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Fricative

January 13, 2023

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.[1] These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of [f]; the back of the tongue against the soft palate in the case of German [x] (the final consonant of Bach); or the side of the tongue against the molars, in the case of Welsh [ɬ] (appearing twice in the name Llanelli). This turbulent airflow is called frication.[2]

A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants. When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition, the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth.[1] English [s], [z], [ʃ], and [ʒ] are examples of sibilants.

The usage of two other terms is less standardized: "Spirant" is an older term for fricatives used by some American and European phoneticians and phonologists.[3] "Strident" could mean just "sibilant", but some authors[who?] include also labiodental and uvular fricatives in the class.

Types

The airflow is not completely stopped in the production of fricative consonants. In other words, the airflow experiences friction.

Sibilants

All sibilants are coronal, but may be dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or palatal (retroflex) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation, the tongue may take several shapes: domed, laminal, or apical, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are subapical and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.

Central non-sibilant fricatives

The IPA also has letters for epiglottal fricatives,

with allophonic trilling, but these might be better analyzed as pharyngeal trills. [5]

Lateral fricatives

The lateral fricative occurs as the ll of Welsh, as in Lloyd, Llewelyn, and Machynlleth ([maˈxənɬɛθ], a town), as the unvoiced 'hl' and voiced 'dl' or 'dhl' in the several languages of Southern Africa (such as Xhosa and Zulu), and in Mongolian.

IPA letters used for both fricatives and approximants

No language distinguishes voiced fricatives from approximants at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeal, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the uptack to the letters, [χ̝, ʁ̝, ħ̝, ʕ̝]. Likewise, the downtack may be added to specify an approximant realization, [χ̞, ʁ̞, ħ̞, ʕ̞].

(The bilabial approximant and dental approximant do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion: [β̞, ð̞]. However, the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives.)

Pseudo-fricatives

In many languages, such as English, the glottal "fricatives" are unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner, fricative or otherwise. However, in languages such as Arabic, they are true fricatives.[1][page needed]

In addition, [ʍ] is usually called a "voiceless labial-velar fricative", but it is actually an approximant. True doubly articulated fricatives may not occur in any language; but see voiceless palatal-velar fricative for a putative (and rather controversial) example.

Aspirated fricatives

Fricatives are very commonly voiced, though cross-linguistically voiced fricatives are not nearly as common as tenuis ("plain") fricatives. Other phonations are common in languages that have those phonations in their stop consonants. However, phonemically aspirated fricatives are rare. /s~sʰ/ contrasts with a tense, unaspirated /s͈/ in Korean; aspirated fricatives are also found in a few Sino-Tibetan languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, in the Siouan language Ofo (/sʰ/ and /fʰ/), and in the (central?) Chumash languages (/sʰ/ and /ʃʰ/). The record may be Cone Tibetan, which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives: /sʰ/ /ɕʰ/, /ʂʰ/, and /xʰ/.[6]

Nasalized fricatives

Phonemically nasalized fricatives are rare. Umbundu has /ṽ/ and Kwangali and Souletin Basque have /h̃/. In Coatzospan Mixtec, [β̃, ð̃, s̃, ʃ̃] appear allophonically before a nasal vowel, and in Igbo nasality is a feature of the syllable; when /f v s z ʃ ʒ/ occur in nasal syllables they are themselves nasalized.[7]

