V, or v, is the twenty-second and fifth-to-last letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is vee (pronounced /ˈviː/), plural vees.[1]
| V | |
|---|---|
| V v | |
| (See below) | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic and Logographic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage | [v] [w] [β̞] [f] [b] [u] [ə̃] [y] [ʋ] [ɯ] [ɤ] |
| Unicode codepoint | U+0056, U+0076 |
| Alphabetical position | 22 |
| History | |
| Development | |
| Time period | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants | • U • W • ∨ • ℣ • Ꮴ • Ꮙ • Ꮩ |
| Sisters | F Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ |
| Transliteration equivalents | Y, U, W |
| Variations | (See below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | v(x) |
| This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
History
The letter V ultimately comes from the Phoenician letter waw by way of U. See U for details.
During the Late Middle Ages, two minuscule glyphs of U developed which were both used for sounds including /u/ and modern /v/. The pointed form "v" was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form "u" was used in the middle or end, regardless of sound. So whereas "valour" and "excuse" appeared as in modern printing, "have" and "upon" were printed as "haue" and "vpon". The first distinction between the letters "u" and "v" is recorded in a Gothic script from 1386, where "v" preceded "u". By the mid-16th century, the "v" form was used to represent the consonant and "u" the vowel sound, giving us the modern letter V. U and V were not accepted as distinct letters until many years later.[2] The rounded variant became the modern-day version of U, and the letter's former pointed form became V.
Letter
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, /v/ represents the voiced labiodental fricative. See Help:IPA.
In English, special rules of orthography normally apply to the letter V:
- Traditionally, V is not doubled to indicate a short vowel, the way, for example, P is doubled to indicate the difference between "super" and "supper". However, that is changing with newly coined words, such as savvy, "divvy up" and "skivvies".
- Words that ends in a [v] sound (except of) normally spell that sound -ve, regardless of the pronunciation of the vowel before it. This rule does not apply to transliterations of Slavic and Hebrew words, such as Kiev, or to words that started out as abbreviations, such as sov for sovereign.
- The short u sound is spelled o, not u, before the letter v. This originated with a mediaeval scribal practice designed to increase legibility by avoiding too many vertical strokes (minims) in a row.
Like J, K, Q, X, and Z; V is not used very frequently in English. It is the sixth least frequently used letter in the English language, with a frequency of about 1% in words. V is the only letter that cannot be used to form an English two-letter word in the British[3] and Australian[4] versions of the game of Scrabble. It is one of only two letters (the other is C) that cannot be used this way in the American version.[5][6]
The letter appears frequently in the Romance languages, where it is the first letter of the second person plural pronoun and (in Italian and Catalan) the stem of the imperfect form of most verbs.
Name in other languages
- Catalan: ve, pronounced [ˈve]; in dialects that lack contrast between /v/ and /b/, the letter is called ve baixa [ˈbe ˈbajʃə] "low B/V".
- Czech: vé ['vɛː]
- French: vé ['ve]
- German: Vau [ˈfaʊ]
- Italian: vi [ˈvi] or vu [ˈvu]
- Polish: fał ['faw]
- Portuguese: vê [ˈve]
- Spanish: uve [ˈuβe] is recommended, but ve [ˈbe] is traditional. If V is pronounced in the second way, it would have the same pronunciation as the letter B in Spanish (i.e. [ˈbe] after pause or nasal sound, otherwise [ˈβe]);[7] thus further terms are needed to distinguish ve from be. In some countries it is called ve corta, ve baja, ve pequeña, ve chica or ve labiodental.
In Japanese, V is called a variety of names originating in English, most commonly ブイ [bɯi] or [bui], but less nativized variants, violating to an extent the phonotactics of Japanese, of ヴィー [viː], ヴイ [vɯi] or [vui], and ヴィ [vi] are also used. The phoneme /v/ in Japanese is used properly only in loanwords, where the preference for either /v/ or /b/ depends on many factors; in general, words that are perceived to be in common use tend toward /b/.
Pronunciation and use
| Language | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | /ə̃/ | |||
| Catalan | Central | /b/ | ||
| Most dialects | /v/ | |||
| Cayuga | /ə̃/ | |||
| Cherokee | ||||
| Chikasaw | ||||
| Choctaw | ||||
| Dutch | Some dialects | /f/ | ||
| Standard | /v/ | |||
| English | /v/ | |||
| Galician | /b/ | Usually | ||
| /β/ | After vowels, l, or r | |||
| German | Standard | /f/ | Typically in Germanic words | |
| /v/ | Tipically in loanwords | |||
| Indonesian | /f/ | |||
| Italian | /v/ | |||
| Irish | /vʲ/ | After i, or before e or i | ||
| /w/ | ||||
| Koasati | /ə̃/ | |||
| Malay | /v/ | |||
| Mandarin | Standard | /y/ | Pinyin latinization; informal replacement for <ü> | |
| Mikasuki | /ə̃/ | |||
| Mohawk | ||||
| Muscogee | ||||
| Oneida | ||||
| Onondaga | ||||
| Seneca | ||||
| Spanish | [β] | Usually | ||
| /β/ | [note 1] | |||
| Tuscarora | /ə̃/ | |||
In most languages which use the Latin alphabet, ⟨v⟩ has a voiced bilabial or labiodental sound. In English, it is a voiced labiodental fricative. In most dialects of Spanish, it is pronounced the same as ⟨b⟩, that is, [b] or [β̞]. In Corsican, it is pronounced [b], [v], [β] or [w], depending on the position in the word and the sentence. In contemporary German, it is pronounced [v] in most loan-words while in native German words, it is always pronounced [f]. In standard Dutch it is traditionally pronounced as [v] but in many regions it is pronounced as [f] in some or all positions.
