescribed prayers. A table of these prayers is given below.

Table of supererogatory prayers with compulsory prayers, with minor differences between madhhabs[47]
Compulsory (fard) prayer Voluntary before fard[t 1] Obligatory Voluntary after fard[t 1] Total
Sunni Shia Sunni Shia Sunni Shia Sunni Shia
Fajr 2 rakat¤ 2 rakat[t 1] 2 rakat[t 1] None 2 rakat[t 1] 4 r. 6 r.
Zuhr 4 rakat¤ 4 rakat 4 rakat[t 2] 2 rakat¤[t 3] 8 r.[t 1][t 4][t 5] 10 r. 16 r.
Asr 4 rakat 4 rakat 4 rakat None 8 r.[t 1][t 4][t 5] 8 r. 16 r.
Maghrib 2 rakat 3 rakat 3 rakat 2 rakat¤[t 3] 2 r.[t 1][t 4][t 5] 7 r. 11 r.
Isha[t 6] 4 rakat 4 rakat 7 r.× 4 r. 2 rakat¤[t 3] 2 r.[t 1][t 4][t 5] 13 r. 10 r.
Jumu'ah 2 rakat 2 rakat 2 rakat with khutbah 4 rakat¤

2 rakat¤

2 r. nafl

2 rakat 14 r. 6 r.
¤: denotes sunnah mu'akkadah (verified sunnah), which must be offered by adherents of the Hanafi madhhab.

‡: denotes sunnah ghair-mu'akkadah (unverified sunnah).

×: offered as two prayers of 4 and 3 rakat each, with the 3 rakat considered wajib and performed after the 4 fard rakat.

Prayers of the night

 
Though not a mandatory part of the course, most Muslims supplicate after completing salah.

Tahajjud (Arabic: تَهَجُّد) are supererogatory prayers offered late at night. Prayers of this kind are observed from midnight to the prescribed time of the Fajr prayer.[49] The prayer includes any number of even rakat, performed in twos or fours, followed by three or more odd rakat of witr prayer.[50] Shia Muslims offer similar prayers, simply called nightly prayers (Arabic: صَلَوَات اللَّيل). These are considered highly meritorious, and can be offered in the same time as tahajjud.[51][52] These prayers include eleven rakat: 8 nafl (4 prayers of 2 rakat each), 2 rakat shaf' prayer and 1 rakat witr.[52] Witr (Arabic: وِتر lit. 'string') are prayers offered either with the Isha prayer or with the tahajjud/salawat al-layl. Some consider this prayer compulsory (wajib), while others consider it supererogatory. These are performed in odd numbers of rakats, with slight differences between madhhabs. The prayer usually includes the qunūt.[51]

Other prayers

The word istikharah is derived from the root ḵ-y-r (خير) "well-being, goodness, choice, selection".[53] Salat al-Istikhaarah is a prayer offered when a Muslim needs guidance on a particular matter. To say this salah one should pray two rakats of non-obligatory salah to completion. After completion one should request God that which on is better.[31] The intention for the salah should be in one's heart to pray two rakats of salah followed by Istikhaarah. The salah can be offered at any of the times where salah is not forbidden.[54] Other prayers include the tahiyyat al-masjid, which Muslims are encouraged to offer these two rakat.[55]

Differences in practice

 
A Sunni Muslim (left)[56] and Shia Muslim (right) performing the Friday prayer in Tehran. Some Sunnis perform salah with the hands clasped ("qabd"), while Shia offer salah with their hands at their sides ("sadl").

Muslims believe that Muhammad practiced, taught, and disseminated the worship ritual in the whole community of Muslims and made it part of their life. The practice has, therefore, been concurrently and perpetually practiced by the community in each of the generations. The authority for the basic forms of the salah is neither the hadiths nor the Quran, but rather the consensus of Muslims.[57][58]

This is not inconsistent with another fact that Muslims have shown diversity in their practice since the earliest days of practice, so the salah practiced by one Muslim may differ from another's in minor details. In some cases the Hadith suggest some of this diversity of practice was known of and approved by Muhammad himself.[59]

Most differences arise because of different interpretations of the Islamic legal sources by the different schools of law (madhhabs) in Sunni Islam, and by different legal traditions within Shia Islam. In the case of ritual worship these differences are generally minor, and should rarely cause dispute.[60]

 
A turbah or mohr is a small piece of soil or clay, often a clay tablet, used during salah to symbolize earth.