Types of fricative[a]
bilabial labio-
dental		 linguo-
labial		 inter-
dental		 dental denti-
alveolar		 alveolar post-
alveolar		 palatal/
retroflex		 velar uvular pharyn-
geal		 glottal
central non-sibilant ɸ β f v
fʰ vʱ		 θ̟ ð̟ (θ̪͆ ð̪͆) θ ð θ̠ ð̠ θ͇ ð͇ (laminal)
ɹ̝̊ ɹ̝ (apical)		 ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ç ʝ (laminal)
ɻ̝̊ ɻ̝ (apical)		 x ɣ
xʰ ɣʱ		 χ̝ ʁ̝ ħ̝ ʕ̝ h̝
ɦ̝
lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɬ ɮ
ɬʰ ɮʱ		 ɬ̠ ɮ̠ 𝼆 ʎ̝ (laminal)
ꞎ ɭ˔ (apical)		 𝼄 ʟ̝
laminal sibilant s̻̪ z̻̪ s̄ z̄ (s̟ z̟) s͇ z͇
s͇ʰ z͇ʱ		 s̠ z̠ (s̻̠ z̻̠)
ʃ̻ ʒ̻ (domed)
ŝ ẑ (ʆ ʓ) (closed)		 ɕ ʑ
ɕʰ ʑʱ
apical sibilant s̺̪ z̺̪ s̺ z̺ ṣ ẓ (s̺̠ z̺̠)
ʃ̺ ʒ̺
ʃʰ ʒʱ		 ʂ ʐ
ʂʰ ʐʱ
fricative trill r̝̊ r̝ ʀ̝̊ ʀ̝ ʜ ʢ
fricative flap ɾ̞̊ ɾ̞
nasalized fricative β̃ f̃ ṽ ð̃ s̃ z̃ ʃ̃ ʒ̃ h̃

Occurrence

Until its extinction, Ubykh may have been the language with the most fricatives (29 not including /h/), some of which did not have dedicated symbols or diacritics in the IPA. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). By contrast, approximately 8.7% of the world's languages have no phonemic fricatives at all.[8] This is a typical feature of Australian Aboriginal languages, where the few fricatives that exist result from changes to plosives or approximants, but also occurs in some indigenous languages of New Guinea and South America that have especially small numbers of consonants. However, whereas [h] is entirely unknown in indigenous Australian languages, most of the other languages without true fricatives do have [h] in their consonant inventory.

Voicing contrasts in fricatives are largely confined to Europe, Africa, and Western Asia. Languages of South and East Asia, such as Mandarin Chinese, Korean, the Dravidian and Austronesian languages, typically do not have such voiced fricatives as [z] and [v], which are familiar to many European speakers. These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of the Americas. Overall, voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives, being found only in about a third of the world's languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing contrasts.[9]

About 15 percent of the world's languages, however, have unpaired voiced fricatives, i.e. a voiced fricative without a voiceless counterpart. Two-thirds of these, or 10 percent of all languages, have unpaired voiced fricatives but no voicing contrast between any fricative pair.[10]

This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from lenition of plosives or fortition of approximants. This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives is scattered throughout the world, but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have [ʒ] but lack [ʃ]. (Relatedly, several languages have the voiced affricate [dʒ] but lack [tʃ], and vice versa.) The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are – in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences – [ʝ], [β], [ð], [ʁ] and [ɣ].

Acoustics

Fricatives appear in waveforms as somewhat random noise caused by the turbulent airflow, upon which a periodic pattern is overlaid if voiced.[11] Fricatives produced in the front of the mouth tend to have energy concentration at higher frequencies than ones produced in the back.[12] The centre of gravity (CoG), i.e. the average frequency in a spectrum weighted by the amplitude (also known as spectral mean), may be used to determine the place of articulation of a fricative relative to that of another.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ There are likely to be more aspirated, murmured and nasal fricatives than shown here. ⟨s̄ ṣ ŝ⟩ are not IPA transcription.

