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Wikipedia

Indian Americans

November 06, 2023

"Asian Indians" redirects here. For people from India, see Indian people. For people from the Indian subcontinent, see South Asian ethnic groups.
Not to be confused with Native Americans in the United States or Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Indian Americans are citizens of the United States with ancestry from India. The term Asian Indian is used to avoid confusion with Native Americans in the United States, who are also referred to as "Indians" or "American Indians." With a population of more than 4.4 million, Indian Americans make up approximately 1.35% of the U.S. population and are the largest group of South Asian Americans, the largest Asian-alone group,[9] and the largest group of Asian Americans after Chinese Americans. Indian Americans are the highest-earning ethnic group in the United States.[10]

Indian Americans
India Square, in the heart of Bombay, Jersey City, New Jersey, home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere,[1] is one of at least 24 Indian-American enclaves characterized as a Little India which have emerged in the New York City Metropolitan Area, with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside Asia, as large-scale immigration from India continues into New York.[2][3][4]
Total population
4,460,000
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
48% Hinduism
15% Christianity
8% Islam
8% Sikhism
3% Other religion
18% No religion[8]
Related ethnic groups
Indian people • other South Asian Americans • Indian diaspora

Terminology

In the Americas, the term "Indian" had historically been used to describe indigenous people since European colonization in the 15th century. Qualifying terms such as "American Indian" and "East Indian" were and still are commonly used in order to avoid ambiguity. The U.S. government has since coined the term "Native American" in reference to the indigenous people of the United States, but terms such as "American Indian" remain among indigenous as well as non-indigenous populations. Since the 1980s, Indian Americans have been categorized as "Asian Indian" (within the broader subgroup of Asian American) by the U.S. Census Bureau.[11]

While "East Indian" remains in use, the term "Indian" and "South Asian" is often chosen instead for academic and governmental purposes.[12] Indian Americans are included in the census grouping of South Asian Americans, which includes Bangladeshi Americans, Bhutanese Americans, Maldivian Americans, Nepalese Americans, Pakistani Americans, and Sri Lankan Americans.[13][14]

History

See also: Asian immigration to the United States

Pre-1800

 
Members of the Nansemond tribe, descendant of East Indian, Native American and African American people, c. 1900, Smithsonian Institution

Beginning in the 17th century, members of the East India Company would bring Indian servants to the American colonies.[15] There were also some East Indian slaves in the United States during the American colonial era.[16][17] In particular, court records from the 1700s indicate a number of "East Indians" were held as slaves in Maryland and Delaware.[18] Upon freedom, they are said to have blended into the free African American population, considered "mulattoes".[19]

Three brothers from "modern day India or Pakistan" received their freedom in 1710 and married into a Native American tribe in Virgina.[20] The present-day Nansemond people trace their lineage to this intermarriage.[21]

19th century

 
The first Sikh Gurudwara was established in 1912 by the early immigrant Sikh farmers in Stockton, California.

In 1850, the federal census of St. Johns County, Florida, listed a 40-year-old draftsman named John Dick whose birthplace was listed as "Hindostan," living in city of St. Augustine.[22] His race is listed as white, suggesting he was of British descent.

By 1900, there were more than 2,000 Indian Sikhs living in the United States, primarily in California.[23] (At least one scholar has set the level lower, finding a total of 716 Indian immigrants to the U.S. between 1820 and 1900.)[24] Emigration from India was driven by difficulties facing Indian farmers, including the challenges posed by the colonial land tenure system for small landowners, and by drought and food shortages, which worsened in the 1890s. At the same time, Canadian steamship companies, acting on behalf of Pacific coast employers, recruited Sikh farmers with economic opportunities in British Columbia.[25]

The presence of Indians in the U.S. also helped develop interest in Eastern religions in the U.S. and would result in its influence on American philosophies such as transcendentalism. Swami Vivekananda arriving in Chicago at the World's Fair led to the establishment of the Vedanta Society.[24]

20th century

Escaping racist attacks in Canada, Sikhs migrated to Pacific Coast U.S. states in the 1900s to work on the lumber mills of Bellingham and Everett, Washington.[26] Sikh workers were later concentrated on the railroads and began migrating to California; around 2,000 Indians were employed by the major rail lines such as Southern Pacific Railroad and Western Pacific Railroad between 1907 and 1908.[27] Some white Americans, resentful of economic competition and the arrival of people from different cultures, responded to Sikh immigration with racism and violent attacks.[28] The Bellingham riots in Bellingham, Washington on September 5, 1907, epitomized the low tolerance in the U.S. for Indians and Sikhs, who were called "Hindoos" by locals. While anti-Asian racism was embedded in U.S. politics and culture in the early 20th century, Indians were also racialized for their anticolonialism, with U.S. officials, who pushed for Western imperial expansion abroad, casting them as a "Hindu" menace.[29] Although labeled Hindu, the majority of Indians were Sikh.[29]

In the early 20th century, a range of state and federal laws restricted Indian immigration and the rights of Indian immigrants in the U.S. Throughout the 1910s, American nativist organizations campaigned to end immigration from India, culminating in the passage of the Barred Zone Act in 1917.[28] In 1913, the Alien Land Act of California prevented non-citizens from owning land.[30] However, Asian immigrants got around the system by having Anglo friends or their own U.S. born children legally own the land that they worked on. In some states, anti-miscegenation laws made it illegal for Indian men to marry white women. However, it was legal for "brown" races to mix. Many Indian men, especially Punjabi men, married Hispanic women, and Punjabi-Mexican marriages became a norm in the West.[31][32]

Bhicaji Balsara became the first known Indian to gain naturalized U.S. citizenship. As a Parsi, he was considered a "pure member of the Persian sect" and therefore a "free white person." In 1910, judge Emile Henry Lacombe of the Southern District of New York gave Balsara citizenship on the hope that the United States attorney would indeed challenge his decision and appeal it to create "an authoritative interpretation" of the law. The U.S. attorney adhered to Lacombe's wishes and took the matter to the Circuit Court of Appeals in 1910. The Circuit Court of Appeals agreed that Parsis are classified as white.[33] On the same grounds, another federal court decision granted citizenship to A. K. Mozumdar.[34] These decisions contrasted with the 1907 declaration by U.S. Attorney General Charles J. Bonaparte: "...under no construction of the law can natives of British India be regarded as white persons."[34] After the Immigration Act of 1917, Indian immigration into the U.S. decreased. Illegal entry through the Mexican border became the way of entering the country for Punjabi immigrants. California's Imperial Valley had a large population of Punjabis who assisted these immigrants and provided support. Immigrants were able to blend in with this relatively homogenous population. The Ghadar Party, a group in California that campaigned for Indian independence, facilitated illegal crossing of the Mexican border, using funds from this migration "as a means to bolster the party's finances."[35] The Ghadar Party charged different prices for entering the U.S. depending on whether Punjabi immigrants were willing to shave off their beard and cut their hair. It is estimated that between 1920 and 1935, about 1,800 to 2,000 Indian immigrants entered the U.S. illegally.[35]

 
Bhagat Singh Thind was twice denied citizenship as he was not deemed white.[36]

By 1920, the population of Americans of Indian descent was approximately 6,400.[37] In 1923, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind that Indians were ineligible for citizenship because they were not "free white persons."[38] The court also argued that the "great body of our people" would reject assimilation with Indians.[39] Furthermore, the court ruled that based on popular understanding of race, the term "white person" referred to people of northern or western European ancestry rather than "Caucasians" in the most technical sense.[40] Over fifty Indians had their citizenship revoked after this decision, but Sakharam Ganesh Pandit fought against denaturalization. He was a lawyer and married to a white American, and he regained his citizenship in 1927. However, no other naturalization was permitted after the ruling, which led to about 3,000 Indians leaving the U.S. between 1920 and 1940. Many other Indians had no means of returning to India.[38]

Indians started moving up the social ladder by getting higher education. For example, in 1910, Dhan Gopal Mukerji came to UC Berkeley when he was 20 years old. He was an author of many children's books and won the Newbery Medal in 1928 for his book Gay-Neck: The Story of a Pigeon.[41] However, he committed suicide at the age of 46 while he was suffering from depression. Another student, Yellapragada Subbarow, came to the U.S. in 1922. He became a biochemist at Harvard University, and he "discovered the function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source in cells, and developed methotrexate for the treatment of cancer." However, being a foreigner, he was refused tenure at Harvard. Gobind Behari Lal, who came to the University of California, Berkeley in 1912, became the science editor of the San Francisco Examiner and was the first Indian American to win the Pulitzer Prize for journalism.[42]

After World War II, U.S. policy re-opened the door to Indian immigration, although slowly at first. The Luce–Celler Act of 1946 permitted a quota of 100 Indians per year to immigrate to the U.S. It also allowed Indian immigrants to naturalize and become citizens of the U.S., effectively reversing the Supreme Court's 1923 ruling in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind.[43] The Naturalization Act of 1952, also known as the McCarran-Walter Act, repealed the Barred Zone Act of 1917, but limited immigration from the former Barred Zone to a total of 2,000 per year. In 1910, 95% of all Indian Americans lived on the western coast of the United States. In 1920, that proportion decreased to 75%; by 1940, it was 65%, as more Indian Americans moved to the East Coast. In that year, Indian Americans were registered residents in 43 states. The majority of Indian Americans on the west coast were in rural areas, but on the east coast they became residents of urban areas. In the 1940s, the prices of the land increased, and the Bracero program brought thousands of Mexican guest workers to work on farms, which helped shift second-generation Indian American farmers into "commercial, nonagricultural occupations, from running small shops and grocery stores, to operating taxi services and becoming engineers." In Stockton and Sacramento, a new group of Indian immigrants from the state of Gujarat opened several small hotels.[44] In 1955, 14 of 21 hotels enterprises in San Francisco were operated by Gujarati Hindus.[45] By the 1980s, Indians owned around 15,000 motels, about 28% of all hotels and motels in the U.S.[46]

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 dramatically opened entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than traditional Northern European groups, which would significantly alter the demographic mix in the U.S.[47] Not all Indian Americans came directly from India; some came to the U.S. via Indian communities in other countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa, the former British colonies of East Africa,[48] (namely Kenya, Tanzania), and Uganda, Mauritius), the Asia-Pacific region (Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, and Fiji),[48] and the Caribbean (Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and Jamaica).[48] From 1965 until the mid-1990s, long-term immigration from India averaged about 40,000 people per year. From 1995 onward, the flow of Indian immigration increased significantly, reaching a high of about 90,000 immigrants in the year 2000.[49]

21st century

 
Mohini Bhardwaj, 2004 Summer Olympics medalist in gymnastics
 
Sanjay Gupta, Chief Medical Correspondent at CNN

The beginning of the 21st century marked a significant wave in the migration trend from India to the United States. The emergence of Information Technology industry in Indian cities as Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, and Hyderabad led to the large number of migrations to the U.S. primarily from the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu in South India. There are sizable populations of people from the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu in the United States.[50] Indians comprise over 80% of all H-1B visas.[51] Indian Americans have risen to become the richest ethnicity in America, with an average household income of $126,891, almost twice the U.S. average of $65,316.[52]

Since 2000, a large number of students have started migrating to the United States to pursue higher education. A variety of estimates state that over 500,000 Indian American students attend higher-education institutions in any given year.[53][54] As per Institute of International Education (IIE) 'Opendoors' report, 202,014 new students from India enrolled in U.S. education institutions.[55]

On January 20, 2021, Kamala Harris, who is half Indian American, made history as the first female Vice President of the United States.[56] She was elected vice president as the running mate of President Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. This was a major milestone in Indian American history, and in addition to Harris, another 20 Indian Americans were nominated to key positions in the administration.[57]

In recent years, there has been a shift in the Indian American population from being dominated by immigrants from Gujarat and Punjab to being increasingly dominated by immigrants from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, and Tamil Nadu.[58][page needed][59] Between 2010 and 2021, Telugu rose from being the sixth most spoken South Asian language to being the third most spoken, while Punjabi fell from being the fourth most spoken South Asian language in the United States to become the seventh most spoken. There are significant differences between these groups in terms of socioeconomic factors like education, geographic location, and income; in 2021, 81% of Americans speaking Telugu at home spoke English very well while only 59% of Americans speaking Punjabi at home did the same.[60][61]

Number of Americans speaking South Asian languages at home (2010-2021)[61][62]
South Asian language 2010 2021 Change % Change
Gujarati 356,394 436,909 80,515 22.59%
Hindi 609,395 864,830 255,435 41.92%
Urdu 388,909 507,972 119,063 30.61%
Punjabi 243,773 318,588 74,815 30.69%
Bengali 221,872 403,024 181,152 81.65%
Telugu 217,641 459,836 242,195 111.28%
Tamil 181,698 341,396 159,698 87.89%
Nepali, Marathi, and other Indo-Aryan languages 275,694 447,811 172,117 62.43%
Malayalam, Kannada, and other Dravidian languages 197,550 280,188 82,638 41.83%

Demographics

See also: Indians in the New York City metropolitan area
 
Percent of population with Indian ancestry in 2010
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19102,545—    
19202,507−1.5%
19303,130+24.9%
19402,405−23.2%
1980361,531+14932.5%
1990815,447+125.6%
20001,678,765+105.9%
20102,843,391+69.4%
20204,460,000+56.9%

According to the 2010 United States Census,[66] the Asian Indian population in the United States grew from almost 1,678,765 in 2000 (0.6% of U.S. population) to 2,843,391 in 2010 (0.9% of U.S. population), a growth rate of 69.37%, one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States.[67]

The New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area, consisting of New York City, Long Island, and adjacent areas within New York, as well as nearby areas within the states of New Jersey (extending to Trenton), Connecticut (extending to Bridgeport), and including Pike County, Pennsylvania, was home to an estimated 711,174 uniracial Indian Americans as of the 2017 American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau, comprising by far the largest Indian American population of any metropolitan area in the U.S.[68]

 
Aerial view of exurban Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey housing tracts in 2010. Since then, significant new housing construction is rendering an increasingly affluent and suburban environment to Monroe Township, while maintaining the proximity to New York City sought by Indians in this township with the fastest-growing Indian population in the Western Hemisphere.

New York City itself also contains by far the largest Indian American population of any individual city in North America, estimated at 246,454 as of 2017.[69] Monroe Township, Middlesex County, in central New Jersey, ranked one of the ten safest cities in the United States,[70] has displayed one of the fastest growth rates of its Indian population in the Western Hemisphere, increasing from 256 (0.9%) as of the 2000 Census[71] to an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017,[72] representing a 2,221.5% increase over that period. Affluent professionals and senior citizens, a temperate climate, charitable benefactors to COVID relief efforts in India in official coordination with Monroe Township, and Bollywood actors with second homes all play into the growth of the Indian population in the township. By 2022, the Indian population surpassed one-third of Monroe Township's population, and the nickname Edison-South had developed, in reference to the Little India stature of both Middlesex County, New Jersey townships.[73] In 2014, 12,350 Indians legally immigrated to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA core based statistical area;[74] As of February 2022, Indian airline carrier Air India as well as United States airline carrier United Airlines were offering direct flights from the New York City Metropolitan Area to and from Delhi and Mumbai. In May 2019, Delta Air Lines announced non-stop flight service between New York JFK and Mumbai, to begin December 22, 2019.[75] And in November 2021, American Airlines began non-stop flight dservice between New York JFK and Delhi with IndiGo Air codesharing on this flight. At least 24 Indian American enclaves characterized as a Little India have emerged in the New York City Metropolitan Area.

Other metropolitan areas with large Indian American populations include Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore–Washington, Boston, Chicago, Dallas–Ft. Worth, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Raleigh, San Francisco–San Jose–Oakland, and Seattle.

The three oldest Indian American communities going back to around 1910 are in lesser populated agricultural areas like Stockton, California south of Sacramento; the Central Valley of California like Yuba City; and Imperial County, California aka Imperial Valley. These were all primarily Sikh settlements.

