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South Dakota

January 15, 2023

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see South Dakota (disambiguation).

South Dakota (/- dəˈkoʊtə/ (listen); Sioux: Dakȟóta itókaga, pronounced [daˈkˣota iˈtokaga]) is a U.S. state in the North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who comprise a large portion of the population with nine reservations currently in the state and have historically dominated the territory. South Dakota is the seventeenth largest by area, but the 5th least populous, and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. As the southern part of the former Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with North Dakota. They are the 39th and 40th states admitted to the union; President Benjamin Harrison shuffled the statehood papers before signing them so that no one could tell which became a state first.[10] Pierre is the state capital, and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 192,200,[11] is South Dakota's largest city.[12]

South Dakota
State
State of South Dakota
Flag
Seal
Nickname: 
The Mount Rushmore State (official)
Motto: 
Under God the People Rule
Anthem: "Hail, South Dakota!"
Map of the United States with South Dakota highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodDakota Territory
Admitted to the UnionNovember 2, 1889 (40th)
CapitalPierre
Largest citySioux Falls
Largest metro and urban areasSioux Falls
Government
 • GovernorKristi Noem (R)
 • Lieutenant GovernorLarry Rhoden (R)
LegislatureSouth Dakota Legislature
 • Upper houseSenate
 • Lower houseHouse of Representatives
JudiciarySouth Dakota Supreme Court
U.S. senatorsJohn Thune (R)
Mike Rounds (R)
U.S. House delegationDusty Johnson (R) (list)
Area
 • Total77,116[1] sq mi (199,729 km2)
 • Land75,811 sq mi (196,350 km2)
 • Water1,305 sq mi (3,379 km2)  1.7%
 • Rank17th
Dimensions
 • Length380 mi (610 km)
 • Width210 mi (340 km)
Elevation
2,200 ft (670 m)
Highest elevation
(Black Elk Peak[2][3][4])
7,244 ft (2,208 m)
Lowest elevation
(Big Stone Lake on Minnesota border[3][4])
968 ft (295 m)
Population
 (2022)
 • Total909,824
 • Rank46th
 • Density11.50/sq mi (4.44/km2)
  • Rank46th
 • Median household income
$56,521[5]
 • Income rank
33rd
DemonymSouth Dakotan
Language
 • Official languageEnglish, O'ceti Sakowin[6]
 • Spoken languageEnglish, Spanish (2.06%), Dakota[7][8] (1.39%), German (1.37%)[9]
Time zones
eastern halfUTC−06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (CDT)
western halfUTC−07:00 (Mountain)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)
USPS abbreviation
SD
ISO 3166 codeUS-SD
Traditional abbreviationS.D., S.Dak.
Latitude42°29′ N to 45°56′ N
Longitude96°26′ W to 104°03′ W
Websitesd.gov

South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota (to the north), Minnesota (to the east), Iowa (to the southeast), Nebraska (to the south), Wyoming (to the west), and Montana (to the northwest). The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as "East River" and "West River".[13]

Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state's population, and the area's fertile soil is used to grow a variety of crops. West of the Missouri River, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are in West River. The Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, is in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is there. South Dakota has a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The state's ecology features species typical of a North American grassland biome.

Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century. In the late 19th century, European-American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east. Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars, ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression, increased federal spending during the 1940s and 1950s for agriculture and defense, and an industrialization of agriculture that has reduced family farming.

While several Democrats have represented South Dakota for multiple terms in both chambers of Congress, the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party, whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 13 presidential elections. Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle, South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in other areas to both attract and retain residents. South Dakota's history and rural character still strongly influence the state's culture.

History

Main article: History of South Dakota
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of South Dakota.

Humans have lived in what is today South Dakota for several thousand years. The first inhabitants were Paleoindian hunter-gatherers, and disappeared from the area around 5000 BC.[14] Between 500 AD and 800 AD, a semi-nomadic people known as the Mound Builders lived in central and eastern South Dakota. In the 14th century, the Crow Creek Massacre occurred, in which several hundred men, women, and children were killed near the Missouri River.[15]

By 1500, the Arikara (or Ree) had settled in much of the Missouri River valley.[16] European contact with the area began in 1743, when the LaVérendrye brothers explored the region. The LaVérendrye group buried a plate near the site of modern-day Pierre, claiming the region for France as part of greater Louisiana.[17] In 1762 the entire region became part of the Spanish Louisiana until 1802.[18][19] By the early 19th century, the Sioux had largely replaced the Arikara as the dominant group in the area.[20]

In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory, an area that included most of South Dakota, from Napoleon Bonaparte, and President Thomas Jefferson organized the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the region.[21] In 1817, an American fur trading post was set up at present-day Fort Pierre, beginning continuous American settlement of the area.[22] In 1855, the U.S. Army bought Fort Pierre but abandoned it in 1857 in favor of Fort Randall to the south.[22] Settlement by Americans and Europeans was by this time increasing rapidly, and in 1858 the Yankton Sioux signed the 1858 Treaty, ceding most of present-day eastern South Dakota to the United States.[23]

 
Deadwood, like many other Black Hills towns, was founded after the discovery of gold.

Land speculators founded two of eastern South Dakota's largest present-day cities: Sioux Falls in 1856 and Yankton in 1859.[24] In 1861, the Dakota Territory was established by the United States government (this initially included North Dakota, South Dakota, and parts of Montana and Wyoming).[25] Settlement of the area, mostly by people from the eastern United States as well as western and northern Europe, increased rapidly,[26] especially after the completion of an eastern railway link to Yankton in 1873.[27]

In 1874, gold was discovered in the Black Hills during a military expedition led by George A. Custer[28][29] and miners and explorers began illegally entering land promised to the Lakota. Custer's expedition took place despite the fact that the Sioux had been granted the entire western half of present-day South Dakota (West River) in 1868 by the Treaty of Laramie as part of the Great Sioux Reservation.[30] The Sioux declined to grant mining rights or land in the Black Hills, and war broke out after the U.S. failed to stop white miners and settlers from entering the region.[31] Eventually the U.S. won and broke up the Great Sioux Reservation into five reservations, settling the Lakota there.[22] In 1980 the Supreme Court and Congress ordered compensation but the Lakota still refuse to accept it, insisting on return of their land.[32]

 
A harvest in South Dakota, 1898

A growing population in the Dakota Territory caused political dissatisfaction between northern and southern territory residents, with the southern half being always more populated. Following the territorial capital being moved from Yankton to Bismarck in the northern part, calls for dividing the territory increased. Eventually, in 1887 general election, Dakota Territory residents voted for the division, so it was divided in half and President Benjamin Harrison signed proclamations formally admitting South Dakota and North Dakota to the union on November 2, 1889.[33][34][35][36] Harrison had the papers shuffled to obscure which one was signed first and the order went unrecorded.[36][37]

On December 29, 1890, the Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Commonly cited as the last major armed conflict between the United States and the Lakota Sioux Nation, the massacre resulted in the deaths of at least 146 Sioux, many of them women and children.[38] 31 U.S. soldiers were also killed in the conflict.[38]

 
A South Dakota farm during the Dust Bowl, 1936. Normal tilling practices turn South Dakota's fragile soil into a fine, loose powder that blows away, and sometimes covered vehicles, equipment, and buildings with dust during the Dust Bowl.[39]

During the 1930s, several economic and climatic conditions combined with disastrous results for South Dakota. A lack of rainfall, extremely high temperatures and inappropriate cultivation techniques produced what was known as the Dust Bowl in South Dakota and several other plains states. Fertile topsoil was blown away in massive dust storms, and several harvests were completely ruined.[40] The experiences of the Dust Bowl, coupled with local bank foreclosures and the general economic effects of the Great Depression, resulted in many South Dakotans leaving the state. The population of South Dakota declined by more than 7% between 1930 and 1940.[41]

Economic stability returned with the U.S. entry into World War II in 1941, when demand for the state's agricultural and industrial products grew as the nation mobilized for war.[42] In 1944, the Pick–Sloan Plan was passed as part of the Flood Control Act of 1944 by the U.S. Congress, resulting in the construction of six large dams on the Missouri River, four of which are at least partially in South Dakota.[43] Flood control, hydroelectricity, and recreational opportunities such as boating and fishing are provided by the dams and their reservoirs.[43]

In recent decades, South Dakota has been transformed from a state dominated by agriculture to one with a more diversified economy. The tourism industry has grown considerably since the mid-twentieth century, with the Black Hills becoming more important as a destination. The financial service industry began to grow in the state as well, with Citibank moving its credit card operations from New York to Sioux Falls in 1981, a move that has been followed by several other financial companies. South Dakota was the first state to eliminate caps on interest rates.[44]

In 2007, the site of the recently closed Homestake gold mine near Lead was chosen as the location of a new underground research facility, the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory.[45] Despite a growing state population and recent economic development, many rural areas have been struggling over the past 50 years with locally declining populations and the emigration of educated young adults to larger South Dakota cities, such as Rapid City or Sioux Falls, or to other states.[46] Mechanization and consolidation of agriculture has contributed greatly to the declining number of smaller family farms and the resulting economic and demographic challenges facing rural towns.[47] However, the state often ranks highly for its way of life, and Gallup's well-being index in 2018 named South Dakota the happiest, healthiest state in the United States.[48]

Geography

Main article: Geography of South Dakota
 
Terrain and primary geographic features of South Dakota

South Dakota is in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau;[49] it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest.[13][50] South Dakota has a total area of 77,116 square miles (199,730 km2), making the state the 17th largest in the Union.[1]

Black Elk Peak, formerly named Harney Peak, with an elevation of 7,242 ft (2,207 m), is the state's highest point, while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest, with an elevation of 966 ft (294 m).[3] South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota; to the south by Nebraska; to the east by Iowa and Minnesota; and to the west by Wyoming and Montana. The geographical center of the U.S. is 17 miles (27 km) west of Castle Rock in Butte County.[3] The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is between Allen and Kyle, 1,024 mi (1,648 km) from the nearest coastline.[51]

The Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux, and White Rivers. Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes, mostly created by periods of glaciation.[52] Additionally, dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs: Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, and Lewis and Clark Lake.[53]

Regions and geology

South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions: eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills.[54] The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic, social, and political differences between eastern and western South Dakota. The geography of the Black Hills, long considered sacred by Native Americans, differs from its surroundings to such an extent it can be considered separate from the rest of western South Dakota. At times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota, and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River.[13][50]

Eastern South Dakota generally features higher precipitation and lower topography than the western part of the state. Smaller geographic regions of this area include the Coteau des Prairies, the Dissected Till Plains, and the James River Valley. The Coteau des Prairies is a plateau bordered on the east by the Minnesota River Valley and on the west by the James River Basin.[52] Further west, the James River Basin is mostly low, flat, highly eroded land, following the flow of the James River through South Dakota from north to south.[55] The Dissected Till Plains, an area of rolling hills and fertile soil that covers much of Iowa and Nebraska, extends into the southeastern corner of South Dakota. Layers deposited during the Pleistocene epoch, starting around two million years ago, cover most of eastern South Dakota.[56] These are the youngest rock and sediment layers in the state, the product of several successive periods of glaciation which deposited a large amount of rocks and soil, known as till, over the area.[57]

The Great Plains cover most of the western two-thirds of South Dakota. West of the Missouri River the landscape becomes more arid and rugged, consisting of rolling hills, plains, ravines, and steep flat-topped hills called buttes.[58] In the south, east of the Black Hills, lie the South Dakota Badlands. Erosion from the Black Hills, marine skeletons which fell to the bottom of a large shallow sea that once covered the area, and volcanic material all contribute to the geology of this area.[56][59][60]

 
The Black Hills, a low mountain range, is located in Southwestern South Dakota.

The Black Hills are in the southwestern part of South Dakota and extend into Wyoming. This range of low mountains covers 6,000 sq mi (16,000 km2), with peaks that rise from 2,000 to 4,000 feet (600 to 1,200 m) above their bases. The Black Hills are the location of Black Elk Peak (7,242 ft or 2,207 m above sea level), the highest point in South Dakota and also the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.[3] Two-billion-year-old Precambrian formations, the oldest rocks in the state, form the central core of the Black Hills.[56][61] Formations from the Paleozoic Era form the outer ring of the Black Hills;[62] these were created between roughly 540 and 250 million years ago. This area features rocks such as limestone, which were deposited here when the area formed the shoreline of an ancient inland sea.[62]

Ecology

 
Much of western South Dakota is covered by buttes.

Much of South Dakota (except for the Black Hills area) is dominated by a temperate grassland biome.[63] Although grasses and crops cover most of this region, deciduous trees such as cottonwoods, elms, and willows are common near rivers and in shelter belts.[64]Mammals in this area include bison, deer, pronghorn, coyotes, and prairie dogs.[65] The state bird, the ring-necked pheasant, has adapted well to the area after being introduced from China.[66] Growing populations of bald eagles are spread throughout the state, especially near the Missouri River.[67] Rivers and lakes of the grasslands support populations of walleye, carp, pike, bass, and other species.[65] The Missouri River also contains the pre-historic paddlefish.[68]

Due to a higher elevation and level of precipitation, the Black Hills ecology differs significantly from that of the plains.[69] The mountains are thickly blanketed by various types of pines, including ponderosa and lodgepole pines, as well as spruces.[70] Black Hills mammals include deer, elk (wapiti), bighorn sheep, mountain goats, pine marten, and mountain lions, while the streams and lakes contain several species of trout.[70][71][72]

Climate

See also: Climate change in South Dakota
 
Köppen climate types in South Dakota

South Dakota has a continental climate with four distinct seasons, ranging from cold, dry winters to warm and semi-humid summers. During the summers, the state's average high temperature is often close to 90 °F (32 °C), although it cools to near 60 °F (16 °C) at night. It is not unusual for South Dakota to have severe hot, dry spells in the summer with the temperature climbing above 100 °F (38 °C) several times a year.[73] Winters are cold with January high temperatures averaging below freezing and low temperatures averaging below 10 °F (−12 °C) in most of the state. The highest recorded temperature is 120 °F (49 °C) at Usta on July 15, 2006[74] and the lowest recorded temperature is −58 °F (−50 °C) at McIntosh on February 17, 1936.[75]

Average annual precipitation in South Dakota ranges from semi-arid conditions in the northwestern part of the state (around 15 inches or 380 mm) to semi-humid around the southeast portion of the state (around 25 inches or 640 mm),[73] although a small area centered on Lead in the Black Hills has the highest precipitation at nearly 30 inches (760 mm) per year.[76]

South Dakota summers bring frequent, sometimes severe, thunderstorms with high winds, thunder, and hail. The state's eastern part is often considered part of Tornado Alley,[77] and South Dakota experiences an average of 30 tornadoes each year.[78] Severe blizzards and ice storms often occur during winter.