Common differences, which may vary between schools and gender, include the position of legs, feet, hands and fingers, where the eyes should focus, the minimum amount of recitation, the volume of recitation (audible, moving of lips, or just listening (Loud prayer [ar], Silent prayer [ar])), and which of the principal elements of the prayer are indispensable, versus recommended or optional.[citation needed]

A 2015 Pew Research Center study found that women are 2% more likely than men to pray on a daily basis.[61]

Prayer in congregation

 
Bosniaks praying in an open field, ca. 1906
 
Evening praying at the Lahti Mosque in Lahti, Finland
 
President Joko Widodo of Indonesia (front row, fourth from left) joining prayer in congregation with Vice President Jusuf Kalla (third from left), other cabinet members, and other worshippers
 
Friday prayer for Muslims in the streets of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Prayer in the congregation (jama'ah) is considered to have more social and spiritual benefits than praying by oneself.[62] As per hadith traditions, the reward of a prayer in congregation increases twenty-five times. A hadith says: "The prayer in congregation is twenty five times superior to the prayer offered by person alone." (Sahih Bukhari 646).[63]

When praying in congregation, the people stand in straight parallel rows behind one person who conducts the prayer, called imam, also called the 'leader'. The imam must be above the rest in knowledge, action, piety, and justness and possess faith and commitment the people trust, Balanced Perception of Religion and the best knowledge of the Quran.[30] The prayer is offered as normal, with the congregation following the imam in order as he/she offers the salah.[64]

Standing arrangement

For two people of the same gender, they would stand in line, the imam would stand on the left, and the other person is on the right. For more than two people, the imam stands one row ahead of the rest.[citation needed]

When the Worshippers consist of men and women combined, a man is chosen as the imam. In this situation, women are typically forbidden from assuming this role. This point, though unanimously agreed on by the major schools of Islam, is disputed by some groups, based partly on a hadith whose interpretation is controversial. When the congregation consists entirely of women and pre-pubescent children, one woman is chosen as imam.[65] When men, women, and children are praying, the children's rows are usually between the men's and women's rows, with the men at the front and women at the back. Another configuration is where the men's and women's rows are side by side, separated by a curtain or other barrier,[66] with the primary intention being for there to be no direct line of sight between male and female Worshippers.[67]

 
Men standing in prayer in Tulehu, Indonesia

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Quran, 6:162
  2. ^ Quran, 20:14
  3. ^ Quran, 33:43
  4. ^ Quran, 24:41
  5. ^ Quran, 21:71-73
  1. ^ The author also noted these particular movements used by az-Zubayr were also practiced by Abdullah ibn Umar in Sahih Muslim number 1339[22]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i According to Shia Muslims, these are to be said in two and two rakats (four in total). This is not the case for Sunni Muslims.
  2. ^ Replaced by Jumu'ah on Fridays, which consists of two rakats.
  3. ^ a b c According to Sunni Muslims, there is a difference between Sunnat-Mu'akkadah (obligatory) and Sunnat-Ghair-Mu'akkadah (voluntary). Unlike for the Sunnat-Ghair-Mu'akkadah, the Sunnat-Mu'akkadah was prayed by Muhammed daily.
  4. ^ a b c d Mustahab (praiseworthy) to do every day. (Shias)
  5. ^ a b c d According to Shia Muslims, this prayer is termed nawafil.
  6. ^ Further information on the usage of the word "Isha" (evening) see Quran 12:16, Quran 79:46

