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Voiceless uvular fricative

January 19, 2024

The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨χ⟩, the Greek chi. The sound is represented by ⟨x̣⟩ (ex with underdot) in Americanist phonetic notation. It is sometimes transcribed with ⟨x⟩ (or ⟨r⟩, if rhotic) in broad transcription.

Voiceless uvular fricative
χ
IPA Number142
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)χ
Unicode (hex)U+03C7
X-SAMPAX
Braille

Most languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a voiceless uvular fricative trill (a simultaneous [χ] and [ʀ̥]). Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."

Although they are not normally differentiated in study, languages in which they have been (Hebrew, Wolof, as well as the northern and central varieties of European Spanish) have been found to specifically possess the fricative trill.[1][2][3][4] It can be transcribed as ⟨ʀ̝̊⟩ (a devoiced and raised uvular trill) in IPA. It is found as either the fortis counterpart of /ɣ/ (which itself is voiceless at least in Northern Standard Dutch: [x]) or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern SD and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian) spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal (sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as either medio-velar or post-palatal is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainly Brabantian and Limburgish but excluding Ripuarian and the dialect of Bergen op Zoom), including Belgian SD. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme /r/.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] See Hard and soft G in Dutch for more details.

The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termed velar or mediovelar and post-velar, respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of Arabic, Limburgish and Madrid Spanish. It may thus be appropriate to call those variants voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is ⟨ʀ̝̊˖⟩ (a devoiced, raised and advanced uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht [ɑʀ̝̊˖t] 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch [ɑxt] or [ɑx̟t], which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate.[3][4][5][9][10][12]

For a voiceless pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiceless velar fricative.