Average daily high and low temperatures in °F (°C) for locations in South Dakota,
colored and sortable by average monthly temperature
Place Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Aberdeen[79] 24 / 6
(−4 / −14) 		29 / 11
(−2 / −12) 		42 / 23
(6 / −5) 		59 / 35
(15 / 2) 		70 / 47
(21 / 8) 		79 / 57
(26 / 14) 		84 / 61
(29 / 16) 		82 / 58
(28 / 14) 		73 / 49
(23 / 9) 		58 / 36
(14 / 2) 		41 / 22
(5 / −6) 		27 / 10
(−3 / −12)
Huron[80] 27 / 9
(−3 / −13) 		32 / 14
(0 / −10) 		45 / 25
(7 / −4) 		60 / 37
(16 / 3) 		71 / 48
(22 / 9) 		80 / 58
(27 / 14) 		86 / 63
(30 / 17) 		83 / 61
(28 / 16) 		75 / 51
(24 / 11) 		60 / 51
(16 / 11) 		43 / 25
(6 / −4) 		30 / 13
(−1 / −11)
Rapid City[81] 37 / 18
(3 / −8) 		40 / 20
(4 / −7) 		49 / 27
(9 / −3) 		59 / 36
(15 / 2) 		68 / 46
(20 / 8) 		78 / 55
(26 / 13) 		86 / 61
(30 / 16) 		85 / 60
(29 / 16) 		75 / 50
(24 / 10) 		61 / 39
(16 / 4) 		47 / 28
(8 / −2) 		37 / 19
(3 / −7)
Sioux Falls[82] 27 / 10
(−3 / −12) 		32 / 15
(0 / −9) 		45 / 26
(7 / −3) 		60 / 38
(16 / 3) 		71 / 49
(22 / 9) 		80 / 59
(27 / 15) 		84 / 64
(29 / 18) 		81 / 61
(27 / 16) 		74 / 52
(23 / 11) 		60 / 39
(16 / 4) 		43 / 26
(6 / −3) 		30 / 14
(−1 / −10)

National parks and monuments

 
Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills

South Dakota has several sites administered by the National Park Service. Two national parks have been established in the state, both in its southwestern region. Wind Cave National Park, established in 1903 in the Black Hills, has an extensive cave network and is home to a large herd of bison.[83] Badlands National Park was established in 1978,[84] and features an eroded, brightly colored landscape surrounded by semi-arid grasslands.[85] Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills was established in 1925. The sculpture of four U.S. Presidents was carved into the mountainside by sculptor Gutzon Borglum.[86]

Other areas managed by the National Park Service include Jewel Cave National Monument near Custer, the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, which features a decommissioned nuclear missile silo and a separate missile control area several miles away, and the Missouri National Recreational River.[87] The Crazy Horse Memorial is a large mountainside sculpture near Mount Rushmore being built using private funds.[88] The Mammoth Site near Hot Springs is another privately owned attraction in the Black Hills. It is a working paleontological dig and has one of the world's largest concentrations of mammoth remains.[89]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of South Dakota
 
South Dakota population density map
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18604,837—
187011,776143.5%
188098,268734.5%
1890348,600254.7%
1900401,57015.2%
1910583,88845.4%
1920636,5479.0%
1930692,8498.8%
1940642,961−7.2%
1950652,7401.5%
1960680,5144.3%
1970665,507−2.2%
1980690,7683.8%
1990696,0040.8%
2000754,8448.5%
2010814,1807.9%
2020886,6678.9%
2022 (est.)909,8242.6%
Source: 1910–2020[90]

Population

At the 2022 estimate South Dakota's population was 909,824 on July 1, 2022, a 2.61% increase since the 2020 United States census.[91]

7.3% of South Dakota's population was reported as under 5, 24% under 18, and 14.3% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.2% of the population. As of the 2000 census, South Dakota ranked fifth-lowest in the nation in population and population density, only North Dakota, Alaska, Vermont, and Wyoming have fewer residents.

Of the people residing in South Dakota, 65.7% were born in South Dakota, 31.4% were born in another U.S. state, 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 2.3% were born in another country.[92]

The center of population of South Dakota is in Buffalo County, in the unincorporated county seat of Gann Valley.[93]

Ethnicity

According to the 2010 census, the racial composition of the population was:

Ethnically, 2.7% of South Dakota's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race).

South Dakota racial breakdown of population
Racial composition 1990[94] 2000[95] 2010[96]
White 91.6% 88.7% 85.7%
Native 7.3% 8.2% 8.8%
African American 0.5% 0.6% 1.3%
Asian 0.4% 0.6% 0.9%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander		 – – 0.1%
Other race 0.2% 0.5% 0.9%
Two or more races – 1.4% 2.1%
 
Map of counties in South Dakota by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
Legend

As of 2011, 25.4% of South Dakota's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.[97]

As of 2000, the five largest ancestry groups in South Dakota are German (40.7%), Norwegian (15.3%), Irish (10.4%), Native American (8.3%), and English (7.1%).[98]

German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most parts of the state, especially in East River (east of the Missouri River), although there are also large Scandinavian-descended populations in some counties. South Dakota has the nation's largest population of Hutterites,[99] a communal Anabaptist group which emigrated in 1874 from German-speaking villages in what today is Ukraine but at that time was part of the Russian Empire.

 
Indian reservations in South Dakota

American Indians, largely Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota (Sioux), are predominant in several counties and constitute 20 percent of the population in West River. The seven large Indian reservations in the state occupy an area much diminished from their former Great Sioux Reservation of West River, which the federal government had once allocated to the Sioux tribes. South Dakota has the third-highest proportion of Native Americans of any state, behind Alaska and New Mexico.[100]

Five of the state's counties are wholly within the boundaries of sovereign Indian reservations.[101] Because of the limitations of climate and land, and isolation from urban areas with more employment opportunities, living standards on many South Dakota reservations are often far below the national average; Ziebach County ranked as the poorest county in the nation in 2009.[102] The unemployment rate in Fort Thompson, on the Crow Creek Reservation, is 70%, and 21% of households lack plumbing or basic kitchen appliances.[103] A 1995 study by the U.S. Census Bureau found 58% of homes on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation did not have a telephone.[104] The reservations' isolation also inhibits their ability to generate revenue from gaming casinos, an avenue that has proved profitable for many tribes closer to urban centers.

Languages

In 1995 the legislature passed a law to make English the "common language" of the state.[105] Since 2019, "the language of the Great Sioux Nation, comprised of three dialects, Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota" is the official indigenous language.[106][6] As of the 2000 census, 1.90% of the population age 5 or older speak German at home, while 1.51% speak Lakota or Dakota, and 1.43% Spanish.[107] As of 2010, 93.46% (692,504) of South Dakota residents age 5 and older spoke English as their primary language. 6.54% of the population spoke a language other than English. 2.06% (15,292) of the population spoke Spanish, 1.39% (10,282) spoke Dakota, and 1.37% (10,140) spoke German. Other languages spoken included Vietnamese (0.16%), Chinese (0.12%), and Russian (0.10%).[108]

Growth and rural flight

Over the last several decades, the population in many rural areas has declined in South Dakota, in common with other Great Plains states. The change has been characterized as "rural flight" as family farming has declined. Young people have moved to cities for other employment. This trend has continued in recent years, with 30 of South Dakota's counties losing population between the 1990 and the 2000 census.[109] During that time, nine counties had a population loss of greater than 10%, with Harding County, in the northwest corner of the state, losing nearly 19% of its population.[109] Low birth rates and a lack of younger immigration has caused the median age of many of these counties to increase. In 24 counties, at least 20% of the population is over the age of 65,[110] compared with a national rate of 12.8%.

The effect of rural flight has not been spread evenly through South Dakota, however. Although most rural counties and small towns have lost population, the Sioux Falls area, the larger counties along Interstate 29, the Black Hills, and many Indian reservations have all gained population.[109] As the reservations have exercised more sovereignty, some Sioux have returned to them from urban areas. Lincoln County near Sioux Falls was the seventh fastest-growing county (by percentage) in the United States in 2010.[111] The growth in these areas has compensated for losses in the rest of the state.[109] South Dakota's total population continues to increase steadily, albeit at a slower rate than the national average.

Religion

Religion in South Dakota (2020)
religion percent
Protestantism
 
 50%
Catholicism
 
 20%
Unaffiliated
 
 22%
Hinduism
 
 2%
Mormonism
 
 2%
Buddhism
 
 1%
 
East Side Lutheran Church, Sioux Falls

According to the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, 73% of the adult population were Christian.[112] Per the Pew Research Center's separate 2014 study, the largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of South Dakota's population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 22 percent, Evangelical Protestants with 25 percent, and Mainline Protestants with 32 percent. Together, all kinds of Protestants accounted for 57 percent. Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 18 percent of the population. The breakdown of other religions is <1% Muslim, <1% Hindu and 1% Buddhist.[113] The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 148,883 members; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) with 112,649 members; and the United Methodist Church (UMC) with 36,020 members.[114] (The ELCA and UMC are specific denominations within the broader terms 'Lutheran' and 'Methodist', respectively.)

Economy

See also: South Dakota locations by per capita income and List of power stations in South Dakota
 
A B-1B Lancer lifts off from Ellsworth Air Force Base, one of South Dakota's largest employers

The current-dollar gross state product of South Dakota was $39.8 billion as of 2010, the fifth-smallest total state output in the U.S.[115] The per capita personal income was $38,865 in 2010, ranked 25th in the U.S.,[116] and 12.5% of the population was below the poverty line in 2008.[117] CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2010" has recognized South Dakota as the seventh best state in the nation.[118] In July 2011, the state's unemployment rate was 4.7%.[119]

The service industry is the largest economic contributor in South Dakota. This sector includes the retail, finance, and health care industries. Citibank, which was at one time the largest bank holding company in the United States, established national banking operations in South Dakota in 1981 to take advantage of favorable banking regulations.[44] Government spending is another important segment of the state's economy, providing over ten percent of the gross state product. Ellsworth Air Force Base, near Rapid City, is the second-largest single employer in the state.[120]

Agriculture has historically been a key component of the South Dakota economy. Although other industries have expanded rapidly in recent decades, agricultural production is still very important to the state's economy, especially in rural areas. The five most valuable agricultural products in South Dakota are cattle, corn (maize), soybeans, wheat, and hogs.[121] Agriculture-related industries such as meat packing and ethanol production also have a considerable economic impact on the state. South Dakota is the sixth leading ethanol-producing state in the nation.[122]

Another important sector in South Dakota's economy is tourism. Many travel to view the attractions of the state, particularly those in the Black Hills region, such as historic Deadwood, Mount Rushmore, and the nearby state and national parks. One of the largest tourist events in the state is the annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. The five-day event drew over 739,000 attendees in 2015; significant considering the state has a total population of 850,000.[123] In 2006, tourism provided an estimated 33,000 jobs in the state and contributed over two billion dollars to the economy of South Dakota.[124]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in South Dakota
See also: List of South Dakota railroads and List of South Dakota numbered highways
 
Beaver Creek Bridge in Wind Cave National Park

South Dakota has 83,609 miles (134,556 km) of highways, roads, and streets, along with 679 miles (1,093 km) of interstate highways.[125] Two major interstates pass through South Dakota: Interstate 90, which runs east and west through the southern half of the state; and Interstate 29, running north and south in the eastern portion of the state. The I-29 corridor features generally higher rates of population and economic growth than areas in eastern South Dakota further from the interstate.[109]

Also in the state are the shorter Interstates 190, a spur into central Rapid City, and 229, a loop around southern and eastern Sioux Falls. Several major U.S. highways pass through the state. U.S. routes 12, 14, 16, 18 and 212 travel east and west, while U.S. routes 81, 83, 85 and 281 run north and south. South Dakota and Montana are the only states sharing a land border that is not traversed by a paved road.

South Dakota contains two National Scenic Byways. The Peter Norbeck National Scenic Byway is in the Black Hills, while the Native American Scenic Byway runs along the Missouri River in the north-central part of the state.[126] Other scenic byways include the Badlands Loop Scenic Byway, the Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway, and the Wildlife Loop Road Scenic Byway.

Railroads have played an important role in South Dakota transportation since the mid-19th century. Some 4,420 miles (7,110 km) of railroad track were built in South Dakota during the late 19th century and early 20th century,[127] but only 1,839 miles (2,960 km) are active.[128] BNSF Railway is the largest railroad in South Dakota; the Rapid City, Pierre and Eastern Railroad (formerly the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern) is the state's other major carrier.[128] Other state carriers include Dakota Southern Railway, Dakota and Iowa Railroad, Ellis and Eastern Railroad, Sunflour Railroad, Canadian Pacific Railway, and the Sisseton Milbank Railroad. Rail transportation in the state is mostly freight, but there are two passenger heritage railroads: the Black Hills Central and the Prairie Village, Herman, and Milwaukee. However, South Dakota is one of the two contiguous states that lack Amtrak service. (South Dakota is the only contiguous state that never had Amtrak—Wyoming used to be served by the San Francisco Zephyr and the Pioneer.)[129]

South Dakota's largest commercial airports in terms of passenger traffic are the Sioux Falls Regional Airport and Rapid City Regional Airport. Delta Air Lines, Frontier Airlines, and Allegiant Airlines, as well as commuter airlines using the brand affiliation with major airlines serve the two largest airports. Several other cities in the state also have commercial air service: Aberdeen Regional Airport, Pierre Regional Airport, and Watertown Regional Airport, some of which are subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.[130]

Public transit played a large role in the development of cities in South Dakota. There were seven cities with a streetcar system in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, however, all of these were discontinued over time. Today, only three fixed route public transit systems exist in the state, those being in Sioux Falls, Rapid City and on the Yankton Reservation.