Citations

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  3. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. "Salat". oxfordislamicstudies.
  4. ^ Farrakhan, M.R.; Arefian, A.; Jahromi, G.S. (2016). "A Reanalysis of Social - Cultural Impacts and Functions of Worship: A Case Study on Salah (Namaz)". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. doi:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4S1p249.
  5. ^ Na, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im; Naʻīm, ʻabd Allāh Aḥmad (30 June 2009). Islam and the Secular State. ISBN 9780674033764.
  6. ^ a b c Chittick, William C.; Murata, Sachiko (1994). The vision of Islam. Paragon House. ISBN 9781557785169.
  7. ^ "و ص ل", Wiktionary, 8 April 2022, retrieved 12 May 2022
  8. ^ "Quran The Final Testament, translated by Rashad Khalifa, Ph.D." www.masjidtucson.org. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  9. ^ "صلاة", Wiktionary, 27 April 2022, retrieved 12 May 2022
  10. ^ a b Dukes, Kais, ed. (2009–2017). "Quran Dictionary". Quranic Arabic Corpus. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  11. ^ Gerrans, S., "The Quran: A Complete Revelation", 2016
  12. ^ "how many times is salat repeated in Quran?". Fars news. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  13. ^ Muhammad, Farooq-i-Azam Malik (2008). What is Islam Who are the Muslims?. Institute of Islamic Knowledge (2008). ISBN 978-0981943909.
  14. ^ Makarem Shirazi , Subhani, Ayatullah Naser, Ayatullah Jafar (10 December 2012). "Philosophy of Islamic Laws". Islamic Seminary Publications.
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  17. ^ BIN SAAD, ADEL (January 2016). A COMPREHENSIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPHET'S WAY OF PRAYER: صفة صلاة النبي. ISBN 978-2745167804.
  18. ^ From Surah al-Mu’minun (23) to Surah al-Furqan (25) verse 20 (24 January 2014). "An Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qur'an vol. 11". Imam Ali Foundation.
  19. ^ a b c d e Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck; Smith, Jane I. (1 January 2014). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780199862634.
  20. ^ Ciaravino, Helene (2001). How to Pray: Tapping into the Power of Divine Communication. Square One Publishers (2001). p. 137. ISBN 9780757000126.
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  22. ^ Nur Baits (2021, p. 248 Hadith Riwayat Muslim 1336)
  23. ^ Abd al-Wahhab (2019, p. 197)
  24. ^ al-Albani (2004, p. 108)
  25. ^ "The Prostration of Forgetfulness : Shaikh 'Abdullaah bin Saalih Al-'Ubaylaan". AbdurRahman.Org. Translated by Abu Maryam. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  26. ^ "Understanding Salat" 28 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine from Albalagh
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Bibliography

  • Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn (2019). Syarah Adab Berjalan Menuju Shalat [Manners of Walking to the Prayer]. Darul Falah. p. 197. ISBN 9789793036892. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  • al-Albani, Muhammad Nasiruddin (2004). Fikih Syekh Albani (in Indonesian). Translated by Mahmud bin Ahmad Rasyid ·. Pustaka Azzam. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  • Nur Baits, Ammi (2021). Tafsir Shalat. Muamalah Publishing. p. 248 Hadith Riwayat Muslim 1336. Retrieved 20 November 2021.

Further reading

  • Smith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1993). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 162–163.

