Voiced palatal approximant
The voiced palatal approximant, or yod, is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨y⟩. Because the English name of the letter J, jay, starts with [d͡ʒ] (voiced palato-alveolar affricate), the approximant is sometimes instead called yod (jod), as in the phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence.
| Voiced palatal approximant | |
|---|---|
| j | |
| IPA Number | 153 |
| Audio sample | |
| source · help | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | j |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006A |
| X-SAMPA | j |
| Braille | |
The palatal approximant can often be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close front unrounded vowel [i]. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages as ⟨j⟩ and ⟨i̯⟩, with the non-syllabic diacritic used in different phonetic transcription systems to represent the same sound.
Phonetic ambiguity and transcription usage
Some languages, however, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding and so cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either [i] or its rounded counterpart, [y], which would normally correspond to [ɥ]. An example is Spanish, which distinguishes two palatal approximants: an approximant semivowel [j], which is always unrounded, and an unspecified for rounding approximant consonant [ʝ̞]. Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the difference between them as follows (with audio examples added):[1]
[j] is shorter and is usually a merely transitory sound. It can only exist together with a full vowel and does not appear in syllable onset. [On the other hand,] [ʝ̞] has a lower amplitude, mainly in F2. It can only appear in syllable onset. It is not noisy either articulatorily or perceptually. [ʝ̞] can vary towards [ʝ] in emphatic pronunciations, having noise (turbulent airstream). (...) There is a further argument through which we can establish a clear difference between [j] and [ʝ̞]: the first sound cannot be rounded, not even through co-articulation, whereas the second one is rounded before back vowels or the back semi-vowel. Thus, in words like viuda [ˈbjuða] 'widow', Dios [ˈdjos] 'God', vio [ˈbjo] 's/he saw', etc., the semi-vowel [j] is unrounded; if it were rounded a sound that does not exist in Spanish, [ɥ], would appear. On the other hand, [ʝ̞] is unspecified as far as rounding is concerned and it is assimilated to the labial vowel context: rounded with rounded vowels, e.g. ayuda [aˈʝ̞ʷuð̞a] 'help', coyote [koˈʝ̞ʷote] 'coyote', hoyuelo [oˈʝ̞ʷwelo] 'dimple', etc., and unrounded with unrounded vowels: payaso [paˈʝ̞aso] 'clown', ayer [aˈʝ̞eɾ] 'yesterday'.
He also considers that "the IPA shows a lack of precision in the treatment it gives to approximants, if we take into account our understanding of the phonetics of Spanish. [ʝ̞] and [j] are two different segments, but they have to be labelled as voiced palatal approximant consonants. I think that the former is a real consonant, whereas the latter is a semi-consonant, as it has traditionally been called in Spanish, or a semi-vowel, if preferred. The IPA, though, classifies it as a consonant."[2]
There is a parallel problem with transcribing the voiced velar approximant.
The symbol ⟨ʝ̞⟩ may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, ⟨ʝ˕⟩ should be substituted.
In the writing systems used for most languages in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in German Jahr 'year', which is followed by IPA. Although it may be seen as counterintuitive for English-speakers, there are a few words with that orthographical spelling in certain loanwords in English like Hebrew "hallelujah" and German "Jägermeister".
In grammars of Ancient Greek, the palatal approximant, which was lost early in the history of Greek, is sometimes written as ⟨ι̯⟩, an iota with the inverted breve below, which is the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of a semivowel.[3]
There is also the post-palatal approximant[4] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypical velar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central unrounded vowel [ɨ]The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨j̠⟩, ⟨j˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨j⟩), ⟨ɰ̟⟩ or ⟨ɰ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɰ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j_- and M\_+, respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized ⟨j⟩ (⟨j̈⟩ in the IPA, j_" in X-SAMPA), a centralized ⟨ɰ⟩ (⟨ɰ̈⟩ in the IPA, M\_" in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic ⟨ɨ⟩ (⟨ɨ̯⟩ in the IPA, 1_^ in X-SAMPA).
For the reasons mentioned above and in the article velar approximant, none of those symbols are appropriate for languages such as Spanish, whose post-palatal approximant consonant (not a semivowel) appears as an allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels and is best transcribed ⟨ʝ̞˗⟩, ⟨ʝ˕˗⟩ (both symbols denote a lowered and retracted ⟨ʝ⟩), ⟨ɣ̞˖⟩ or ⟨ɣ˕˖⟩ (both symbols denote a lowered and advanced ⟨ɣ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_o_- and G_o_+.