 

U.S. metropolitan areas with large Asian Indian populations

Asian Indian population in Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States of America as per Census 2020

MSA Asian Indian Population Total Population Percentage
New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area 654,897 20,140,470 3.25
Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metro Area 229,003 9,618,502 2.38
San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA Metro Area 222,854 4,749,008 4.69
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metro Area 150,000 7,637,387 2.62
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metro Area 123,082 2,000,468 9.16
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metro Area 115,023 6,385,162 1.25%
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Metro Area 112,072 13,200,998 1.22
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX Metro Area 105,520 7,122,240 2.03
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA Metro Area 105,092 6,089,815 2.25
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metro Area 102,092 6,245,051 2.05
Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metro Area 117,900 4,018,762 1.2%
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metro Area 96,145 4,941,632 1.95
Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metro Area 86,191 4,392,041 1.96
Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ Metro Area 58,547 4,845,832 1.21
Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA Metro Area 53,742 2,397,382 2.24
Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX Metro Area 51,004 2,283,371 2.23
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL Metro Area 37,083 6,138,333 0.52
Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metro Area 43,896 2,844,510 1.54
San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA Metro Area 43,776 3,298,634 1.33
Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metro Area 43,574 2,660,329 1.64
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metro Area 42,958 3,690,261 1.16
Raleigh-Cary, NC Metro Area 41,844 1,413,982 2.96
Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL Metro Area 17,092 2,673,376 1.45
Columbus, OH Metro Area 36,800 2,138,926 1.72
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metro Area 27,092 3,175,275 1.14
Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT Metro Area 29,086 1,213,531 2.40
Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metro Area 27,726 2,512,859 1.10
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metro Area 27,477 4,599,839 0.60
Trenton-Princeton, NJ Metro Area 24,105 387,340 6.22
Stockton, CA Metro Area 23,707 779,233 3.04
St. Louis, MO-IL Metro Area 23,680 2,820,253 0.84
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metro Area 23,241 2,963,821 0.78
Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metro Area 23,184 2,256,884 1.03
Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN Metro Area 22,335 2,111,040 1.06
Fresno, CA Metro Area 21,863 1,008,654 2.17
Pittsburgh, PA Metro Area 20,292 2,370,930 0.86
Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT Metro Area 19,904 957,419 2.08
Richmond, VA Metro Area 19,662 1,314,434 1.50
Kansas City, MO-KS Metro Area 17,983 2,192,035 0.82
San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX Metro Area 17,099 2,558,143 0.67
Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metro Area 16,780 2,088,251 0.80
Worcester, MA-CT Metro Area 15,836 978,529 1.62
Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI Metro Area 15,674 1,574,731 1.00
Nashville-Davidson—Murfreesboro—Franklin, TN Metro Area 15,308 1,989,519 0.77
Jacksonville, FL Metro Area 8,721 1,605,848 0.88
Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV Metro Area 13,701 2,265,461 0.60
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA Metro Area 12,598 843,843 1.49
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY Metro Area 12,576 899,262 1.40
Yuba City, CA Metro Area 12,397 181,208 6.84
Providence-Warwick, RI-MA Metro Area 11,917 1,676,579 0.71
Bakersfield, CA Metro Area 10,781 909,235 1.19
New Haven-Milford, CT Metro Area 10,614 864,835 1.23
Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY Metro Area 10,242 1,166,902 0.88
Salt Lake City, UT Metro Area 9,715 1,257,936 0.77
Ann Arbor, MI Metro Area 9,500 372,258 2.55
Modesto, CA Metro Area 8,986 552,878 1.63
Memphis, TN-MS-AR Metro Area 8,758 1,337,779 0.65
Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA Metro Area 8,756 591,712 1.48
Oklahoma City, OK Metro Area 8,452 1,425,695 0.59
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ Metro Area 8,390 861,889 0.97
Madison, WI Metro Area 8,333 680,796 1.22
Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN Metro Area 8,131 1,285,439 0.63
Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metro Area 7,593 1,799,674 0.42
Durham-Chapel Hill, NC Metro Area 7,556 649,903 1.16
Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR Metro Area 6,773 546,725 1.24
Greensboro-High Point, NC Metro Area 6,690 776,566 0.86
Rochester, NY Metro Area 6,657 1,090,135 0.61
Atlantic City-Hammonton, NJ Metro Area 6,331 274,534 2.31
Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY Metro Area 6,147 697,221 0.88
Manchester-Nashua, NH Metro Area 6,118 422,937 1.45
Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA Metro Area 5,864 709,466 0.83
Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA Metro Area 5,844 967,604 0.60
Greenville-Anderson, SC Metro Area 5,843 928,195 0.63
Merced, CA Metro Area 5,708 281,202 2.03
Lansing-East Lansing, MI Metro Area 5,626 541,297 1.04
Akron, OH Metro Area 5,466 702,219 0.78
Dayton-Kettering, OH Metro Area 5,460 814,049 0.67
Bloomington, IL Metro Area 5,348 170,954 3.13
Columbia, SC Metro Area 5,275 829,470 0.64
Champaign-Urbana, IL Metro Area 5,063 222,538 2.28
Gainesville, FL Metro Area 4,852 339,247 1.43
Vallejo, CA Metro Area 4,765 453,491 1.05
Birmingham-Hoover, AL Metro Area 4,737 1,115,289 0.42
Grand Rapids-Kentwood, MI Metro Area 4,332 1,087,592 0.40
Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN Metro Area 4,240 223,716 1.90
Knoxville, TN Metro Area 4,085 879,773 0.46
Tucson, AZ Metro Area 4,066 1,043,433 0.39
Peoria, IL Metro Area 4,026 402,391 1.00
Reno, NV Metro Area 4,024 490,596 0.82
Tulsa, OK Metro Area 3,992 1,015,331 0.39
Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL Metro Area 3,981 725,046 0.55
New Orleans-Metairie, LA Metro Area 3,950 1,271,845 0.31
Columbus, IN Metro Area 3,855 82,208 4.69
Springfield, MA Metro Area 3,760 699,162 0.54
Syracuse, NY Metro Area 3,528 662,057 0.53
College Station-Bryan, TX Metro Area 3,499 268,248 1.30
Tallahassee, FL Metro Area 3,467 384,298 0.90
Scranton—Wilkes-Barre, PA Metro Area 3,451 567,559 0.61
Lexington-Fayette, KY Metro Area 3,441 516,811 0.67
Boulder, CO Metro Area 3,370 330,758 1.02
Asian Indian population in Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States of America
Metropolitan Statistical Area Indian American
population (2010)[76]		 Total population (2010) % of Total
population		 Combined Statistical Area
New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA 526,133 18,897,109 2.8% New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA
Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 171,901 9,461,105 1.8% Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI
Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV 127,963 5,582,170 2.3% Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 119,901 12,828,837 0.9% Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA
San Francisco–San Jose–Oakland, CA 119,854 4,335,391 2.8% San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA
Hayward-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 117,711 1,836,911 6.4% San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA
Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, TX 100,386 6,371,773 1.6% Dallas–Fort Worth, TX-OK
Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land, TX 91,637 5,946,800 1.5% Houston-The Woodlands, TX
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 90,286 5,965,343 1.5% Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 78,980 5,268,860 1.5% Atlanta–Athens-Clarke County–Sandy Springs, GA
Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA-NH 62,598 4,552,402 1.4% Boston–Worcester–Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT
Detroit–Warren–Livonia, MI 55,087 4,296,250 1.3% Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor, MI
Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue, WA 52,652 3,439,809 1.5% Seattle-Tacoma, WA
Miami–Fort Lauderdale–West Palm Beach, FL 41,334 5,564,635 0.7% Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie, FL
Baltimore–Columbia–Towson, MD 32,193 2,710,489 1.2% Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA
Phoenix–Mesa–Glendale, AZ 31,203 4,192,887 0.7%
Minneapolis-St. Paul–Bloomington, MN-WI 29,453 3,279,833 0.9% Minneapolis-St. Paul MN-WI
Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, FL 26,105 2,134,411 1.2% Orlando–Deltona–Daytona Beach, FL
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 24,306 3,095,313 0.8% [63]
Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario, CA 23,587 4,224,851 0.6% Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA
Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL 23,526 2,783,243 0.8%
Austin-Round Rock, TX 23,503 1,716,289 1.4%
Raleigh, NC 20,192 1,130,490 1.8% Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC
Columbus, OH 19,529 1,836,536 1.1% Columbus–Marion–Zanesville, OH
Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT 18,764 1,212,381 1.5% Hartford-East Hartford, CT
St. Louis, MO–IL 16,874 2,812,896 0.6% St. Louis–St. Charles–Farmington, MO–IL
Fresno, CA 15,469 930,450 1.7% Fresno–Madera, CA
Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 15,439 916,829 1.7% New York–Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA
Trenton, NJ 15,352 366,513 4.2% New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA
Portland–Vancouver–Hillsboro, OR-WA 15,117 2,226,009 0.7% Portland–Vancouver–Salem, OR-WA
Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 14,696 2,130,151 0.7% Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville, OH-KY-IN
Pittsburgh, PA 14,568 2,356,285 0.6% Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, PA-OH-WV
Cleveland–Elyria, OH 14,215 2,077,240 0.7% Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH
Stockton, CA 12,951 685,306 1.9% Sacramento-Stockton-Modesto, CA
Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO 13,649 2,543,482 0.5% Denver–Aurora, CO
Richmond, VA 12,926 1,258,251 1.0%
Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 12,669 1,756,241 0.7% Indianapolis-Carmel-Muncie, IN
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI[77] 11,945 1,555,908 0.8% Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI
Kansas City, MO-KS 11,646 2,035,334 0.6% Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS
Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 3,534 422,610 0.9% Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area

While the table above provides a picture of the population of Indian Americans (alone) and Asian Americans (alone) in some of the metropolitan areas of the US, it is incomplete as it does not include multi-racial Asian Americans. Please note that data for multi-racial Asian Americans has not yet been released by the U.S. Census Bureau.

List of U.S. States by Asian Indian Population

Asian Indian Population by State or Jurisdiction
State Asian Indian

Population
(2023)[78]

 % of State's

Population
(2023)[79]

 Asian Indian

Population
(2010)[80]

 % Change
(2010–2023)
California 616,022 2.28% 528,120 70.09
Texas 332,000 1.67% 245,981 95.82
New York 428,846 2.13% 313,620 36.74
New Jersey 528,188 4.64% 292,256 46.51
Illinois 269,021 2.10% 188,328 42.85
Florida 136,000 0.95% 104,000 56.87
Georgia 122,000 1.62% 96,116 78.96
Virginia 166,858 1.94% 103,916 60.57
Pennsylvania 160,504 1.24% 103,026 55.79
Washington 84,000 1.90% 61,124 136.72
Massachusetts 132,708 1.90% 77,177 71.95
Michigan 128,181 1.27% 77,132 66.18
North Carolina 119,607 1.15% 57,400 108.37
Maryland 116,196 1.89% 79,051 46.99
Ohio 106,784 0.91% 64,187 66.36
Arizona 71,124 1.00% 36,047 97.31
Connecticut 68,178 1.89% 46,415 46.89
Minnesota 53,120 0.94% 33,031 60.82
Indiana 51,430 0.76% 27,598 86.35
Wisconsin 38,449 0.65% 22,899 67.91
Tennessee 38,034 0.55% 23,900 59.14
Missouri 36,487 0.59% 23,223 57.12
Colorado 35,926 0.63% 20,369 76.38
Oregon 33,759 0.80% 16,740 101.67
South Carolina 25,597 0.50% 15,941 60.57
Kansas 12,092 0.75% 8,726 58.01
Nevada 20,233 0.66% 11,671 73.36
Kentucky 19,501 0.43% 12,501 56.00
Oklahoma 19,357 0.49% 11,906 62.58
Iowa 17,731 0.56% 11,081 60.01
Delaware 17,611 1.79% 11,424 54.16
Alabama 15,266 0.31% 13,036 17.11
Utah 13,896 0.43% 6,212 123.70
Louisiana 13,275 0.29% 11,174 18.80
Arkansas 12,441 0.41% 7,973 56.04
New Hampshire 11,955 0.87% 8,268 44.59
Rhode Island 10,442 0.96% 4,653 124.41
District of Columbia 9,707 1.42% 5,214 86.17
Nebraska 9,026 0.46% 5,903 52.91
Mississippi 7,258 0.24% 5,494 32.11
Hawaii 5,788 0.40% 2,201 162.97
New Mexico 5,159 0.24% 4,550 13.38
Puerto Rico 4,984 0.15% 3,523 41.47
West Virginia 4,425 0.25% 3,304 33.93
Idaho 3,751 0.21% 2,152 74.30
South Dakota 2,881 0.33% 1,152 150.09
Maine 2,780 0.20% 1,959 41.91
North Dakota 2,345 0.30% 1,543 51.98
Vermont 2,229 0.35% 1,359 64.02
Alaska 1,484 0.20% 1,218 21.84
Montana 1,002 0.093% 618 62.14
Wyoming 892 0.15% 590 51.19
United States (Total) 4,659,914 1.35% 2,843,340 63.89%

List of communities by number of Asian Indians (as of the 2010 census):

 
Little India on 74th Street in Jackson Heights, Queens

Statistics

 
The United States is host to the second largest Indian diaspora on the planet

From the 1990 Census to the 2000 Census, the Asian Indian population increased by 105.87%. Meanwhile, the U.S. population increased by only 7.6%. In 2000, the Indian-born population in the U.S. was 1.007 million. In 2006, of the 1,266,264 legal immigrants to the United States, 58,072 were from India. Between 2000 and 2006, 421,006 Indian immigrants were admitted to the U.S., up from 352,278 during the 1990–1999 period.[81] At 16.4% of the Asian population, Indian Americans make up the third largest Asian-American ethnic group, following Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans.[82][83][84]

A joint Duke University-UC Berkeley study revealed that Indian immigrants have founded more engineering and technology companies from 1995 to 2005 than immigrants from the United Kingdom, China, Taiwan, and Japan combined.[85] The percentage of Silicon Valley startups founded by Indian immigrants has increased from 7% in 1999 to 15.5% in 2006, as reported in the 1999 study by AnnaLee Saxenian[86] and her updated work in 2006 in collaboration with Vivek Wadhwa.[87] Indian Americans have risen to top positions at many major companies (e.g., IBM, PepsiCo, MasterCard, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Cisco, Oracle, Adobe, Softbank, Cognizant, Sun Microsystems.) A 2014 study indicates that 23% of Indian business school graduates take a job in United States.[88]

Year Asian Indians (per ACS)
2005 2,319,222
2006 2,482,141
2007 2,570,166
2008 2,495,998
2009 2,602,676
2010 2,765,155
2011 2,908,204
2012 3,049,201
2013 3,189,485
2014 3,491,052
2015 3,510,000
2016 3,613,407
2017 3,794,539
2018 3,882,526
2019 4,002,151
2020 4,021,134

Socioeconomic status

See also: Contribution of Indian diaspora and Indianisation
 
Manjul Bhargava, Professor of mathematics at Princeton University, and Fields Medal winner

Indian Americans continually outpace every other ethnic group socioeconomically per U.S. Census statistics.[89] Thomas Friedman of The New York Times, in his 2005 book The World Is Flat, explains this trend in terms of brain drain, whereby a sample of the best and brightest people in India emigrate to the United States in order to seek better financial opportunities.[90] Indians form the second largest group of physicians after non-Hispanic Caucasian Americans (3.9%) as of the 1990 survey, and the share of Indian physicians rose to approximately 6% in 2005.[91]

Education

According to Pew Research in 2015, of Indian Americans aged 25 and older, 72% had obtained a bachelor's degree and 40% had obtained a postgraduate degree, whereas of all Americans, 19% had obtained a bachelor's degree and 11% had obtained a postgraduate degree.[92]

Household income

The median household income for Indian immigrants in 2019 was much higher than that of the overall foreign- and native-born populations. Indians overall have much higher incomes than the total foreign and native-born populations. In 2019, households headed by an Indian immigrant had a median income of $132,000, compared to $64,000 and $66,000 for all immigrant and U.S.-born households, respectively.

In 2019, Indian immigrants were less likely to be in poverty (5%) than immigrants overall (14%) or the U.S. born (12%).[93]

Culture and Technology

Commerce

Patel Brothers is a supermarket chain serving the Indian diaspora, with 57 locations in 19 U.S. states—primarily located in the New Jersey/New York Metropolitan Area, due to its large Indian population, and with the East Windsor/Monroe Township, New Jersey location representing the world's largest and busiest Indian grocery store outside India.

