KwaZulu-Natal
KwaZulu-Natal (/kwɑːˌzuːluː nəˈtɑːl/, also referred to as KZN and known as "the garden province")[4] is a province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu ("Place of the Zulu" in Zulu) and Natal Province were merged. It is located in the southeast of the country, with a long shoreline on the Indian Ocean and sharing borders with three other provinces and the countries of Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho. Its capital is Pietermaritzburg, and its largest city is Durban. It is the second-most populous province in South Africa, with slightly fewer residents than Gauteng.
KwaZulu-Natal iKwaZulu-Natali (in Zulu) | |
|---|---|
Coat of arms | |
Mottoes:
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Location of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Zulu Kingdom | 1816 |
| Natalia Republic | 12 October 1839 |
| Colony of Natal | 4 May 1843 |
| Natal Province | 31 May 1910 |
| KwaZulu | 1 February 1977 |
| KwaZulu-Natal | 27 April 1994 |
| Capital | Pietermaritzburg |
| Largest city | Durban |
| Districts | |
| Government | |
| • Type | Parliamentary system |
| • Premier | Nomusa Dube-Ncube (ANC) |
| • Legislature | KwaZulu-Natal Legislature |
| • Cabinet | KwaZulu-Natal Executive Council |
| Area [1]: 9 | |
| • Total | 94,361 km2 (36,433 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 7th in South Africa |
| Highest elevation | 3,451 m (11,322 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 10,267,300 |
| • Estimate (2022) | 11,538,325 |
| • Rank | 2nd in South Africa |
| • Density | 110/km2 (280/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 2nd in South Africa |
| Population groups [1]: 21 | |
| • African | 86.8% |
| • Indian or Asian | 7.4% |
| • White | 4.2% |
| • Coloured | 1.4% |
| • Other | 0.3% |
| Languages [1]: 25 | |
| • Zulu | 77.8% |
| • English | 13.2% |
| • Xhosa | 3.4% |
| • Afrikaans | 1.6% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| ISO 3166 code | ZA-KZN |
| HDI (2019) | 0.706[3] high · 5th of 9 |
| Website | www |
| Zulu | iKwaZulu-Natali |
|---|---|
| Xhosa | iKwaZulu-Natala |
| Afrikaans | KwaZoeloe-Natal |
Two areas in KwaZulu-Natal have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park. These areas are extremely scenic as well as important to the surrounding ecosystems.
During the 1830s and early 1840s, the northern part of what is now KwaZulu-Natal was established as the Zulu Kingdom while the southern part was, briefly, the Boer Natalia Republic before becoming the British Colony of Natal in 1843. The Zulu Kingdom remained independent until 1879.
KwaZulu-Natal is the birthplace of many notable figures in South Africa's history, such as Albert Luthuli, the first non-white and the first person from outside Europe and the Americas to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (1960); Pixley ka Isaka Seme, the founder of the African National Congress (ANC) and South Africa's first black lawyer; John Langalibalele Dube, the ANC's founding president; Harry Gwala, ANC member and anti-apartheid activist; Mac Maharaj, grammy award winning group Ladysmith Black Mambazo, grammy award winning DJ Black Coffee, ANC member, anti-apartheid activist and Little Rivonia Trial defendant; Mangosuthu Buthelezi, the founder of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP); Anton Lembede, the founding president of the ANC Youth League; Jacob Zuma, the former President of South Africa; Bhambatha, a 19th-century Zulu chief who became an anti-apartheid icon; and Shaka Zulu.
Geography
At around 92,100 km2 (35,600 sq mi) in area, KwaZulu-Natal is roughly the size of Portugal. It has three different geographic areas and is the eastern most province in the country. The lowland region along the Indian Ocean coast is extremely narrow in the south, widening in the northern part of the province, while the central Natal Midlands consists of an undulating hilly plateau rising toward the west. Two mountainous areas, the western Drakensberg Mountains and northern Lebombo Mountains form, respectively, a solid basalt wall rising over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) beside Lesotho border and low parallel ranges of ancient granite running southward from Eswatini. The area's largest river, the Tugela, flows west to east across the center of the province.