Especially in broad transcription, the post-palatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized velar approximant (⟨ɰʲ⟩, ⟨ɣ̞ʲ⟩ or ⟨ɣ˕ʲ⟩ in the IPA, M\', M\_j, G'_o or G_o_j in X-SAMPA).
Features
Features of the voiced palatal approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of [j] from the [i] vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see above.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar [ɰ].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Palatal
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | ятӀэ/jăṭă | [jatʼa] (help·info) | 'dirt' | ||
| Afrikaans | ja | [jɑː] | 'yes' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
| Arabic | Standard | يوم/yawm | [jawm] | 'day' | See Arabic phonology |
| Aragonese[5] | caye | [ˈkaʝ̞e̞] | 'falls' | Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel (which may replace /ʝ̞/ before /e/).[5] | |
| Armenian | Eastern[6] | յուղ/yuř | [juʁ] | 'fat' | |
| Assamese | মানৱীয়তা/manowiyota | [manɔwijɔta] | 'humanity' | ||
| Assyrian | ܝܡܐ yama | [jaːma] | 'sea' | ||
| Azerbaijani | yuxu | [juχu] | 'dream' | ||
| Basque | bai | [baj] | 'yes' | ||
| Bengali | নয়ন/noyon | [nɔjon] | 'eye' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | майка / majka | [ˈmajkɐ] | 'mother' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[7] | All dialects | feia | [ˈfejɐ] | 'I did' | See Catalan phonology |
| Some dialects | jo | [ˈjɔ] | 'I' | ||
| Chechen | ялх / yalx | [jalx] | 'six' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 日 / jat9 | [jɐt˨ʔ] | 'day' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 鸭 / yā | [ja˥] | 'duck' | See Mandarin phonology | |
| Chuvash | йывăç/yıvăș | [jɯʋəɕ̬] | 'tree' | ||
| Czech | je | [jɛ] | 'is' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | jeg | [jɑ] | 'I' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard[8] | ja | [jaː] | 'yes' | Frequently realized as a fricative [ʝ], especially in emphatic speech.[8] See Dutch phonology |
| English | you | [juː] | 'you' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | jaro | [jaro] | 'year' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | jalg | [ˈjɑlɡ] | 'leg' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish | jalka | [ˈjɑlkɑ] | 'leg' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | yeux | [jø] | 'eyes' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[9][10] | Jacke | [ˈjäkə] | 'jacket' | Also described as a fricative [ʝ][11][12] and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.[13] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Ancient Greek | εἴη/éjjē | [ějːɛː] | 's/he shall come' | See Ancient Greek phonology |
| Hebrew | ילד/yeled | [ˈjeled] | 'kid' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | यान / یان/yaan | [jäːn] | 'vehicle' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | játék | [jaːteːk] | 'game' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish[14] | ghearrfadh | [ˈjɑːɾˠhəx] | 'would cut' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[15] | ione | [ˈjoːne] | 'ion' | See Italian phonology | |
| Jalapa Mazatec[16] | [example needed] | Contrasts voiceless /j̊/, plain voiced /j/ and glottalized voiced /ȷ̃/ approximants.[16] | |||
| Japanese | 焼く / yaku | [jaku͍] | 'to bake' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | йи/yi | [ji] | 'game' | ||
| Kazakh | Яғни/yağni | [jaʁni] | 'so' | ||
| Khmer | យំ / yum | [jom] | 'to cry' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | 여섯 / yeoseot | [jʌsʌt̚] | 'six' | See Korean phonology | |
| Latin | iacere | [ˈjakɛrɛ] | 'to throw' | See Latin spelling and pronunciation | |
| Lithuanian[17] | ji | [jɪ] | 'she' | Also described as a fricative [ʝ].[18][19] See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Macedonian | крај/kraj | [kraj] | 'end' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | sayang | [sajaŋ] | 'love' | ||
| Maltese | jiekol | [jɪɛkol] | 'he eats' | ||
| Mapudungun[20] | kayu | [kɜˈjʊ] | 'six' | May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[20] | |
| Marathi | यश/yaś | [jəʃ] | 'success' | ||
| Nepali | याम/jām | [jäm] | 'season' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[21][22] | gi | [jiː] | 'to give' | May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[22][23] See Norwegian phonology |
| Odia | ସମୟ/samaya | [sɔmɔjɔ] | 'time' | ||
| Persian | یزد/jazd | [jæzd] | 'Yazd' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish[24] | jutro | [ˈjut̪rɔ] (help·info) | 'tomorrow' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[25] | boia | [ˈbɔjɐ] | 'buoy', 'float' | Allophone of both /i/ and /ʎ/,[26] as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਯਾਰ/yār | [jäːɾ] | 'friend' | ||