External links

salah, this, article, about, islamic, prayers, other, uses, disambiguation, salat, redirects, here, other, uses, salat, disambiguation, been, suggested, that, taslim, merged, into, this, article, discuss, proposed, since, december, 2022, arabic, لاة, plural, s. This article is about the Islamic prayers For other uses see Salah disambiguation Salat redirects here For other uses see Salat disambiguation It has been suggested that Taslim be merged into this article Discuss Proposed since December 2022 Salah Arabic ص لاة plural salawat romanized Arabic pronunciation sˤaˈlaː h or Old Arabic t sˤaˈloːh sˤaˈlaːt or Old Arabic t sˤaˈloːtʰ in construct state lit prayer 1 also known as namaz Persian نماز and also spelled salat are prayers performed by Muslims Facing the qibla the direction of the Kaaba with respect to those praying Muslims pray first standing and later kneeling or sitting on the ground reciting prescribed prayers and phrases from the Quran as they bow and prostrate themselves in between Salah is composed of prescribed repetitive cycles of bows and prostrations called rakat sing rak ah The number of rak ah s also known as units of prayer varies from prayer to prayer Ritual purity and wudu are prerequisites for performing the prayers 2 3 4 SalahPashtun Muslims doing ruku bowing during festival prayer in Kandahar AfghanistanOfficial nameصلاةAlso calledPrayer in IslamObserved byMuslimsTypeIslamicSignificanceMuslim prayer offered to God according to legal jurisprudenceObservancesFriday prayer Duha Eid prayers Tarawih Rain prayerRelated toTilawa ruku sujudThe daily obligatory prayers collectively form the second of the five pillars in Islam observed three 5 or five times the latter being the majority every day at prescribed times These are usually Fajr observed at dawn Zuhr observed at noon Asr observed late in the afternoon Maghrib observed after sunset and Isha observed at dusk Salah can be performed either in solitude or collectively known as jama ah When performed in jama ah worshippers line up in parallel rows behind a leader known as the imam Special prayers are exclusively performed in congregation such as the Friday prayer and the Eid prayers and are coupled with two sermons each delivered by the imam 2 Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 In the Quran 2 Religious significance 3 Procedure 3 1 Beginning 3 2 Common elements of each rakat 4 Types of salah 4 1 Compulsory prayers 4 1 1 Qasr Shortening Prayers 4 1 2 Jam Combining Prayers 4 1 3 Sunni view 4 2 Special congregational prayers 4 3 Supererogatory prayers 4 3 1 Sunnah and nafl 4 3 2 Prayers of the night 4 3 3 Other prayers 5 Differences in practice 6 Prayer in congregation 6 1 Standing arrangement 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Footnotes 8 2 Notes 8 3 Citations 8 4 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External linksEtymology EditṢalah sˤaˈlaː h صلاة is an Arabic word that means to pray 6 The word is used primarily by English speakers only to refer to the five obligatory prayers of Islam This term is spelled as solat in Malaysia Brunei and Indonesia The origin of the word salah has become a matter of debate particularly in relation to Quranism Some have suggested that salah derives from the root و ص ل w ṣ l which means linking things together 7 hence why the obligatory prayers in Islam are referred to by the word salah in the sense that through prayer one connects to God In some translations namely that of Rashad Khalifa salah is translated as the Contact Prayer 8 either because of the physical contact the head makes with the ground during the prostration part of the ritual sujud or again because the prayer connects the one who performs it to God Other sources claim that the root is in fact ص ل و s l w the ultimate meaning of which is not agreed upon 9 Salah is thought to come from the Classical Syriac word ܨܠܘܬ ṣelōṯ meaning prayer temple sanctuary or the theological idea of reconciliation in Christianity Selōṯ itself is believed to derive from the root ܨ ܠ ܐ ṣ l ʾ which is related to bending or bowing down Some Quranists make the argument that the Quran does not support the traditional meaning ascribed to salah saying that it instead means duty or perhaps adherence though this is yet to receive any widespread academic support Those who argue for this interpretation often refer to verse 33 56 of the Quran which states that Allah and His Angels yuṣalluna upon the Prophet They argue that such verses demonstrate the conventional understanding of salah to be inconsistent and in this case blasphemous as the idea of Allah praying to Muhammad or indeed praying at all is at odds with the Quran s message of strict monotheism In the Quran Edit The noun ṣalah صلاة is used 82 times in the Quran 10 11 There are about 15 other derivatives of its triliteral root ṣ l 10 Words connected to salah such as mosque wudu dhikr etc are used in approximately one sixth of Quranic verses 12 Surely my prayer and my sacrifice and my life and my death are all for God 13 a and I am Allah there is no god but I therefore serve Me and keep up prayer for My remembrance 14 b are both examples of this Religious significance EditMain article Prayer compensation The primary purpose of salah is to act as a person s communication with God 15 Purification of the heart is the ultimate religious objective