The coastal regions typically have subtropical thickets and deeper ravines; steep slopes host some Afromontane Forest. The midlands have moist grasslands and isolated pockets of Afromontane Forest. The north has a primarily moist savanna habitat, whilst the Drakensberg region hosts mostly alpine grassland.
The province contains rich areas of biodiversity of a range of flora and fauna. The iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The iSimangaliso Wetland Park, along with uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Ndumo, are wetlands of international importance for migratory species, and are designated as Ramsar sites. South Africa signed the 1971 Ramsar Convention to try to conserve and protect important wetlands because of their importance to habitats and numerous species.
The former Eastern Cape enclave of the town of Umzimkulu and its hinterland have been incorporated into KwaZulu-Natal following the 12th amendment of the Constitution of South Africa. The amendment also made other changes to the southern border of the province.
The northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude traverses the province from the coast at Hibberdene (30°34′35″S 30°34′35″E / 30.57639°S 30.57639°E) to northeast Lesotho.
The province became the first to include a portion of road that is made of partial plastic, the equivalent of nearly 40,000 recycled milk cartons.[5][6]
Climate
KwaZulu-Natal has a varied yet verdant climate thanks to diverse, complex topography. Generally, the coast is subtropical with inland regions becoming progressively colder. Durban on the south coast has an annual rainfall of 1009 mm, with daytime maxima peaking from January to March at 28 °C (82 °F) with a minimum of 21 °C (70 °F), dropping to daytime highs from June to August of 23 °C (73 °F) with a minimum of 11 °C (52 °F). Temperature drops towards the hinterland, with Pietermaritzburg being similar in the summer, but much cooler in the winter. Ladysmith in the Tugela River Valley reaches 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer, but may drop below freezing point on winter evenings. The Drakensberg can experience heavy winter snow, with light snow occasionally experienced on the highest peaks in summer. The Zululand north coast has the warmest climate and highest humidity, supporting many sugar cane farms around Pongola.
Borders
KwaZulu-Natal borders the following areas of Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho:
- Maputo Province, Mozambique (far northeast)
- Lubombo District, Eswatini (northeast, east of Shiselweni)
- Shiselweni District, Eswatini (northeast, west of Lubombo)
- Mokhotlong District, Lesotho (southwest, north of Thaba-Tseka)
- Thaba-Tseka District, Lesotho (southwest, between Mokhotlong and Qacha's Nek)
- Qacha's Nek District, Lesotho (southwest, south of Thaba-Tseka)
Domestically, it borders the following provinces:
- Mpumalanga (north)
- Free State (west)
- Eastern Cape (southwest)
Administrative divisions
- <1 /km2
- 1–3 /km2
- 3–10 /km2
- 10–30 /km2
- 30–100 /km2
- 100–300 /km2
- 300–1000 /km2
- 1000–3000 /km2
- >3000 /km2
The KwaZulu-Natal Province is divided into one metropolitan municipality and ten district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 44 local municipalities. The local seat of each district municipality is given in parentheses:
In 2012, the Ingonyama Trust owns 32% of the land in KwaZulu-Natal, in many municipalities. This amounts to about three million hectares, occupied by over 4 million people. The Zulu king is the chairman of the Trust.
Metropolitan municipalities
District municipalities
- Amajuba District (Newcastle)
- Zululand District (Ulundi)
- uMkhanyakude District (Mkuze)
- King Cetshwayo District (Richards Bay) [formerly uThungulu]
- uMzinyathi District (Dundee)
- Uthukela District (Ladysmith)
- uMgungundlovu District (Pietermaritzburg)
- iLembe District (kwaDukuza)
- Ugu District (Port Shepstone)
- Harry Gwala District (Ixopo)
Coastline
The coastline is dotted with small towns, many of which serve as seasonal recreational hubs. The climate of the coastal areas is humid and subtropical, comparable to southern Florida in the United States, but not quite as hot and rainy in the summer. As one moves further north up the coast towards the border of Mozambique, the climate becomes almost purely tropical. North of Durban is locally referred to as "The North Coast", while south is "The South Coast". The Kwazulu-Natal Tourist board includes towns such as Margate, Port Shepstone, Scottburgh and Port Edward in its definition of the South Coast, while Ballito, uMhlanga and Salt Rock are North Coast resort towns.
