An apical consonant is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue (apex) in conjunction with upper articulators from lips to postalveolar, and possibly prepalatal.[1][2] It contrasts with laminal consonants, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the blade of the tongue, just behind the tip. Sometimes apical is used exclusively for an articulation that involves only the tip of the tongue and apicolaminal for an articulation that involves both the tip and the blade of the tongue.[3] However, the distinction is not always made and the latter one may be called simply apical, especially when describing an apical dental articulation.[1][4] As there is some laminal contact in the alveolar region, the apicolaminal dental consonants are also labelled as denti-alveolar.
Schematic linguograms of 1) apical, 2) upper apical, 3) laminal and 4) apicolaminal stops based on Dart (1991:16), illustrating the areas of the tongue in contact with the palate during articulation (shown in grey)
It is not a very common distinction and is typically applied only to fricatives and affricates. Thus, many varieties of English have either apical or laminal pairs of [t]/[d]. However, some varieties of Arabic, including Hadhrami Arabic in Yemen, realize [t] as laminal but [d] as apical.
Most dialects in the Bengali–Assamese continuum distinguish between dental–laminal alveolar stops and apical alveolar stops. In Upper Assamese, they have merged and leave only the apical alveolar stops. In Western Bengali apical alveolars are replaced by apical post-alveolars.
^Dart (1991), p. 8, "By apical [dental] is probably meant apicolaminal, since it is very difficult for someone with normal dentition to put the tip of the tongue on the teeth without the blade also touching the base of the teeth in front of the alveolar ridge
Bibliography
Catford, J.C. (1977). Fundamental problems in phonetics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Gafos, Diamandis (1997). "A Cross-Sectional View of s, ʃ, θ". Proceedings of the North East Linguistics Society. 27.
Dart, Sarah N. (1991). Articulatory and Acoustic Properties of Apical and Laminal Articulations. Working Papers in Phonetics. Vol. No. 79.
apical, consonant, apical, consonant, phone, speech, sound, produced, obstructing, passage, with, tongue, apex, conjunction, with, upper, articulators, from, lips, postalveolar, possibly, prepalatal, contrasts, with, laminal, consonants, which, produced, creat. An apical consonant is a phone speech sound produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue apex in conjunction with upper articulators from lips to postalveolar and possibly prepalatal 1 2 It contrasts with laminal consonants which are produced by creating an obstruction with the blade of the tongue just behind the tip Sometimes apical is used exclusively for an articulation that involves only the tip of the tongue and apicolaminal for an articulation that involves both the tip and the blade of the tongue 3 However the distinction is not always made and the latter one may be called simply apical especially when describing an apical dental articulation 1 4 As there is some laminal contact in the alveolar region the apicolaminal dental consonants are also labelled as denti alveolar Apical IPA Number409EncodingEntity decimal amp 826 Unicode hex U 033ASchematic linguograms of 1 apical 2 upper apical 3 laminal and 4 apicolaminal stops based on Dart 1991 16 illustrating the areas of the tongue in contact with the palate during articulation shown in grey It is not a very common distinction and is typically applied only to fricatives and affricates Thus many varieties of English have either apical or laminal pairs of t d However some varieties of Arabic including Hadhrami Arabic in Yemen realize t as laminal but d as apical Basque uses the distinction for alveolar fricatives as does Serbo Croatian Mandarin Chinese uses it for postalveolar fricatives the alveolo palatal and retroflex series Lillooet uses it as a secondary feature in contrasting velarized and non velarized affricates A distinction between apical and laminal is common in Australian Aboriginal languages for nasals plosives and usually lateral approximants Most dialects in the Bengali Assamese continuum distinguish between dental laminal alveolar stops and apical alveolar stops In Upper Assamese they have merged and leave only the apical alveolar stops In Western Bengali apical alveolars are replaced by apical post alveolars In the International Phonetic Alphabet the diacritic for apical consonants is U 033A COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW See also EditCoronal consonant Laminal consonant List of phonetic topics Voiceless apicoalveolar fricative Voiced apicoalveolar fricativeReferences Edit a b Catford 1977 p 151 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 10 11 Gafos 1997 p 129 Dart 1991 p 8 By apical dental is probably meant apicolaminal since it is very difficult for someone with normal dentition to put the tip of the tongue on the teeth without the blade also touching the base of the teeth in front of the alveolar ridgeBibliography EditCatford J C 1977 Fundamental problems in phonetics Bloomington Indiana University Press Gafos Diamandis 1997 A Cross Sectional View of s ʃ 8 Proceedings of the North East Linguistics Society 27 Dart Sarah N 1991 Articulatory and Acoustic Properties of Apical and Laminal Articulations Working Papers in Phonetics Vol No 79 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19815 4 This phonetics article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Apical consonant amp oldid 1127758298, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