of salah Via salah a believer can grow closer to Allah and in turn strengthen their faith it is believed that the soul requires prayer and closeness to God to stay sustained and healthy and that prayer spiritually sustains the human soul 16 Tafsir exegesis of the Quran can give four reasons for the observation of salah First in order to commend God God s servants together with the angels do salah blessing salutations 17 c Second salah is done involuntarily by all beings in creation in the sense that they are always in contact with God by virtue of him creating and sustaining them 18 d Third Muslims voluntarily offer salah to reveal that it is the particular form of worship that belongs to the prophets e Fourth salah is described as the second pillar of Islam 6 Procedure Edit Various prescribed movements in salah which collectively constitute a rak ah From left to right ruku qiyam i tidal sujud takbir and qu ud julus Main article Rakat Each salah is made up of repeating units known as rakat Arabic ر ك ع ات sing rak ah Each prayer may consist of two to four rakat Each rak ah consists of specific movements and recitations On the major elements there is consensus but on minor details there may be different views Between each position there is a very slight pause The phrase Allahu akbar takbir is recited when moving from one position to another Beginning Edit Before prayer a Muslim should always perform wudu an act in which the hands are first washed the mouth and nose are cleaned the face is cleaned the arms up to the elbow are washed and the head is wiped over with wet hands including the ears before finally the feet are washed Intention known as niyyah is a prerequisite for salah and what distinguishes real worship from going through the motions Some authorities hold that intention suffices in the heart and some require that it be spoken usually under the breath 19 The person praying begins in a standing position known as qiyam although people who find it difficult to do so may begin while sitting or lying on the ground 6 This is followed by the raising of the hands to the head and recitation of the takbir known in combination as takbirat al iḥram or takbirat at taḥrimah consecratory takbir Takbir is read as Allaahu Akbar lit God is The Greatest One then lowers one s hands The first takbir represents the beginning of prayer From this point forward one praying may not converse eat or do things that are otherwise halal A Muslim must keep their vision low during prayer looking at the place where their face will contact the ground during prostration 19 20 21 Common elements of each rakat EditStill standing the next principal act is the recitation of Al Fatiha the first chapter of the Quran This chapter begins with praise of God and then a supplication is made to God In the first and second rakat another portion of the Quran is recited following the Fatiha This is followed by saying Allaahu Akbar and raising the hands up to the ear lobes rafah yadain followed by rakooh bowing from the waist with palms placed on the knees depending on the madhhab rules may differ for women While bowing those praying generally utter words of praise under their breath such as سبحان ربي العظيم lit Glory be to my Lord the Most Magnificent thrice or more As the worshipper straightens their back they say سمع الله لمن حمده lit God hears the one who praises him and ربنا لك الحمد rabbana laka l ḥamd Our Lord all praise be to you 19 Yemeni Muslim in sujud performing salah in the desert during the North Yemen Civil War This is followed by saying Allaahu Akbar and raising the hands up to the ear lobes before the worshipper kneels and prostrates with the forehead nose knees palms and toes touching the floor saying سبحان ربى الأعلى lit Glory be to my Lord the Most High After a short while in prostration the worshipper very briefly rises to sit then returns to the ground a second time Lifting the head from the second prostration completes a rak ah If this is the second or last raka ah the worshiper proceeds to sit and recite the tashahhud salawat and other prayers 19 Many schools hold that the right index finger is raised when reciting the salawat 19 particularly the Sunni school scholars who adapted the technical practice of prayer found in the hadith of Zubayr ibn al Awwam as transmitted by Muslim ibn al Hajjaj In the final phase of az Zubayr s practice the middle ring and pinky fingers on the right hand are clasped while the index finger is pointed and the thumb placed above the clasped middle finger Notes 1 This practice of az Zubayr s became a basis principle by modern scholars such as Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab in his book Adab al Mashy Ila as Salaa 23 and Muhammad Nasiruddin al Albani 24 If the worshipper then intends to finish their prayer they perform the taslim illustrated below or continue with a new rak ah Mistakes in salah are believed to be compensated for by prostrating twice at the end of the prayer known as sujud sahwi 25 The taslim is read as Assalamualaikum wa rahmatullah lit Peace and mercy of Allah be upon you All Taslim represents the end of prayer Performing the Taslim Reciting the salam facing the right direction Reciting the salam facing the left directionTypes of salah EditPrayers in Islam are classified into categories based on degrees of obligation One common classification is