Beaches of world-class quality are to be found along virtually every part of South Africa's eastern seaboard, with some of the least-developed gems found in the far southern and far northern ends of the province. Marina Beach (and its adjoining resort San Lameer) was recognised in 2002 as a Blue Flag beach.
Some visitors come for the annual late autumn or early winter phenomenon on the KwaZulu-Natal coast of the "sardine run". Referred to as "the greatest shoal on earth", the sardine run occurs when millions of sardines migrate from their spawning grounds south of the southern tip of Africa northward along the Eastern Cape coastline toward KwaZulu-Natal. They follow a route close inshore, often resulting in many fish washing up on beaches. The huge shoal of tiny fish can stretch for many kilometres; it is preyed upon by thousands of predators, including game fish, sharks, dolphins and seabirds. Usually the shoals break up and the fish disappear into deeper water around Durban. Scientists have been unable to answer many questions surrounding this exceptional seasonal event.
Interior
The interior of the province consists largely of rolling hills from the Valley of a Thousand Hills to the Midlands. Their beauty has inspired literature. Alan Paton, in the novel Cry, the Beloved Country, wrote:
There is a lovely road that runs from Ixopo into the hills. These hills are grass-covered and rolling, and they are lovely beyond any singing of it. The road climbs seven miles (11 km) into them, to Carisbrooke; and from there, if there is no mist, you look down on one of the fairest valleys of Africa. About you there is grass and bracken and you may hear the forlorn crying of the titihoya, one of the birds of the veld. Below you is the valley of the Umzimkulu, on its journey from the Drakensberg to the sea; and beyond and behind the river, great hill after great hill; and beyond and behind them, the mountains of Ingeli and Griqualand East.
History
On Christmas Day 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama saw the coast of Natal and named the site after the Portuguese word for Christmas, Natal. The Nguni branch of the Bantu occupied this area from the early 1300s[7]
The first European settlers, mostly British, established Port Natal, a trading post. They made almost no attempt to develop the interior, whose inhabitants had been decimated by the Zulu king, Shaka. The Afrikaner Voortrekkers entered the area via the Drakensberg passes in 1837. These Afrikaners defeated the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1838 and thereafter established the Republic of Natal. Thus, the territory was once part of a short-lived Boer republic between 1839 and 1843 until its annexation by Britain. Many Afrikaner inhabitants left for the interior after the annexation and were replaced by immigrants, mainly from Britain.
From 1860 onwards, increasing numbers of Indians, mainly Tamils,[8] were brought in by the British mainly to work in the sugar plantations on the coast. The colony acquired Zululand (the area north of the Tugela River) after the Zulu War of 1879. The lands north of the Buffalo River were added in 1902. Boer forces entered the area during the South African War (1899 to 1902) – also known as the second Boer War – and laid siege to Ladysmith. They failed to build on their initial advantage and for three months the line between the opposing forces followed the course of the Tugela River. In 1910, the colony became a province of the Union of South Africa and in 1961 of the Republic of South Africa.