References

  1. ^ a b c Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  2. ^ "Frication | Definition of Frication by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. n.d. Retrieved 27 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ Lodge, Ken (2009). A Critical Introduction to Phonetics. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2.
  4. ^ Pountain (2014) Exploring the Spanish Language, p. 18
  5. ^ John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., p 695.
  6. ^ Guillaume Jacques 2011. A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives, with new evidence from Pumi, Lingua 121.9:1518-1538
  7. ^ Laver (1994: 255–256) Principles of Phonetics
  8. ^ Maddieson, Ian. 2008. "Absence of Common Consonants". In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 18. Accessed on 2008-09-15.
  9. ^ Maddieson, Ian. "Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives", in Martin Haspelmath et al. (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures, pp. 26–29. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-925591-1.
  10. ^ Maddieson, Ian. Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-521-26536-3.
  11. ^ Zsiga, Elizabeth C. (2013). The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4051-9103-6.
  12. ^ Johnson, Keith (2012). Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 162–3. ISBN 978-1-4051-9466-2.
  13. ^ Kiss, Zoltán G. (2013). "Measuring acoustic correlates of voicing in stops and fricatives". In Szigetvári, Péter (ed.). VLlxx: Papers Presented to László Varga on His 70th Birthday. Budapest: Department of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University.