fard compulsory sunnah tradition and nafl voluntary 26 Compulsory prayers EditThe five daily prayers are obligatory on every Muslim who has reached the age of puberty with the exception of those for whom it may not be possible due to physical or mental disabilities 27 and those menstruating hayd or experiencing postnatal bleeding nifas 28 Those who are sick or otherwise physically unable to offer their prayers in the traditional form are permitted to offer their prayers while sitting or lying as they are able 29 Each of the five prayers has a prescribed time depending on the movement of the sun These are the Fajr prayer 2 rakat observed at dawn Zuhr prayer 4 rakat observed at noon Asr prayer 4 rakat observed late in the afternoon Maghrib prayer 3 rakat observed after sunset and the Isha prayer 4 rakat observed at nighttime Salah must be prayed in its time In certain circumstances one may be unable to offer one s prayer within the prescribed time In this case the prayer must be offered as soon as possible Several hadith narrate that Muhammad stated that it is permissible to pray salah out of its permissible time if a person accidentally sleeps through the prescribed time However knowingly sleeping through the prescribed time for Salah is deemed impermissible by most scholars 30 Display showing prayer times in a Turkish mosque Qasr Shortening Prayers Edit When traveling over long distances one may shorten the Zuhr Asr and Isha a prayers to 2 rakat a practice known as qasr 31 Jam Combining Prayers Edit In Shia Ja fari Fiqh one may perform jam bayn as salatayn which refers to praying the Zuhr and Asr prayers in combination at one of its time as well as the Maghrib and Isha a prayers at one of its time However praying separately is considered better Neither qasr nor jam bayn as salatayn can be applied to the Fajr prayer 32 Barring the Hanafites Sunni jurisprudence also permit to combine Maghrib and Isha a prayers or Dhuhr and Asr prayers if they are traveling and incapable of independently performing the prayers Amongst Sunnis Salafi Muslims allow the combining of two consecutive prayers for a wide range of reasons such as when various needs arise or due to any difficulty 33 34 Taking precedence from Imams of the Salaf and early Muhaddithun many Salafis amongst the Ahl i Hadith school permit combining two consecutive prayers generally although praying separately is preferred 35 36 Sunni view Edit Of the fard category are the five daily prayers as well as the Gathering prayer Jumu ah while the Eid prayers and Witr are of the Wajib category 37 Abandoning the obligatory prayers due to negligence is Kufr disbelief according to the stricter Hanbali madhhab of Sunni Islam while the other Sunni madhhabs consider doing so a major sin However all four madhhabs agree that denial of the mandatory status of these prayers invalidates the faith of those who do so rendering them apostates The Islamic prophet Muhammad is reported to have said Between man and polytheism and unbelief is the abandonment of salat Sahih Muslim Book 1 hadith 154 38 Fard prayers as with all fard actions are further classed as either fard al ayn obligation of the self and fard al kifayah obligation of sufficiency citation needed Fard al Ayn are actions considered obligatory on individuals for which the individual will be held to account if the actions are neglected 39 Fard al Kifayah are actions considered obligatory on the Muslim community at large so that if some people within the community carry it out no Muslim is considered blameworthy but if no one carries it out all incur a collective punishment 40 Followers of Imam Abu Hanifa also include a 6th obligatory prayer witr It is supposed to be the last prayer of the night and is composed of an odd number of rakat This obligation is considered a lesser obligation to the other 5 obligatory prayers in that its rejection isn t an act of disbelief according to the Hanafi school The other schools consider this to be a Sunnah muakkadah emphasized sunnah Some Islamic scholars require men to offer the mandatory salat in congregation jama ah behind an imam when they are able however according to most Islamic scholars prayer in congregation is mustahabb recommended for men if they are able to do so 41 Special congregational prayers Edit Main article Friday prayer Women praying in Najaf Iraq on Eid al Fitr The Jumu ah is a congregational prayer on Friday which replaces the Zuhr prayer It is compulsory upon men to pray this in congregation while women may pray it so or offer Zuhr prayer instead 42 Jumu ah consists of a sermon khutbah after which two rakats are prayed 43 Since the khutbah replaces the two rakat of Zuhr it is believed that listening to it carefully compensates the thawab of 2 rakat 44 The salah of the Idayn is said on the mornings of Eid al Fitr and Eid an nahr The Eid prayer is classified by some as fard likely an individual obligation fard al ayn though some Islamic scholars argue it is only a collective obligation fard al kifayah It consists of two rakats with seven or three for the followers Imam Abu Hanifa takbirs offered before the start of the first rakat and five or three for the followers of Imam Abu Hanifa before the second After the salah is completed a sermon khutbah is offered However the khutbah is not an integral part of the Eid salah 45 The Eid salah must be offered