Notable Indian Americans in the technology industry

Media

Media
 
 
Raja Kumari is an American singer
 
Sendhil Ramamurthy is an actor who appeared in Beauty and the Beast and The Flash

Gujarati, Telugu, Marathi, Punjabi, Malayalam, and Hindi radio stations are available in areas with high Indian populations, for example, Punjabi Radio USA, Easy96.com in the New York City metropolitan area, KLOK 1170 AM in San Francisco, KSJO Bolly 92.3FM in San Jose, RBC Radio; Radio Humsafar, Desi Junction in Chicago; Radio Salaam Namaste and FunAsia Radio in Dallas; and Masala Radio, FunAsia Radio, Sangeet Radio, Radio Naya Andaz in Houston and Washington Bangla Radio on Internet from the Washington DC Metro Area. There are also some radio stations broadcasting in Tamil within these communities.[94][95] Houston-based Kannada Kaaranji radio focuses on a multitude of programs for children and adults.[96]

AVS (Asian Variety Show) and Namaste America are South Asian programming available in most of the U.S. that is free to air and can be watched with a television antenna.

Several cable and satellite television providers offer Indian channels: Sony TV, Zee TV, TV Asia, Star Plus, Sahara One, Colors, Sun TV, ETV, Big Magic, regional channels, and others have offered Indian content for subscription, such as the Cricket World Cup. There is also an American cricket channel called Willow.

Many metropolitan areas with large Indian American populations now have movie theaters which specialize in showing Indian movies, especially from Tollywood (Telugu), Kollywood (Tamil) and Bollywood (Hindi).

In July 2005, MTV premiered a spin-off network called MTV Desi which targets Indian Americans.[97] It has been discontinued by MTV.

In 2012, the film Not a Feather, but a Dot directed by Teju Prasad, was released which investigates the history, perceptions and changes in the Indian American community over the last century.

In popular media, several Indian American personalities have made their mark in recent years, including Kovid Gupta, Kal Penn, Hari Kondabolu, Karan Brar, Aziz Ansari, Hasan Minhaj, and Mindy Kaling. In the 2023 film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, the fictional world of Mumbattan (portmanteau of Mumbai and Manhattan) is introduced.[98]

Indian Independence Day Parade

See also: Indians in the New York City metropolitan area
 
New York City's annual India Day Parade, the world's largest Indian Independence Day parade outside India,[99] marches down Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. The parade addresses controversial themes, including racism, sexism, corruption, and Bollywood.

The annual New York City India Day Parade, held on or approximately every August 15 since 1981, is the world's largest Indian Independence Day parade outside of India[99] and is hosted by The Federation of Indian Associations (FIA). According to the website of Baruch College of the City University of New York, "The FIA, which came into being in 1970 is an umbrella organization meant to represent the diverse Indian population of NYC. Its mission is to promote and further the interests of its 500,000 members and to collaborate with other Indian cultural organization. The FIA acts as a mouth piece for the diverse Indian Asian population in United States, and is focused on furthering the interests of this diverse community. The parade begins on East 38th Street and continues down Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan until it reaches 28th Street. At the review stand on 28th Street, the grand marshal and various celebrities greet onlookers. Throughout the parade, participants find themselves surrounded by the saffron, white and green colors of the Indian flag. They can enjoy Indian food, merchandise booths, live dancing and music present at the Parade. After the parade is over, various cultural organizations and dance schools participate in program on 23rd Street and Madison Avenue until 6PM."[100] The New York/New Jersey metropolitan region's second-largest India Independence Day parade takes place in Little India, Edison/Iselin in Middlesex County, New Jersey, annually in August.

Sikh Day Vaisakhi Parade

The world's largest Sikh Day Parade outside India celebrating Vaisakhi and the season of renewal is held in Manhattan annually in April. The parade is widely regarded as being one of the most colourful parades.[101]

Religion

Religious Makeup of Indian Americans (2018)[8]

  Hindu (48%)
  Christian (15%)
  Muslim (8%)
  Sikh (8%)
  Other religion (3%)
  No religion (18%)
Indian religions in US
 
BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Akshardham, New Jersey, one of the world's largest Hindu temples.[102]
 
Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose, the largest Gurudwara in North America.
 
Jain Center of Greater Phoenix (JCGP)

Communities of Hindus, Christians, Muslims, Sikhs, irreligious people, and smaller numbers of Jains, Buddhists, Zoroastrians, and Indian Jews have established their religions in the United States. According to 2023 Pew Research Center research, 48% consider themselves Hindu, 15% as Christian (7% Catholic, 4% Evangelical Protestant, 4% Nonevangelical Protestant), 18% as unaffiliated, 8% as Muslims, 8% as Sikh, and 3% as a member of another religion.[8] The first religious center of an Indian religion to be established in the U.S. was a Sikh Gurudwara in Stockton, California in 1912. Today there are many Sikh Gurudwaras, Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, Christian churches, and Buddhist and Jain temples in all 50 states.

Hindus

Further information: Hinduism in the United States

As of 2008, the American Hindu population was around 2.2 million.[103] Hindus form the majority religious group among the Indian American community.[104][105] Many organizations such as ISKCON, Swaminarayan Sampraday, BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha, Chinmaya Mission, and Swadhyay Pariwar are well-established in the U.S. and Hindu Americans have formed the Hindu American Foundation which represents American Hindus and aim to educate people about Hinduism. Swami Vivekananda brought Hinduism to the West at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions.[106] The Vedanta Society has been important in subsequent Parliaments. In September 2021, the State of New Jersey aligned with the World Hindu Council to declare October as Hindu Heritage Month. Today, many Hindu temples, most of them built by Indian Americans, have emerged in different cities and towns in the United States.[107][108] More than 18 million Americans are now practicing some form of Yoga. Kriya Yoga was introduced to America by Paramahansa Yogananda. A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada initiated the popular ISKCON, also known as the Hare Krishna movement, while preaching Bhakti yoga.

Sikhs

Further information: Sikhism in the United States

From the time of their arrival in the late 1800s, Sikh men and women have been making notable contributions to American society. In 2007, there were estimated to be between 250,000 and 500,000 Sikhs living in the United States, with largest populations living on the East and West Coasts, together with smaller additional populations in Detroit, Chicago, and Austin. The United States also has a number of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism. Sikh men are typically identifiable by their unshorn beards and turbans (head coverings), articles of their faith. Many organisations like World Sikh Organisation (WSO), Sikh Riders of America, SikhNet, Sikh Coalition, SALDEF, United Sikhs, National Sikh Campaign continue to educate people about Sikhism. There are many "Gurudwaras" Sikh temples present in all states of USA.

Jains

Further information: Jainism in the United States
 
Das Lakshana (Paryushana) celebrations at the Jain Center of America, Queens, New York City, the oldest Jain temple in the Western hemisphere[109]

Adherents of Jainism first arrived in the United States in the 20th century. The most significant time of Jain immigration was in the early 1970s.[citation needed] The U.S. has since become the epicenter of the Jain diaspora. Jains in America are also the highest socio-economic earners of any other religion in the United States.[citation needed] The Federation of Jain Associations in North America is an umbrella organization of local American and Canadian Jain congregations.[110] Unlike India and United Kingdom, the Jain community in United States doesn't find sectarian differences—both Digambara and Śvētāmbara share a common roof.[citation needed]

Muslims

Further information: Islam in the United States

Hasan Minhaj, Fareed Zakaria, Aziz Ansari,[111] and Pir Vilayat Inayat Khan[112] are few well-known Indian American Muslims. Indian Muslim Americans also congregate with other American Muslims, including those from Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Myanmar when there are events particularly related to their faith and religious believes as the same can be applied for any other religious community, but there are prominent organizations such as the Indian Muslim Council – USA.[113]

Christians

Further information: Christianity in the United States

There are many Indian Christian churches across the US; India Pentecostal Church of God, Assemblies of God in India, Church of God (Full Gospel) in India, Church of South India, Church of North India, Christhava Tamil Koil, The Pentecostal Mission, Sharon Pentecostal Church, Independent Non Denominational Churches like Heavenly Feast, Plymouth Brethren. Saint Thomas Christians (Syro-Malabar Church, Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, Chaldean Syrian Church, Kanna Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, CSI Syrian Christians, Mar Thoma Syrian Church, Pentecostal Syrian Christians[114] and St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India[115]) from Kerala have established their own places of worship across the United States.[116] The website USIndian.org has collected a comprehensive list of all the traditional St. Thomas Christian Churches in the US.[117] There are also Catholic Indians hailing originally from Goa, Karnataka and Kerala, who attend the same services as other American Catholics, but may celebrate the feast of Saint Francis Xavier as a special event of their identity.[118][119][120] The Indian Christian Americans have formed the Federation of Indian American Christian Organizations of North America (FIACONA) to represent a network of Indian Christian organizations in the US. FIACONA estimates the Indian American Christian population to be 1,050,000.[121] The Syro-Malabar Church, an Eastern Catholic Church, native to India since the 1st century,[122] established St. Thomas Syro-Malabar diocese of Chicago was established in the year 2001.[123] St. Thomas day is celebrated in this church on July 3 every year.[124]

Others

The large Parsi and Irani community is represented by the Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America.[125] Indian Jews are perhaps the smallest organized religious group among Indian Americans, consisting of approximately 350 members in the US. They form the Indian Jewish Congregation of USA, with their headquarters in New York City.[126]

Deepavali/ Diwali, Eid/ Ramadan as school holidays

Momentum has been growing to recognize the Dharmic holy day Deepavali (Diwali) as a holiday on school district calendars in the New York City metropolitan area.[127][128] New York City announced in October 2022 that Diwali would be an official school holiday commencing in 2023.[129]

Passaic, New Jersey established Diwali as a school holiday in 2005.[127][128] South Brunswick, New Jersey in 2010 became the first of the many school districts with large Indian student populations in Middlesex County in New Jersey to add Diwali to the school calendar.[128] Glen Rock, New Jersey in February 2015 became the first municipality in Bergen County, with its own burgeoning Indian population post-2010,[130][131] to recognize Diwali as an annual school holiday,[132][133] while thousands in Bergen County celebrated the first U.S. county-wide Diwali Mela festival under a unified sponsorship banner in 2016,[134] while Fair Lawn in Bergen County has celebrated an internationally prominent annual Holi celebration since 2022.[135][136][137] Diwali/Deepavali is also recognized by Monroe Township, New Jersey.

Efforts have been undertaken in Millburn,[127] Monroe Township, West Windsor-Plainsboro, Bernards Township, and North Brunswick, New Jersey,[128] Long Island, as well as in New York City (ultimately successfully),[138][139] among other school districts in the metropolitan region, to make Diwali a holiday on the school calendar. According to the Star-Ledger, Edison, New Jersey councilman Sudhanshu Prasad has noted parents' engagement in making Deepavali a holiday there; while in Jersey City, the four schools with major Asian Indian populations mark the holiday by inviting parents to the school buildings for festivities.[128] Mahatma Gandhi Elementary School is located in Passaic, New Jersey.[140] Efforts are also progressing toward making Diwali and Eid official holidays at all 24 school districts in Middlesex County.[141] At least 12 school districts on Long Island closed for Diwali in 2022,[142] and over 20 in New Jersey.[143]

In March 2015, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio officially declared the Muslim holy days Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha holidays on the school calendar.[138] School districts in Paterson and South Brunswick, New Jersey observe Ramadan.[128]

Ethnicity

 
Nina Davuluri, Miss America 2014 became the first contestant of Indian descent to win both Miss New York followed by the Miss America competition.
 
Political Commentator Dinesh D'Souza who has authored multiple best selling novels and directed political documentary films.

Like the terms "Asian American" or "South Asian American," the term "Indian American" is also an umbrella label applying to a variety of views, values, lifestyles, and appearances. Although Asian Indian Americans retain a high ethnic identity, they are known to assimilate into American culture while at the same time keeping the culture of their ancestors.[144]

Linguistic affiliation

 
Kiran Desai, winner of the 2006 Man Booker Prize

The United States is home to various associations that promote Indian languages and cultures. Some major organizations include,

Progress

Timeline

 
Indra Nooyi, former chairman and chief executive officer of PepsiCo
 
Satya Nadella CEO of Microsoft
 
Sundar Pichai CEO of Google
 
Vivek Murthy, Surgeon General of U.S.; former Vice Admiral of U.S. Health Corps
 
Ajit Pai, Former Chairman of the FCC; Currently serves as a partner at Searchlight Capital

Classification

Main article: Racial classification of Indian Americans
 
Kal Penn speaking at a rally for President Barack Obama at the University of Maryland's Nyumburu Cultural Center.

According to the official U.S. racial categories employed by the United States Census Bureau, Office of Management and Budget and other U.S. government agencies, American citizens or resident aliens who marked "Asian Indian" as their ancestry or wrote in a term that was automatically classified as an Asian Indian became classified as part of the Asian race at the 2000 Census.[173] As with other modern official U.S. government racial categories, the term "Asian" is in itself a broad and heterogeneous classification, encompassing all peoples with origins in the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.

In previous decades, Indian Americans were also variously classified as White American, the "Hindu race," and "other."[174] Even today, where individual Indian Americans do not racially self-identify, and instead report Muslim, Jewish, and Zoroastrian as their "race" in the "some other race" section without noting their country of origin, they are automatically tallied as white.[175] This may result in the counting of persons such as Indian Muslims, Indian Jews, and Indian Zoroastrians as white, if they solely report their religious heritage without their national origin.

Current issues

Discrimination

See also: Stereotypes of South Asians

In the 1980s, a gang known as the Dotbusters specifically targeted Indian Americans in Jersey City, New Jersey with violence and harassment.[176] Studies of racial discrimination, as well as stereotyping and scapegoating of Indian Americans have been conducted in recent years.[177] In particular, racial discrimination against Indian Americans in the workplace has been correlated with Indophobia due to the rise in outsourcing/offshoring, whereby Indian Americans are blamed for U.S. companies offshoring white-collar labor to India.[178][179] According to the offices of the Congressional Caucus on India, many Indian Americans are severely concerned of a backlash, though nothing serious has taken place.[179] Due to various socio-cultural reasons, implicit racial discrimination against Indian Americans largely go unreported by the Indian American community.[177]

Numerous cases of religious stereotyping of American Hindus (mainly of Indian origin) have also been documented.[180]

Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, there have been scattered incidents of Indian Americans becoming mistaken targets for hate crimes. In one example, a Sikh, Balbir Singh Sodhi, was murdered at a Phoenix gas station by a white supremacist. This happened after September 11, and the murderer claimed that his turban made him think that the victim was a Middle Eastern American.[181] In another example, a pizza deliverer was mugged and beaten in Massachusetts for "being Muslim" though the victim pleaded with the assailants that he was in fact a Hindu.[182] In December 2012, an Indian American in New York City was pushed from behind onto the tracks at the 40th Street-Lowery Street station in Sunnyside and killed.[183] The police arrested a woman, Erika Menendez, who admitted to the act and justified it, stating that she shoved him onto the tracks because she believed he was "a Hindu or a Muslim" and she wanted to retaliate for the attacks of September 11, 2001.[184]

In 2004, New York Senator Hillary Clinton joked at a fundraising event with South Asians for Nancy Farmer that Mahatma Gandhi owned a gas station in downtown St. Louis, fueling the stereotype that gas stations are owned by Indians and other South Asians. She clarified in the speech later that she was just joking, but still received some criticism for the statement later on for which she apologized again.[185]

On April 5, 2006, the Hindu Mandir of Minnesota was vandalized allegedly on the basis of religious discrimination.[186] The vandals damaged temple property leading to $200,000 worth of damage.[187][188][189]

On August 11, 2006, Senator George Allen allegedly referred to an opponent's political staffer of Indian ancestry as "macaca" and commenting, "Welcome to America, to the real world of Virginia." Some members of the Indian American community saw Allen's comments, and the backlash that may have contributed to Allen losing his re-election bid, as demonstrative of the power of YouTube in the 21st century.[190]

In 2006, then Delaware Senator and current U.S President Joe Biden was caught on microphone saying: "In Delaware, the largest growth in population is Indian Americans moving from India. You cannot go to a 7-Eleven or a Dunkin' Donuts unless you have a slight Indian accent. I'm not joking."[191]

On August 5, 2012, white supremacist Wade Michael Page shot eight people and killed six at a Sikh gurdwara in Oak Creek, Wisconsin.