Government and politics

Main article: Government of South Dakota

Government

See also: Governor of South Dakota, South Dakota Legislature, and South Dakota Supreme Court

Like other U.S. states, the structure of the government of South Dakota follows the same separation of powers as the federal government, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The structure of the state government is laid out in the Constitution of South Dakota, the highest law in the state. The constitution may be amended by a majority vote of both houses of the legislature, or by voter initiative.[131]

The Governor of South Dakota occupies the executive branch of the state government.[132] The current governor is Kristi Noem, a Republican. The state constitution gives the governor the power to sign into law or veto bills passed by the state legislature, to serve as commander-in-chief of the South Dakota National Guard, to appoint a cabinet, and to commute criminal sentences or to pardon those convicted of crimes.[133][134] The governor serves for a four-year term, and may not serve more than two consecutive terms.[135]

The state legislature is made up of two bodies, the Senate, which has 35 members, and the House of Representatives, with 70 members. South Dakota is divided into 35 legislative districts,[136] with voters electing two representatives and one senator per district.[136] The legislature meets for an annual session which begins on the second Tuesday in January and lasts for 30 days; it also meets if a special session is called by the governor.[136]

The judicial branch is made up of several levels. The state supreme court, with four justices and a chief justice, is the highest court in the state.[137] Below the supreme court are the circuit courts; 41 circuit judges serve in seven judicial circuits in the state.[137] Below the circuit courts are the magistrate courts, which deal with lesser criminal and civil actions.[137]

State taxes

As of 2005, South Dakota has the lowest per capita total state tax rate in the United States.[138] The state does not levy personal or corporate income taxes,[139] inheritance taxes,[140] or taxes on intangible personal property. The state sales tax rate is 4.5 percent.[141] Various localities have local levies so in some areas the rate is six percent. The state sales tax does not apply to sales to Indians on Indian reservations, but many reservations have a compact with the state. Businesses on the reservation collect the tax and the state refunds to the Indian Tribes the percentage of sales tax collections relating to the ratio of Indian population to total population in the county or area affected. Ad valorem property taxes are local taxes and are a large source of funding for school systems, counties, municipalities and other local government units. The South Dakota Special Tax Division regulates some taxes including cigarette and alcohol-related taxes.[142]

Federal representation

See also: List of United States Senators from South Dakota and List of United States Representatives from South Dakota

South Dakota is represented at the federal level by Senator John Thune, Senator Mike Rounds, and Representative Dusty Johnson. All three are Republicans. South Dakota is one of seven states with only one seat in the U.S. House of Representatives.[143] In United States presidential elections, South Dakota is allotted three of 538 votes in the Electoral College.[144] As in all other states except Maine and neighboring Nebraska, South Dakota's electoral votes are granted in a winner-take-all system.[145]

Politics

See also: Political party strength in South Dakota
 
Congressional delegation in 2015: (from left) Senator Mike Rounds, Senator John Thune, and Representative Kristi Noem.
Voter registration as of October 1, 2022[146]
Party Total voters Percentage
Republican 293,885 49.60%
Democratic 150,919 25.47%
Nonpartisan/Independent 143,595 24.23%
Libertarian 2,759 0.46%
Minor parties 1,384 0.23%
Total 592,542 100%

South Dakota politics are generally dominated by the Republican Party. Since statehood, Republicans have carried the state's electoral votes in all but five presidential elections: 1896, 1912 (by Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party), 1932, 1936 and 1964. (Democrat George McGovern—a native South Dakotan—failed to carry his home state in 1972.) Only Alaska has been carried fewer times by a Democrat.[147][148] Additionally, a Democrat has not won the governorship since 1974. As of 2016, Republicans hold a 15% voter registration advantage over Democrats[149] and hold supermajorities in both the state House[150] and the state Senate.[151]

Despite the state's general Republican and conservative leanings, Democrats have found success in various statewide elections, most notably in those involving South Dakota's congressional representatives in Washington. American Indians have been becoming more active in state and county electoral politics. In the 2002 election, American Indian voting carried Tim Johnson as the Democratic candidate by a margin of 532 votes.[152][153] Until his electoral defeat in 2004, Senator Tom Daschle was the Senate minority leader (and briefly its majority leader during Democratic control of the Senate in 2001–02).[154] Other prominent South Dakota Democrats include former presidential nominees George McGovern and Hubert Humphrey.

In 2016, South Dakota voted for Republican nominee Donald Trump over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton by a margin of 30%.[155] In 2018, Republican congresswoman Kristi Noem defeated Democrat Billie Sutton in the gubernatorial election by a small margin, and Republican Dusty Johnson defeated Democrat Tim Bjorkman for the state's at-large seat in the U.S. House of Representatives.[156] Noem was sworn in on January 5, 2019, making her the first female governor of the state.[157]

Contemporary political issues in South Dakota include the costs and benefits of the state lottery,[158] South Dakota's relatively low rankings in education spending (particularly teacher pay—recently the State Sales Tax was increased from 4% to 4.5% to finance an increase in teacher pay),[159] and recent legislative and electoral attempts to ban abortion in the state.[160][161]

A Republican-supported bill passed in March 2019 requires that all public schools display "In God We Trust" in a prominent location.[162][163]

In a 2020 study, South Dakota was ranked as the 22nd hardest state for citizens to vote in.[164]

Culture

Main article: Culture of South Dakota
 
Nicholas Black Elk with his family, circa 1910

South Dakota's culture reflects the state's American Indian, rural, Western, and European roots.[165] A number of annual events celebrating the state's ethnic and historical heritage take place around the state, such as Days of '76 in Deadwood,[166] Czech Days in Tabor,[167] and the annual St. Patrick's Day and Cinco de Mayo festivities in Sioux Falls. The various tribes hold many annual pow wows at their reservations throughout the state, to which non-Native Americans are sometimes invited.[168] Custer State Park holds an annual Buffalo Roundup, in which volunteers on horseback gather the park's herd of around 1,500 bison.[169]

Black Elk (Lakota) was a medicine man and heyokha, whose life spanned the transition to reservations. His accounts of the 19th-century Indian Wars and Ghost Dance movement, and his deep thoughts on personal visions and Native American religion, form the basis of the book Black Elk Speaks, first published in 1932. (Among several editions, a premier annotated edition was published in 2008.)[170][171] Paul Goble, an award-winning children's book author and illustrator, was based in the Black Hills from 1977.[172]

Laura Ingalls Wilder, whose semi-autobiographical books are based on her experiences as a child and young adult on the frontier, is one of South Dakota's best-known writers. She drew from her life growing up on a homestead near De Smet as the basis for five of her novels: By the Shores of Silver Lake, The Long Winter, Little Town on the Prairie, These Happy Golden Years, and The First Four Years.[173] These gained renewed popularity in the United States when Little House on the Prairie was adapted and produced as a television series in 1974. Wilder's daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, who became a well-known writer in her own right, was born near De Smet in 1886.

South Dakota has also produced several notable artists. Harvey Dunn grew up on a homestead near Manchester in the late 19th century. While Dunn worked most of his career as a commercial illustrator, his most famous works showed various scenes of frontier life; he completed these near the end of his career.[174] Oscar Howe (Crow) was born on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation and won fame for his watercolor paintings.[175] Howe was one of the first Native American painters to adopt techniques and style heavily influenced by the mid-20th century abstraction movement, rather than relying on traditional Native American styles. Terry Redlin, originally from Watertown, was an accomplished painter of rural and wildlife scenes. Many of his works are on display at the Redlin Art Center in Watertown.[176]

Cities and towns

See also: List of cities in South Dakota and List of South Dakota counties
 
Sioux Falls, with a population of around 192,000, is the largest city in South Dakota.

Sioux Falls is the largest city in South Dakota, with a 2020 population of 192,517,[177] and a metropolitan area population of 281,958.[178] The city, founded in 1856, is in the southeast corner of the state.[179] Retail, finance, and healthcare have assumed greater importance in Sioux Falls,[180] where the economy was originally centered on agri-business and quarrying.

Rapid City, with a 2020 population of 74,703,[177] and a metropolitan area population of 144,558,[178] is the second-largest city in the state. It is on the eastern edge of the Black Hills, and was founded in 1876.[181] Rapid City's economy is largely based on tourism and defense spending,[180] because of the proximity of many tourist attractions in the Black Hills and Ellsworth Air Force Base.

The next eight largest cities in the state, in order of descending 2010 population, are Aberdeen (28,495), Brookings (23,337), Watertown (22,655), Mitchell (15,660), Yankton (15,411), Huron (14,263), Pierre (14,091), and Spearfish (12,193).[177] Pierre is the state capital, and Brookings and Vermillion are the locations of the state's two largest universities (South Dakota State University and University of South Dakota, respectively). With a population of about 14,000, Pierre is the second smallest state capital in the United States.[182] Of the ten largest cities in the state, only Rapid City and Spearfish are west of the Missouri River.[177][183]

Media

See also: List of newspapers in South Dakota, List of television stations in South Dakota, and List of radio stations in South Dakota

South Dakota's first newspaper, the Dakota Democrat, began publishing in Yankton in 1858.[184] Today, the state's largest newspaper is the Sioux Falls Argus Leader, with a Sunday circulation of 63,701 and a weekday circulation of 44,334.[185] The Rapid City Journal, with a Sunday circulation of 32,638 and a weekday circulation of 27,827, is South Dakota's second largest newspaper.[185] The next four largest newspapers in the state are the Aberdeen American News, the Watertown Public Opinion, the Huron Plainsman, and the Brookings Register.[185] In 1981, Tim Giago founded the Lakota Times as a newspaper for the local American Indian community on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The newspaper, now published in New York and known as Indian Country Today, is available in every state in the country.[186] The Sioux City Journal also covers parts of South Dakota.

There are nine television stations broadcasting in South Dakota;[187] South Dakota Public Television broadcasts from a number of locations around the state, while the other stations broadcast from Sioux Falls or Rapid City. The two largest television media markets in South Dakota are Sioux Falls-Mitchell, with a viewership of 246,020, and Rapid City, with a viewership of 91,070.[188] The two markets rank as 114th and 177th largest in the United States, respectively.[188] The state's first television station, KELO-TV, began airing in Sioux Falls in 1953. Among KELO's early programs was Captain 11, an afternoon children's program. Captain 11 ran from 1955 until 1996, making it the nation's longest continuously running children's television program.[189]

A number of South Dakotans are famous for their work in television and publishing. Former NBC Nightly News anchor and author Tom Brokaw is from Webster and Yankton,[190] USA Today founder Al Neuharth was from Eureka and Alpena,[191] gameshow host Bob Barker spent much of his childhood in Mission,[192] and entertainment news hosts Pat O'Brien[193] and Mary Hart[194] are from Sioux Falls.

Education

See also: List of colleges and universities in South Dakota and List of high schools in South Dakota
 
The Coughlin Campanile, a landmark on the campus of South Dakota State University in Brookings

As of 2006, South Dakota has a total primary and secondary school enrollment of 136,872, with 120,278 of these students being educated in the public school system.[195] There are 703 public schools[196] in 168 school districts,[197] giving South Dakota the highest number of schools per capita in the United States.[198] The current high school graduation rate is 89.9%,[199] and the average ACT score is 21.8, slightly above the national average of 21.1.[200] 89.8% of the adult population has earned at least a high school diploma, and 25.8% has earned a bachelor's degree or higher.[201] South Dakota's 2008 average public school teacher salary of $36,674 was the lowest in the nation (national average was $52,308).[202] In 2007 South Dakota passed legislation modeled after Montana's Indian Education for All Act (1999), mandating education about Native American tribal history, culture, and heritage in all the schools, from pre-school through college, in an effort to increase knowledge and appreciation about Indian culture among all residents of the state, as well as to reinforce Indian students' understanding of their own cultures' contributions.[203]

The South Dakota Board of Regents, whose members are appointed by the governor, controls the six public universities in the state. South Dakota State University (SDSU), in Brookings, is the state's largest university, with an enrollment of 12,831.[204] The University of South Dakota (USD), in Vermillion, is the state's oldest university, and has South Dakota's only law school and medical school.[205] South Dakota also has several private universities, the largest of which is Augustana University in Sioux Falls.

Sports and recreation

Organized sports

Because of its low population, South Dakota does not host any major league professional sports franchises. The state has minor league and independent league teams, all of which play in Sioux Falls or Rapid City. Sioux Falls is home to four teams: the Sioux Falls Canaries (baseball), the Sioux Falls Skyforce (basketball), the Sioux Falls Stampede (hockey), and the Sioux Falls Storm (indoor American football).[206] The Canaries play in the American Association, and their home field is Sioux Falls Stadium. The Skyforce plays in the NBA G League and is owned by the NBA's Miami Heat. It plays at the Sanford Pentagon. The Stampede and Storm share the Denny Sanford Premier Center. The Stampede plays in the USHL, and the Storm plays in the IFL. Rapid City has a hockey team named the Rapid City Rush that plays in the ECHL. The Rush began its inaugural season in 2008 at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center.[207]

Universities in South Dakota host a variety of sports programs. For many years, South Dakota was one of the only states in the country without an NCAA Division I football or basketball team. However, the South Dakota State Jackrabbits decided to move their teams from Division II to Division I in 2007,[208] a move followed by the South Dakota Coyotes in 2011.[209] Other universities in the state compete at the NCAA's Division II or III levels, or in the NAIA.