between sunrise and true noon i e between the time periods for Fajr and Zuhr 31 Supererogatory prayers Edit Main article Supererogatory prayers Sunnah and nafl Edit Sunni Muslims perform optional sunnah salah voluntary prayers offered by Muhammad of two categories sunnah mu akkadah verified sunnah and sunnah ghair mu akkadah unverified sunnah The primary difference between the two being the frequency of Muhammad having performed the relevant salah Certain sunnah prayers have prescribed times Those ordained for before each of the fard prayers must be offered between the first call to prayer adhan and the second call iqamah which signifies the start of the fard prayer Those sunnah ordained for after the fard prayers can be said any time between the end of the fard prayers and the end of the current prayer s waqt citation needed While Sunni Muslims classify these prayers as sunnah Shia consider them nafl Nafl salah are voluntary and can be offered at any time 46 Many Sunni Muslims also offer two rakats of nafl salah after the Zuhr and Maghrib prayers During the Isha prayer they pray the two rakats of nafl after the two sunnah mu akkadah and wajib prayers 47 There are many specific conditions or situations when one may wish to offer nafl prayers They cannot be offered at sunrise true noon or sunset The prohibition against salah at these times is to prevent the practice of sun worship 48 Some Muslims offer voluntary prayers immediately before and after the five prescribed prayers A table of these prayers is given below Table of supererogatory prayers with compulsory prayers with minor differences between madhhabs 47 Compulsory fard prayer Voluntary before fard t 1 Obligatory Voluntary after fard t 1 TotalSunni Shia Sunni Shia Sunni Shia Sunni ShiaFajr 2 rakat 2 rakat t 1 2 rakat t 1 None 2 rakat t 1 4 r 6 r Zuhr 4 rakat 4 rakat 4 rakat t 2 2 rakat t 3 8 r t 1 t 4 t 5 10 r 16 r Asr 4 rakat 4 rakat 4 rakat None 8 r t 1 t 4 t 5 8 r 16 r Maghrib 2 rakat 3 rakat 3 rakat 2 rakat t 3 2 r t 1 t 4 t 5 7 r 11 r Isha t 6 4 rakat 4 rakat 7 r 4 r 2 rakat t 3 2 r t 1 t 4 t 5 13 r 10 r Jumu ah 2 rakat 2 rakat 2 rakat with khutbah 4 rakat 2 rakat 2 r nafl 2 rakat 14 r 6 r denotes sunnah mu akkadah verified sunnah which must be offered by adherents of the Hanafi madhhab denotes sunnah ghair mu akkadah unverified sunnah offered as two prayers of 4 and 3 rakat each with the 3 rakat considered wajib and performed after the 4 fard rakat Prayers of the night Edit Though not a mandatory part of the course most Muslims supplicate after completing salah Tahajjud Arabic ت ه ج د are supererogatory prayers offered late at night Prayers of this kind are observed from midnight to the prescribed time of the Fajr prayer 49 The prayer includes any number of even rakat performed in twos or fours followed by three or more odd rakat of witr prayer 50 Shia Muslims offer similar prayers simply called nightly prayers Arabic ص ل و ات الل يل These are considered highly meritorious and can be offered in the same time as tahajjud 51 52 These prayers include eleven rakat 8 nafl 4 prayers of 2 rakat each 2 rakat shaf prayer and 1 rakat witr 52 Witr Arabic و تر lit string are prayers offered either with the Isha prayer or with the tahajjud salawat al layl Some consider this prayer compulsory wajib while others consider it supererogatory These are performed in odd numbers of rakats with slight differences between madhhabs The prayer usually includes the qunut 51 Other prayers Edit The word istikharah is derived from the root ḵ y r خير well being goodness choice selection 53 Salat al Istikhaarah is a prayer offered when a Muslim needs guidance on a particular matter To say this salah one should pray two rakats of non obligatory salah to completion After completion one should request God that which on is better 31 The intention for the salah should be in one s heart to pray two rakats of salah followed by Istikhaarah The salah can be offered at any of the times where salah is not forbidden 54 Other prayers include the tahiyyat al masjid which Muslims are encouraged to offer these two rakat 55 Differences in practice Edit A Sunni Muslim left 56 and Shia Muslim right performing the Friday prayer in Tehran Some Sunnis perform salah with the hands clasped qabd while Shia offer salah with their hands at their sides sadl Muslims believe that Muhammad practiced taught and disseminated the worship ritual in the whole community of Muslims and made it part of their life The practice has therefore been concurrently and perpetually practiced by the community in each of the generations The authority for the basic forms of the salah is neither the hadiths nor the Quran but rather the consensus of Muslims 57 58 This is not inconsistent with another fact that Muslims have shown diversity in their practice since the earliest days of practice so the salah practiced by one Muslim may differ from another s in minor details In some cases the Hadith suggest some of this diversity of practice was known of and approved by Muhammad himself 59 Most differences arise because of different interpretations of the Islamic legal sources by the different schools of law madhhabs in Sunni Islam and by different legal traditions within Shia Islam In the case of ritual worship these differences are generally minor and should rarely cause dispute 60 A turbah or mohr is a small piece of