Features edit

Features of the voiceless uvular fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans[13][14] goed [χut] 'good' Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial.[13] See Afrikaans phonology.
Arabic[12] خضراء ḵaḍrāʾ [χadˤraːʔ] 'green' (f.) Fricative trill with velar frication.[12] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See Arabic phonology
Armenian խաղ xaġ [χɑʁ] 'game'
Chuvash хăна hăna [χə'na] 'guest'
Danish Standard[15] pres [ˈpχæs] 'pressure' Before /r/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /r/.[16] Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʁ⟩. See Danish phonology.
Dutch Standard Northern[5][6] acht [ɑʀ̝̊˖t] 'eight' Fricative trill with post-velar frication.[5] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See Dutch phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Belgian[7][8] brood [bʀ̝̊oːt] 'bread' Voiced when following a vowel.[17] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
English Scouse[18] clock [kl̥ɒχ] 'clock' Possible word-final realization of /k/; varies between a fricative and a fricative trill.[18]
neck [nɛχ] 'neck'
Welsh[19][20] Amlwch [ˈamlʊχ] 'Amlwch' Occurs only in loanwords from Welsh;[19] usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See English phonology
White South African[14][21] gogga [ˈχɒχə] 'insect' Less commonly velar [x], occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans and Khoisan.[14] Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See White South African English phonology and English phonology.
French très [t̪χɛ] 'very' Allophone of /ʁ/ in contact with voiceless consonants. See French phonology
German Standard[22] Dach [daχ] 'roof' Appears only after certain back vowels. See Standard German phonology
Chemnitz dialect[23] Rock [χɔkʰ] 'skirt' In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [ʀ̥] and [q].[23] Does not occur in coda.[23]
Lower Rhine[24] Wirte [ˈvɪχtə] 'hosts' In free variation with [ɐ] between a vowel and a voiceless coronal consonant.
Hebrew [1] מֶלֶך mélekh [ˈme̞le̞χ] 'king' Usually a fricative trill.[1] See Modern Hebrew phonology.
Limburgish Some dialects[9][10][11] waor [β̞ɒ̝ːʀ̝̊] 'was' Allophone of /r/ that has been variously described as occurring in the syllable coda[9][10] and word-final.[11] May be only partially devoiced; frication may be uvular or post-velar.[9][10] The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Luxembourgish[25] Zuch [t͡suχ] 'train' See Luxembourgish phonology.
Low German Dutch Low Saxon[5][6] acht [ɑʀ̝̊˖t] 'eight' Fricative trill with post-velar frication;[5] voiceless counterpart of /ɣ/. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See Hard and soft G in Dutch
Portuguese General Brazilian[26] rompimento [χompi'mentʊ] 'rupture' (noun) Some dialects, corresponds to rhotic consonant /ʁ/. See Portuguese phonology.
Ripuarian[27][28] ach [ɑχ] 'eight' Allophone of /x/ after back vowels. Fronted to [ç] or [ʃ] after front vowels and consonants.[27][28] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See Colognian phonology, Kerkrade dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Spanish European[3][4] ojo [ˈo̞ʀ̝̊o̞]ⓘ 'eye' Fricative trill; frication is velar in Madrid. Occurs in northern and central varieties.[3][4] Most often, it is transcribed with ⟨x⟩ in IPA. See Spanish phonology.
Ponce dialect[29] perro [ˈpe̞χo̞] 'dog' This and [ʀ̥] are the primary realizations of /r/ in this dialect.[29] See Spanish phonology.
Tlingit -dáx̱ [dáχ] 'from, out of' Occurs plain, labialised, ejective, and labialised ejective.
Turkmen gahar [ɢɑχɑɾ] 'snow'
Upper Sorbian[30] brach [bʁ̞äʀ̝̊] 'fault' Fricative trill.[30]
Welsh chwech [χweːχ] 'six' See Welsh phonology.
West Frisian[5][6] berch [bɛrʀ̝̊˖] 'mountain' Fricative trill with post-velar frication;[5] voiceless counterpart of /ɣ/. Never occurs in word-initial positions. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See West Frisian phonology
Wolof[2] sax [sax] Fricative trill.[2]
Yiddish[13] איך ikh [iχ] 'I' See Yiddish phonology.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c Laufer (1999), p. 98.
  2. ^ a b c Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 167.
  3. ^ a b c d "Castilian Spanish - Madrid by Klaus Kohler".
  4. ^ a b c d Lyons (1981), p. 76.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Collins & Mees (2003:191). Goeman & Van de Velde (2001) have also found that frication is much more commonly in the velar region in dialects and language varieties with "hard G", though they do not distinguish between trilled and non-trilled fricatives in their study.
  6. ^ a b c d Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
  7. ^ a b Tops (2009), pp. 25, 30–32, 63, 80–88, 97–100, 105, 118, 124–127, 134–135, 137–138, 140–141.
  8. ^ a b Verhoeven (1994:?), cited in Tops (2009:22, 83)
  9. ^ a b c d e Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
  10. ^ a b c d e Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
  11. ^ a b c Verhoeven (2007), p. 220.
  12. ^ a b c Thelwall & Sa'Addedin (1999), pp. 51, 53.
  13. ^ a b c "John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?". 5 December 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  14. ^ a b c Bowerman (2004:939): "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme /x/ (see Lass (2002:120)), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative [χ] rather than the velar."
  15. ^ Basbøll (2005), pp. 62, 65–66.
  16. ^ Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
  17. ^ Tops (2009), p. 83.
  18. ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 372–373.
  19. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 389.
  20. ^ Tench (1990), p. 132.
  21. ^ Wells (1982), p. 619.
  22. ^ Hall (1993:100), footnote 7, citing Kohler (1990)
  23. ^ a b c Khan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
  24. ^ Hall (1993), p. 89.
  25. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
  26. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), pp. 5–6.
  27. ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 17.
  28. ^ a b Bodelier (2011), p. 19.
  29. ^ a b "ProQuest Document View - The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A phonetic, phonological, and intonational analysis".
  30. ^ a b Howson (2017), p. 362.

References edit

  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
  • Bodelier, Jorina (2011), Tone and intonation in the Lemiers dialect of Ripuarian (MA General Linguistics Thesis), Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam
  • Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Goeman, Ton; Van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743, S2CID 195707076
  • Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, S2CID 145635698
  • Howson, Phil (2017), "Upper Sorbian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 47 (3): 359–367, doi:10.1017/S0025100316000414, S2CID 232350142
  • Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (2003), A Grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-017683-4
  • Hess, Wolfgang (2001), "Funktionale Phonetik und Phonologie" (PDF), Grundlagen der Phonetik, Bonn: Institut für Kommunikationsforschung und Phonetik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
  • Kohler, Klaus (1990), "Comment on German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 44–46, doi:10.1017/S002510030000428X, S2CID 144212850
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–99, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Lyons, John (1981), Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-54088-9
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (in Dutch) (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
  • Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
  • Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Addedin, M. Akram (1999), "Arabic", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–54, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Tops, Evie (2009), Variatie en verandering van de /r/ in Vlaanderen, Brussels: VUBPress, ISBN 9789054874713
  • Verhoeven, Jo (1994), "Fonetische Eigenschappen van de Limburgse huig-r", Taal en Tongval, 46: 9–21
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 