Famous South Dakota athletes include Billy Mills, Mike Miller, Mark Ellis, Becky Hammon, Brock Lesnar, Chad Greenway, and Adam Vinatieri. Mills is from the town of Pine Ridge and competed at the 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo, becoming the only American to win a gold medal in the 10,000-meter event.[210] Miller, of Mitchell, is a two-time NBA champion who played college basketball at the University of Florida, leading them to the 2000 NCAA Championship game his sophomore year, and won the 2001 NBA rookie of the year award. Ellis, of Rapid City, played for the University of Florida and four MLB teams before retiring in 2015.[211][212] Hammon, of Rapid City, played for the WNBA's New York Liberty and San Antonio Silver Stars before becoming an assistant coach for the NBA's San Antonio Spurs in 2014.[213][214] Lesnar, of Webster, is a former heavy-weight champion in the UFC and WWE. Vinatieri is an NFL placekicker who grew up in Rapid City and attended SDSU.[215]

Recreation

 
A tunnel along the George S. Mickelson Trail in the Black Hills

Fishing and hunting are popular outdoor activities in South Dakota. Fishing contributes over $224 million to South Dakota's economy, and hunting contributes over $303 million.[216] In 2007, over 275,000 hunting licences and 175,000 fishing licences were sold in the state; around half of the hunting licences and over two-thirds of the fishing licences were purchased by South Dakotans.[217] Popular species of game include pheasants, white-tailed deer, mule deer, and turkeys, as well as waterfowl such as Canada geese, snow geese, and mallards. Targets of anglers include walleye in the eastern glacial lakes and Missouri River reservoirs,[218][219] Chinook salmon in Lake Oahe,[219] and trout in the Black Hills.[220]

Other sports, such as cycling and running, are also popular in the state. In 1991, the state opened the George S. Mickelson Trail, a 109-mile (175 km) rail trail in the Black Hills.[221] Besides being used by cyclists, the trail is also the site of a portion of the annual Mount Rushmore marathon; the marathon's entire course is at an elevation of over 4,000 feet (1,200 m).[222] Other events in the state include the Tour de Kota, a 478-mile (769 km), six-day cycling event that covers much of eastern and central South Dakota,[223] and the annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, which draws hundreds of thousands of participants from around the United States.[123]

State symbols

Main article: List of South Dakota state symbols

Some of South Dakota's official state symbols include:[224]

State bird: Ring-necked pheasant
State flower: American pasque flower
State tree: Black Hills spruce
State nicknames: Mount Rushmore State (official), Coyote state and Sunshine state (both unofficial)
State motto: "Under God, the people rule"
State slogan: "Great Faces. Great Places."
State mineral: Rose quartz
State insect: Honey bee (Apis mellifera)
State animal: Coyote
State fish: Walleye
State gemstone: Fairburn agate
State song: "Hail, South Dakota!"

See also

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Bibliography

Further reading

  • Lauck, Jon K. Prairie Republic: The Political Culture of Dakota Territory, 1879–1889 (University of Oklahoma Press; 2010) 281 pages
  • Wishart, David J. ed. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8032-4787-7. complete text online; 900 pages of scholarly articles
  • Karolevitz, Robert F.; Hunhoff, Bernie (1988). Uniquely South Dakota. Donning Company. ISBN 978-0-89865-730-2. From the publisher of South Dakota Magazine, with many photographs.

External links

  • Official website
  • South Dakota Department of Tourism
  • South Dakota State Facts from USDA
  • South Dakota State Historical Society Press January 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  • Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "South Dakota" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
  • South Dakota at Curlie
  •   Geographic data related to South Dakota at OpenStreetMap
  • Dakota Pathways
Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on November 2, 1889 (40th) 		Succeeded by

Coordinates: 44°N 100°W / 44°N 100°W / 44; -100 (State of South Dakota)