soil or clay often a clay tablet used during salah to symbolize earth Common differences which may vary between schools and gender include the position of legs feet hands and fingers where the eyes should focus the minimum amount of recitation the volume of recitation audible moving of lips or just listening Loud prayer ar Silent prayer ar and which of the principal elements of the prayer are indispensable versus recommended or optional citation needed A 2015 Pew Research Center study found that women are 2 more likely than men to pray on a daily basis 61 Prayer in congregation EditMain article Salah al jama ah Bosniaks praying in an open field ca 1906 Evening praying at the Lahti Mosque in Lahti Finland President Joko Widodo of Indonesia front row fourth from left joining prayer in congregation with Vice President Jusuf Kalla third from left other cabinet members and other worshippers Friday prayer for Muslims in the streets of Dhaka Bangladesh Prayer in the congregation jama ah is considered to have more social and spiritual benefits than praying by oneself 62 As per hadith traditions the reward of a prayer in congregation increases twenty five times A hadith says The prayer in congregation is twenty five times superior to the prayer offered by person alone Sahih Bukhari 646 63 When praying in congregation the people stand in straight parallel rows behind one person who conducts the prayer called imam also called the leader The imam must be above the rest in knowledge action piety and justness and possess faith and commitment the people trust Balanced Perception of Religion and the best knowledge of the Quran 30 The prayer is offered as normal with the congregation following the imam in order as he she offers the salah 64 Standing arrangement Edit For two people of the same gender they would stand in line the imam would stand on the left and the other person is on the right For more than two people the imam stands one row ahead of the rest citation needed When the Worshippers consist of men and women combined a man is chosen as the imam In this situation women are typically forbidden from assuming this role This point though unanimously agreed on by the major schools of Islam is disputed by some groups based partly on a hadith whose interpretation is controversial When the congregation consists entirely of women and pre pubescent children one woman is chosen as imam 65 When men women and children are praying the children s rows are usually between the men s and women s rows with the men at the front and women at the back Another configuration is where the men s and women s rows are side by side separated by a curtain or other barrier 66 with the primary intention being for there to be no direct line of sight between male and female Worshippers 67 Men standing in prayer in Tulehu IndonesiaSee also EditDua Sabr Islamic term TasbihReferences EditFootnotes Edit Quran 6 162 Quran 20 14 Quran 33 43 Quran 24 41 Quran 21 71 73 The author also noted these particular movements used by az Zubayr were also practiced by Abdullah ibn Umar in Sahih Muslim number 1339 22 Notes Edit a b c d e f g h i According to Shia Muslims these are to be said in two and two rakats four in total This is not the case for Sunni Muslims Replaced by Jumu ah on Fridays which consists of two rakats a b c According to Sunni Muslims there is a difference between Sunnat Mu akkadah obligatory and Sunnat Ghair Mu akkadah voluntary Unlike for the Sunnat Ghair Mu akkadah the Sunnat Mu akkadah was prayed by Muhammed daily a b c d Mustahab praiseworthy to do every day Shias a b c d According to Shia Muslims this prayer is termed nawafil Further information on the usage of the word Isha evening see Quran 12 16 Quran 79 46 Citations Edit Lane Edward William 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كتاب الأذان Sunnah com Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه و سلم sunnah com Retrieved 26 September 2021 Hussain Musharraf 10 October 2012 The Five Pillars of Islam Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service to Humanity Kube Publishing Ltd 10 October 2012 pp 77 78 ISBN 978 1847740540 Iranian women to lead prayers BBC 1 August 2000 Retrieved 11 February 2008 Cornell Vincent J 2007 Voices of Islam Voices of life family home and society Praeger Publishers 1st edition 1 January 2007 pp 25 28 ISBN 978 0275987350 Maghniyyah Muhammad Jawad 21 November 2016 Prayer Salat According to the Five Islamic Schools of Law Islamic Culture and Relations Organisation Bibliography Edit Abd al Wahhab Muhammad ibn 2019 Syarah Adab Berjalan Menuju Shalat Manners of Walking to the Prayer Darul Falah p 197 ISBN 9789793036892 Retrieved 22 November 2021 al Albani Muhammad Nasiruddin 2004 Fikih Syekh Albani in Indonesian Translated by Mahmud bin Ahmad Rasyid Pustaka Azzam Retrieved 21 November 2021 Nur Baits Ammi 2021 Tafsir Shalat Muamalah Publishing p 248 Hadith Riwayat Muslim 1336 Retrieved 20 November 2021 Further reading EditSmith Jane I Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck 1993 The Oxford Handbook of American Islam 1st ed Oxford Oxford University Press pp 162 163 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salat Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Salah amp oldid 1134216863, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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