In Native American languages of North America (mainly Muskhogean and Iroquoian), ⟨v⟩ represents a nasalized central vowel, /ə̃/.
In Chinese Pinyin, while ⟨v⟩ is not used, the letter ⟨v⟩ is used by most input methods to enter letter ⟨ü⟩, which most keyboards lack (Romanised Chinese is a popular method to enter Chinese text). Informal romanizations of Mandarin Chinese use V as a substitute for the close front rounded vowel /y/, properly written ü in pinyin and Wade–Giles.
In Irish, the letter ⟨v⟩ is mostly used in loanwords, such as veidhlín from English violin. However the sound [v] appears naturally in Irish when /b/ (or /m/) is lenited or "softened", represented in the orthography by ⟨bh⟩ (or "mh"), so that bhí is pronounced [vʲiː], an bhean (the woman) is pronounced [ənˠ ˈvʲanˠ], etc. For more information, see Irish phonology.
This letter is not used in the Polish alphabet, where /v/ is spelled with the letter ⟨w⟩ instead, following the convention of German.
Other systems
In the 19th century, ⟨v⟩ was sometimes[when?] used to transcribe a palatal click, /ǂ/, a function since partly taken over by ⟨ç⟩.[citation needed]
Related characters
- U u : Latin letter U, originally the same letter as V
- W w : Latin letter W, descended from U
- Ỽ ỽ : Middle Welsh V
- V with diacritics: Ṽ ṽ Ṿ ṿ Ʋ ʋ ᶌ[8]
- IPA-specific symbols related to V: ⱱ ʋ
- ᶹ : Modifier letter small v with hook is used in phonetic transcription[8]
- 𐞰 : Modifier letter small v with right hook is a superscript IPA letter[9]
- Ʌ ʌ ᶺ: Turned v
- ⱴ : V with curl
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to V:[10]
- U+1D20 ᴠ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL V
- U+1D5B ᵛ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL V
- U+1D65 ᵥ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER V
- U+2C7D ⱽ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL V[11]
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Υ υ : Greek letter Upsilon, from which V derives
Ligatures and abbreviations
- ℣ : Versicle sign[12]
- Ꝟ ꝟ : Forms of V were used for medieval scribal abbreviations[13]
Computing codes
| Preview | V | v | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V | LATIN SMALL LETTER V | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 86 | U+0056 | 118 | U+0076 |
| UTF-8 | 86 | 56 | 118 | 76 |
| Numeric character reference | V | V | v | v |
| EBCDIC family | 229 | E5 | 165 | A5 |
| ASCII 1 | 86 | 56 | 118 | 76 |
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
V is the symbol for vanadium. It is number 23 on the periodic table. Emerald derives its green coloring from either vanadium or chromium.
v, v., and vs can also be used as an abbreviation for the word versus when between two or more competing items (Ex: Brown v. Board of Education).
See also
- V to mean the number 5, in Roman numerals
- Dominant – Fifth diatonic scale degree, in music theory
- VEE (disambiguation)
- ∨, logical disjunction – Logical connective OR
- Check mark – Symbol often denoting 'yes' or 'correct' (✓)
- V sign – Hand sign (Victory, peace or insult) (✌ or 🖔)
Notes
- ^ The Spanish language phoneme /β/ has two main allophones; in most environments it is pronounced [β̞] but after a pause or a nasal it is most typically [b]. See Allophones of /b d g/ in Spanish phonology for a more thorough discussion.
References
- ^ "V", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "vee", op. cit.
- ^ Pflughaupt, Laurent (2008). Letter by Letter: An Alphabetical Miscellany. trans. Gregory Bruhn. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-56898-737-8. from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ Collins Scrabble Dictionary Revised 6th edition (2022) Harper Collins ISBN 978 00085 2391 6
- ^ "2-Letter Words with Definitions". Australian Scrabble Players Association (ASPA). 8 May 2007. from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
- ^ Hasbro staff (2014). . Hasbro. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, 6th Edition (2018) Merriam Webster ISBN 978 08777 9422 6
- ^ Díez Losada, Fernando (2004). La tribuna del idioma (in Spanish). Editorial Tecnologica de CR. p. 176. ISBN 978-9977-66-161-2.
- ^ a b Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
- ^ "Roman Liturgy Fonts containing the response and versicle characters – Roman Liturgy". Roman Liturgy. 7 September 2011. from the original on 2016-07-23. Retrieved 2016-06-24.
- ^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
External links
- Media related to V at Wikimedia Commons
- The dictionary definition of V at Wiktionary
- The dictionary definition of v at Wiktionary