External links edit

  • List of languages with [χ] on PHOIBLE

January 19, 2024
voiceless, uvular, fricative, voiceless, uvular, fricative, type, consonantal, sound, that, used, some, spoken, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, this, sound, greek, sound, represented, with, underdot, americanist, phoneti. The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in some spoken languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is x the Greek chi The sound is represented by x ex with underdot in Americanist phonetic notation It is sometimes transcribed with x or r if rhotic in broad transcription Voiceless uvular fricativexIPA Number142Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 967 Unicode hex U 03C7X SAMPAXBrailleImageMost languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a voiceless uvular fricative trill a simultaneous x and ʀ Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 note that there is a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates Although they are not normally differentiated in study languages in which they have been Hebrew Wolof as well as the northern and central varieties of European Spanish have been found to specifically possess the fricative trill 1 2 3 4 It can be transcribed as ʀ a devoiced and raised uvular trill in IPA It is found as either the fortis counterpart of ɣ which itself is voiceless at least in Northern Standard Dutch x or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern SD and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian spoken above the rivers Rhine Meuse and Waal sometimes termed the Rotterdam Nijmegen Line A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front as either medio velar or post palatal is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers mainly Brabantian and Limburgish but excluding Ripuarian and the dialect of Bergen op Zoom including Belgian SD In those dialects the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme r 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 See Hard and soft G in Dutch for more details The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate termed velar or mediovelar and post velar respectively rather than the uvula itself This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of Arabic Limburgish and Madrid Spanish It may thus be appropriate to call those variants voiceless post velar uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular velar trills are not physically possible The corresponding IPA symbol is ʀ a devoiced raised and advanced uvular trill where the advanced diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound Thus in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases compare Northern Dutch acht ɑʀ t eight with a postvelar uvular fricative trill with Southern Dutch ɑxt or ɑx t which features a non trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate 3 4 5 9 10 12 For a voiceless pre uvular fricative also called post velar see voiceless velar fricative Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures editFeatures of the voiceless uvular fricative Its manner of articulation is fricative which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation causing turbulence Its place of articulation is uvular which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue the dorsum at the uvula Its phonation is voiceless which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated so it is always voiceless in others the cords are lax so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds It is an oral consonant which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only It is a central consonant which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue rather than to the sides The airstream mechanism is pulmonic which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles as in most sounds Occurrence editLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesAfrikaans 13 14 goed xut good Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word initial 13 See Afrikaans phonology Arabic 12 خضراء ḵaḍraʾ xadˤraːʔ green f Fricative trill with velar frication 12 May be transcribed in IPA with x See Arabic phonologyArmenian խաղ xaġ xɑʁ game Chuvash hăna hăna xe na guest Danish Standard 15 pres ˈpxaes pressure Before r aspiration of p t k is realized as devoicing of r 16 Usually transcribed in IPA with ʁ See Danish phonology Dutch Standard Northern 5 6 acht ɑʀ t eight Fricative trill with post velar frication 5 May be transcribed in IPA with x See Dutch phonology and Hard and soft G in DutchBelgian 7 8 brood bʀ oːt bread Voiced when following a vowel 17 