January 15, 2023
south, dakota, this, article, about, state, other, uses, disambiguation, listen, sioux, dakȟóta, itókaga, pronounced, daˈkˣota, iˈtokaga, state, north, central, region, united, states, also, part, great, plains, named, after, lakota, dakota, sioux, native, ame. This article is about the U S state For other uses see South Dakota disambiguation South Dakota d e ˈ k oʊ t e listen Sioux Dakȟota itokaga pronounced daˈkˣota iˈtokaga is a U S state in the North Central region of the United States It is also part of the Great Plains South Dakota is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes who comprise a large portion of the population with nine reservations currently in the state and have historically dominated the territory South Dakota is the seventeenth largest by area but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States As the southern part of the former Dakota Territory South Dakota became a state on November 2 1889 simultaneously with North Dakota They are the 39th and 40th states admitted to the union President Benjamin Harrison shuffled the statehood papers before signing them so that no one could tell which became a state first 10 Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls with a population of about 192 200 11 is South Dakota s largest city 12 South DakotaStateState of South DakotaFlagSealNickname The Mount Rushmore State official Motto Under God the People RuleAnthem Hail South Dakota Map of the United States with South Dakota highlightedCountryUnited StatesBefore statehoodDakota TerritoryAdmitted to the UnionNovember 2 1889 40th CapitalPierreLargest citySioux FallsLargest metro and urban areasSioux FallsGovernment GovernorKristi Noem R Lieutenant GovernorLarry Rhoden R LegislatureSouth Dakota Legislature Upper houseSenate Lower houseHouse of RepresentativesJudiciarySouth Dakota Supreme CourtU S senatorsJohn Thune R Mike Rounds R U S House delegationDusty Johnson R list Area Total77 116 1 sq mi 199 729 km2 Land75 811 sq mi 196 350 km2 Water1 305 sq mi 3 379 km2 1 7 Rank17thDimensions Length380 mi 610 km Width210 mi 340 km Elevation2 200 ft 670 m Highest elevation Black Elk Peak 2 3 4 7 244 ft 2 208 m Lowest elevation Big Stone Lake on Minnesota border 3 4 968 ft 295 m Population 2022 Total909 824 Rank46th Density11 50 sq mi 4 44 km2 Rank46th Median household income 56 521 5 Income rank33rdDemonymSouth DakotanLanguage Official languageEnglish O ceti Sakowin 6 Spoken languageEnglish Spanish 2 06 Dakota 7 8 1 39 German 1 37 9 Time zoneseastern halfUTC 06 00 Central Summer DST UTC 05 00 CDT western halfUTC 07 00 Mountain Summer DST UTC 06 00 MDT USPS abbreviationSDISO 3166 codeUS SDTraditional abbreviationS D S Dak Latitude42 29 N to 45 56 NLongitude96 26 W to 104 03 WWebsitesd wbr govSouth Dakota state symbolsFlag of South DakotaLiving insigniaBirdRing necked pheasantFishWalleyeFlowerAmerican Pasque flowerGrassWestern wheatgrassInsectWestern honeybeeMammalCoyoteTreeBlack Hills SpruceInanimate insigniaBeverageMilkDanceSquare danceFossilTriceratopsGemstoneFairburn agateRockRose quartzSoilHoudekOtherKuchen state dessert State route markerLists of United States state symbolsSouth Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota to the north Minnesota to the east Iowa to the southeast Nebraska to the south Wyoming to the west and Montana to the northwest The state is bisected by the Missouri River dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves known to residents as East River and West River 13 Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state s population and the area s fertile soil is used to grow a variety of crops West of the Missouri River ranching is the predominant agricultural activity and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending Most of the Native American reservations are in West River The Black Hills a group of low pine covered mountains sacred to the Sioux is in the southwest part of the state Mount Rushmore a major tourist destination is there South Dakota has a temperate continental climate with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi arid in the west The state s ecology features species typical of a North American grassland biome Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century In the late 19th century European American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression increased federal spending during the 1940s and 1950s for agriculture and defense and an industrialization of agriculture that has reduced family farming While several Democrats have represented South Dakota for multiple terms in both chambers of Congress the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 13 presidential elections Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in other areas to both attract and retain residents South Dakota s history and rural character still strongly influence the state s culture Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Regions and geology 2 2 Ecology 2 3 Climate 2 4 National parks and monuments 3 Demographics 3 1 Population 3 2 Ethnicity 3 3 Languages 3 4 Growth and rural flight 3 5 Religion 4 Economy 5 Transportation 6 Government and politics 6 1 Government 6 2 State taxes 6 3 Federal representation 6 4 Politics 7 Culture 8 Cities and towns 9 Media 10 Education 11 Sports and recreation 11 1 Organized sports 11 2 Recreation 12 State symbols 13 See also 14 References 14 1 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External linksHistory EditMain article History of South Dakota For a chronological guide see Timeline of South Dakota Humans have lived in what is today South Dakota for several thousand years The first inhabitants were Paleoindian hunter gatherers and disappeared from the area around 5000 BC 14 Between 500 AD and 800 AD a semi nomadic people known as the Mound Builders lived in central and eastern South Dakota In the 14th century the Crow Creek Massacre occurred in which several hundred men women and children were killed near the Missouri River 15 By 1500 the Arikara or Ree had settled in much of the Missouri River valley 16 European contact with the area began in 1743 when the LaVerendrye brothers explored the region The LaVerendrye group buried a plate near the site of modern day Pierre claiming the region for France as part of greater Louisiana 17 In 1762 the entire region became part of the Spanish Louisiana until 1802 18 19 By the early 19th century the Sioux had largely replaced the Arikara as the dominant group in the area 20 In 1803 the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory an area that included most of South Dakota from Napoleon Bonaparte and President Thomas Jefferson organized the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the region 21 In 1817 an American fur trading post was set up at present day Fort Pierre beginning continuous American settlement of the area 22 In 1855 the U S Army bought Fort Pierre but abandoned it in 1857 in favor of Fort Randall to the south 22 Settlement by Americans and Europeans was by this time increasing rapidly and in 1858 the Yankton Sioux signed the 1858 Treaty ceding most of present day eastern South Dakota to the United States 23 Deadwood like many other Black Hills towns was founded after the discovery of gold Land speculators founded two of eastern South Dakota s largest present day cities Sioux Falls in 1856 and Yankton in 1859 24 In 1861 the Dakota Territory was established by the United States government this initially included North Dakota South Dakota and parts of Montana and Wyoming 25 Settlement of the area mostly by people from the eastern United States as well as western and northern Europe increased rapidly 26 especially after the completion of an eastern railway link to Yankton in 1873 27 In 1874 gold was discovered in the Black Hills during a military expedition led by George A Custer 28 29 and miners and explorers began illegally entering land promised to the Lakota Custer s expedition took place despite the fact that the Sioux had been granted the entire western half of present day South Dakota West River in 1868 by the Treaty of Laramie as part of the Great Sioux Reservation 30 The Sioux declined to grant mining rights or land in the Black Hills and war broke out after the U S failed to stop white miners and settlers from entering the region 31 Eventually the U S won and broke up the Great Sioux Reservation into five reservations settling the Lakota there 22 In 1980 the Supreme Court and Congress ordered compensation but the Lakota still refuse to accept it insisting on return of their land 32 A harvest in South Dakota 1898 A growing population in the Dakota Territory caused political dissatisfaction between northern and southern territory residents with the southern half being always more populated Following the territorial capital being moved from Yankton to Bismarck in the northern part calls for dividing the territory increased Eventually in 1887 general election Dakota Territory residents voted for the division so it was divided in half and President Benjamin Harrison signed proclamations formally admitting South Dakota and North Dakota to the union on November 2 1889 33 34 35 36 Harrison had the papers shuffled to obscure which one was signed first and the order went unrecorded 36 37 On December 29 1890 the Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Commonly cited as the last major armed conflict between the United States and the Lakota Sioux Nation the massacre resulted in the deaths of at least 146 Sioux many of them women and children 38 31 U S soldiers were also killed in the conflict 38 A South Dakota farm during the Dust Bowl 1936 Normal tilling practices turn South Dakota s fragile soil into a fine loose powder that blows away and sometimes covered vehicles equipment and buildings with dust during the Dust Bowl 39 During the 1930s several economic and climatic conditions combined with disastrous results for South Dakota A lack of rainfall extremely high temperatures and inappropriate cultivation techniques produced what was known as the Dust Bowl in South Dakota and several other plains states Fertile topsoil was blown away in massive dust storms and several harvests were completely ruined 40 The experiences of the Dust Bowl coupled with local bank foreclosures and the general economic effects of the Great Depression resulted in many South Dakotans leaving the state The population of South Dakota declined by more than 7 between 1930 and 1940 41 Economic stability returned with the U S entry into World War II in 1941 when demand for the state s agricultural and industrial products grew as the nation mobilized for war 42 In 1944 the Pick Sloan Plan was passed as part of the Flood Control Act of 1944 by the U S Congress resulting in the construction of six large dams on the Missouri River four of which are at least partially in South Dakota 43 Flood control hydroelectricity and recreational opportunities such as boating and fishing are provided by the dams and their reservoirs 43 In recent decades South Dakota has been transformed from a state dominated by agriculture to one with a more diversified economy The tourism industry has grown considerably since the mid twentieth century with the Black Hills becoming more important as a destination The financial service industry began to grow in the state as well with Citibank moving its credit card operations from New York to Sioux Falls in 1981 a move that has been followed by several other financial companies South Dakota was the first state to eliminate caps on interest rates 44 In 2007 the site of the recently closed Homestake gold mine near Lead was chosen as the location of a new underground research facility the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory 45 Despite a growing state population and recent economic development many rural areas have been struggling over the past 50 years with locally declining populations and the emigration of educated young adults to larger South Dakota cities such as Rapid City or Sioux Falls or to other states 46 Mechanization and consolidation of agriculture has contributed greatly to the declining number of smaller family farms and the resulting economic and demographic challenges facing rural towns 47 However the state often ranks highly for its way of life and Gallup s well being index in 2018 named South Dakota the happiest healthiest state in the United States 48 Geography EditMain article Geography of South Dakota Terrain and primary geographic features of South Dakota South Dakota is in the north central United States and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U S Census Bureau 49 it is also part of the Great Plains region The culture economy and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest 13 50 South Dakota has a total area of 77 116 square miles 199 730 km2 making the state the 17th largest in the Union 1 Black Elk Peak formerly named Harney Peak with an elevation of 7 242 ft 2 207 m is the state s highest point while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest with an elevation of 966 ft 294 m 3 South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota to the south by Nebraska to the east by Iowa and Minnesota and to the west by Wyoming and Montana The geographical center of the U S is 17 miles 27 km west of Castle Rock in Butte County 3 The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is between Allen and Kyle 1 024 mi 1 648 km from the nearest coastline 51 The Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne James Big Sioux and White Rivers Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes mostly created by periods of glaciation 52 Additionally dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs Lake Oahe Lake Sharpe Lake Francis Case and Lewis and Clark Lake 53 Regions and geology Edit South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions eastern South Dakota western South Dakota and the Black Hills 54 The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic social and political differences between eastern and western South Dakota The geography of the Black Hills long considered sacred by Native Americans differs from its surroundings to such an extent it can be considered separate from the rest of western South Dakota At times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River 13 50 Badlands National Park Eastern South Dakota generally features higher precipitation and lower topography than the western part of the state Smaller geographic regions of this area include the Coteau des Prairies the Dissected Till Plains and the James River Valley The Coteau des Prairies is a plateau bordered on the east by the Minnesota River Valley and on the west by the James River Basin 52 Further west the James River Basin is mostly low flat highly eroded land following the flow of the James River through South Dakota from north to south 55 The Dissected Till Plains an area of rolling hills and fertile soil that covers much of Iowa and Nebraska extends into the southeastern corner of South Dakota Layers deposited during the Pleistocene epoch starting around two million years ago cover most of eastern South Dakota 56 These are the youngest rock and sediment layers in the state the product of several successive periods of glaciation which deposited a large amount of rocks and soil known as till over the area 57 The Great Plains cover most of the western two thirds of South Dakota West of the Missouri River the landscape becomes more arid and rugged consisting of rolling hills plains ravines and steep flat topped hills called buttes 58 In the south east of the Black Hills lie the South Dakota Badlands Erosion from the Black Hills marine skeletons which fell to the bottom of a large shallow sea that once covered the area and volcanic material all contribute to the geology of this area 56 59 60 The Black Hills a low mountain range is located in Southwestern South Dakota The Black Hills are in the southwestern part of South Dakota and extend into Wyoming This range of low mountains covers 6 000 sq mi 16 000 km2 with peaks that rise from 2 000 to 4 000 feet 600 to 1 200 m above their bases The Black Hills are the location of Black Elk Peak 7 242 ft or 2 207 m above sea level the highest point in South Dakota and also the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains 3 Two billion year old Precambrian formations the oldest rocks in the state form the central core of the Black Hills 56 61 Formations from the Paleozoic Era form the outer ring of the Black Hills 62 these were created between roughly 540 and 250 million years ago This area features rocks such as limestone which were deposited here when the area formed the shoreline of an ancient inland sea 62 Ecology Edit Much of western South Dakota is covered by buttes Much of South Dakota except for the Black Hills area is dominated by a temperate grassland biome 63 Although grasses and crops cover most of this region deciduous trees such as cottonwoods elms and willows are common near rivers and in shelter belts 64 Mammals in this area include bison deer pronghorn coyotes and prairie dogs 65 The state bird the ring necked pheasant has adapted well to the area after being introduced from China 66 Growing populations of bald eagles are spread throughout the state especially near the Missouri River 67 Rivers and lakes of the grasslands support populations of walleye carp pike bass and other species 65 The Missouri River also contains the pre historic paddlefish 68 Due to a higher elevation and level of precipitation the Black Hills ecology differs significantly from that of the plains 69 The mountains are thickly blanketed by various types of pines including ponderosa and lodgepole pines as well as spruces 70 Black Hills mammals include deer elk wapiti bighorn sheep mountain goats pine marten and mountain lions while the streams and lakes contain several species of trout 70 71 72 Climate Edit See also Climate change in South Dakota Koppen climate types in South Dakota South Dakota has a continental climate with four distinct seasons ranging from cold dry winters to warm and semi humid summers During the summers the state s average high temperature is often close to 90 F 32 C although it cools to near 60 F 16 C at night It is not unusual for South Dakota to have severe hot dry spells in the summer with the temperature climbing above 100 F 38 C several times a year 73 Winters are cold with January high temperatures averaging below freezing and low temperatures averaging below 10 F 12 C in most of the state The highest recorded temperature is 120 F 49 C at Usta on July 15 2006 74 and the lowest recorded temperature is 58 F 50 C at McIntosh on February 17 1936 75 Average annual precipitation in South Dakota ranges from semi arid conditions in the northwestern part of the state around 15 inches or 380 mm to semi humid around the southeast portion of the state around 25 inches or 640 mm 73 although a small area centered on Lead in the Black Hills has the highest precipitation at nearly 30 inches 760 mm per year 76 South Dakota summers bring frequent sometimes severe thunderstorms with high winds thunder and hail The state s eastern part is often considered part of Tornado Alley 77 and South Dakota experiences an average of 30 tornadoes each year 78 Severe blizzards and ice storms often occur during winter Average daily high and low temperatures in F C for locations in South Dakota colored and sortable by average monthly temperature Place Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecAberdeen 79 24 6 4 14 29 11 2 12 42 23 6 5 59 35 15 2 70 47 21 8 79 57 26 14 84 61 29 16 82 58 28 14 73 49 23 9 58 36 14 2 41 22 5 6 27 10 3 12 Huron 80 27 9 3 13 32 14 0 10 45 25 7 4 60 37 16 3 71 48 22 9 80 58 27 14 86 63 30 17 83 61 28 16 75 51 24 11 60 51 16 11 43 25 6 4 30 13 1 11 Rapid City 81 37 18 3 8 40 20 4 7 49 27 9 3 59 36 15 2 68 46 20 8 78 55 26 13 86 61 30 16 85 60 29 16 75 50 24 10 61 39 16 4 47 28 8 2 37 19 3 7 Sioux Falls 82 27 10 3 12 32 15 0 9 45 26 7 3 60 38 16 3 71 49 22 9 80 59 27 15 84 64 29 18 81 61 27 16 74 52 23 11 60 39 16 4 43 26 6 3 30 14 1 10 National parks and monuments Edit Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills South Dakota has several sites administered by the National Park Service Two national parks have been established in the state both in its southwestern region Wind Cave National Park established in 1903 in the Black Hills has an extensive cave network and is home to a large herd of bison 83 Badlands National Park was established in 1978 84 and features an eroded brightly colored landscape surrounded by semi arid grasslands 85 Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills was established in 1925 The sculpture of four U S Presidents was carved into the mountainside by sculptor Gutzon Borglum 86 Other