External links

  • Fricatives in English

January 13, 2023
fricative, this, article, contains, phonetic, transcriptions, international, phonetic, alphabet, introductory, guide, symbols, help, distinction, between, brackets, transcription, delimiters, fricative, consonant, produced, forcing, through, narrow, channel, m. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together 1 These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth in the case of f the back of the tongue against the soft palate in the case of German x the final consonant of Bach or the side of the tongue against the molars in the case of Welsh ɬ appearing twice in the name Llanelli This turbulent airflow is called frication 2 A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants When forming a sibilant one still is forcing air through a narrow channel but in addition the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth 1 English s z ʃ and ʒ are examples of sibilants The usage of two other terms is less standardized Spirant is an older term for fricatives used by some American and European phoneticians and phonologists 3 Strident could mean just sibilant but some authors who include also labiodental and uvular fricatives in the class Contents 1 Types 1 1 Sibilants 1 2 Central non sibilant fricatives 1 3 Lateral fricatives 1 4 IPA letters used for both fricatives and approximants 1 5 Pseudo fricatives 1 6 Aspirated fricatives 1 7 Nasalized fricatives 2 Occurrence 3 Acoustics 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksTypes EditThe airflow is not completely stopped in the production of fricative consonants In other words the airflow experiences friction Sibilants Edit s voiceless coronal sibilant as in English sip z voiced coronal sibilant as in English zip s voiceless dental sibilant z voiced dental sibilant s voiceless apical sibilant z voiced apical sibilant s voiceless predorsal sibilant laminal with tongue tip at lower teeth 4 z voiced predorsal sibilant laminal s voiceless postalveolar sibilant laminal z voiced postalveolar sibilant laminal ʃ voiceless palato alveolar sibilant domed partially palatalized as in English ship ʒ voiced palato alveolar sibilant domed partially palatalized as the si in English vision ɕ voiceless alveolo palatal sibilant laminal palatalized ʑ voiced alveolo palatal sibilant laminal palatalized ʂ voiceless retroflex sibilant apical or subapical ʐ voiced retroflex sibilant apical or subapical All sibilants are coronal but may be dental alveolar postalveolar or palatal retroflex within that range However at the postalveolar place of articulation the tongue may take several shapes domed laminal or apical and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name Prototypical retroflexes are subapical and palatal but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols Central non sibilant fricatives Edit ɸ voiceless bilabial fricative b voiced bilabial fricative f voiceless labiodental fricative as in English fine v voiced labiodental fricative as in English vine 8 voiceless linguolabial fricative d voiced linguolabial fricative 8 8 voiceless dental non sibilant fricative as in English thing d d voiced dental non sibilant fricative as in English that 8 ɹ voiceless alveolar non sibilant fricative d ɹ voiced alveolar non sibilant fricative r voiceless trilled fricative r voiced trilled fricative c voiceless palatal fricative ʝ voiced palatal fricative x voiceless velar fricative ɣ voiced velar fricative ɧ voiceless palatal velar fricative articulation disputed The IPA also has letters for epiglottal fricatives ʜ voiceless epiglottal fricative ʢ voiced epiglottal fricativewith allophonic trilling but these might be better analyzed as pharyngeal trills 5 ʩ voiceless velopharyngeal fricative often occurs with a cleft palate ʩ voiced velopharyngeal fricativeLateral fricatives Edit ɬ voiceless dental lateral fricative ɮ voiced dental lateral fricative ɬ voiceless alveolar lateral fricative ɮ voiced alveolar lateral fricative ɬ voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative Mehri ɮ voiced postalveolar lateral fricative ɭ or extIPA ꞎ voiceless retroflex lateral fricative ɭ or extIPA Voiced retroflex lateral fricative in Ao ʎ or ʎ or extIPA voiceless palatal lateral fricative ʎ or extIPA voiced palatal lateral fricative allophonic in Jebero ʟ or extIPA voiceless velar lateral fricative ʟ or extIPA voiced velar lateral fricativeThe lateral fricative occurs as the ll of Welsh as in Lloyd Llewelyn and Machynlleth maˈxenɬɛ8 a town as the unvoiced hl and voiced dl or dhl in the several languages of Southern Africa such as Xhosa and Zulu and in Mongolian ʪ or ɬ s and 8 ɬ voiceless grooved lateral alveolar fricative a laterally lisped s or 8 Modern South Arabian ʫ or ɮ z and d ɮ voiced grooved lateral alveolar fricative a laterally lisped z or d Modern South Arabian IPA letters used for both fricatives and approximants Edit x voiceless uvular fricative ʁ voiced uvular fricative ħ voiceless pharyngeal fricative ʕ voiced pharyngeal fricativeNo language distinguishes voiced fricatives from approximants at these places so the same symbol is used for both For the pharyngeal approximants are more numerous than fricatives A fricative realization may be specified by adding the uptack to the letters x ʁ ħ ʕ Likewise the downtack may be added to specify an approximant realization x ʁ ħ ʕ The bilabial approximant and dental approximant do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion b d However the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives Pseudo fricatives Edit h voiceless glottal transition as in English hat ɦ breathy voiced glottal transitionIn many languages such as English the glottal fricatives are unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis without any accompanying manner fricative or otherwise However in languages such as Arabic they are true fricatives 1 page needed In addition ʍ is usually called a voiceless labial velar fricative but it is actually an approximant True doubly articulated fricatives may not occur in any language but see voiceless palatal velar fricative for a putative and rather controversial example Aspirated fricatives Edit Fricatives are very commonly voiced though cross linguistically voiced fricatives