When the homeland of KwaZulu, which means "Place of the Zulu" was re-incorporated into the Natal province after the end of apartheid in 1994, the province of Natal, which had existed between 1910 and 1994, was renamed KwaZulu-Natal. The province is home to the Zulu monarchy; the majority population and language of the province is Zulu. It is the only province in South Africa that has the name of its dominant ethnic group as part of its name. As with Eastern Cape, most White South Africans in KwaZulu-Natal are of British descent and less than a quarter of whites in the province are of Boer/Afrikaner descent.[9][10][11]
Provincial coat of arms
The lion and wildebeest supporters are symbols of, respectively, KwaZulu and Natal, the regions joined to create KwaZulu-Natal. Besides its importance as a symbol of the Zulu monarchy, the lion is also featured in the state emblems of the India and the United Kingdom which together represent the three largest people groups in KwaZulu-Natal and also represents the unity between them. The zig-zag stripe represents the Drakensberg which is green in summer but snow capped in winter and the star represents the Star of Bethlehem, due to Vasco da Gama naming the region “Natalia” (a reference to the birth of Christ) on Christmas Day in 1497. The strelitzia flower on the shield symbolizes the province's beauty, while the assegai and knobkierrie behind the shield represent protection and peace. The base of the crown element is a type of headdress traditionally worn by Zulu elders that represents wisdom and maturity; the element itself is a Zulu-style grass hut. The motto is Masisukume Sakhe, Zulu for "Let us stand up and build".[12]
Law and government
Provincial government
KwaZulu-Natal's provincial government sits in Pietermaritzburg. The foundation stone of the new legislative building was laid on 21 June 1887, to commemorate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. The building was completed two years later. On 25 April 1889, the Governor of Natal, Sir Arthur Havelock, opened the first Legislative Council session in the new building.
This was the former site of St Mary's Church, built in the 1860s. The congregation built a new church in 1884 at the corner of Burger Street and Commercial Road. The old building was demolished in 1887 to provide space for the legislative complex.
When governance was granted to Natal in 1893, the new Legislative Assembly took over the chamber used by the Legislative Council since 1889. Further extensions to the parliamentary building were made. The building was unoccupied until 1902, when it was used without being officially opened, due to the country's being engulfed in the Anglo-Boer war. The war forced the Legislative Assembly to move the venue of its sittings, as its chamber was used as a military hospital.
The Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council buildings have both been protected as provincial landmarks. They formed a colonial Parliament of two houses: a Council of 11 nominated members and an Assembly of 37 elected members. The Natal Parliament was disbanded in 1910 when the Union of South Africa was formed, and the Assembly became the meeting place of the Natal Provincial Council. The council was disbanded in 1986.
The Provincial Legislature consists of 80 members.
Current composition
The African National Congress (ANC) holds power in the provincial legislature, winning the province with a convincing overall majority in South Africa's 2019 elections. After the election, the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) regained the title of the official opposition in the province.
Zulu monarchy
KwaZulu-Natal is the home to the Zulu monarch, currently King Misuzulu Zulu kaZwelithini. Although not holding any direct political power, he holds considerable influence among the more traditionalist Zulu people in the province.[citation needed] As of 2015[update], The king is provided a stipend of 54 million South African rands by the provincial government.[13] He is also the chairman of the Ingonyama Trust, which controls 32% of the area of the province.