areas managed by the National Park Service include Jewel Cave National Monument near Custer the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site which features a decommissioned nuclear missile silo and a separate missile control area several miles away and the Missouri National Recreational River 87 The Crazy Horse Memorial is a large mountainside sculpture near Mount Rushmore being built using private funds 88 The Mammoth Site near Hot Springs is another privately owned attraction in the Black Hills It is a working paleontological dig and has one of the world s largest concentrations of mammoth remains 89 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of South Dakota South Dakota population density map Historical populationCensus Pop 18604 837 187011 776143 5 188098 268734 5 1890348 600254 7 1900401 57015 2 1910583 88845 4 1920636 5479 0 1930692 8498 8 1940642 961 7 2 1950652 7401 5 1960680 5144 3 1970665 507 2 2 1980690 7683 8 1990696 0040 8 2000754 8448 5 2010814 1807 9 2020886 6678 9 2022 est 909 8242 6 Source 1910 2020 90 Population Edit At the 2022 estimate South Dakota s population was 909 824 on July 1 2022 a 2 61 increase since the 2020 United States census 91 7 3 of South Dakota s population was reported as under 5 24 under 18 and 14 3 were 65 or older Females made up approximately 50 2 of the population As of the 2000 census South Dakota ranked fifth lowest in the nation in population and population density only North Dakota Alaska Vermont and Wyoming have fewer residents Of the people residing in South Dakota 65 7 were born in South Dakota 31 4 were born in another U S state 0 6 were born in Puerto Rico U S Island areas or born abroad to American parent s and 2 3 were born in another country 92 The center of population of South Dakota is in Buffalo County in the unincorporated county seat of Gann Valley 93 Ethnicity Edit According to the 2010 census the racial composition of the population was 84 7 White 83 8 non Hispanic white 8 8 American Indian and Alaska Native 1 2 African American or black 0 9 Asian American 0 1 from some other race 1 8 of two or more racesEthnically 2 7 of South Dakota s population was of Hispanic Latino or Spanish origin they may be of any race South Dakota racial breakdown of population Racial composition 1990 94 2000 95 2010 96 White 91 6 88 7 85 7 Native 7 3 8 2 8 8 African American 0 5 0 6 1 3 Asian 0 4 0 6 0 9 Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 0 1 Other race 0 2 0 5 0 9 Two or more races 1 4 2 1 Map of counties in South Dakota by racial plurality per the 2020 U S censusLegend Non Hispanic White 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 Native American 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 As of 2011 25 4 of South Dakota s population younger than age 1 were minorities meaning they had at least one parent who was not non Hispanic white 97 As of 2000 the five largest ancestry groups in South Dakota are German 40 7 Norwegian 15 3 Irish 10 4 Native American 8 3 and English 7 1 98 German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most parts of the state especially in East River east of the Missouri River although there are also large Scandinavian descended populations in some counties South Dakota has the nation s largest population of Hutterites 99 a communal Anabaptist group which emigrated in 1874 from German speaking villages in what today is Ukraine but at that time was part of the Russian Empire Indian reservations in South Dakota American Indians largely Lakota Dakota and Nakota Sioux are predominant in several counties and constitute 20 percent of the population in West River The seven large Indian reservations in the state occupy an area much diminished from their former Great Sioux Reservation of West River which the federal government had once allocated to the Sioux tribes South Dakota has the third highest proportion of Native Americans of any state behind Alaska and New Mexico 100 Five of the state s counties are wholly within the boundaries of sovereign Indian reservations 101 Because of the limitations of climate and land and isolation from urban areas with more employment opportunities living standards on many South Dakota reservations are often far below the national average Ziebach County ranked as the poorest county in the nation in 2009 102 The unemployment rate in Fort Thompson on the Crow Creek Reservation is 70 and 21 of households lack plumbing or basic kitchen appliances 103 A 1995 study by the U S Census Bureau found 58 of homes on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation did not have a telephone 104 The reservations isolation also inhibits their ability to generate revenue from gaming casinos an avenue that has proved profitable for many tribes closer to urban centers Languages Edit In 1995 the legislature passed a law to make English the common language of the state 105 Since 2019 the language of the Great Sioux Nation comprised of three dialects Dakota Lakota and Nakota is the official indigenous language 106 6 As of the 2000 census 1 90 of the population age 5 or older speak German at home while 1 51 speak Lakota or Dakota and 1 43 Spanish 107 As of 2010 93 46 692 504 of South Dakota residents age 5 and older spoke English as their primary language 6 54 of the population spoke a language other than English 2 06 15 292 of the population spoke Spanish 1 39 10 282 spoke Dakota and 1 37 10 140 spoke German Other languages spoken included Vietnamese 0 16 Chinese 0 12 and Russian 0 10 108 Growth and rural flight Edit Over the last several decades the population in many rural areas has declined in South Dakota in common with other Great Plains states The change has been characterized as rural flight as family farming has declined Young people have moved to cities for other employment This trend has continued in recent years with 30 of South Dakota s counties losing population between the 1990 and the 2000 census 109 During that time nine counties had a population loss of greater than 10 with Harding County in the northwest corner of the state losing nearly 19 of its population 109 Low birth rates and a lack of younger immigration has caused the median age of many of these counties to increase In 24 counties at least 20 of the population is over the age of 65 110 compared with a national rate of 12 8 The effect of rural flight has not been spread evenly through South Dakota however Although most rural counties and small towns have lost population the Sioux Falls area the larger counties along Interstate 29 the Black Hills and many Indian reservations have all gained population 109 As the reservations have exercised more sovereignty some Sioux have returned to them from urban areas Lincoln County near Sioux Falls was the seventh fastest growing county by percentage in the United States in 2010 111 The growth in these areas has compensated for losses in the rest of the state 109 South Dakota s total population continues to increase steadily albeit at a slower rate than the national average Religion Edit Religion in South Dakota 2020 religion percentProtestantism 50 Catholicism 20 Unaffiliated 22 Hinduism 2 Mormonism 2 Buddhism 1 East Side Lutheran Church Sioux Falls According to the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020 73 of the adult population were Christian 112 Per the Pew Research Center s separate 2014 study the largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of South Dakota s population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 22 percent Evangelical Protestants with 25 percent and Mainline Protestants with 32 percent Together all kinds of Protestants accounted for 57 percent Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 18 percent of the population The breakdown of other religions is lt 1 Muslim lt 1 Hindu and 1 Buddhist 113 The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 148 883 members the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ELCA with 112 649 members and the United Methodist Church UMC with 36 020 members 114 The ELCA and UMC are specific denominations within the broader terms Lutheran and Methodist respectively Economy EditSee also South Dakota locations by per capita income and List of power stations in South Dakota A B 1B Lancer lifts off from Ellsworth Air Force Base one of South Dakota s largest employers The current dollar gross state product of South Dakota was 39 8 billion as of 2010 the fifth smallest total state output in the U S 115 The per capita personal income was 38 865 in 2010 ranked 25th in the U S 116 and 12 5 of the population was below the poverty line in 2008 117 CNBC s list of Top States for Business for 2010 has recognized South Dakota as the seventh best state in the nation 118 In July 2011 the state s unemployment rate was 4 7 119 The service industry is the largest economic contributor in South Dakota This sector includes the retail finance and health care industries Citibank which was at one time the largest bank holding company in the United States established national banking operations in South Dakota in 1981 to take advantage of favorable banking regulations 44 Government spending is another important segment of the state s economy providing over ten percent of the gross state product Ellsworth Air Force Base near Rapid City is the second largest single employer in the state 120 Ethanol plant in Turner County Agriculture has historically been a key component of the South Dakota economy Although other industries have expanded rapidly in recent decades agricultural production is still very important to the state s economy especially in rural areas The five most valuable agricultural products in South Dakota are cattle corn maize soybeans wheat and hogs 121 Agriculture related industries such as meat packing and ethanol production also have a considerable economic impact on the state South Dakota is the sixth leading ethanol producing state in the nation 122 Another important sector in South Dakota s economy is tourism Many travel to view the attractions of the state particularly those in the Black Hills region such as historic Deadwood Mount Rushmore and the nearby state and national parks One of the largest tourist events in the state is the annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally The five day event drew over 739 000 attendees in 2015 significant considering the state has a total population of 850 000 123 In 2006 tourism provided an estimated 33 000 jobs in the state and contributed over two billion dollars to the economy of South Dakota 124 Transportation EditMain article Transportation in South Dakota See also List of South Dakota railroads and List of South Dakota numbered highways Beaver Creek Bridge in Wind Cave National Park South Dakota has 83 609 miles 134 556 km of highways roads and streets along with 679 miles 1 093 km of interstate highways 125 Two major interstates pass through South Dakota Interstate 90 which runs east and west through the southern half of the state and Interstate 29 running north and south in the eastern portion of the state The I 29 corridor features generally higher rates of population and economic growth than areas in eastern South Dakota further from the interstate 109 Also in the state are the shorter Interstates 190 a spur into central Rapid City and 229 a loop around southern and eastern Sioux Falls Several major U S highways pass through the state U S routes 12 14 16 18 and 212 travel east and west while U S routes 81 83 85 and 281 run north and south South Dakota and Montana are the only states sharing a land border that is not traversed by a paved road South Dakota contains two National Scenic Byways The Peter Norbeck National Scenic Byway is in the Black Hills while the Native American Scenic Byway runs along the Missouri River in the north central part of the state 126 Other scenic byways include the Badlands Loop Scenic Byway the Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway and the Wildlife Loop Road Scenic Byway Railroads have played an important role in South Dakota transportation since the mid 19th century Some 4 420 miles 7 110 km of railroad track were built in South Dakota during the late 19th century and early 20th century 127 but only 1 839 miles 2 960 km are active 128 BNSF Railway is the largest railroad in South Dakota the Rapid City Pierre and Eastern Railroad formerly the Dakota Minnesota and Eastern is the state s other major carrier 128 Other state carriers include Dakota Southern Railway Dakota and Iowa Railroad Ellis and Eastern Railroad Sunflour Railroad Canadian Pacific Railway and the Sisseton Milbank Railroad Rail transportation in the state is mostly freight but there are two passenger heritage railroads the Black Hills Central and the Prairie Village Herman and Milwaukee However South Dakota is one of the two contiguous states that lack Amtrak service South Dakota is the only contiguous state that never had Amtrak Wyoming used to be served by the San Francisco Zephyr and the Pioneer 129 South Dakota s largest commercial airports in terms of passenger traffic are the Sioux Falls Regional Airport and Rapid City Regional Airport Delta Air Lines Frontier Airlines and Allegiant Airlines as well as commuter airlines using the brand affiliation with major airlines serve the two largest airports Several other cities in the state also have commercial air service Aberdeen Regional Airport Pierre Regional Airport and Watertown Regional Airport some of which are subsidized by the Essential Air Service program 130 Public transit played a large role in the development of cities in South Dakota There were seven cities with a streetcar system in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries however all of these were discontinued over time Today only three fixed route public transit systems exist in the state those being in Sioux Falls Rapid City and on the Yankton Reservation Government and politics EditMain article Government of South Dakota The South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre Government Edit See also Governor of South Dakota South Dakota Legislature and South Dakota Supreme Court Like other U S states the structure of the government of South Dakota follows the same separation of powers as the federal government with executive legislative and judicial branches The structure of the state government is laid out in the Constitution of South Dakota the highest law in the state The constitution may be amended by a majority vote of both houses of the legislature or by voter initiative 131 The Governor of South Dakota occupies the executive branch of the state government 132 The current governor is Kristi Noem a Republican The state constitution gives the governor the power to sign into law or veto bills passed by the state legislature to serve as commander in chief of the South Dakota National Guard to appoint a cabinet and to commute criminal sentences or to pardon those convicted of crimes 133 134 The governor serves for a four year term and may not serve more than two consecutive terms 135 The state legislature is made up of two bodies the Senate which has 35 members and the House of Representatives with 70 members South Dakota is divided into 35 legislative districts 136 with voters electing two representatives and one senator per district 136 The legislature meets for an annual session which begins on the second Tuesday in January and lasts for 30 days it also meets if a special session is called by the governor 136 The judicial branch is made up of several levels The state supreme court with four justices and a chief justice is the highest court in the state 137 Below the supreme court are the circuit courts 41 circuit judges serve in seven judicial circuits in the state 137 Below the circuit courts are the magistrate courts which deal with lesser criminal and civil actions 137 State taxes Edit As of 2005 South Dakota has the lowest per capita total state tax rate in the United States 138 The state does not levy personal or corporate income taxes 139 inheritance taxes 140 or taxes on intangible personal property The state sales tax rate is 4 5 percent 141 Various localities have local levies so in some areas the rate is six percent The state sales tax does not apply to sales to Indians on Indian reservations but many reservations have a compact with the state Businesses on the reservation collect the tax and the state refunds to the Indian Tribes the percentage of sales tax collections relating to the ratio of Indian population to total population in the county or area affected Ad valorem property taxes are local taxes and are a large source of funding for school systems counties municipalities and other local government units The South Dakota Special Tax Division regulates some taxes including cigarette and alcohol related taxes 142 Federal representation Edit See also List of United States Senators from South Dakota and List of United States Representatives from South Dakota South Dakota is represented at the federal level by Senator John Thune Senator Mike Rounds and Representative Dusty Johnson All three are Republicans South Dakota is one of seven states with only one seat in the U S House of Representatives 143 In United States presidential elections South Dakota is allotted three of 538 votes in the Electoral College 144 As in all other states except Maine and neighboring Nebraska South Dakota s electoral votes are granted in a winner take all system 145 Politics Edit See also Political party strength in South Dakota Congressional delegation in 2015 from left Senator Mike Rounds Senator John Thune and Representative Kristi Noem Voter registration as of October 1 2022 146 Party Total voters PercentageRepublican 293 885 49 60 Democratic 150 919 25 47 Nonpartisan Independent 143 595 24 23 Libertarian 2 759 0 46 Minor parties 1 384 0 23 Total 592 542 100 South Dakota politics are generally dominated by the Republican Party Since statehood Republicans have carried the state s electoral votes in all but five presidential elections 1896 1912 by Theodore Roosevelt s Progressive Party 1932 1936 and 1964 Democrat George McGovern a native South Dakotan failed to carry his home state in 1972 Only Alaska has been carried fewer times by a Democrat 147 148 Additionally a Democrat has not won the governorship since 1974 As of 2016 Republicans hold a 15 voter registration advantage over Democrats 149 and hold supermajorities in both the state House 150 and the state Senate 151 Despite the state s general Republican and conservative leanings Democrats have found success in various statewide elections most notably in those involving South Dakota s congressional representatives in Washington American Indians have been becoming more active in state and county electoral politics In the 2002 election American Indian voting carried Tim Johnson as the Democratic candidate by a margin of 532 votes 152 153 Until his electoral defeat in 2004 Senator Tom Daschle was the Senate minority leader and briefly its majority leader during Democratic control of the Senate in 2001 02 154 Other prominent South Dakota Democrats include former presidential nominees George McGovern and Hubert Humphrey In 2016 South Dakota voted for Republican nominee Donald Trump over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton by a margin of 30 155 In 2018 Republican congresswoman Kristi Noem defeated Democrat Billie Sutton in the gubernatorial election by a small margin and Republican Dusty Johnson defeated Democrat Tim Bjorkman for the state s at large seat in the U S House of Representatives 156 Noem was sworn in on January 5 2019 making her the first female governor of the state 157 Contemporary political issues in South Dakota include the costs and benefits of the state lottery 158 South Dakota s relatively low rankings in education spending particularly teacher pay recently the State Sales Tax was increased from 4 to 4 5 to finance an increase in teacher pay 159 and recent legislative and electoral attempts to ban abortion in the state 160 161 A Republican supported bill passed in March 2019 requires that all public schools display In God We Trust in a prominent location 162 163 In a 2020 study South Dakota was ranked as the 22nd hardest state for citizens to vote in 164 Culture EditMain article Culture of South Dakota Nicholas Black Elk with his family circa 1910 South Dakota s culture reflects the state s American Indian rural Western and European roots 165 A number of annual events celebrating the state s ethnic and historical heritage take place around the state such as Days of 76 in Deadwood 166 Czech Days in Tabor 167 and the annual St Patrick s Day and Cinco de Mayo festivities in Sioux Falls The various tribes hold many annual pow wows at their reservations throughout the state to which non Native Americans are