| Romanian | iar | [jar] | 'again' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[27] | яма/jama | [ˈjämə] | 'pit' | See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[28] | југ / jug | [jûɡ] | 'South' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[29] | jesť | [jɛ̝sc] | 'to eat' | See Slovak phonology | |
| Slovene | jaz | [ˈjʌ̂s̪] | 'I' | ||
| Spanish[30] | ayer | [aˈʝ̞e̞ɾ] (help·info) | 'yesterday' | Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel.[30] See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | jag | [ˈjɑːɡ] | 'I' | May be realized as a palatal fricative [ʝ] instead. See Swedish phonology | |
| Tagalog | maya | [ˈmajɐ] | 'sparrow' | ||
| Tamil | யானை | [ˈjaːnaɪ] | 'elephant' | ||
| Telugu | యాతన | [jaːtana] | 'agony' | ||
| Turkish[31] | yol | [jo̞ɫ̪] | 'way' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | ýüpek | [jypek] | 'silk' | ||
| Ubykh | ајәушқӏa/ayəwşq'a | [ajəwʃqʼa] | 'you did it' | See Ubykh phonology | |
| Ukrainian | їжак / jižak | [jiˈʒɑk] | 'hedgehog' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | Southern dialects | de | [jɛ] | 'cinnamon' | Corresponds to northern /z/. See Vietnamese phonology |
| Washo | dayáʔ | [daˈjaʔ] | 'leaf' | Contrasts voiceless /j̊/ and voiced /j/ approximants. | |
| Welsh | iaith | [jai̯θ] | 'language' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | jas | [jɔs] | 'coat' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[32] | yan | [jaŋ] | 'neck' | |
Post-palatal
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spanish[33] | seguir | [se̞ˈɣ̞iɾ] | 'to follow' | Lenited allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels;[33] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣ⟩. See Spanish phonology | |
| Turkish | Standard prescriptive[34] | düğün | [ˈd̪y̠jy̠n̪] | 'marriage' | Either post-palatal or palatal; phonetic realization of /ɣ/ (also transcribed as /ɰ/) before front vowels.[34] See Turkish phonology |
See also
Notes
- ^ Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 208.
- ^ Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 206.
- ^ Smyth (1920), p. 11.
- ^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
- ^ a b Mott (2007), pp. 105–106.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 198.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 86.
- ^ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), p. 340.
- ^ Mangold (2005), p. 51.
- ^ Krech et al. (2009), p. 83.
- ^ Hall (2003), p. 48.
- ^ Ó Sé (2000), p. 17.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ a b Silverman et al. (1995), p. 83.
- ^ Mathiassen (1996), pp. 22–23.
- ^ Augustaitis (1964), p. 23.
- ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997), pp. 46–47.
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 91.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 22 and 25.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 41.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), p. 74.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Delta: Documentation of studies on theoric and applied Linguistics – Problems in the tense variant of carioca speech.
- ^ (in Portuguese) The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony. Pages 223 and 228.
- ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Pavlík (2004), p. 106.
- ^ a b Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 205.
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ^ a b Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21.
- ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
References
- Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.), Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, ISBN 9986-813-22-0
- Augustaitis, Daine (1964), Das litauische Phonationssystem, Munich: Sagner
- Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-8470394836
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
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- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679
- Mathiassen, Terje (1996), A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-0893572679
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
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- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
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- Silverman, Daniel; Blankenship, Barbara; Kirk, Paul; Ladefoged, Peter (1995), "Phonetic Structures in Jalapa Mazatec", Anthropological Linguistics, The Trustees of Indiana University, 37 (1): 70–88, JSTOR 30028043
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), A Greek Grammar for Colleges, Calvin College Library
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
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External links
- List of languages with [j] on PHOIBLE