Economy
KwaZulu-Natal has the second largest regional economy in the country after Gauteng. Durban is a rapidly growing urban area and is by most measures the busiest port in Africa.[14] A good railway network links the city to other areas of Southern Africa. Sugar refining is Durban's main industry. Sheep, cattle, dairy, citrus fruits, corn, sorghum, cotton, bananas, and pineapples are also raised. There is an embryonic KwaZulu-Natal wine industry. Other industries (located mainly in and around Durban) include textile, clothing, chemicals, rubber, fertiliser, paper, vehicle assembly and food-processing plants, tanneries, and oil refineries. There are large aluminium-smelting plants at Richards Bay, on the north coast.[citation needed]
To the north, Newcastle is the province's industrial powerhouse, with Mittal Steel South Africa (previously ISPAT/ISCOR) and the Karbochem synthetic rubber plant dominating the economy. In 2002, Newcastle became the largest producer of chrome chemicals in Africa with the completion of a chrome-chemical plant, a joint-venture project between Karbochem and German manufacturing giant Bayer. Other large operations include a diamond-cutting works, various heavy engineering concerns, the Natal Portland Cement (NPC) slagment cement factory, and the Newcastle Cogeneration Plant (old Ingagane Power Station). This was recommissioned as Africa's first gas-fired power station by Independent Power Southern Africa (IPSA), and it supplies the Karbochem Plant with electricity. The textile industry is a major employer in the Newcastle area, with over 100 factories belonging to ethnic Taiwanese and Chinese industrialists. Maize, livestock and dairy farmers operate on the outskirts of the city. Coal is also mined in the Newcastle area. The province as a whole produces considerable amounts of coal (especially coke) and timber.[citation needed]
Offshore mining of heavy mineral sands including minerals with a concentration of significant economic importance at several locations, such as rutile, ilmenite and zircon are threatening the marine ecology of KwaZulu-Natal's coast, including the Tugela Banks; the fishing economy of the prawn and nurse fisheries are also threatened.[15][16]
About 86% of the population is Black African. During apartheid, a large percentage of native blacks was forced to live in Bantu homelands (Bantustans), which had a subsistence economy based on cattle raising and corn growing.[citation needed]
Ecology tourism is increasingly important to the economy of KwaZulu-Natal. The area's rich biodiversity and efforts at conservation have been recognised. Tourists have come to see the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park, declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These two major parks and that of Ndumo have wetlands of international importance listed as Ramsar sites for conservation. Tourists pay up to $10,000 for safaris on which they might see lions, elephants and giraffes. Others come to hike in the mountains or explore the wetlands with guides.[citation needed]
Civil society and politics
Prominent civil society organisations based in the province of KwaZulu-Natal include: Abahlali baseMjondolo (shackdwellers') movement,[17] the Diakonia Council of Churches,[18] the Right2Know campaign,[19] and the Unemployed People's Movement.[20]
Evictions and political controversy
The government in KwaZulu Natal has been under sustained controversy for their eviction of shackdwellers and mistreatment by provincial police structures that has resulted in more than 200 arrests of Abahlali members in the first last three years of its existence and repeated police brutality in people's homes, in the streets and in detention.[21]
The attack on Kennedy Road informal settlement by an armed mob in 2009 in [Durban] put local and provincial government under sustained scrutiny. It was reported by members of the Abahlali baseMjondolo movement that the attackers were affiliated with the local branch of the African National Congress and it was claimed that the attack was carefully planned and sanctioned by the provincial police department.[22][23] Academic research seems to confirm that the attackers self-identified as ANC members and that ANC leaders at Municipal and Provincial level later provided public sanction for the attack.[24][25]
Despite a court interdict, the eThekwini municipality, with the support of the provincial SAPS, repeatedly evicted shackdwellers in Durban's Cato Crest.[26][27] The General Council of the Bar has also expressed concern over the evictions.[28]
Ecology
There are various game reserves found in the province; one notable example is Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park, where the southern white rhinoceros was saved from extinction.
In many of these larger reserves, large animals ranging from several antelope species to elephant, Cape buffalo and hippopotamus can be found. Predators include lions, leopards, and Cape wild dogs.
The scaly yellowfish (Labeobarbus natalensis) is a fish found in the Tugela River system as well as in the Umzimkulu, Umfolozi and the Mgeni. It is a common endemic species in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it lives in different habitats between the Drakensberg foothills and the coastal lowlands.[29]
Carissa macrocarpa (Natal plum) is a shrub native to South Africa, where it is commonly called the "large num-num". In the Zulu language or isiZulu, as well as in the Bantu tribes of Uganda, it is known as the Amathungulu or umThungulu oBomvu. In Afrikaans, the fruit is called noem-noem.