On February 22, 2017, recent immigrants Srinivas Kuchibhotla and Alok Madasani were shot at a bar in Olathe, Kansas by Adam Purinton, a white American who mistook them for persons of Middle Eastern descent, yelling "get out of my country" and "terrorist." Kuchibhotla died instantly while Madasani was injured, but later recovered.[192]

Punjabi Sikh Americans in Indianapolis suffered many losses in their community on April 15, 2021, during the Indianapolis FedEx shooting in which gunman Brandon Scott Hole, with a currently unknown motive, entered a FedEx warehouse and killed eight people, half of whom were Sikh. The Sikh victims were Jaswinder Singh, Jasvinder Kaur, Amarjit Sekhon, and Amarjeet Johal. 90% of the workers at the facility were Sikh according to some accounts.[193] Another Sikh, Taptejdeep Singh, was one of the nine people killed in the San Jose shooting on May 26, 2021.[194]

Immigration

Indians are among the largest ethnic groups legally immigrating to the United States. The immigration of Indians has taken place in several waves since the first Indian came to the United States in the 1700s. A major wave of immigration to California from the region of Punjab took place in the first decade of the 20th century. Another significant wave followed in the 1950s which mainly included students and professionals. The elimination of immigration quotas in 1965 spurred successively larger waves of immigrants in the late 1970s and early 1980s. With the technology boom of the 1990s, the largest influx of Indians arrived between 1995 and 2000. This latter group has also caused surge in the application for various immigration benefits including applications for green card. This has resulted in long waiting periods for people born in India from receiving these benefits.

As of 2012, over 330,000 Indians were on the visa wait list, third only to Mexico and The Philippines.[195]

In December, 2015, over 30 Indian students seeking admission in two U.S. universities—Silicon Valley University and the Northwestern Polytechnic University—were denied entry by Customs and Border Protection and were deported to India. Conflicting reports suggested that the students were deported because of the controversies surrounding the above-mentioned two universities. However, another report suggested that the students were deported as they had provided conflicting information at the time of their arrival in the U.S. to what was mentioned in their visa application. "According to the U.S. Government, the deported persons had presented information to the border patrol agent which was inconsistent with their visa status," read an advisory published by Ministry of External Affairs (India) which was published in the Hindustan Times.[196]

Following the incident, the Indian government asked the U.S. government to honour the visas given by its embassies and consulates. In response, the United States embassy advised the students considering studying in the U.S. to seek assistance from Education USA.[196][197]

Citizenship

Unlike many countries, India does not allow dual citizenship.[198] Consequently, many Indian citizens residing in U.S., who do not want to lose their Indian nationality, do not apply for American citizenship (ex. Raghuram Rajan[199]). However, many Indian Americans obtain Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) status, which allows them to live and work in India indefinitely.

Income disparities

Although Indian Americans have the highest average and median household income of any demographic group in America, there exist significant and severe income disparities among various communities of Indian Americans. In Long Island, the average family income of Indian Americans was roughly $273,000, while in Fresno, the average family income of Indian Americans was only $24,000, an eleven-fold difference.[200]

Illegal immigration

See also: Illegal immigration to the United States and Illegal immigration amongst Asian Americans

In 2009, the Department of Homeland Security estimated that there were 200,000 Indian unauthorized immigrants; they are the sixth largest nationality (tied with Koreans) of illegal immigrants behind Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and the Philippines.[201] Indian Americans have had an increase in illegal immigration of 25% since 2000.[202][203] In 2014, Pew Research Center estimated that there are 450,000 undocumented Indians in the United States.[204]

Media

Main article: List of Indian American media

Politics

Several groups have tried to create a voice for Indian Americans in political affairs, including the United States India Political Action Committee and the Indian American Leadership Initiative, as well as panethnic groups such as South Asian Americans Leading Together and Desis Rising Up and Moving.[205][206][207][208] Additionally, there are industry groups such as the Asian American Hotel Owners Association and the American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin.

A majority tend to identify as moderates and have voted for Democrats in recent elections. In 2012, a poll from the National Asian American Survey reported that 68% of Indian Americans planned to vote for Barack Obama in the presidential election.[209] Polls before the 2004 presidential election showed Indian Americans favoring Democratic candidate John Kerry over Republican George W. Bush by a 53% to 14% margin, with 30% undecided at the time.[210] The Republican party has tried to target this community for political support,[211] and in 2007, Republican Congressman Bobby Jindal became the first United States Governor of Indian descent when he was elected Governor of Louisiana.[212] Nikki Haley, also of Indian descent and a fellow Republican, became Governor of South Carolina in 2010. Republican Neel Kashkari is also of Indian descent and ran for Governor of California in 2014. Raja Krishnamoorthi who is a lawyer, engineer and community leader from Schaumburg, Illinois has been the Congressman representing Illinois's 8th congressional district since 2017.[213] Jenifer Rajkumar is a Lower Manhattan district leader and the first Indian American woman elected to the state legislature in New York history.[214] In 2016, Kamala Harris (the daughter of a Tamil Indian American mother, Dr. Shyamala Gopalan Harris, and an Afro-Jamaican American father, Donald Harris[215][216][217]) became the first Indian American[218] and second African American female to serve in the U.S. Senate.[219] In 2020, she briefly ran for President of the United States and was later chosen as the Democratic Party's vice-presidential nominee, running alongside Joe Biden.[220] Indian Americans have played a significant role in promoting better India–United States relations, turning the cold attitude of American legislators to a positive perception of India in the post-Cold War era.[221]

Notable people

Main article: List of Indian Americans

See also

References

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Further reading

Further information: Sikhism in the United States § Further reading
  • Atkinson, David C. The burden of white supremacy: Containing Asian migration in the British empire and the United States (U North Carolina Press, 2016).
  • Bacon, Jean. Life Lines: Community, Family, and Assimilation among Asian Indian Immigrants (Oxford UP, 1996).
  • Bhalla, Vibha. "'Couch potatoes and super-women' Gender, migration, and the emerging discourse on housework among Asian Indian immigrants." Journal of American Ethnic History 27.4 (2008): 71–99. online April 11, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  • Chakravorty, Sanjoy; Kapur, Devesh; Singh, Nirvikar (2017). The Other One Percent: Indians in America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190648749.
  • Joshi, Khyati Y. New Roots in America's Sacred Ground: Religion, Race and Ethnicity in Indian America (Rutgers UP, 2006).
  • Khandelwal, Madhulika S. Becoming American, Being Indian: An Immigrant Community in New York City (Cornell UP, 2002).
  • Maira, Sunaina Marr. Desis in the House: Indian American Youth Culture in NYC (Temple UP, 2002).
  • Min, Pyong Gap, and Young Oak Kim. "Ethnic and sub-ethnic attachments among Chinese, Korean, and Indian immigrants in New York City." Ethnic and Racial Studies 32.5 (2009): 758–780.
  • Pavri, Tinaz. "Asian Indian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 165–178. online March 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  • Rangaswamy, Padma (2000). Namasté America: Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01981-6.
  • Rudrappa, Sharmila. Ethnic Routes to Becoming American: Indian Immigrants and the Cultures of Citizenship (Rutgers UP, 2004).
  • Schlund-Vials, Cathy J., Linda Trinh Võ, and K. Scott Wong, eds. Keywords for Asian American Studies (NYU Press, 2015).
  • Shukla, Sandhya. India Abroad: Diasporic Cultures of Postwar America and England (Princeton UP, 2003).
  • Sohi, Seema. Echoes of Mutiny: Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in North America (2014) excerpt February 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  • Takaki, Ronald (1998) [1989]. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (Revised and updated ed.). New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-83130-7. OCLC 80125499.
  • Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar, eds. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674375122, (1980), pp 296–301. available to borrow online