Realization of r varies considerably among dialects See Dutch phonologyEnglish Scouse 18 clock kl ɒx clock Possible word final realization of k varies between a fricative and a fricative trill 18 neck nɛx neck Welsh 19 20 Amlwch ˈamlʊx Amlwch Occurs only in loanwords from Welsh 19 usually transcribed in IPA with x See English phonologyWhite South African 14 21 gogga ˈxɒxe insect Less commonly velar x occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans and Khoisan 14 Usually transcribed in IPA with x See White South African English phonology and English phonology French tres t xɛ very Allophone of ʁ in contact with voiceless consonants See French phonologyGerman Standard 22 Dach dax roof Appears only after certain back vowels See Standard German phonologyChemnitz dialect 23 Rock xɔkʰ skirt In free variation with ʁ ʁ ʀ and q 23 Does not occur in coda 23 Lower Rhine 24 Wirte ˈvɪxte hosts In free variation with ɐ between a vowel and a voiceless coronal consonant Hebrew 1 מ ל ך melekh ˈme le x king Usually a fricative trill 1 See Modern Hebrew phonology Limburgish Some dialects 9 10 11 waor b ɒ ːʀ was Allophone of r that has been variously described as occurring in the syllable coda 9 10 and word final 11 May be only partially devoiced frication may be uvular or post velar 9 10 The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in DutchLuxembourgish 25 Zuch t sux train See Luxembourgish phonology Low German Dutch Low Saxon 5 6 acht ɑʀ t eight Fricative trill with post velar frication 5 voiceless counterpart of ɣ May be transcribed in IPA with x See Hard and soft G in DutchPortuguese General Brazilian 26 rompimento xompi mentʊ rupture noun Some dialects corresponds to rhotic consonant ʁ See Portuguese phonology Ripuarian 27 28 ach ɑx eight Allophone of x after back vowels Fronted to c or ʃ after front vowels and consonants 27 28 It may be transcribed in IPA with x See Colognian phonology Kerkrade dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in DutchSpanish European 3 4 ojo ˈo ʀ o eye Fricative trill frication is velar in Madrid Occurs in northern and central varieties 3 4 Most often it is transcribed with x in IPA See Spanish phonology Ponce dialect 29 perro ˈpe xo dog This and ʀ are the primary realizations of r in this dialect 29 See Spanish phonology Tlingit dax dax from out of Occurs plain labialised ejective and labialised ejective Turkmen gahar ɢɑxɑɾ snow Upper Sorbian 30 brach bʁ aʀ fault Fricative trill 30 Welsh chwech xweːx six See Welsh phonology West Frisian 5 6 berch bɛrʀ mountain Fricative trill with post velar frication 5 voiceless counterpart of ɣ Never occurs in word initial positions May be transcribed in IPA with x See West Frisian phonologyWolof 2 sax sax Fricative trill 2 Yiddish 13 איך ikh ix I See Yiddish phonology See also editIndex of phonetics articles Voiced uvular fricativeNotes edit a b c Laufer 1999 p 98 a b c Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 167 a b c d Castilian Spanish Madrid by Klaus Kohler a b c d Lyons 1981 p 76 a b c d e f g h Collins amp Mees 2003 191 Goeman amp Van de Velde 2001 have also found that frication is much more commonly in the velar region in dialects and language varieties with hard G though they do not distinguish between trilled and non trilled fricatives in their study a b c d Gussenhoven 1999 p 74 a b Tops 2009 pp 25 30 32 63 80 88 97 100 105 118 124 127 134 135 137 138 140 141 a b Verhoeven 1994 cited in Tops 2009 22 83 a b c d e Heijmans amp Gussenhoven 1998 p 108 a b c d e Gussenhoven amp Aarts 1999 p 156 a b c Verhoeven 2007 p 220 a b c Thelwall amp Sa Addedin 1999 pp 51 53 a b c John Wells s phonetic blog velar or uvular 5 December 2011 Retrieved 30 April 2015 a b c Bowerman 2004 939 White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme x see Lass 2002 120 but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans and Khoisan Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative x rather than the velar Basboll 2005 pp 62 65 66 Basboll 2005 pp 65 66 Tops 2009 p 83 a b Wells 1982 pp 372 373 a b Wells 1982 p 389 Tench 1990 p 132 Wells 1982 p 619 Hall 1993 100 footnote 7 citing Kohler 1990 a b c Khan amp Weise 2013 p 235 Hall 1993 p 89 Gilles amp Trouvain 2013 p 68 Barbosa amp Albano 2004 pp 5 6 a b Stichting Kirchroadsjer Dieksiejoneer 1997 p 17 a b Bodelier 2011 p 19 a b ProQuest Document View The Spanish of Ponce Puerto Rico A phonetic phonological and intonational analysis a b Howson 2017 p 362 References editBarbosa Plinio A Albano Eleonora C 2004 Brazilian Portuguese Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 2 227 232 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001756 