sometimes invited 168 Custer State Park holds an annual Buffalo Roundup in which volunteers on horseback gather the park s herd of around 1 500 bison 169 Black Elk Lakota was a medicine man and heyokha whose life spanned the transition to reservations His accounts of the 19th century Indian Wars and Ghost Dance movement and his deep thoughts on personal visions and Native American religion form the basis of the book Black Elk Speaks first published in 1932 Among several editions a premier annotated edition was published in 2008 170 171 Paul Goble an award winning children s book author and illustrator was based in the Black Hills from 1977 172 Laura Ingalls Wilder whose semi autobiographical books are based on her experiences as a child and young adult on the frontier is one of South Dakota s best known writers She drew from her life growing up on a homestead near De Smet as the basis for five of her novels By the Shores of Silver Lake The Long Winter Little Town on the Prairie These Happy Golden Years and The First Four Years 173 These gained renewed popularity in the United States when Little House on the Prairie was adapted and produced as a television series in 1974 Wilder s daughter Rose Wilder Lane who became a well known writer in her own right was born near De Smet in 1886 South Dakota has also produced several notable artists Harvey Dunn grew up on a homestead near Manchester in the late 19th century While Dunn worked most of his career as a commercial illustrator his most famous works showed various scenes of frontier life he completed these near the end of his career 174 Oscar Howe Crow was born on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation and won fame for his watercolor paintings 175 Howe was one of the first Native American painters to adopt techniques and style heavily influenced by the mid 20th century abstraction movement rather than relying on traditional Native American styles Terry Redlin originally from Watertown was an accomplished painter of rural and wildlife scenes Many of his works are on display at the Redlin Art Center in Watertown 176 Cities and towns EditSee also List of cities in South Dakota and List of South Dakota counties Sioux Falls with a population of around 192 000 is the largest city in South Dakota Sioux Falls is the largest city in South Dakota with a 2020 population of 192 517 177 and a metropolitan area population of 281 958 178 The city founded in 1856 is in the southeast corner of the state 179 Retail finance and healthcare have assumed greater importance in Sioux Falls 180 where the economy was originally centered on agri business and quarrying Rapid City with a 2020 population of 74 703 177 and a metropolitan area population of 144 558 178 is the second largest city in the state It is on the eastern edge of the Black Hills and was founded in 1876 181 Rapid City s economy is largely based on tourism and defense spending 180 because of the proximity of many tourist attractions in the Black Hills and Ellsworth Air Force Base The next eight largest cities in the state in order of descending 2010 population are Aberdeen 28 495 Brookings 23 337 Watertown 22 655 Mitchell 15 660 Yankton 15 411 Huron 14 263 Pierre 14 091 and Spearfish 12 193 177 Pierre is the state capital and Brookings and Vermillion are the locations of the state s two largest universities South Dakota State University and University of South Dakota respectively With a population of about 14 000 Pierre is the second smallest state capital in the United States 182 Of the ten largest cities in the state only Rapid City and Spearfish are west of the Missouri River 177 183 Media EditSee also List of newspapers in South Dakota List of television stations in South Dakota and List of radio stations in South Dakota South Dakota s first newspaper the Dakota Democrat began publishing in Yankton in 1858 184 Today the state s largest newspaper is the Sioux Falls Argus Leader with a Sunday circulation of 63 701 and a weekday circulation of 44 334 185 The Rapid City Journal with a Sunday circulation of 32 638 and a weekday circulation of 27 827 is South Dakota s second largest newspaper 185 The next four largest newspapers in the state are the Aberdeen American News the Watertown Public Opinion the Huron Plainsman and the Brookings Register 185 In 1981 Tim Giago founded the Lakota Times as a newspaper for the local American Indian community on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation The newspaper now published in New York and known as Indian Country Today is available in every state in the country 186 The Sioux City Journal also covers parts of South Dakota There are nine television stations broadcasting in South Dakota 187 South Dakota Public Television broadcasts from a number of locations around the state while the other stations broadcast from Sioux Falls or Rapid City The two largest television media markets in South Dakota are Sioux Falls Mitchell with a viewership of 246 020 and Rapid City with a viewership of 91 070 188 The two markets rank as 114th and 177th largest in the United States respectively 188 The state s first television station KELO TV began airing in Sioux Falls in 1953 Among KELO s early programs was Captain 11 an afternoon children s program Captain 11 ran from 1955 until 1996 making it the nation s longest continuously running children s television program 189 A number of South Dakotans are famous for their work in television and publishing Former NBC Nightly News anchor and author Tom Brokaw is from Webster and Yankton 190 USA Today founder Al Neuharth was from Eureka and Alpena 191 gameshow host Bob Barker spent much of his childhood in Mission 192 and entertainment news hosts Pat O Brien 193 and Mary Hart 194 are from Sioux Falls Education EditSee also List of colleges and universities in South Dakota and List of high schools in South Dakota The Coughlin Campanile a landmark on the campus of South Dakota State University in Brookings As of 2006 South Dakota has a total primary and secondary school enrollment of 136 872 with 120 278 of these students being educated in the public school system 195 There are 703 public schools 196 in 168 school districts 197 giving South Dakota the highest number of schools per capita in the United States 198 The current high school graduation rate is 89 9 199 and the average ACT score is 21 8 slightly above the national average of 21 1 200 89 8 of the adult population has earned at least a high school diploma and 25 8 has earned a bachelor s degree or higher 201 South Dakota s 2008 average public school teacher salary of 36 674 was the lowest in the nation national average was 52 308 202 In 2007 South Dakota passed legislation modeled after Montana s Indian Education for All Act 1999 mandating education about Native American tribal history culture and heritage in all the schools from pre school through college in an effort to increase knowledge and appreciation about Indian culture among all residents of the state as well as to reinforce Indian students understanding of their own cultures contributions 203 The South Dakota Board of Regents whose members are appointed by the governor controls the six public universities in the state South Dakota State University SDSU in Brookings is the state s largest university with an enrollment of 12 831 204 The University of South Dakota USD in Vermillion is the state s oldest university and has South Dakota s only law school and medical school 205 South Dakota also has several private universities the largest of which is Augustana University in Sioux Falls Sports and recreation EditOrganized sports Edit Because of its low population South Dakota does not host any major league professional sports franchises The state has minor league and independent league teams all of which play in Sioux Falls or Rapid City Sioux Falls is home to four teams the Sioux Falls Canaries baseball the Sioux Falls Skyforce basketball the Sioux Falls Stampede hockey and the Sioux Falls Storm indoor American football 206 The Canaries play in the American Association and their home field is Sioux Falls Stadium The Skyforce plays in the NBA G League and is owned by the NBA s Miami Heat It plays at the Sanford Pentagon The Stampede and Storm share the Denny Sanford Premier Center The Stampede plays in the USHL and the Storm plays in the IFL Rapid City has a hockey team named the Rapid City Rush that plays in the ECHL The Rush began its inaugural season in 2008 at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center 207 Universities in South Dakota host a variety of sports programs For many years South Dakota was one of the only states in the country without an NCAA Division I football or basketball team However the South Dakota State Jackrabbits decided to move their teams from Division II to Division I in 2007 208 a move followed by the South Dakota Coyotes in 2011 209 Other universities in the state compete at the NCAA s Division II or III levels or in the NAIA Famous South Dakota athletes include Billy Mills Mike Miller Mark Ellis Becky Hammon Brock Lesnar Chad Greenway and Adam Vinatieri Mills is from the town of Pine Ridge and competed at the 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo becoming the only American to win a gold medal in the 10 000 meter event 210 Miller of Mitchell is a two time NBA champion who played college basketball at the University of Florida leading them to the 2000 NCAA Championship game his sophomore year and won the 2001 NBA rookie of the year award Ellis of Rapid City played for the University of Florida and four MLB teams before retiring in 2015 211 212 Hammon of Rapid City played for the WNBA s New York Liberty and San Antonio Silver Stars before becoming an assistant coach for the NBA s San Antonio Spurs in 2014 213 214 Lesnar of Webster is a former heavy weight champion in the UFC and WWE Vinatieri is an NFL placekicker who grew up in Rapid City and attended SDSU 215 Recreation Edit A tunnel along the George S Mickelson Trail in the Black Hills Fishing and hunting are popular outdoor activities in South Dakota Fishing contributes over 224 million to South Dakota s economy and hunting contributes over 303 million 216 In 2007 over 275 000 hunting licences and 175 000 fishing licences were sold in the state around half of the hunting licences and over two thirds of the fishing licences were purchased by South Dakotans 217 Popular species of game include pheasants white tailed deer mule deer and turkeys as well as waterfowl such as Canada geese snow geese and mallards Targets of anglers include walleye in the eastern glacial lakes and Missouri River reservoirs 218 219 Chinook salmon in Lake Oahe 219 and trout in the Black Hills 220 Other sports such as cycling and running are also popular in the state In 1991 the state opened the George S Mickelson Trail a 109 mile 175 km rail trail in the Black Hills 221 Besides being used by cyclists the trail is also the site of a portion of the annual Mount Rushmore marathon the marathon s entire course is at an elevation of over 4 000 feet 1 200 m 222 Other events in the state include the Tour de Kota a 478 mile 769 km six day cycling event that covers much of eastern and central South Dakota 223 and the annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally which draws hundreds of thousands of participants from around the United States 123 State symbols EditMain article List of South Dakota state symbols Some of South Dakota s official state symbols include 224 State bird Ring necked pheasant State flower American pasque flower State tree Black Hills spruce State nicknames Mount Rushmore State official Coyote state and Sunshine state both unofficial State motto Under God the people rule State slogan Great Faces Great Places State mineral Rose quartz State insect Honey bee Apis mellifera State animal Coyote State fish Walleye State gemstone Fairburn agate State song Hail South Dakota See also EditIndex of South Dakota related articles Outline of South Dakota South Dakota portal United States portalReferences Edit a b State Area Measurements 2010 U S Census Archived from the original on March 16 2018 Retrieved March 26 2015 Black Elk Peak NGS Data Sheet National Geodetic Survey National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of Commerce Retrieved August 15 2016 a b c d e Elevations and Distances in the United States United States Geological Survey 2001 Archived from the original on November 9 2013 Retrieved January 19 2016 a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Median Annual Household Income The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 9 2016 a b South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language March 25 2019 Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved March 26 2019 South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language Argus Leader Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved March 26 2019 Archived copy Archived from the original on July 9 2019 Retrieved July 9 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Modern Language Association MLA Language Map Archived May 2 2021 at the Wayback Machine based on Data of the 2010 Census Mark Stein How the States Got Their Shapes Smithsonian Books Harper Collins 2008 p 256 Sioux Falls Population Grows to Estimated 187 200 City of Sioux Falls Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved March 13 2019 5 of the Largest Cities in South Dakota vacationidea com Retrieved August 12 2022 a b c Hasselstrom pp 2 4 Bjorklund Ruth Horn Geoffrey Klepeis Alicia 2016 South Dakota Third Edition 3 ed Cavendish Square Publishing LLC pp 23 43 ISBN 9781627132244 Straub Patrick Griffith Tom 2016 It Happened in South Dakota 2nd ed Rowman amp Littlefield pp 1 4 ISBN 9781493023585 Schell pp 16 18 Schell pp 28 29 Louisiana Purchase History Facts amp Map Archived from the original on May 1 2015 Retrieved December 31 2014 Spanish Colonial Louisiana Know Louisiana Archived from the original on April 3 2014 Schell pp 18 21 Thompson ed pp 56 57 a b c Chronology of South Dakota History South Dakota Historical Society Archived from the original on September 1 2007 Retrieved September 3 2007 United States Congress Senate Committee on Indian Affairs 1993 Yankton Sioux Tribe and Santee Sioux Tribe of Nebraska Development Trust Fund Act and to Authorize the Construction of a Reconciliation Place in Fort Pierre SD Hearing Before the Committee on Indian Affairs United States Senate One Hundred Sixth Congress Second Session on S 1148 S 1658 May 17 2000 Washington DC U S Government Printing Office pp 47 62 86 ISBN 9780160610431 Milton John 1977 South Dakota A History States and the Nation p 69 ISBN 9780393305715 Dakota Territory State Historical Society of North Dakota Archived from the original on February 16 2016 Retrieved January 30 2016 Schell pp 168 170 Schell p 113 Schell p 129 Schell pp 140 144 Thompson ed p 90 Schell p 129 pp 133 39 Thompson ed p 529 Now You Know Why Are There Two Dakotas Time Archived from the original on April 8 2022 Retrieved April 7 2022 Moving Toward Statehood North Dakota Studies October 17 2015 Archived from the original on October 17 2015 Retrieved April 7 2022 Schell p 222 a b Thompson ed pp 115 116 Heather Cox Richardson November 25 2013 Wounded Knee Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre Basic Books p 101 ISBN 9780465025114 On February 22 1889 outgoing President Cleveland signed an omnibus bill that divided the Territory of Dakota in half The bill also enable the people in the new Territories of North Dakota and South Dakota as well as the older territories of Montana and Washington to write state constitutions and elect state governments The four new states would be admitted into the Union in nine months This plan cut Democratic New Mexico out of statehood and split Republican Dakota Territory into two new Republican states Rather than two new Republican states and two new Democratic states that Congress had considered the previous year the omnibus bill created three new Republican states and one new Democratic state that Republicans thought they would capture In their eagerness to admit both Dakotas Republican congressmen also ignored the uncomfortable fact that much of the land in the anticipated state of South Dakota belonged to the Sioux a b Schell pp 304 305 Charles Dan May 3 2021 A Giant Organic Farm Faces Criticism That It s Harming The Environment NPR org Archived from the original on May 10 2021 Retrieved May 10 2021 Drought in the Dust Bowl Years National Drought Mitigation Center Archived from the original on March 29 2007 Retrieved April 4 2007 Population of Counties by Decennial Census 1900 to 1990 United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on December 28 2008 Retrieved December 14 2008 Schell pp 317 320 a b Schell pp 323 325 a b Hetland Cara Sioux Falls 25 years after Citibank s arrival Publicradio org Archived February 22 2011 at the Wayback Machine Minnesota Public Radio February 24 2006 accessed March 23 2007 Homestake Strikes Gold Again South Dakota Science and Technology Authority Archived from the original on December 15 2007 Retrieved August 28 2007 Sweeping out the Plains aliciapatterson org Archived from the original on April 3 2007 Retrieved April 5 2007 Thompson ed pp 542 549 South Dakota Home to the happiest healthiest people SiouxFalls Business February 14 2018 Archived from the original on December 4 2020 Retrieved November 27 2020 Census Regions and Divisions of the United States Archived December 19 2017 at the Wayback Machine U S Census Bureau Retrieved January 19 2016 a b Johnson Dirk Gold Divides Dakotans as River Did NYtimes com Archived July 28 2020 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times October 9 1988 accessed February 14 2008 Garcia Castellanos D U Lombardo 2007 Poles of Inaccessibility A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth PDF Scottish Geographical Journal 123 3 227 233 doi 10 1080 14702540801897809 S2CID 55876083 Archived from the original PDF on June 29 2014 a b Thompson ed pp 17 18 The Four Lakes and Dams South Dakota Missouri River Tourism Retrieved August 12 2022 Thompson ed p 14 Schell pp 4 6 a b c The Geology of South Dakota Northern State University Archived from the original on October 1 2008 Retrieved August 29 2008 Pleistocene Deposits South Dakota Department of Environment amp Natural Resources Archived from the original on January 16 2008 Retrieved November 28 2008 Schell p 6 Mesozoic Formations South Dakota Department of Environment amp Natural Resources Archived from the original on February 13 2008 Retrieved November 28 2008 Tertiary Formations South Dakota Department of Environment amp Natural Resources Archived from the original on September 25 2007 Retrieved November 28 2008 Precambrian Formations South Dakota Department of Environment amp Natural Resources Archived from the original on January 16 2008 Retrieved November 28 2008 a b Paleozoic Formations South Dakota Department of Environment amp Natural Resources Archived from the original on January 16 2008 Retrieved November 28 2008 A Short Introduction to Terrestrial Biomes nearctica com Archived from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved September 22 2007 South Dakota Flora Northern State University Archived from the original on October 1 2007 Retrieved September 22 2007 a b South Dakota Fauna Northern State University Archived from the original on October 15 2007 Retrieved September 22 2007 Ring Necked Pheasant Northern State University Archived from the original on October 15 2007 Retrieved September 22 2007 Hetland Cara South Dakota bald eagles make a comeback Publicradio org Archived October 15 2007 at the Wayback Machine Minnesota Public Radio February 8 2007 accessed September 22 2007 Paddlefish Northern State University Archived from the original on October 15 2007 Retrieved September 22 2007 South Dakota s Forest Resources Piva R Haugan D Josten G Brand G Archived March 12 2009 at the Wayback Machine U S Department of Interior Forest Service Resource Bulletin 2007 a b Thompson ed p 31 Deer South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks Archived from the original on January 30 2016 Retrieved January 23 2016 Fishing Black Hills National Forest Archived from the original on February 4 2016 Retrieved January 27 2016 a b Climate of South Dakota PDF National Climatic Data Center Archived from the original PDF on June 24 2008 Retrieved November 26 2008 Each state s high temperature record USA Today November 1 2007 Archived from the original on July 3 2012 Retrieved March 1 2012 Each state s low temperature record USA Today February 10 2011 Archived from the original on August 27 2012 Retrieved March 1 2012 Precipitation Normals 1971 2000 South Dakota State University Archived from the original on April 17 2012 Retrieved