External links

  • The American Institute of India Studies (AIIS)
  • Madhusudan and Kiran C. Dhar India Studies Program at Indiana University Bloomington
November 06, 2023
indian, americans, asian, indians, redirects, here, people, from, india, indian, people, people, from, indian, subcontinent, south, asian, ethnic, groups, confused, with, native, americans, united, states, indigenous, peoples, americas, citizens, united, state. Asian Indians redirects here For people from India see Indian people For people from the Indian subcontinent see South Asian ethnic groups Not to be confused with Native Americans in the United States or Indigenous peoples of the Americas Indian Americans are citizens of the United States with ancestry from India The term Asian Indian is used to avoid confusion with Native Americans in the United States who are also referred to as Indians or American Indians With a population of more than 4 4 million Indian Americans make up approximately 1 35 of the U S population and are the largest group of South Asian Americans the largest Asian alone group 9 and the largest group of Asian Americans after Chinese Americans Indian Americans are the highest earning ethnic group in the United States 10 Indian AmericansIndia Square in the heart of Bombay Jersey City New Jersey home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere 1 is one of at least 24 Indian American enclaves characterized as a Little India which have emerged in the New York City Metropolitan Area with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside Asia as large scale immigration from India continues into New York 2 3 4 Total population4 460 000Regions with significant populationsNew Jersey New York metropolitan area San Francisco Bay Area Washington Baltimore metropolitan area Greater Philadelphia Greater Boston Atlanta metropolitan area Chicago metropolitan area Miami metropolitan area Indianapolis metropolitan area Milwaukee metropolitan area Dallas Fort Worth metroplex Greater Houston Research Triangle Greater Orlando Phoenix metropolitan area Metro Detroit Greater Pittsburgh Region Greater Los Angeles Minneapolis Saint Paul San Diego County Charlotte metropolitan area Denver metropolitan area Columbus metropolitan area Ohio Cincinnati metropolitan area San Antonio Tampa Bay area Greater St Louis Las Vegas ValleyLanguagesAmerican English Indian English Hindi Urdu Gujarati Telugu Punjabi Tamil Bengali Marathi Malayalam Kannada Sindhi other Indian languages 5 6 7 Religion48 Hinduism15 Christianity8 Islam8 Sikhism3 Other religion18 No religion 8 Related ethnic groupsIndian people other South Asian Americans Indian diaspora Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 2 1 Pre 1800 2 2 19th century 2 3 20th century 2 4 21st century 3 Demographics 3 1 U S metropolitan areas with large Asian Indian populations 3 2 List of U S States by Asian Indian Population 3 3 List of communities by number of Asian Indians as of the 2010 census 4 Statistics 5 Socioeconomic status 5 1 Education 5 2 Household income 6 Culture and Technology 6 1 Commerce 6 2 Notable Indian Americans in the technology industry 6 3 Media 6 4 Indian Independence Day Parade 6 4 1 Sikh Day Vaisakhi Parade 7 Religion 7 1 Hindus 7 2 Sikhs 7 3 Jains 7 4 Muslims 7 5 Christians 7 6 Others 7 6 1 Deepavali Diwali Eid Ramadan as school holidays 8 Ethnicity 9 Linguistic affiliation 10 Progress 10 1 Timeline 10 2 Classification 11 Current issues 11 1 Discrimination 11 2 Immigration 11 3 Citizenship 11 4 Income disparities 11 5 Illegal immigration 11 6 Media 12 Politics 13 Notable people 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External linksTerminologyIn the Americas the term Indian had historically been used to describe indigenous people since European colonization in the 15th century Qualifying terms such as American Indian and East Indian were and still are commonly used in order to avoid ambiguity The U S government has since coined the term Native American in reference to the indigenous people of the United States but terms such as American Indian remain among indigenous as well as non indigenous populations Since the 1980s Indian Americans have been categorized as Asian Indian within the broader subgroup of Asian American by the U S Census Bureau 11 While East Indian remains in use the term Indian and South Asian is often chosen instead for academic and governmental purposes 12 Indian Americans are included in the census grouping of South Asian Americans which includes Bangladeshi Americans Bhutanese Americans Maldivian Americans Nepalese Americans Pakistani Americans and Sri Lankan Americans 13 14 HistorySee also Asian immigration to the United States Pre 1800 nbsp Members of the Nansemond tribe descendant of East Indian Native American and African American people c 1900 Smithsonian InstitutionBeginning in the 17th century members of the East India Company would bring Indian servants to the American colonies 15 There were also some East Indian slaves in the United States during the American colonial era 16 17 In particular court records from the 1700s indicate a number of East Indians were held as slaves in Maryland and Delaware 18 Upon freedom they are said to have blended into the free African American population considered mulattoes 19 Three brothers from modern day India or Pakistan received their freedom in 1710 and married into a Native American tribe in Virgina 20 The present day Nansemond people trace their lineage to this intermarriage 21 19th century nbsp The first Sikh Gurudwara was established in 1912 by the early immigrant Sikh farmers in Stockton California In 1850 the federal census of St Johns County Florida listed a 40 year old draftsman named John Dick whose birthplace was listed as Hindostan living in city of St Augustine 22 His race is listed as white suggesting he was of British descent By 1900 there were more than 2 000 Indian Sikhs living in the United States primarily in California 23 At least one scholar has set the level lower finding a total of 716 Indian immigrants to the U S between 1820 and 1900 24 Emigration from India was driven by difficulties facing Indian farmers including the challenges posed by the colonial land tenure system for small landowners and by drought and food shortages which worsened in the 1890s At the same time Canadian steamship companies acting on behalf of Pacific coast employers recruited Sikh farmers with economic opportunities in British Columbia 25 The presence of Indians in the U S also helped develop interest in Eastern religions in the U S and would result in its influence on American philosophies such as transcendentalism Swami Vivekananda arriving in Chicago at the World s Fair led to the establishment of the Vedanta Society 24 20th century Escaping racist attacks in Canada Sikhs migrated to Pacific Coast U S states in the 1900s to work on the lumber mills of Bellingham and Everett Washington 26 Sikh workers were later concentrated on the railroads and began migrating to California around 2 000 Indians were employed by the major rail lines such as Southern Pacific Railroad and Western Pacific Railroad between 1907 and 1908 27 Some white Americans resentful of economic competition and the arrival of people from different cultures responded to Sikh immigration with racism and violent attacks 28 The Bellingham riots in Bellingham Washington on September 5 1907 epitomized the low tolerance in the U S for Indians and Sikhs who were called Hindoos by locals While anti Asian racism was embedded in U S politics and culture in the early 20th century Indians were also racialized for their anticolonialism with U S officials who pushed for Western imperial expansion abroad casting them as a Hindu menace 29 Although labeled Hindu the majority of Indians were Sikh 29 In the early 20th century a range of state and federal laws restricted Indian immigration and the rights of Indian immigrants in the U S Throughout the 1910s American nativist organizations campaigned to end immigration from India culminating in the passage of the Barred Zone Act in 1917 28 In 1913 the Alien Land Act of California prevented non citizens from owning land 30 However Asian immigrants got around the system by having Anglo friends or their own U S born children legally own the land that they worked on In some states anti miscegenation laws made it illegal for Indian men to marry white women However it was legal for brown races to mix Many Indian men especially Punjabi men married Hispanic women and Punjabi Mexican marriages became a norm in the West 31 32 Bhicaji Balsara became the first known Indian to gain naturalized U S citizenship As a Parsi he was considered a pure member of the Persian sect and therefore a free white person In 1910 judge Emile Henry Lacombe of the Southern District of New York gave Balsara citizenship on the hope that the United States attorney would indeed challenge his decision and appeal it to create an authoritative interpretation of the law The U S attorney adhered to Lacombe s wishes and took the matter to the Circuit Court of Appeals in 1910 The Circuit Court of Appeals agreed that Parsis are classified as white 33 On the same grounds another federal court decision granted citizenship to A K Mozumdar 34 These decisions contrasted with the 1907 declaration by U S Attorney General Charles J Bonaparte under no construction of the law can natives of British India be regarded as white persons 34 After the Immigration Act of 1917 Indian immigration into the U S decreased Illegal entry through the Mexican border became the way of entering the country for Punjabi immigrants California s Imperial Valley had a large population of Punjabis who assisted these immigrants and provided support Immigrants were able to blend in with this relatively homogenous population The Ghadar Party a group in California that campaigned for Indian independence facilitated illegal crossing of the Mexican border using funds from this migration as a means to bolster the party s finances 35 The Ghadar Party charged different prices for entering the U S depending on whether Punjabi immigrants were willing to shave off their beard and cut their hair It is estimated that between 1920 and 1935 about 1 800 to 2 000 Indian immigrants entered the U S illegally 35 nbsp Bhagat Singh Thind was twice denied citizenship as he was not deemed white 36 By 1920 the population of Americans of Indian descent was approximately 6 400 37 In 1923 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in United States v Bhagat Singh Thind that Indians were ineligible for citizenship because they were not free white persons 38 The court also argued that the great body of our people would reject assimilation with Indians 39 Furthermore the court ruled that based on popular understanding of race the term white person referred to people of northern or western European ancestry rather than Caucasians in the most technical sense 40 Over fifty Indians had their citizenship revoked after this decision but Sakharam Ganesh Pandit fought against denaturalization He was a lawyer and married to a white American and he regained his citizenship in 1927 However no other naturalization was permitted after the ruling which led to about 3 000 Indians leaving the U S between 1920 and 1940 Many other Indians had no means of returning to India 38 Indians started moving up the social ladder by getting higher education For example in 1910 Dhan Gopal Mukerji came to UC Berkeley when he was 20 years old He was an author of many children s books and won the Newbery Medal in 1928 for his book Gay Neck The Story of a Pigeon 41 However he committed suicide at the age of 46 while he was suffering from depression Another student Yellapragada Subbarow came to the U S in 1922 He became a biochemist at Harvard University and he discovered the function of adenosine triphosphate ATP as an energy source in cells and developed methotrexate for the treatment of cancer However being a foreigner he was refused tenure at Harvard Gobind Behari Lal who came to the University of California Berkeley in 1912 became the science editor of the San Francisco Examiner and was the first Indian American to win the Pulitzer Prize for journalism 42 After World War II U S policy re opened the door to Indian immigration although slowly at first The Luce Celler Act of 1946 permitted a quota of 100 Indians per year to immigrate to the U S It also allowed Indian immigrants to naturalize and become citizens of the U S effectively reversing the Supreme Court s 1923 ruling in United States v Bhagat Singh Thind 43 The Naturalization Act of 1952 also known as the McCarran Walter Act repealed the Barred Zone Act of 1917 but limited immigration from the former Barred Zone to a total of 2 000 per year In 1910 95 of all Indian Americans lived on the western coast of the United States In 1920 that proportion decreased to 75 by 1940 it was 65 as more Indian Americans moved to the East Coast In that year Indian Americans were registered residents in 43 states The majority of Indian Americans on the west coast were in rural areas but on the east coast they became residents of urban areas In the 1940s the prices of the land increased and the Bracero program brought thousands of Mexican guest workers to work on farms which helped shift second generation Indian American farmers into commercial nonagricultural occupations from running small shops and grocery stores to operating taxi services and becoming engineers In Stockton and Sacramento a new group of Indian immigrants from the state of Gujarat opened several small hotels 44 In 1955 14 of 21 hotels enterprises in San Francisco were operated by Gujarati Hindus 45 By the 1980s Indians owned around 15 000 motels about 28 of all hotels and motels in the U S 46 The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 dramatically opened entry to the U S to immigrants other than traditional Northern European groups which would significantly alter the demographic mix in the U S 47 Not all Indian Americans came directly from India some came to the U S via Indian communities in other countries including the United Kingdom Canada South Africa the former British colonies of East Africa 48 namely Kenya Tanzania and Uganda Mauritius the Asia Pacific region Malaysia Singapore Australia and Fiji 48 and the Caribbean Guyana Trinidad and Tobago Suriname and Jamaica 48 From 1965 until the mid 1990s long term immigration from India averaged about 40 000 people per year From 1995 onward the flow of Indian immigration increased significantly reaching a high of about 90 000 immigrants in the year 2000 49 21st century nbsp Mohini Bhardwaj 2004 Summer Olympics medalist in gymnastics nbsp Sanjay Gupta Chief Medical Correspondent at CNNThe beginning of the 21st century marked a significant wave in the migration trend from India to the United States The emergence of Information Technology industry in Indian cities as Bangalore Chennai Pune and Hyderabad led to the large number of migrations to the U S primarily from the states of Telangana Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Kerala and Tamil Nadu in South India There are sizable populations of people from the states of Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Telangana Gujarat Karnataka Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the United States 50 Indians comprise over 80 of all H 1B visas 51 Indian Americans have risen to become the richest ethnicity in America with an average household income of 126 891 almost twice the U S average of 65 316 52 Since 2000 a large number of students have started migrating to the United States to pursue higher education A variety of estimates state that over 500 000 Indian American students attend higher education institutions in any given year 53 54 As per Institute of International Education IIE Opendoors report 202 014 new students from India enrolled in U S education institutions 55 On January 20 2021 Kamala Harris who is half Indian American made history as the first female Vice President of the United States 56 She was elected vice president as the running mate of President Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election This was a major milestone in Indian American history and in addition to Harris another 20 Indian Americans were nominated to key positions in the administration 57 In recent years there has been a shift in the Indian American population from being dominated by immigrants from Gujarat and Punjab to being increasingly dominated by immigrants from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Tamil Nadu 58 page needed 59 Between 2010 and 2021 Telugu rose from being the sixth most spoken South Asian language to being the third most spoken while Punjabi fell from being the fourth most spoken South Asian language in the United States to become the seventh most spoken There are significant differences between these groups in terms of socioeconomic factors like education geographic location and income in 2021 81 of Americans speaking Telugu at home spoke English very well while only 59 of Americans speaking Punjabi at home did the same 60 61 Number of Americans speaking South Asian languages at home 2010 2021 61 62 South Asian language 2010 2021 Change ChangeGujarati 356 394 436 909 80 515 22 59 Hindi 609 395 864 830 255 435 41 92 Urdu 388 909 507 972 119 063 30 61 Punjabi 243 773 318 588 74 815 30 69 Bengali 221 872 403 024 181 152 81 65 Telugu 217 641 459 836 242 195 111 28 Tamil 181 698 341 396 159 698 87 89 Nepali Marathi and other Indo Aryan languages 275 694 447 811 172 117 62 43 Malayalam Kannada and other Dravidian languages 197 550 280 188 82 638 41 83 DemographicsSee also Indians in the New York City metropolitan area nbsp Percent of population with Indian ancestry in 2010Historical populationYearPop 19102 545 19202 507 1 5 19303 130 24 9 19402 405 23 2 1980361 531 14932 5 1990815 447 125 6 20001 678 765 105 9 20102 843 391 69 4 20204 460 000 56 9 According to the 2010 United States Census 66 the Asian Indian population in the United States grew from almost 1 678 765 in 2000 0 6 of U S population to 2 843 391 in 2010 0 9 of U S population a growth rate of 69 37 one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States 67 The New York Newark Bridgeport NY NJ CT PA Combined Statistical Area consisting of New York City Long Island and adjacent areas within New York as well as nearby areas within the states of New Jersey extending to Trenton Connecticut extending to Bridgeport and including Pike County Pennsylvania was home to an estimated 711 174 uniracial Indian Americans as of the 2017 American Community Survey by the U S Census Bureau comprising by far the largest Indian American population of any metropolitan area in the U S 68 nbsp Aerial view of exurban Monroe Township Middlesex County New Jersey housing tracts in 2010 Since then significant new housing construction is rendering an increasingly affluent and suburban environment to Monroe Township while maintaining the proximity to New York City sought by Indians in this township with the fastest growing Indian population in the Western Hemisphere New York City itself also contains by far the largest Indian American population of any individual city in North America estimated at 246 454 as of 2017 69 Monroe Township Middlesex County in central New Jersey ranked one of the ten safest cities in the United States 70 has displayed one of the fastest growth rates of its Indian population in the Western Hemisphere increasing from 256 0 9 as of the 2000 Census 71 to an estimated 5 943 13 6 as of 2017 72 representing a 2 221 5 increase over that period Affluent professionals and senior citizens a temperate climate charitable benefactors to COVID relief efforts in India in official coordination with Monroe Township and Bollywood actors with second homes all play into the growth of the Indian population in the township By 2022 the Indian population surpassed one third of Monroe Township s population and the nickname Edison South had developed in reference to the Little India stature of both Middlesex County New Jersey townships 73 In 2014 12 350 Indians legally immigrated to the New York Northern New Jersey Long Island NY NJ PA core based statistical area 74 As of February 2022 Indian airline carrier Air India as well as United States airline carrier United Airlines were offering direct flights from the New York City Metropolitan Area to and from Delhi and Mumbai In May 2019 Delta Air Lines announced non stop flight service between New York JFK and Mumbai to begin December 22 2019 75 And in November 2021 American Airlines began non stop flight dservice between New York JFK and Delhi with IndiGo Air codesharing on this flight At least 24 Indian American enclaves characterized as a Little India have emerged