Education
Universities
The University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) has five campuses in the province.[30] It was formed on 1 January 2004 after the merger between the University of Natal and the University of Durban-Westville.[31] Other universities are :
- University of Zululand
- Durban University of Technology
- Mangosuthu University of Technology
- University of South Africa
Colleges
- AAA School of Advertising
- Berea College of Technology
- Berea Technical College
- CTU Training Solutions
- Central Technical College
- Damelin College
- Eduvos
- Ethekwini college
- ICESA Education
- iStudent
- MANCOSA
- Management and Leadership Academy
- Pax college
- Regent Business School
- Richfield Graduate institute of Technology
- Stadio institute of Higher Education (Embury institute for higher education)
- The Business School at Varsity College
- Oval International Education
Sport
Major sports events
- Comrades Marathon, an annual marathon run between Pietermaritzburg and Durban.
- Midmar Mile, a mile-long swimming race held annually at Midmar Dam.
- Dusi Canoe Marathon, an annual canoe marathon starting in Pietermaritzburg and ending in Durban.
- Durban July, South Africa's premier annual horse racing event at Greyville Racecourse, Durban.
- Mr Price Pro, a premier international surfing event at Durban during winter (previously known as the "Gunston 500").
Provincial sports teams
- Football (soccer)
- The South African Premier Soccer League (PSL) currently features the following teams from the province:
- AmaZulu, Golden Arrows and Royal AM (Durban)
- Thanda Royal Zulu (Richards Bay)
- Maritzburg United (Pietermaritzburg)
- Rugby union
- United Rugby Championship
- Currie Cup
- Cricket
- SuperSport Series
- Dolphins (successor to the KwaZulu-Natal cricket team)
- Basketball
- Kwazulu Marlins
- Netball
- Kingdom Stars
- Kingdom Queens
References
- ^ a b c d Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. ISBN 9780621413885.
- ^ Mid-year population estimates, 2022 (PDF) (Report). Statistics South Africa.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
- ^ Reynolds, Emma (30 October 2019). "Plastic bottles repaving South Africa's roads". CNN. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- ^ "South Africas first plastic based road has been built". averda.co.za. 28 September 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ "Vasco da Gama's Voyage of 'Discovery' 1497". South African History Online. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ Watson, Robert George Theodor (1960). Tongaati: an African experiment. Hutchinson. p. 83.
- ^ South Africa as a Multi-Ethnic Society By Godfrey Mwakikagile pg. 136
- ^ South Africa and Its People By Godfrey Mwakikagile pg. 152
- ^ Cana, Frank Richardson (1922). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). pp. 1058–1059.
- ^ My country South Africa – celebrating our national symbols and heritage, Department of Education (South Africa), ISBN 1-77018-108-3.
- ^ Laing, Aislinn (2 June 2015). "How South African Zulu king's spending drove his purse-holder to madness". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ "Durban, Africa's Eastern Gem - 5 Star Durban - Showcasing Beautiful KwaZulu-Natal". 5stardurban.co.za. 9 January 2015.
- ^ Richards Bay Minerals: History, www.rbm.co.za 31 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ Churches want justice
- ^ Shoba, Sibongakonke (7 January 2009). "South Africa: Churches Ask Parties to Preach Tolerance" – via AllAfrica.
- ^ "200 march against Information Bill - IOL News". iol.co.za.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ Shack Dwellers on the Move in Durban, Richard Pithouse, Radical Philosophy, 2007.
- ^ . News24. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010.
- ^ . Professor John Dugard SC, et al. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013.
- ^ The Work of violence:a timeline of armed attacks at Kennedy Road 17 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kerry Chance School of Development Studies Research Report, 83, July 2010.]
- ^ The Work of Violence: Armed Attacks at the Kennedy Road Shack Settlement[permanent dead link], Kerry Chance, UKZN, March 2011.
- ^ eThekwini interdicted from evictiong cato crest residents (serisa.org)
- ^ Shack dwellers take the fight to eThekwini – and the ANC takes note (serisa.org)
- ^ General bar council expresses concern over cato crest evictions (serisa.org)
- ^ (PDF). wrc.org.za. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ . University of KwaZulu-Natal. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2007.
- ^ . University of KwaZulu-Natal. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
External links
- Official website
- Kwazulu-Natal Tourism Authority