Basboll Hans 2005 The Phonology of Danish Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 203 97876 4 Bodelier Jorina 2011 Tone and intonation in the Lemiers dialect of Ripuarian MA General Linguistics Thesis Amsterdam University of Amsterdam Bowerman Sean 2004 White South African English phonology in Schneider Edgar W Burridge Kate Kortmann Bernd Mesthrie Rajend Upton Clive eds A handbook of varieties of English vol 1 Phonology Mouton de Gruyter pp 931 942 ISBN 978 3 11 017532 5 Collins Beverley Mees Inger M 2003 First published 1981 The Phonetics of English and Dutch 5th ed Leiden Brill Publishers ISBN 978 9004103405 Dum Tragut Jasmine 2009 Armenian Modern Eastern Armenian Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company Gilles Peter Trouvain Jurgen 2013 Luxembourgish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 67 74 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000278 Goeman Ton Van de Velde Hans 2001 Co occurrence constraints on r and ɣ in Dutch dialects In van de Velde Hans van Hout Roeland eds r atics Brussels Etudes amp Travaux pp 91 112 ISSN 0777 3692 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Gussenhoven Carlos 1999 Dutch Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 74 77 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 Gussenhoven Carlos Aarts Flor 1999 The dialect of Maastricht PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association University of Nijmegen Centre for Language Studies 29 2 155 166 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006526 S2CID 145782045 Hall Tracy Alan 1993 The phonology of German ʀ Phonology 10 1 83 105 doi 10 1017 S0952675700001743 S2CID 195707076 Heijmans Linda Gussenhoven Carlos 1998 The Dutch dialect of Weert PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 1 2 107 112 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006307 S2CID 145635698 Howson Phil 2017 Upper Sorbian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47 3 359 367 doi 10 1017 S0025100316000414 S2CID 232350142 Hualde Jose Ignacio Ortiz de Urbina Jon 2003 A Grammar of Basque Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 017683 4 Hess Wolfgang 2001 Funktionale Phonetik und Phonologie PDF Grundlagen der Phonetik Bonn Institut fur Kommunikationsforschung und Phonetik Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universitat Khan Sameer ud Dowla Weise Constanze 2013 Upper Saxon Chemnitz dialect PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 2 231 241 doi 10 1017 S0025100313000145 Kohler Klaus 1990 Comment on German Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 2 44 46 doi 10 1017 S002510030000428X S2CID 144212850 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 0 631 19815 6 Lass Roger 2002 South African English in Mesthrie Rajend ed Language in South Africa Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521791052 Laufer Asher 1999 Hebrew Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge University Press pp 96 99 ISBN 978 0 521 65236 0 Lyons John 1981 Language and Linguistics An Introduction Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 54088 9 Sjoberg Andree F 1963 Uzbek Structural Grammar Uralic and Altaic Series vol 18 Bloomington Indiana University Stichting Kirchroadsjer Dieksiejoneer 1997 1987 Kirchroadsjer Dieksiejoneer in Dutch 2nd ed Kerkrade Stichting Kirchroadsjer Dieksiejoneer ISBN 90 70246 34 1 Tench Paul 1990 The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave in Coupland Nikolas Thomas Alan Richard eds English in Wales Diversity Conflict and Change Multilingual Matters Ltd pp 130 141 ISBN 978 1 85359 032 0 Thelwall Robin Sa Addedin M Akram 1999 Arabic Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 51 54 ISBN 0 521 63751 1 Tops Evie 2009 Variatie en verandering van de r in Vlaanderen Brussels VUBPress ISBN 9789054874713 Verhoeven Jo 1994 Fonetische Eigenschappen van de Limburgse huig r Taal en Tongval 46 9 21 Verhoeven Jo 2005 Belgian Standard Dutch Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 2 243 247 doi 10 1017 S0025100305002173 Verhoeven Jo 2007 The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 2 219 225 doi 10 1017 S0025100307002940 Wells John C 1982 Accents of English Vol 2 The British Isles pp i xx 279 466 Vol 3 Beyond the British Isles pp i xx 467 674 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 52128540 2 0 52128541 0 External links editList of languages with x on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Voiceless uvular fricative amp oldid 1192457851, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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