in the New York City Metropolitan Area Other metropolitan areas with large Indian American populations include Atlanta Austin Baltimore Washington Boston Chicago Dallas Ft Worth Detroit Houston Los Angeles Philadelphia Phoenix Raleigh San Francisco San Jose Oakland and Seattle The three oldest Indian American communities going back to around 1910 are in lesser populated agricultural areas like Stockton California south of Sacramento the Central Valley of California like Yuba City and Imperial County California aka Imperial Valley These were all primarily Sikh settlements nbsp U S metropolitan areas with large Asian Indian populations Asian Indian population in Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States of America as per Census 2020 MSA Asian Indian Population Total Population PercentageNew York Newark Jersey City NY NJ PA Metro Area 654 897 20 140 470 3 25Chicago Naperville Elgin IL IN WI Metro Area 229 003 9 618 502 2 38San Francisco Oakland Berkeley CA Metro Area 222 854 4 749 008 4 69Dallas Fort Worth Arlington TX Metro Area 150 000 7 637 387 2 62San Jose Sunnyvale Santa Clara CA Metro Area 123 082 2 000 468 9 16Washington Arlington Alexandria DC VA MD WV Metro Area 115 023 6 385 162 1 25 Los Angeles Long Beach Anaheim CA Metro Area 112 072 13 200 998 1 22Houston The Woodlands Sugar Land TX Metro Area 105 520 7 122 240 2 03Atlanta Sandy Springs Alpharetta GA Metro Area 105 092 6 089 815 2 25Philadelphia Camden Wilmington PA NJ DE MD Metro Area 102 092 6 245 051 2 05Seattle Tacoma Bellevue WA Metro Area 117 900 4 018 762 1 2 Boston Cambridge Newton MA NH Metro Area 96 145 4 941 632 1 95Detroit Warren Dearborn MI Metro Area 86 191 4 392 041 1 96Phoenix Mesa Chandler AZ Metro Area 58 547 4 845 832 1 21Sacramento Roseville Folsom CA Metro Area 53 742 2 397 382 2 24Austin Round Rock Georgetown TX Metro Area 51 004 2 283 371 2 23Miami Fort Lauderdale Pompano Beach FL Metro Area 37 083 6 138 333 0 52Baltimore Columbia Towson MD Metro Area 43 896 2 844 510 1 54San Diego Chula Vista Carlsbad CA Metro Area 43 776 3 298 634 1 33Charlotte Concord Gastonia NC SC Metro Area 43 574 2 660 329 1 64Minneapolis St Paul Bloomington MN WI Metro Area 42 958 3 690 261 1 16Raleigh Cary NC Metro Area 41 844 1 413 982 2 96Orlando Kissimmee Sanford FL Metro Area 17 092 2 673 376 1 45Columbus OH Metro Area 36 800 2 138 926 1 72Tampa St Petersburg Clearwater FL Metro Area 27 092 3 175 275 1 14Hartford East Hartford Middletown CT Metro Area 29 086 1 213 531 2 40Portland Vancouver Hillsboro OR WA Metro Area 27 726 2 512 859 1 10Riverside San Bernardino Ontario CA Metro Area 27 477 4 599 839 0 60Trenton Princeton NJ Metro Area 24 105 387 340 6 22Stockton CA Metro Area 23 707 779 233 3 04St Louis MO IL Metro Area 23 680 2 820 253 0 84Denver Aurora Lakewood CO Metro Area 23 241 2 963 821 0 78Cincinnati OH KY IN Metro Area 23 184 2 256 884 1 03Indianapolis Carmel Anderson IN Metro Area 22 335 2 111 040 1 06Fresno CA Metro Area 21 863 1 008 654 2 17Pittsburgh PA Metro Area 20 292 2 370 930 0 86Bridgeport Stamford Norwalk CT Metro Area 19 904 957 419 2 08Richmond VA Metro Area 19 662 1 314 434 1 50Kansas City MO KS Metro Area 17 983 2 192 035 0 82San Antonio New Braunfels TX Metro Area 17 099 2 558 143 0 67Cleveland Elyria OH Metro Area 16 780 2 088 251 0 80Worcester MA CT Metro Area 15 836 978 529 1 62Milwaukee Waukesha WI Metro Area 15 674 1 574 731 1 00Nashville Davidson Murfreesboro Franklin TN Metro Area 15 308 1 989 519 0 77Jacksonville FL Metro Area 8 721 1 605 848 0 88Las Vegas Henderson Paradise NV Metro Area 13 701 2 265 461 0 60Oxnard Thousand Oaks Ventura CA Metro Area 12 598 843 843 1 49Albany Schenectady Troy NY Metro Area 12 576 899 262 1 40Yuba City CA Metro Area 12 397 181 208 6 84Providence Warwick RI MA Metro Area 11 917 1 676 579 0 71Bakersfield CA Metro Area 10 781 909 235 1 19New Haven Milford CT Metro Area 10 614 864 835 1 23Buffalo Cheektowaga NY Metro Area 10 242 1 166 902 0 88Salt Lake City UT Metro Area 9 715 1 257 936 0 77Ann Arbor MI Metro Area 9 500 372 258 2 55Modesto CA Metro Area 8 986 552 878 1 63Memphis TN MS AR Metro Area 8 758 1 337 779 0 65Harrisburg Carlisle PA Metro Area 8 756 591 712 1 48Oklahoma City OK Metro Area 8 452 1 425 695 0 59Allentown Bethlehem Easton PA NJ Metro Area 8 390 861 889 0 97Madison WI Metro Area 8 333 680 796 1 22Louisville Jefferson County KY IN Metro Area 8 131 1 285 439 0 63Virginia Beach Norfolk Newport News VA NC Metro Area 7 593 1 799 674 0 42Durham Chapel Hill NC Metro Area 7 556 649 903 1 16Fayetteville Springdale Rogers AR Metro Area 6 773 546 725 1 24Greensboro High Point NC Metro Area 6 690 776 566 0 86Rochester NY Metro Area 6 657 1 090 135 0 61Atlantic City Hammonton NJ Metro Area 6 331 274 534 2 31Poughkeepsie Newburgh Middletown NY Metro Area 6 147 697 221 0 88Manchester Nashua NH Metro Area 6 118 422 937 1 45Des Moines West Des Moines IA Metro Area 5 864 709 466 0 83Omaha Council Bluffs NE IA Metro Area 5 844 967 604 0 60Greenville Anderson SC Metro Area 5 843 928 195 0 63Merced CA Metro Area 5 708 281 202 2 03Lansing East Lansing MI Metro Area 5 626 541 297 1 04Akron OH Metro Area 5 466 702 219 0 78Dayton Kettering OH Metro Area 5 460 814 049 0 67Bloomington IL Metro Area 5 348 170 954 3 13Columbia SC Metro Area 5 275 829 470 0 64Champaign Urbana IL Metro Area 5 063 222 538 2 28Gainesville FL Metro Area 4 852 339 247 1 43Vallejo CA Metro Area 4 765 453 491 1 05Birmingham Hoover AL Metro Area 4 737 1 115 289 0 42Grand Rapids Kentwood MI Metro Area 4 332 1 087 592 0 40Lafayette West Lafayette IN Metro Area 4 240 223 716 1 90Knoxville TN Metro Area 4 085 879 773 0 46Tucson AZ Metro Area 4 066 1 043 433 0 39Peoria IL Metro Area 4 026 402 391 1 00Reno NV Metro Area 4 024 490 596 0 82Tulsa OK Metro Area 3 992 1 015 331 0 39Lakeland Winter Haven FL Metro Area 3 981 725 046 0 55New Orleans Metairie LA Metro Area 3 950 1 271 845 0 31Columbus IN Metro Area 3 855 82 208 4 69Springfield MA Metro Area 3 760 699 162 0 54Syracuse NY Metro Area 3 528 662 057 0 53College Station Bryan TX Metro Area 3 499 268 248 1 30Tallahassee FL Metro Area 3 467 384 298 0 90Scranton Wilkes Barre PA Metro Area 3 451 567 559 0 61Lexington Fayette KY Metro Area 3 441 516 811 0 67Boulder CO Metro Area 3 370 330 758 1 02Asian Indian population in Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States of America Metropolitan Statistical Area Indian Americanpopulation 2010 76 Total population 2010 of Totalpopulation Combined Statistical AreaNew York Newark Jersey City NY NJ PA 526 133 18 897 109 2 8 New York Newark NY NJ CT PAChicago Naperville Elgin IL IN WI 171 901 9 461 105 1 8 Chicago Naperville IL IN WIWashington Arlington Alexandria DC VA MD WV 127 963 5 582 170 2 3 Washington Baltimore Arlington DC MD VA WV PALos Angeles Long Beach Anaheim CA 119 901 12 828 837 0 9 Los Angeles Long Beach CASan Francisco San Jose Oakland CA 119 854 4 335 391 2 8 San Jose San Francisco Oakland CAHayward Sunnyvale Santa Clara CA 117 711 1 836 911 6 4 San Jose San Francisco Oakland CADallas Fort Worth Arlington TX 100 386 6 371 773 1 6 Dallas Fort Worth TX OKHouston The Woodlands Sugar Land TX 91 637 5 946 800 1 5 Houston The Woodlands TXPhiladelphia Camden Wilmington PA NJ DE MD 90 286 5 965 343 1 5 Philadelphia Reading Camden PA NJ DE MDAtlanta Sandy Springs Roswell GA 78 980 5 268 860 1 5 Atlanta Athens Clarke County Sandy Springs GABoston Cambridge Newton MA NH 62 598 4 552 402 1 4 Boston Worcester Providence MA RI NH CTDetroit Warren Livonia MI 55 087 4 296 250 1 3 Detroit Warren Ann Arbor MISeattle Tacoma Bellevue WA 52 652 3 439 809 1 5 Seattle Tacoma WAMiami Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach FL 41 334 5 564 635 0 7 Miami Fort Lauderdale Port St Lucie FLBaltimore Columbia Towson MD 32 193 2 710 489 1 2 Washington Baltimore Arlington DC MD VA WV PAPhoenix Mesa Glendale AZ 31 203 4 192 887 0 7 Minneapolis St Paul Bloomington MN WI 29 453 3 279 833 0 9 Minneapolis St Paul MN WIOrlando Kissimmee Sanford FL 26 105 2 134 411 1 2 Orlando Deltona Daytona Beach FLSan Diego Carlsbad CA 24 306 3 095 313 0 8 63 Riverside San Bernardino Ontario CA 23 587 4 224 851 0 6 Los Angeles Long Beach CATampa St Petersburg Clearwater FL 23 526 2 783 243 0 8 Austin Round Rock TX 23 503 1 716 289 1 4 Raleigh NC 20 192 1 130 490 1 8 Raleigh Durham Chapel Hill NCColumbus OH 19 529 1 836 536 1 1 Columbus Marion Zanesville OHHartford East Hartford Middletown CT 18 764 1 212 381 1 5 Hartford East Hartford CTSt Louis MO IL 16 874 2 812 896 0 6 St Louis St Charles Farmington MO ILFresno CA 15 469 930 450 1 7 Fresno Madera CABridgeport Stamford Norwalk CT 15 439 916 829 1 7 New York Newark NY NJ CT PATrenton NJ 15 352 366 513 4 2 New York Newark NY NJ CT PAPortland Vancouver Hillsboro OR WA 15 117 2 226 009 0 7 Portland Vancouver Salem OR WACincinnati OH KY IN 14 696 2 130 151 0 7 Cincinnati Wilmington Maysville OH KY INPittsburgh PA 14 568 2 356 285 0 6 Pittsburgh New Castle Weirton PA OH WVCleveland Elyria OH 14 215 2 077 240 0 7 Cleveland Akron Canton OHStockton CA 12 951 685 306 1 9 Sacramento Stockton Modesto CADenver Aurora Lakewood CO 13 649 2 543 482 0 5 Denver Aurora CORichmond VA 12 926 1 258 251 1 0 Indianapolis Carmel Anderson IN 12 669 1 756 241 0 7 Indianapolis Carmel Muncie INMilwaukee Waukesha West Allis WI 77 11 945 1 555 908 0 8 Milwaukee Racine Waukesha WIKansas City MO KS 11 646 2 035 334 0 6 Kansas City Overland Park Kansas City MO KSFayetteville Springdale Rogers AR MO 3 534 422 610 0 9 Fayetteville Springdale Rogers Metropolitan AreaWhile the table above provides a picture of the population of Indian Americans alone and Asian Americans alone in some of the metropolitan areas of the US it is incomplete as it does not include multi racial Asian Americans Please note that data for multi racial Asian Americans has not yet been released by the U S Census Bureau List of U S States by Asian Indian Population Asian Indian Population by State or Jurisdiction State Asian Indian Population 2023 78 of State s Population 2023 79 Asian Indian Population 2010 80 Change 2010 2023 California 616 022 2 28 528 120 70 09Texas 332 000 1 67 245 981 95 82New York 428 846 2 13 313 620 36 74New Jersey 528 188 4 64 292 256 46 51Illinois 269 021 2 10 188 328 42 85Florida 136 000 0 95 104 000 56 87Georgia 122 000 1 62 96 116 78 96Virginia 166 858 1 94 103 916 60 57Pennsylvania 160 504 1 24 103 026 55 79Washington 84 000 1 90 61 124 136 72Massachusetts 132 708 1 90 77 177 71 95Michigan 128 181 1 27 77 132 66 18North Carolina 119 607 1 15 57 400 108 37Maryland 116 196 1 89 79 051 46 99Ohio 106 784 0 91 64 187 66 36Arizona 71 124 1 00 36 047 97 31Connecticut 68 178 1 89 46 415 46 89Minnesota 53 120 0 94 33 031 60 82Indiana 51 430 0 76 27 598 86 35Wisconsin 38 449 0 65 22 899 67 91Tennessee 38 034 0 55 23 900 59 14Missouri 36 487 0 59 23 223 57 12Colorado 35 926 0 63 20 369 76 38Oregon 33 759 0 80 16 740 101 67South Carolina 25 597 0 50 15 941 60 57Kansas 12 092 0 75 8 726 58 01Nevada 20 233 0 66 11 671 73 36Kentucky 19 501 0 43 12 501 56 00Oklahoma 19 357 0 49 11 906 62 58Iowa 17 731 0 56 11 081 60 01Delaware 17 611 1 79 11 424 54 16Alabama 15 266 0 31 13 036 17 11Utah 13 896 0 43 6 212 123 70Louisiana 13 275 0 29 11 174 18 80Arkansas 12 441 0 41 7 973 56 04New Hampshire 11 955 0 87 8 268 44 59Rhode Island 10 442 0 96 4 653 124 41District of Columbia 9 707 1 42 5 214 86 17Nebraska 9 026 0 46 5 903 52 91Mississippi 7 258 0 24 5 494 32 11Hawaii 5 788 0 40 2 201 162 97New Mexico 5 159 0 24 4 550 13 38Puerto Rico 4 984 0 15 3 523 41 47West Virginia 4 425 0 25 3 304 33 93Idaho 3 751 0 21 2 152 74 30South Dakota 2 881 0 33 1 152 150 09Maine 2 780 0 20 1 959 41 91North Dakota 2 345 0 30 1 543 51 98Vermont 2 229 0 35 1 359 64 02Alaska 1 484 0 20 1 218 21 84Montana 1 002 0 093 618 62 14Wyoming 892 0 15 590 51 19United States Total 4 659 914 1 35 2 843 340 63 89 List of communities by number of Asian Indians as of the 2010 census nbsp Little India on 74th Street in Jackson Heights QueensNew York City 211 818 Queens 138 795 Brooklyn 25 270 Manhattan 24 359 Bronx 16 748 Staten Island 6 646 San Jose CA 43 827 Fremont CA 38 711 Los Angeles CA 32 966 Chicago IL 29 948 Edison NJ 28 286 Jersey City NJ 27 111 Houston TX 26 289 Sunnyvale CA 21 737 Philadelphia PA 18 520 Irving TX 17 403Statistics nbsp The United States is host to the second largest Indian diaspora on the planetFrom the 1990 Census to the 2000 Census the Asian Indian population increased by 105 87 Meanwhile the U S population increased by only 7 6 In 2000 the Indian born population in the U S was 1 007 million In 2006 of the 1 266 264 legal immigrants to the United States 58 072 were from India Between 2000 and 2006 421 006 Indian immigrants were admitted to the U S up from 352 278 during the 1990 1999 period 81 At 16 4 of the Asian population Indian Americans make up the third largest Asian American ethnic group following Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans 82 83 84 A joint Duke University UC Berkeley study revealed that Indian immigrants have founded more engineering and technology companies from 1995 to 2005 than immigrants from the United Kingdom China Taiwan and Japan combined 85 The percentage of Silicon Valley startups founded by Indian immigrants has increased from 7 in 1999 to 15 5 in 2006 as reported in the 1999 study by AnnaLee Saxenian 86 and her updated work in 2006 in collaboration with Vivek Wadhwa 87 Indian Americans have risen to top positions at many major companies e g IBM PepsiCo MasterCard Google Facebook Microsoft Cisco Oracle Adobe Softbank Cognizant Sun Microsystems A 2014 study indicates that 23 of Indian business school graduates take a job in United States 88 Year Asian Indians per ACS 2005 2 319 2222006 2 482 1412007 2 570 1662008 2 495 9982009 2 602 6762010 2 765 1552011 2 908 2042012 3 049 2012013 3 189 4852014 3 491 0522015 3 510 0002016 3 613 4072017 3 794 5392018 3 882 5262019 4 002 1512020 4 021 134Socioeconomic statusSee also Contribution of Indian diaspora and Indianisation nbsp Manjul Bhargava Professor of mathematics at Princeton University and Fields Medal winnerIndian Americans continually outpace every other ethnic group socioeconomically per U S Census statistics 89 Thomas Friedman of The New York Times in his 2005 book The World Is Flat explains this trend in terms of brain drain whereby a sample of the best and brightest people in India emigrate to the United States in order to seek better financial opportunities 90 Indians form the second largest group of physicians after non Hispanic Caucasian Americans 3 9 as of the 1990 survey and the share of Indian physicians rose to approximately 6 in 2005 91 Education According to Pew Research in 2015 of Indian Americans aged 25 and older 72 had obtained a bachelor s degree and 40 had obtained a postgraduate degree whereas of all Americans 19 had obtained a bachelor s degree and 11 had obtained a postgraduate degree 92 Household income The median household income for Indian immigrants in 2019 was much higher than that of the overall foreign and native born populations Indians overall have much higher incomes than the total foreign and native born populations In 2019 households headed by an Indian immigrant had a median income of 132 000 compared to 64 000 and 66 000 for all immigrant and U S born households respectively In 2019 Indian immigrants were less likely to be in poverty 5 than immigrants overall 14 or the U S born 12 93 Culture and TechnologyCommerce Patel Brothers is a supermarket chain serving the Indian diaspora with 57 locations in 19 U S states primarily located in the New Jersey New York Metropolitan Area due to its large Indian population and with the East Windsor Monroe Township New Jersey location representing the world s largest and busiest Indian grocery store outside India Notable Indian Americans in the technology industry Vinod Khosla co founder of Sun Microsystems Sabeer Bhatia co founder of Hotmail Sundar Pichai CEO of Alphabet the parent company of Google Satya Nadella current CEO of Microsoft Nirav Tolia co founder of Nextdoor Gurbaksh Chahal founder of online advertising services ClickAgent and BlueLithium Balaji Srinivasan co founder of genomics company Counsyl Chief Technology Officer of Coinbase Jagdeep Singh founder of QuantumScape optical hardware company Lightera Networks and telecommunications company Infinera Naval Ravikant co founder of AngelListMedia Media nbsp Sheetal Sheth has appeared in the films I Can t Think Straight and The World Unseen nbsp Raja Kumari is an American singer nbsp Sendhil Ramamurthy is an actor who appeared in Beauty and the Beast and The FlashGujarati Telugu Marathi Punjabi Malayalam and Hindi radio stations are available in areas with high Indian populations for example Punjabi Radio USA Easy96 com in the New York City metropolitan area KLOK 1170 AM in San Francisco KSJO Bolly 92 3FM in San Jose RBC Radio Radio Humsafar Desi Junction in Chicago Radio Salaam Namaste and FunAsia Radio in Dallas and Masala Radio FunAsia Radio Sangeet Radio Radio Naya Andaz in Houston and Washington Bangla Radio on Internet from the Washington DC Metro Area There are also some radio stations broadcasting in Tamil within these communities 94 95 Houston based Kannada Kaaranji radio focuses on a multitude of programs for children and adults 96 AVS Asian Variety Show and Namaste America are South Asian programming available in most of the U S that is free to air and can be watched with a television antenna Several cable and satellite television providers offer Indian channels Sony TV Zee TV TV Asia Star Plus Sahara One Colors Sun TV ETV Big Magic regional channels and others have offered Indian content for subscription such as the Cricket World Cup There is also an American cricket channel called Willow Many metropolitan areas with large Indian American populations now have movie theaters which specialize in showing Indian movies especially from Tollywood Telugu Kollywood Tamil and Bollywood Hindi In July 2005 MTV premiered a spin off network called MTV Desi which targets Indian Americans 97 It has been discontinued by MTV In 2012 the film Not a Feather but a Dot directed by Teju Prasad was released which investigates the history perceptions and changes in the Indian American community over the last century In popular media several Indian American personalities have made their mark in recent years including Kovid Gupta Kal Penn Hari Kondabolu Karan Brar Aziz Ansari Hasan Minhaj and Mindy Kaling In the 2023 film Spider Man Across the Spider Verse the fictional world of Mumbattan portmanteau of Mumbai and Manhattan is introduced 98 Indian Independence Day Parade See also Indians in the New York City metropolitan area nbsp New York City s annual India Day Parade the world s largest Indian Independence Day parade outside India 99 marches down Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan The parade addresses controversial themes including racism sexism corruption and Bollywood The annual New York City India Day Parade held on or approximately every August 15 since 1981 is the world s largest Indian Independence Day parade outside of India 99 and is hosted by The Federation of Indian Associations FIA According to the website of Baruch College of the City University of New York The FIA which came into being in 1970 is an umbrella organization meant to represent the diverse Indian population of NYC Its mission is to promote and further the interests of its 500 000 members and to collaborate with other Indian cultural organization The FIA acts as a mouth piece for the diverse Indian Asian population in United States and is focused on furthering the interests of this diverse community The parade begins on East 38th Street and continues down Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan until it reaches 28th Street At the review stand on 28th Street the grand marshal and various celebrities greet onlookers Throughout the parade participants find themselves surrounded by the saffron white and green colors of the Indian flag They can enjoy Indian food merchandise booths live dancing and music present at the Parade After the parade is over various cultural organizations and dance schools participate in program on 23rd Street and Madison Avenue until 6PM 100 The New York New Jersey metropolitan region s second largest India Independence Day parade takes place in Little India Edison Iselin in Middlesex County New Jersey annually in August Sikh Day Vaisakhi Parade The world s largest Sikh Day Parade outside India celebrating Vaisakhi and the season of renewal is held in Manhattan annually in April The parade is widely regarded as being one of the most colourful parades 101 ReligionReligious Makeup of Indian Americans 2018 8 Hindu 48 Christian 15 Muslim 8 Sikh 8 Other religion 3 No religion 18 Indian religions in US nbsp BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Akshardham New Jersey one of the world s largest Hindu temples 102 nbsp Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose the largest Gurudwara in North America nbsp Jain Center of Greater Phoenix JCGP Communities of Hindus Christians Muslims Sikhs irreligious people and smaller numbers of Jains Buddhists Zoroastrians and Indian Jews have established their religions in the United States According to 2023 Pew Research Center research 48 consider themselves Hindu 15 as Christian 7 Catholic 4 Evangelical Protestant 4 Nonevangelical Protestant 18 as unaffiliated 8 as Muslims 8 as Sikh and 3 as a member of another religion 8 The first religious center of an Indian religion to be established in the U S was a Sikh Gurudwara in Stockton California in 1912 Today there are many Sikh Gurudwaras Hindu temples Muslim mosques Christian churches and Buddhist and Jain temples in all 50 states Hindus Further information Hinduism in the United States As of 2008 the American Hindu population was around 2 2 million 103 Hindus form the majority religious group among the Indian American community 104 105 Many organizations such as ISKCON Swaminarayan Sampraday BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha Chinmaya Mission and Swadhyay Pariwar are well established in the U S and Hindu Americans have formed the Hindu American Foundation which represents American Hindus and aim to educate people about Hinduism Swami Vivekananda brought Hinduism to the West at the 1893 Parliament of the World s Religions 106 The Vedanta Society has been important in subsequent Parliaments In September 2021 the State of New Jersey aligned with the World Hindu Council to declare October as Hindu Heritage Month Today many Hindu temples most of them built by Indian Americans have emerged in different cities and towns in the United States 107 108 More than 18 million Americans are now practicing some form of Yoga Kriya Yoga was introduced to America by Paramahansa Yogananda A C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada initiated the popular ISKCON also known as the Hare Krishna movement while preaching Bhakti yoga Sikhs Further information Sikhism in the United States This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message From the time of their arrival in the late 1800s Sikh men and women have been making notable contributions to American society In 2007 there were estimated to be between 250 000 and 500 000 Sikhs living in the United States with largest populations living on the East and West Coasts together with smaller additional populations in Detroit Chicago and Austin The United States also has a number of non Punjabi converts to Sikhism Sikh men are typically identifiable by their unshorn beards and turbans head coverings articles of their faith Many organisations like World Sikh Organisation WSO Sikh Riders of America SikhNet Sikh Coalition SALDEF United Sikhs National Sikh Campaign continue to educate people about Sikhism There are many Gurudwaras Sikh temples present in all states of USA Jains Further information Jainism in the United States nbsp Das Lakshana Paryushana celebrations at the Jain Center of America Queens New York City the oldest Jain temple in the Western hemisphere 109 Adherents of Jainism first arrived in the United States in the 20th century The most significant time of Jain immigration was in the early 1970s citation needed The U S has since become the epicenter of the Jain diaspora Jains in America are also the highest socio economic earners of any other religion in the United States citation needed The Federation of Jain Associations in North America is an umbrella organization of local American and Canadian Jain congregations 110 Unlike India and United Kingdom the Jain community in United States doesn t find sectarian differences both Digambara and Svetambara share a common roof citation needed Muslims Further information Islam in the United States Hasan Minhaj Fareed Zakaria Aziz Ansari 111 and Pir Vilayat Inayat Khan 112 are few well known Indian American Muslims Indian Muslim Americans also congregate with other American Muslims including those from Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal Sri Lanka Bhutan and Myanmar when there are events particularly related to their faith and religious believes as the same can be applied for any other religious community but there are prominent organizations such as the Indian Muslim Council USA 113 Christians Further information Christianity in the United States There are many Indian Christian churches across the US India Pentecostal Church of God Assemblies of God in India Church of God Full Gospel in India Church of South India Church of North India Christhava Tamil Koil The Pentecostal Mission Sharon Pentecostal Church Independent Non Denominational Churches like Heavenly Feast Plymouth Brethren Saint Thomas Christians Syro Malabar Church Syro Malankara Catholic Church Chaldean Syrian Church Kanna Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Jacobite Syrian Christian Church CSI Syrian Christians Mar Thoma Syrian Church Pentecostal Syrian Christians 114 and St Thomas Evangelical Church of India 115 from Kerala have established their own places of worship across the United States 116 The website USIndian org has collected a comprehensive list of all the traditional St Thomas Christian Churches in the US 117 There are also Catholic Indians hailing originally from Goa Karnataka and Kerala who attend the same services as other American Catholics but may celebrate the feast of Saint Francis Xavier as a special event of their identity 118 119 120 The Indian Christian Americans have formed the Federation of Indian American Christian Organizations of North America FIACONA to represent a network of Indian Christian organizations in the US FIACONA estimates the Indian American Christian population to be 1 050 000 121 The Syro Malabar Church an Eastern Catholic Church native to India since the 1st century 122 established St Thomas Syro Malabar diocese of Chicago was established in the year 2001 123 St Thomas day is celebrated in this church on July 3 every year 124 Others The large Parsi and Irani community is represented by the Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America 125 Indian Jews are perhaps the smallest organized religious group among Indian Americans consisting of approximately 350 members in the US They form the Indian Jewish Congregation of USA with their headquarters in New York City 126 Deepavali Diwali Eid Ramadan as school holidays Momentum has been growing to recognize the Dharmic holy day Deepavali Diwali as a holiday on school district calendars in the New York City metropolitan area 127 128 New York City announced in October 2022 that Diwali would be an official school holiday commencing in 2023 129 Passaic New Jersey established Diwali as a school holiday in 2005 127 128 South Brunswick New Jersey in 2010 became the first of the many school districts with large Indian student populations in Middlesex County in New Jersey to add Diwali to the school calendar 128 Glen Rock New Jersey in February 2015 became the first municipality in Bergen County with its own burgeoning Indian population post 2010 130 131 to recognize Diwali as an annual school holiday 132 133 while thousands in Bergen County celebrated the first U S county wide Diwali Mela festival under a unified sponsorship banner in 2016 134 while Fair Lawn in Bergen County has celebrated an internationally prominent annual Holi celebration since 2022 135 136 137 Diwali Deepavali is also recognized by Monroe Township New Jersey Efforts have been undertaken in Millburn 127 Monroe Township West Windsor Plainsboro Bernards Township and North Brunswick New Jersey 128 Long Island as well as in New York City ultimately successfully 138 139 among other school districts in the metropolitan region to make Diwali a holiday on the school calendar According to the Star Ledger Edison New Jersey councilman Sudhanshu Prasad has noted parents engagement in making Deepavali a holiday there while in Jersey City the four schools with major Asian Indian populations mark the holiday by inviting parents to the school buildings for festivities 128 Mahatma Gandhi Elementary School is located in Passaic New Jersey 140 Efforts are also progressing toward making Diwali and Eid official holidays at all 24 school districts in Middlesex County 141 At least 12 school districts on Long Island closed for Diwali in 2022 142 and over 20 in New Jersey 143 In March 2015 New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio officially declared the Muslim holy days Eid al Fitr and Eid al Adha holidays on the school calendar 138 School districts in Paterson and South Brunswick New Jersey observe Ramadan 128 Ethnicity nbsp Nina Davuluri Miss America 2014 became the first contestant of Indian descent to win both Miss New York followed by the Miss America competition nbsp Political Commentator Dinesh D Souza who has authored multiple best selling novels and directed political documentary films Like the terms Asian American or South Asian American the term Indian American is also an umbrella label applying to a variety of views values lifestyles and appearances Although Asian Indian Americans retain a high ethnic identity they are known to assimilate into American culture while at the same time keeping the culture of their ancestors 144 Linguistic affiliation nbsp Kiran Desai winner of the 2006 Man Booker PrizeThe United States is home to various associations that promote Indian languages and cultures Some major organizations include Andhrapradesh American Association AAA American Telugu Association ATA Association of Kannada Kootas of America AKKA Federation of Kerala Associations in North America FOKANA Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America FeTNA North America Vishwa Kannada Association NAVIKA North American Bengali Conference NABC Telugu Association of North America TANA The Odisha Society of the Americas OSA Maharashtra Mandal MM ProgressTimeline 1600 Beginning of the East India Company 15 1635 An East Indian is documented present in Jamestown Virginia 145 16 1680 Due to anti miscegenation laws a mixed race girl born to an Indian father and an Irish mother is classified as mulatto and sold into slavery 15 1790 The first officially confirmed Indian immigrant arrives in the United States from Madras South India on a British ship 146 147 1899 1914 The first significant wave of Indian immigrants arrives in the United States mostly consisting of Sikh farmers and businessmen from the Punjab region of British India They arrive in Angel Island California via Hong Kong They start businesses including farms and lumber mills in California Oregon and Washington 1909 Bhicaji Balsara becomes the first known Indian born person to gain naturalised U S citizenship As a Parsi he was considered a pure member of the Persian sect and therefore a free White person The judge Emile Henry Lacombe of the Southern District of New York only gave Balsara citizenship on the hope that the United States attorney would indeed challenge his decision and appeal it to create an authoritative interpretation of the law The U S attorney adhered to Lacombe s wishes and took the matter to the Circuit Court of Appeals in 1910 The Circuit Court of Appeal agrees that Parsis are classified as white 33 1912 The first Sikh gurdwara opens in Stockton California 1913 A K Mozumdar becomes the second Indian born person to earn U S citizenship having convinced the Spokane district judge that he was Caucasian and met the requirements of naturalization law that restricted citizenship to free White persons In 1923 as a result of United States v Bhagat Singh Thind his citizenship was revoked 1914 Dhan Gopal Mukerji obtains a graduate degree from Stanford University studying also at University of California Berkeley and later goes on to win the Newbery Medal in 1928 and thus becomes the first successful India born man of letters in the United States as well as the first popular Indian writer in English 1917 The Barred Zone Act passes in Congress through two thirds majority overriding President Woodrow Wilson s earlier veto Asians including Indians are barred from entering the United States 1918 Due to anti miscegenation laws there was significant controversy in Arizona when an Indian farmer B K Singh married the sixteen year old daughter of one of his White American tenants 148 1918 Private Raghunath N Banawalkar is the first Indian American recruited into the U S Army on February 25 1918 and serves in the Sanitary Detachment of the 305th Infantry Regiment 77th Division American Expeditionary Forces in France Gassed while on active service in October 1918 and subsequently awarded Purple Heart medal 149 1918 Earliest record of LGBT Indian Americans Jamil Singh in Sacramento California 150 1922 Yellapragada Subbarao a Telugu from the state of Andhra Pradesh in Southern India arrived in Boston on October 26 1922 He discovered the role of phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate ATP in muscular activity which earned him an entry into biochemistry textbooks in the 1930s He obtained his Ph D the same year and went on to make other major discoveries including the synthesis of aminopterin later developed into methotrexate the first cancer chemotherapy 1923 In United States v Bhagat Singh Thind the Supreme Court unanimously rules that Indian people are aliens ineligible for United States citizenship Bhagat Singh Thind regained his citizenship years later in New York 151 1943 Republican Clare Boothe Luce and Democrat Emanuel Celler introduce a bill to open naturalization to Indian immigrants to the United States Prominent Americans Pearl Buck Louis Fischer Albert Einstein and Robert Millikan give their endorsement to the bill President Franklin D Roosevelt a Democrat also endorses the bill calling for an end to the statutory discrimination against the Indians 1946 President Harry S Truman signs into law the Luce Celler Act of 1946 returning the right to Indian Americans to immigrate to the United States and become naturalized citizens 1956 Dalip Singh Saund elected to the U S House of Representatives from California He was re elected to a second and third term winning over 60 of the vote He is also the first Asian immigrant from any country to be elected to Congress 1962 Zubin Mehta appointed music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic becoming the first person of Indian origin to become the principal conductor of a major American orchestra Subsequently he was appointed principal conductor of the New York Philharmonic 1964 Amar G Bose founded Bose Corporation He was the chairman primary stockholder and Technical Director at Bose Corporation He was former professor of electrical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1965 President Lyndon Johnson signs the INS Act of 1965 into law eliminating per country immigration quotas and introducing immigration on the basis of professional experience and education Satinder Mullick is one of the first to immigrate under the new law in November 1965 sponsored by Corning Glass Works 1968 Hargobind Khorana shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Marshall W Nirenberg and Robert W Holley for discovering the mechanisms by which RNA codes for the synthesis of proteins He was then on faculty at the University of Wisconsin Madison but later moved to MIT 1974 Mafat and Tulsi Patel open the first location of Patel Brothers on Devon Avenue in Chicago one of the first Indian grocery chains in America 1975 Launch of India West a leading newspaper covering issues of relevance to the Indian American community 1981 Suhas Patil founded Cirrus Logic one of the first fabless semiconductor companies 1982 Vinod Khosla co founded Sun Microsystems 1983 Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar won the Nobel Prize for Physics Asian Indian Women in America 152 attended the first White House Briefing for Asian American Women AAIWA formed in 1980 is the 1st Indian women s organization in North America 1985 Balu Natarajan becomes the first Indian American to win the Scripps National Spelling Bee 1987 President Ronald Reagan appoints Joy Cherian the first Indian Commissioner of the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EEOC 1988 Sanjay Mehrotra co founded SanDisk 1989 Launch of RBC Radio the first South Asian Indian radio station in the United States 153 1990 Shiva Subramanya an India born Nuclear Physicist and Space Scientist working at TRW Inc became the first South Asian and first Indian American to win the Medal of Merit the AFCEA s highest award for a civilian and one of the America s top defense award in recognition of his exceptional service to AFCEA and the fields of Command Control Communications Computers and Intelligence C4I 154 1994 Rajat Gupta elected managing director of McKinsey amp Company the first Indian born CEO of a multinational company 1994 Guitarist Kim Thayil of Indian origin wins Grammy award for his Indian inspired guitarwork on the album Superunknown by his band Soundgarden 1994 Raj Reddy received the ACM Turing Award with Edward Feigenbaum For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology 1996 Pradeep Sindhu founded Juniper Networks 1996 Rajat Gupta and Anil Kumar of McKinsey amp Company co found the Indian School of Business nbsp Kalpana Chawla 1997 Kalpana Chawla one of the six member crew of STS 87 mission becomes the first Indian American astronaut 1999 NASA names the third of its four Great Observatories Chandra X ray Observatory after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar the Indian born American astrophysicist and a Nobel laureate 1999 Filmmaker M Night Shyamalan enters film history with his film The Sixth Sense becoming one of the all time highest grossing films worldwide 1999 Rono Dutta becomes the president of United Airlines 2001 Professor Dipak C Jain born in Tezpur Assam India appointed as dean of the Kellogg School of Management Northwestern University 2002 Professor of statistics Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao is awarded National Medal of Science by President George W Bush 2005 Abhi Talwalkar becomes president and chief executive officer of LSI Corporation nbsp Indra Nooyi former chairman and chief executive officer of PepsiCo2006 Indra Nooyi born in Chennai India appointed as CEO of PepsiCo 2007 Bobby Jindal is elected governor of Louisiana and is the first person of Indian descent to be elected governor of an American state 2007 Renu Khator appointed to a dual role as chancellor of the University of Houston System and president of the University of Houston 2007 Francisco D Souza appointed as the president and CEO and of Cognizant Technology Solutions He is one of the youngest chief executive officers in the software services sector at the age 38 in the United States 2007 Vikram Pandit born in Nagpur Maharashtra India appointed as CEO of Citigroup He was previously the president and CEO of the Institutional Securities and Investment Banking Group at Morgan Stanley 2007 Shantanu Narayen appointed as CEO of Adobe Systems 2008 Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson appoints Neel Kashkari as the Interim U S Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability 2008 Raj Chetty appointed as professor of economics at Harvard University the age of 29 one of the youngest ever to receive tenure of professorship in the Department of Economics at Harvard 2008 Sanjay Jha appointed as Co CEO of Motorola Inc 2008 Establishment of the South Asian American Digital Archive SAADA to document the history of the South Asian American community 155 nbsp Satya Nadella CEO of Microsoft nbsp Sundar Pichai CEO of Google2009 President Barack Obama appoints Preet Bharara born in Firozpur India graduate of Harvard College Class of 1990 and Columbia Law School Class of 1993 as United States attorney for the Southern District of New York Manhattan Farah Pandith appointed as Special Representative to Muslim Communities for the United States Department of State 2009 President Barack Obama appoints Aneesh Paul Chopra as the first American Federal Chief Technology Officer of the United States CTO 2009 President Barack Obama appoints Eboo Patel and Anju Bhargava on President s Advisory Council on Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnerships 2009 President Barack Obama appoints Vinai Thummalapally as the U S Ambassador to Belize 2009 President Barack Obama nominates Rajiv Shah M D as the new head of United States Agency for International Development 2009 President Barack Obama nominates Islam A Siddiqui as the Chief Agricultural Negotiator in the Office of the U S Trade Representative 2010 President of Harvard