are not nearly as common as tenuis plain fricatives Other phonations are common in languages that have those phonations in their stop consonants However phonemically aspirated fricatives are rare s sʰ contrasts with a tense unaspirated s in Korean aspirated fricatives are also found in a few Sino Tibetan languages in some Oto Manguean languages in the Siouan language Ofo sʰ and fʰ and in the central Chumash languages sʰ and ʃʰ The record may be Cone Tibetan which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives sʰ ɕʰ ʂʰ and xʰ 6 Nasalized fricatives Edit Phonemically nasalized fricatives are rare Umbundu has ṽ and Kwangali and Souletin Basque have h In Coatzospan Mixtec b d s ʃ appear allophonically before a nasal vowel and in Igbo nasality is a feature of the syllable when f v s z ʃ ʒ occur in nasal syllables they are themselves nasalized 7 Types of fricative a bilabial labio dental linguo labial inter dental dental denti alveolar alveolar post alveolar palatal retroflex velar uvular pharyn geal glottalcentral non sibilant ɸ b f v fʰ vʱ 8 d 8 d 8 d 8 d 8 d laminal ɹ ɹ apical ɹ ɹ c ʝ laminal ɻ ɻ apical x ɣ xʰ ɣʱ x ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ɬ ɮ ɬʰ ɮʱ ɬ ɮ ʎ laminal ꞎ ɭ apical ʟ laminal sibilant s z s z s z s z s ʰ z ʱ s z s z ʃ ʒ domed ŝ ẑ ʆ ʓ closed ɕ ʑ ɕʰ ʑʱapical sibilant s z s z ṣ ẓ s z ʃ ʒ ʃʰ ʒʱ ʂ ʐ ʂʰ ʐʱfricative trill r r ʀ ʀ ʜ ʢfricative flap ɾ ɾ nasalized fricative b f ṽ d s z ʃ ʒ h Occurrence EditUntil its extinction Ubykh may have been the language with the most fricatives 29 not including h some of which did not have dedicated symbols or diacritics in the IPA This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English which has 24 consonants By contrast approximately 8 7 of the world s languages have no phonemic fricatives at all 8 This is a typical feature of Australian Aboriginal languages where the few fricatives that exist result from changes to plosives or approximants but also occurs in some indigenous languages of New Guinea and South America that have especially small numbers of consonants However whereas h is entirely unknown in indigenous Australian languages most of the other languages without true fricatives do have h in their consonant inventory Voicing contrasts in fricatives are largely confined to Europe Africa and Western Asia Languages of South and East Asia such as Mandarin Chinese Korean the Dravidian and Austronesian languages typically do not have such voiced fricatives as z and v which are familiar to many European speakers These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of the Americas Overall voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives being found only in about a third of the world s languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing contrasts 9 About 15 percent of the world s languages however have unpaired voiced fricatives i e a voiced fricative without a voiceless counterpart Two thirds of these or 10 percent of all languages have unpaired voiced fricatives but no voicing contrast between any fricative pair 10 This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from lenition of plosives or fortition of approximants This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives is scattered throughout the world but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have ʒ but lack ʃ Relatedly several languages have the voiced affricate dʒ but lack tʃ and vice versa The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences ʝ b d ʁ and ɣ Acoustics EditFricatives appear in waveforms as somewhat random noise caused by the turbulent airflow upon which a periodic pattern is overlaid if voiced 11 Fricatives produced in the front of the mouth tend to have energy concentration at higher frequencies than ones produced in the back 12 The centre of gravity CoG i e the average frequency in a spectrum weighted by the amplitude also known as spectral mean may be used to determine the place of articulation of a fricative relative to that of another 13 See also EditApical consonant Hush consonant Laminal consonant List of phonetics topicsNotes Edit There are likely to be more aspirated murmured and nasal fricatives than shown here s ṣ ŝ are not IPA transcription References Edit a b c Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19815 4 Frication Definition of Frication by Merriam Webster Merriam Webster com Dictionary Merriam Webster n d Retrieved 27 May 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Lodge Ken 2009 A Critical Introduction to Phonetics New York Continuum International Publishing Group p 36 ISBN 978 0 8264 8873 2 Pountain 2014 Exploring the Spanish Language p 18 John Esling 2010 Phonetic Notation in Hardcastle Laver amp Gibbon eds The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences 2nd ed p 695 Guillaume Jacques 2011 A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives with new evidence from Pumi Lingua 121 9 1518 1538 Laver 1994 255 256 Principles of Phonetics Maddieson Ian 2008 Absence of Common Consonants In Haspelmath Martin amp Dryer Matthew S amp Gil David amp Comrie Bernard eds The World Atlas of Language Structures Online Munich Max Planck Digital Library chapter 18 Accessed on 2008 09 15 Maddieson Ian Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives in Martin Haspelmath et al eds The World Atlas of Language Structures pp 26 29 Oxford Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 0 19 925591 1 Maddieson Ian Patterns of Sounds Cambridge University Press 1984 ISBN 0 521 26536 3 Zsiga Elizabeth C 2013 The Sounds of Language An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology Wiley Blackwell p 129 ISBN 978 1 4051 9103 6 Johnson Keith 2012 Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics 3rd ed Wiley Blackwell pp 162 3 ISBN 978 1 4051 9466 2 Kiss Zoltan G 2013 Measuring acoustic correlates of voicing in stops and fricatives In Szigetvari Peter ed VLlxx Papers Presented to Laszlo Varga on His 70th Birthday Budapest Department of English Linguistics Eotvos Lorand University External links EditFricatives in English Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fricative amp oldid 1123259383, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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