University Catherine Drew Gilpin Faust appoints Nitin Nohria as the tenth dean of Harvard Business School 2010 President of University of Chicago Robert Zimmer appoints Sunil Kumar as the dean of University of Chicago Booth School of Business 2010 Deven Sharma appointed president of Standard amp Poor s 2010 Ajaypal Banga appointed president and CEO of MasterCard 2010 President Barack Obama nominates Subra Suresh Dean of Engineering at MIT as director of National Science Foundation 2010 Year marks the most candidates of Indian origin running for political offices in the United States including candidates such as Ami Bera 2010 State Representative Nikki Haley is elected Governor of South Carolina and becomes the first Indian American woman and second Indian American in general to serve as governor of a U S state 2011 Jamshed Bharucha named president of Cooper Union Previous to that he was appointed dean of the Faculty of Arts amp Sciences at Dartmouth College in 2001 the first Indian American dean at an Ivy League institution and Provost at Tufts University in 2002 156 2011 Satish K Tripathi appointed as President of University at Buffalo The State University of New York 2011 Rohit Gupta wins over 100 international awards and accolades for his films Life Camera Action and Another Day Another Life 2011 Bobby Jindal is re elected Governor of Louisiana 2012 Ami Bera is elected to the House of Representatives from California 2013 Vistap Karbhari appointed as president of University of Texas at Arlington 2013 Sri Srinivasan is confirmed as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 2013 Nina Davuluri wins Miss America 2014 2013 Arun M Kumar appointed as assistant secretary and director general of the U S and Foreign Commercial Service International Trade Administration in the Department of Commerce 157 2014 Satya Nadella appointed as CEO of Microsoft nbsp Vivek Murthy Surgeon General of U S former Vice Admiral of U S Health Corps2014 Vivek Murthy appointed as the nineteenth Surgeon General of the United States He returned to the role again in 2021 to serve as the twenty first Surgeon General 2014 Rakesh Khurana appointed as the dean of Harvard College the original founding college of Harvard University 2014 Manjul Bhargava wins Fields Medal in Mathematics 2015 Sundar Pichai appointed as the chairman and CEO of Google 2016 Pramila Jayapal Ro Khanna and Raja Krishnamoorthi are elected to the U S House of Representatives This puts the total number of people of Indian and South Asian origin in Congress at 5 the largest in history 2016 President Donald Trump nominates Seema Verma to lead the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Her nomination is confirmed in 2017 2017 Hasan Minhaj roasts President Donald Trump at the White House Correspondents Association Dinner becoming the first Indian American and Muslim American to perform at the event 2017 President Donald Trump nominates Ajit Pai as chairman of the Federal Communications Commission FCC nbsp Ajit Pai Former Chairman of the FCC Currently serves as a partner at Searchlight Capital2017 Balvir Singh was elected to the Burlington County Board of Chosen Freeholders New Jersey on November 7 2017 He became the first Asian American to win a countywide election in Burlington County and the first Sikh American to win a countywide election in New Jersey 158 2019 Seven out of the eight winners of the Scripps National Spelling Bee Saketh Sundar Abhijay Kodali Shruthika Padhy Sohum Sukhatankar Christopher Serrao Rohan Raja and Rishik Gandhasri are Indian Americans They have broken the spelling bee according to several experts and have dominated this American institution 159 2019 Lilly Singh became the first person of Indian descent to host an American major broadcast network late night talk show A Little Late with Lilly Singh 160 2019 Abhijit Banerjee is awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 161 162 2020 Kash Patel is named chief of staff to the Acting Defense Secretary Chris Miller 2020 Arvind Krishna appointed as the CEO of IBM 163 164 2021 Kamala Harris born to an Indian mother became the first woman and first Indian origin Vice President of the United States 165 2021 Anirudh Devgan appointed as the CEO and President of Cadence Design Systems 166 2021 Parag Agrawal appointed as the CEO of Twitter 167 2022 Laxman Narasimhan appointed CEO of Starbucks 168 2022 Shruti Miyashiro appointed as the President and CEO of Digital Federal Credit Union DCU 169 2022 Aruna Miller elected the first Asian American lieutenant governor of Maryland and first South Asian woman elected lieutenant governor in the U S 170 2023 Neal Mohan was appointed as the fourth CEO of YouTube 171 2023 World Bank board elects Ajay Banga as president 172 Classification Main article Racial classification of Indian Americans nbsp Kal Penn speaking at a rally for President Barack Obama at the University of Maryland s Nyumburu Cultural Center According to the official U S racial categories employed by the United States Census Bureau Office of Management and Budget and other U S government agencies American citizens or resident aliens who marked Asian Indian as their ancestry or wrote in a term that was automatically classified as an Asian Indian became classified as part of the Asian race at the 2000 Census 173 As with other modern official U S government racial categories the term Asian is in itself a broad and heterogeneous classification encompassing all peoples with origins in the original peoples of the Far East Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent In previous decades Indian Americans were also variously classified as White American the Hindu race and other 174 Even today where individual Indian Americans do not racially self identify and instead report Muslim Jewish and Zoroastrian as their race in the some other race section without noting their country of origin they are automatically tallied as white 175 This may result in the counting of persons such as Indian Muslims Indian Jews and Indian Zoroastrians as white if they solely report their religious heritage without their national origin Current issuesDiscrimination See also Stereotypes of South Asians In the 1980s a gang known as the Dotbusters specifically targeted Indian Americans in Jersey City New Jersey with violence and harassment 176 Studies of racial discrimination as well as stereotyping and scapegoating of Indian Americans have been conducted in recent years 177 In particular racial discrimination against Indian Americans in the workplace has been correlated with Indophobia due to the rise in outsourcing offshoring whereby Indian Americans are blamed for U S companies offshoring white collar labor to India 178 179 According to the offices of the Congressional Caucus on India many Indian Americans are severely concerned of a backlash though nothing serious has taken place 179 Due to various socio cultural reasons implicit racial discrimination against Indian Americans largely go unreported by the Indian American community 177 Numerous cases of religious stereotyping of American Hindus mainly of Indian origin have also been documented 180 Since the September 11 2001 attacks there have been scattered incidents of Indian Americans becoming mistaken targets for hate crimes In one example a Sikh Balbir Singh Sodhi was murdered at a Phoenix gas station by a white supremacist This happened after September 11 and the murderer claimed that his turban made him think that the victim was a Middle Eastern American 181 In another example a pizza deliverer was mugged and beaten in Massachusetts for being Muslim though the victim pleaded with the assailants that he was in fact a Hindu 182 In December 2012 an Indian American in New York City was pushed from behind onto the tracks at the 40th Street Lowery Street station in Sunnyside and killed 183 The police arrested a woman Erika Menendez who admitted to the act and justified it stating that she shoved him onto the tracks because she believed he was a Hindu or a Muslim and she wanted to retaliate for the attacks of September 11 2001 184 In 2004 New York Senator Hillary Clinton joked at a fundraising event with South Asians for Nancy Farmer that Mahatma Gandhi owned a gas station in downtown St Louis fueling the stereotype that gas stations are owned by Indians and other South Asians She clarified in the speech later that she was just joking but still received some criticism for the statement later on for which she apologized again 185 On April 5 2006 the Hindu Mandir of Minnesota was vandalized allegedly on the basis of religious discrimination 186 The vandals damaged temple property leading to 200 000 worth of damage 187 188 189 On August 11 2006 Senator George Allen allegedly referred to an opponent s political staffer of Indian ancestry as macaca and commenting Welcome to America to the real world of Virginia Some members of the Indian American community saw Allen s comments and the backlash that may have contributed to Allen losing his re election bid as demonstrative of the power of YouTube in the 21st century 190 In 2006 then Delaware Senator and current U S President Joe Biden was caught on microphone saying In Delaware the largest growth in population is Indian Americans moving from India You cannot go to a 7 Eleven or a Dunkin Donuts unless you have a slight Indian accent I m not joking 191 On August 5 2012 white supremacist Wade Michael Page shot eight people and killed six at a Sikh gurdwara in Oak Creek Wisconsin On February 22 2017 recent immigrants Srinivas Kuchibhotla and Alok Madasani were shot at a bar in Olathe Kansas by Adam Purinton a white American who mistook them for persons of Middle Eastern descent yelling get out of my country and terrorist Kuchibhotla died instantly while Madasani was injured but later recovered 192 Punjabi Sikh Americans in Indianapolis suffered many losses in their community on April 15 2021 during the Indianapolis FedEx shooting in which gunman Brandon Scott Hole with a currently unknown motive entered a FedEx warehouse and killed eight people half of whom were Sikh The Sikh victims were Jaswinder Singh Jasvinder Kaur Amarjit Sekhon and Amarjeet Johal 90 of the workers at the facility were Sikh according to some accounts 193 Another Sikh Taptejdeep Singh was one of the nine people killed in the San Jose shooting on May 26 2021 194 Immigration Indians are among the largest ethnic groups legally immigrating to the United States The immigration of Indians has taken place in several waves since the first Indian came to the United States in the 1700s A major wave of immigration to California from the region of Punjab took place in the first decade of the 20th century Another significant wave followed in the 1950s which mainly included students and professionals The elimination of immigration quotas in 1965 spurred successively larger waves of immigrants in the late 1970s and early 1980s With the technology boom of the 1990s the largest influx of Indians arrived between 1995 and 2000 This latter group has also caused surge in the application for various immigration benefits including applications for green card This has resulted in long waiting periods for people born in India from receiving these benefits As of 2012 over 330 000 Indians were on the visa wait list third only to Mexico and The Philippines 195 In December 2015 over 30 Indian students seeking admission in two U S universities Silicon Valley University and the Northwestern Polytechnic University were denied entry by Customs and Border Protection and were deported to India Conflicting reports suggested that the students were deported because of the controversies surrounding the above mentioned two universities However another report suggested that the students were deported as they had provided conflicting information at the time of their arrival in the U S to what was mentioned in their visa application According to the U S Government the deported persons had presented information to the border patrol agent which was inconsistent with their visa status read an advisory published by Ministry of External Affairs India which was published in the Hindustan Times 196 Following the incident the Indian government asked the U S government to honour the visas given by its embassies and consulates In response the United States embassy advised the students considering studying in the U S to seek assistance from Education USA 196 197 Citizenship Unlike many countries India does not allow dual citizenship 198 Consequently many Indian citizens residing in U S who do not want to lose their Indian nationality do not apply for American citizenship ex Raghuram Rajan 199 However many Indian Americans obtain Overseas Citizenship of India OCI status which allows them to live and work in India indefinitely Income disparities Although Indian Americans have the highest average and median household income of any demographic group in America there exist significant and severe income disparities among various communities of Indian Americans In Long Island the average family income of Indian Americans was roughly 273 000 while in Fresno the average family income of Indian Americans was only 24 000 an eleven fold difference 200 Illegal immigration See also Illegal immigration to the United States and Illegal immigration amongst Asian Americans In 2009 the Department of Homeland Security estimated that there were 200 000 Indian unauthorized immigrants they are the sixth largest nationality tied with Koreans of illegal immigrants behind Mexico El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and the Philippines 201 Indian Americans have had an increase in illegal immigration of 25 since 2000 202 203 In 2014 Pew Research Center estimated that there are 450 000 undocumented Indians in the United States 204 Media Main article List of Indian American mediaPoliticsSeveral groups have tried to create a voice for Indian Americans in political affairs including the United States India Political Action Committee and the Indian American Leadership Initiative as well as panethnic groups such as South Asian Americans Leading Together and Desis Rising Up and Moving 205 206 207 208 Additionally there are industry groups such as the Asian American Hotel Owners Association and the American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin A majority tend to identify as moderates and have voted for Democrats in recent elections In 2012 a poll from the National Asian American Survey reported that 68 of Indian Americans planned to vote for Barack Obama in the presidential election 209 Polls before the 2004 presidential election showed Indian Americans favoring Democratic candidate John Kerry over Republican George W Bush by a 53 to 14 margin with 30 undecided at the time 210 The Republican party has tried to target this community for political support 211 and in 2007 Republican Congressman Bobby Jindal became the first United States Governor of Indian descent when he was elected Governor of Louisiana 212 Nikki Haley also of Indian descent and a fellow Republican became Governor of South Carolina in 2010 Republican Neel Kashkari is also of Indian descent and ran for Governor of California in 2014 Raja Krishnamoorthi who is a lawyer engineer and community leader from Schaumburg Illinois has been the Congressman representing Illinois s 8th congressional district since 2017 213 Jenifer Rajkumar is a Lower Manhattan district leader and the first Indian American woman elected to the state legislature in New York history 214 In 2016 Kamala Harris the daughter of a Tamil Indian American mother Dr Shyamala Gopalan Harris and an Afro Jamaican American father Donald Harris 215 216 217 became the first Indian American 218 and second African American female to serve in the U S Senate 219 In 2020 she briefly ran for President of the United States and was later chosen as the Democratic Party s vice presidential nominee running alongside Joe Biden 220 Indian Americans have played a significant role in promoting better India United States relations turning the cold attitude of American legislators to a positive perception of India in the post Cold War era 221 nbsp Representative Ami Bera from California nbsp Ravinder Bhalla 39th Mayor of Hoboken New Jersey nbsp Preet Bharara served as the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York nbsp Representative Vin Gopal New Jersey s 11th legislative district nbsp Nikki Haley was the 29th United States Ambassador to the United Nations and 116th Governor of South Carolina nbsp Kamala Harris is the Vice President of the United States and was the first person of Indian descent elected to the United States Senate nbsp Bobby Jindal was the 58th Governor of Louisiana and a former representative nbsp Representative Pramila Jayapal from Washington nbsp Representative Ro Khanna from California nbsp Representative Raja Krishnamoorthi from Illinois nbsp New York Assembly Representative Jenifer Rajkumar of Queens nbsp Dalip Singh Saund was in 1956 the first Asian American Indian American and member of a non Abrahamic faith Sikhism to be elected to the United States Congress nbsp Representative Shri Thanedar from Michigan nbsp Sam Arora is a former Member of the Maryland House of Delegates nbsp Suhas Subramanyam is a Member of the Virginia House of DelegatesNotable peopleMain article List of Indian AmericansSee also nbsp United States portal nbsp India portalIndians in the New York City metropolitan area Indo Caribbean Americans Punjabi Mexican Americans South Asian Americans India United States relations Indian Canadians Indian diaspora Racial classification of Indian Americans Romani AmericansReferences 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in three phases the Early Movers 1965 1979 the Families 1980 1994 and the IT Generation 1995 onward Early Movers and the Families cohorts can be combined into a single group Settlers 1 0 1965 1994 composed primarily of Punjabis and Gujaratis and to a lesser extent Urdu and Malayalam speakers The IT Generation 1995 onward can be called Settlers 2 0 and they were primarily Telugus Tamils and Hindi speakers and to a lesser extent Kannadigas Marathis and Bengalis These two groups were distinguishable by age tenure in the United States educational attainment industry and occupation and income a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sanjoy Chakravorty Devesh Kapur and Nirvikar Singh January 20 2017 America s little Indias are high tech hubs working class neighborhoods and everything in between Retrieved June 2 2023 At the extremes such as Punjabis and Telugus the group outcomes were so different that one could argue they 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History 27 4 2008 71 99 online Archived April 11 2020 at the Wayback Machine Chakravorty Sanjoy Kapur Devesh Singh Nirvikar 2017 The Other One Percent Indians in America Oxford University Press ISBN 9780190648749 Joshi Khyati Y New Roots in America s Sacred Ground Religion Race and Ethnicity in Indian America Rutgers UP 2006 Khandelwal Madhulika S Becoming American Being Indian An Immigrant Community in New York City Cornell UP 2002 Maira Sunaina Marr Desis in the House Indian American Youth Culture in NYC Temple UP 2002 Min Pyong Gap and Young Oak Kim Ethnic and sub ethnic attachments among Chinese Korean and Indian immigrants in New York City Ethnic and Racial Studies 32 5 2009 758 780 Pavri Tinaz Asian Indian Americans Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America edited by Thomas Riggs 3rd ed vol 1 Gale 2014 pp 165 178 online Archived March 26 2021 at the Wayback Machine Rangaswamy Padma 2000 Namaste America Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis University Park Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 0 271 01981 6 Rudrappa Sharmila Ethnic Routes to Becoming American Indian Immigrants and the Cultures of Citizenship Rutgers UP 2004 Schlund Vials Cathy J Linda Trinh Vo and K Scott Wong eds Keywords for Asian American Studies NYU Press 2015 Shukla Sandhya India Abroad Diasporic Cultures of Postwar America and England Princeton UP 2003 Sohi Seema Echoes of Mutiny Race Surveillance and Indian Anticolonialism in North America 2014 excerpt Archived February 14 2016 at the Wayback Machine Takaki Ronald 1998 1989 Strangers from a Different Shore A History of Asian Americans Revised and updated ed New York Back Bay Books ISBN 978 0 316 83130 7 OCLC 80125499 Thernstrom Stephan Orlov Ann Handlin Oscar eds Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups Harvard University Press ISBN 0674375122 1980 pp 296 301 available to borrow onlineExternal linksThe American Institute of India Studies AIIS Madhusudan and Kiran C Dhar India Studies Program at Indiana University 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