November 26 2008 Tornado Alley National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on November 13 2018 Retrieved January 27 2016 Annual Average Number of Tornadoes 1953 2004 National Climatic Data Center Archived from the original on October 16 2011 Retrieved June 25 2009 Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Aberdeen SD weatherspark com Retrieved June 28 2022 Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Huron SD weatherspark com Retrieved June 28 2022 Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Rapid City SD weatherspark com Retrieved June 28 2022 Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Sioux Falls SD weatherspark com Retrieved June 28 2022 Nettinga Curt Saving the bison may have saved Wind Cave Park 1 Archived September 17 2013 at the Wayback Machine Rapid City Journal August 13 2013 accessed January 29 2016 Frequently Asked Questions Badlands National Park National Park Service Archived from the original on August 22 2007 Retrieved August 27 2007 Badlands National Park Service Archived from the original on August 24 2007 Retrieved August 27 2007 Student Guide PDF National Park Service Archived PDF from the original on September 11 2015 Retrieved January 29 2016 South Dakota National Park Service Archived from the original on October 1 2007 Retrieved August 28 2007 Hetland Cara Crazy Horse Memorial turns 60 this year Publicradio org Archived January 30 2009 at the Wayback Machine Minnesota Public Radio June 8 2008 accessed February 7 2009 Home Mammoth Site of Hot Springs Archived from the original on August 9 2014 Retrieved December 2 2019 Historical Population Change Data 1910 2020 Census gov United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on April 29 2021 Retrieved May 1 2021 QuickFacts South Dakota UNITED STATES 2022 Population Estimates United States Census Bureau Population Division December 26 2022 Retrieved December 26 2022 U S Census website Results Archived from the original on December 27 1996 Retrieved June 22 2017 Population and Population Centers by State 2000 United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on December 12 2001 Retrieved August 18 2007 Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race 1790 to 1990 and By Hispanic Origin 1970 to 1990 For The United States Regions Divisions and States Archived July 25 2008 at the Wayback Machine Population of South Dakota Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map Demographics Statistics Quick Facts Archived from the original on May 9 2022 Retrieved January 11 2014 2010 Census Data Archived from the original on May 22 2017 Retrieved December 11 2017 Exner Rich June 3 2012 Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities but not in Ohio Statistical Snapshot The Plain Dealer Archived from the original on July 14 2016 Retrieved August 18 2012 Quick Tables United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 12 2020 Retrieved August 29 2008 Color them plain but successful The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Archived from the original on January 16 2009 Retrieved December 14 2008 States Ranked by American Indian and Alaska Native Population July 1 1999 United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on December 1 2008 Retrieved December 14 2008 Press Releases Uniquely South Dakota South Dakota Department of Tourism Archived from the original on December 10 2008 Retrieved August 22 2008 Garrigan Mary Ziebach County still poorest in America 2 Archived May 10 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Rapid City Journal December 10 2010 accessed May 20 2011 Hetland Cara South Dakota has nation s poorest county Archived August 9 2018 at the Wayback Machine Minnesota Public Radio October 1 2002 accessed December 19 2008 Transportation and Tourism Development at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Federal Highway Administration Archived from the original on June 15 2012 Retrieved December 19 2008 South Dakota Codified Laws 1 27 20 South Dakota State Legislature Archived from the original on January 21 2016 Retrieved January 19 2016 Archived copy Archived from the original on July 9 2019 Retrieved July 9 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Most Spoken Languages in South Dakota mla org Archived from the original on September 30 2007 Retrieved August 18 2007 Most Spoken Languages in South Dakota In 2010 Modern Language Association Archived from the original on August 15 2013 Retrieved December 14 2013 a b c d e O Driscoll Patrick Sioux Falls powers South Dakota growth Archived July 29 2010 at the Wayback Machine USA Today March 12 2001 accessed December 16 2008 South Dakota state and county demographic profiles South Dakota State University Archived from the original on January 6 2009 Retrieved December 16 2008 Fastest Growing U S Counties CNN Archived from the original on March 17 2016 Retrieved March 15 2016 PRRI American Values Atlas ava prri org Retrieved September 17 2022 America s Changing Religious Landscape Appendix D Detailed Tables PDF Pew Research Center May 12 2015 Archived from the original PDF on May 28 2015 Retrieved June 5 2015 The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report www thearda com Archived from the original on April 16 2018 Retrieved December 12 2013 Table 3 Current Dollar GDP by State 2007 2010 PDF Bureau of Economic Analysis Archived from the original PDF on July 19 2011 Retrieved August 25 2011 SA1 3 Per capita income dollars Bureau of Economic Analysis Archived from the original on September 23 2015 Retrieved August 25 2011 Persons Below Poverty Level 2008 United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on August 17 2011 Retrieved August 25 2011 America s Top States for Business 2010 Archived December 26 2011 at the Wayback Machine CNBC Special Report 2010 1 Web May 9 2011 Local Area Unemployment Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics Archived from the original on July 25 2018 Retrieved May 9 2011 Reha Bob South Dakota s Ellsworth AFB to stay open Archived January 27 2007 at the Wayback Machine Minnesota Public Radio August 26 2005 Accessed September 8 2007 State Fact Sheets South Dakota United States Department of Agriculture Archived from the original on July 29 2012 Retrieved June 25 2009 Ethanol Production By State Nebraska Energy Office Archived from the original on April 15 2007 Retrieved June 30 2007 a b Sturgis rally attendance expected to top last year Argus Leader August 4 2014 Archived from the original on August 24 2014 Retrieved August 24 2014 South Dakota Tourism Statistics South Dakota Department of Tourism Archived from the original on February 16 2011 Retrieved April 6 2007 General Information Key Facts South Dakota Department of Transportation Archived from the original on April 12 2012 Retrieved September 3 2007 South Dakota Federal Highway Administration Archived from the original on January 25 2016 Retrieved February 10 2016 Thompson ed p 489 a b South Dakota State Rail Plan PDF South Dakota Department of Transportation p 9 Archived from the original PDF on October 1 2016 Retrieved February 10 2016 Planning a Trip frommers com Archived from the original on September 26 2007 Retrieved September 3 2007 What is Essential Air Service PDF United States Department of Transportation Archived PDF from the original on December 17 2008 Retrieved December 13 2008 Article XXIII Section 1 Constitution of South Dakota South Dakota Legislature Archived from the original on December 7 2015 Retrieved December 3 2015 Article IV Section 1 Constitution of South Dakota South Dakota Legislature Archived from the original on December 7 2015 Retrieved December 3 2015 Article IV Section 3 Constitution of South Dakota South Dakota Legislature Archived from the original on December 7 2015 Retrieved December 3 2015 Article IV Section 4 Constitution of South Dakota South Dakota Legislature Archived from the original on December 7 2015 Retrieved December 3 2015 Article IV Section 2 Constitution of South Dakota South Dakota Legislature Archived from the original on December 7 2015 Retrieved December 3 2015 a b c The South Dakota Legislature An Overview PDF State of South Dakota Archived from the original PDF on March 4 2016 Retrieved December 3 2015 a b c UJS Structure South Dakota Unified Judicial System Archived from the original on March 20 2019 Retrieved December 3 2015 States Ranked by Total State Taxes and Per Capita Amount 2005 U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on April 9 2007 Retrieved April 4 2007 South Dakota The Tax Foundation Archived from the original on April 15 2010 Retrieved January 31 2010 Inheritance Estate Tax South Dakota Department of Revenue amp Regulation Archived from the original on February 7 2008 Retrieved January 27 2008 2016 State Sales and Use Tax Increase South Dakota Department of Revenue Archived from the original on December 3 2016 Retrieved December 4 2016 South Dakota Department of Revenue amp Regulation Special Tax Information Archived from the original on March 8 2008 Retrieved March 18 2008 Member Information Office of the Clerk United States House of Representatives Archived from the original on May 28 2009 Retrieved April 5 2009 U S Electoral College 2008 Presidential Election archives gov Archived from the original on December 5 2008 Retrieved December 15 2008 U S Electoral College Frequently Asked Questions archives gov Archived from the original on December 18 2008 Retrieved December 15 2008 Elections amp Voting Voter Registration Tracking South Dakota Secretary of State Archived from the original on February 7 2016 Retrieved October 6 2021 McGovern George Stanley 1922 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Archived from the original on September 27 2007 Retrieved October 5 2007 Presidential General Election Graph Comparison South Dakota uselectionatlas org Archived from the original on October 15 2007 Retrieved October 5 2007 Voter Registration Tracking South Dakota Secretary of State Archived from the original on February 7 2016 Retrieved February 3 2016 Official Listing South Dakota Representatives 2016 State of South Dakota Archived from the original on February 3 2016 Retrieved February 3 2016 Official Listing South Dakota Senators 2016 State of South Dakota Archived from the original on February 3 2016 Retrieved February 3 2016 Gwen Florio Indians Show Political Clout Natives Throng Polls in White S D County Archived November 16 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Denver Post January 8 2003 accessed June 8 2011 Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2 2002 Office of the Clerk U S House of Representatives Archived from the original on January 5 2007 Retrieved June 9 2011 Daschle Loses S D Senate Seat to Thune Fox News November 3 2004 Archived from the original on May 23 2007 Retrieved April 10 2007 Election Results President Congress ballot measures Argus Leader Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved December 4 2016 Statewide Races South Dakota Secretary of State Archived from the original on March 30 2019 Retrieved December 16 2018 Nord James January 5 2019 Kristi Noem sworn in as South Dakota s 1st female governor AP About SD Lottery History South Dakota Lottery Archived from the original on July 10 2009 Retrieved June 26 2009 Quality Counts 2000 Who Should Teach Education Week Retrieved April 9 2007 permanent dead link South Dakota Abortion Ban Rejected USA Today November 8 2006 Archived from the original on December 11 2008 Retrieved December 14 2008 Rovner Julie South Dakotans Again Consider An Abortion Ban 3 National Public Radio October 27 2008 accessed August 13 2009 South Dakota SB55 2019 Regular Session LegiScan Archived from the original on July 26 2019 Retrieved July 26 2019 Hannon Elliot July 26 2019 South Dakota Law Requires Every Public School to Display In God We Trust National Motto Slate Magazine Archived from the original on July 26 2019 Retrieved July 26 2019 J Pomante II Michael Li Quan December 15 2020 Cost of Voting in the American States 2020 Election Law Journal Rules Politics and Policy 19 4 503 509 doi 10 1089 elj 2020 0666 S2CID 225139517 Archived from the original on October 25 2021 Retrieved January 14 2022 Woodard Colin 2012 American nations a history of the eleven rival regional cultures of North America Penguin Books ISBN 9781101544457 OCLC 934597110 Days of 76 Celebration to include Saturday evening performance Tri State Livestock News Archived from the original on July 17 2011 Retrieved January 29 2010 Thompson ed p 133 South Dakota Powwow Schedule South Dakota Office of Tribal Government Relations Archived from the original on February 4 2010 Retrieved January 29 2010 Buffalo Roundup and Arts Festival South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks Archived from the original on February 4 2010 Retrieved January 29 2010 Black Elk John G Neihardt October 16 2008 Black Elk Speaks Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux the Premier Edition SUNY Press pp 149 ISBN 978 1 4384 2540 5 Archived from the original on March 19 2017 Retrieved July 10 2016 Writings of Black Elk American Writers A Journey Through History C SPAN July 10 2001 Archived from the original on March 12 2016 Retrieved March 12 2016 Paul Goble HarperCollins Archived from the original on February 6 2010 Retrieved January 17 2010 Laura s History Laura Ingalls Wilder Historic Home and Museum Archived from the original on December 1 2008 Retrieved December 19 2008 Hasselstrom pp 34 36 Hasselstrom pp 215 217 Terry Redlin South Dakota Hall of Fame Archived from the original on July 19 2011 Retrieved May 11 2009 a b c d South Dakota USA Today Archived from the original on December 12 2012 Retrieved December 11 2012 a b Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change April 1 2000 to July 1 2009 United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on March 26 2010 Retrieved January 27 2010 History of Sioux Falls City of Sioux Falls Archived from the original on July 5 2008 Retrieved October 6 2008 a b Thompson ed p 554 Hasselstrom p 331 Jensen Jamie December 1 2012 Road Trip USA Cross Country Adventures on America s Two Lane Highways Avalon Travel Publishing p 194 ISBN 978 1 61238 315 6 Archived from the original on May 9 2016 Retrieved October 17 2015 South Dakota PDF National Atlas Archived from the original PDF on August 26 2009 Retrieved August 7 2009 Hasselstrom p 202 a b c US Newspaper Search Results South Dakota Audit Bureau of Circulation Archived from the original on October 1 2010 Retrieved December 13 2008 Tim Giago South Dakota Hall of Fame Archived from the original on September 30 2011 Retrieved May 11 2009 U S Television Stations in South Dakota Global Computing 2007 Archived from the original on July 11 2011 Retrieved December 13 2008 a b Nielson Media Research Local Universe Estimates US Nielson Media 2005 2006 Archived from the original on May 17 2006 Retrieved December 13 2008 Dave Dedrick 1928 2010 KELO TV Archived from the original on January 26 2010 Retrieved January 23 2010 Tom Brokaw South Dakota Hall of Fame Archived from the original on September 30 2011 Retrieved May 11 2009 Allen Neuharth South Dakota Hall of Fame Archived from the original on September 30 2011 Retrieved May 26 2011 Robert Bob Barker South Dakota Hall of Fame Archived from the original on September 30 2011 Retrieved May 11 2009 Pat O Brien South Dakota Hall of Fame Archived from the original on September 30 2011 Retrieved May 11 2009 Mary Hart South Dakota Hall of Fame Archived from the original on September 30 2011 Retrieved May 11 2009 Student Demographics South Dakota Department of Education Archived from the original on November 8 2007 Retrieved November 26 2007 School System By Type 2006 07 South Dakota Department of Education Archived from the original on November 8 2007 Retrieved November 26 2007 Schools amp Personnel South Dakota Department of Education Archived from the original on November 8 2007 Retrieved November 26 2007 Number of Schools most recent per capita statemaster com Archived from the original on April 20 2008 Retrieved November 26 2007 South Dakota Graduation Rate South Dakota Department of Education Archived from the original on November 8 2007 Retrieved November 26 2007 ACT Average Composite Score South Dakota vs National South Dakota Department of Education Archived from the original on November 8 2007 Retrieved November 26 2007 South Dakota QuickFacts U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on September 11 2004 Retrieved December 14 2013 Rankings and Estimates 2008 National Education Association Archived from the original on February 11 2010 Retrieved January 30 2010 Jawort Adrian April 12 2012 Montana Schools Try to Keep Indian Students Engaged by Teaching Indian Culture to All Indian Country Today Archived from the original on October 20 2016 Retrieved June 5 2016 2012 School Enrollments Page 1 PDF South Dakota Board of Regents Archived PDF from the original on January 14 2014 Retrieved August 24 2014 Locations South Dakota Board of Regents Archived from the original on July 13 2008 Retrieved April 18 2010 About Augustana City of Sioux Falls Augustana College Archived from the original on September 18 2008 Retrieved December 21 2008 Rapid City Rush Hockey Rapid City Visitors amp Convention Bureau Archived from the original on June 4 2012 Retrieved December 21 2008 SDSU approved for Division I membership South Dakota State University Archived from the original on July 11 2011 Retrieved December 21 2008 South Dakota leaves North Central Conference for D I ESPN November 30 2006 Archived from the original on October 19 2012 Retrieved December 21 2008 Billy Mills South Dakota Hall of Fame Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved March 15 2016 Oakland Athletics Mark Ellis ESPN Archived from the original on April 12 2010 Retrieved January 29 2010 Mark Ellis retires from baseball at age 37 NBC Sports February 25 2015 Archived from the original on March 28 2015 Retrieved March 29 2015 Profile Becky Hammon Yahoo Sports Archived from the original on August 4 2009 Retrieved January 29 2010 Becky Hammon Hired to Spurs Staff ESPN August 5 2014 Archived from the original on April 7 2015 Retrieved March 29 2015 New exhibit details Rapid City native Adam Vinatieri s kick Rapid City Journal Archived from the original on July 25 2017 Retrieved March 19 2016 Economic Impact South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks Archived from the original on March 11 2016 Retrieved March 12 2016 How many people hunt and fish in South Dakota South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks Archived from the original on December 10 2008 Retrieved December 21 2008 Fishing in South Dakota Northeastern South Dakota Office of Tourism Archived from the original on February 4 2010 Retrieved January 29 2010 a b Fishing in South Dakota Central South Dakota Office of Tourism Archived from the original on February 4 2010 Retrieved January 29 2010 Fishing in South Dakota Western South Dakota Office of Tourism Archived from the original on February 4 2010 Retrieved January 29 2010 George S Mickelson Trail Guide PDF South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks Archived from the original PDF on January 4 2010 Retrieved January 29 2010 Course Info Mount Rushmore Marathon Archived from the original on October 13 2005 Retrieved December 21 2008 Tour de Kota Tour de Kota Archived from the original on January 5 2009 Retrieved June 25 2009 South Dakota Facts South Dakota Department of Tourism Archived from the original on May 18 2015 Retrieved May 12 2015 Bibliography Edit Hasselstrom Linda M 1994 Roadside History of South Dakota Missoula MT Mountain Press Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 87842 262 3 Schell Herbert S 2004 History of South Dakota Pierre SD South Dakota State Historical Society Press ISBN 978 0 9715171 3 4 Thompson Harry F ed 2009 A New South Dakota History Second ed Sioux Falls SD Center for Western Studies Augustana College ISBN 978 0 931170 00 3 Further reading EditLauck Jon K Prairie Republic The Political Culture of Dakota Territory 1879 1889 University of Oklahoma Press 2010 281 pages Wishart David J ed Encyclopedia of the Great Plains University of Nebraska Press 2004 ISBN 0 8032 4787 7 complete text online 900 pages of scholarly articles Karolevitz Robert F Hunhoff Bernie 1988 Uniquely South Dakota Donning Company ISBN 978 0 89865 730 2 From the publisher of South Dakota Magazine with many photographs External links EditSouth Dakota at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official website South Dakota Department of Tourism South Dakota State Databases Energy Profile for South Dakota USGS real time geographic and other scientific resources of South Dakota U S Census Bureau South Dakota State Facts from USDA South Dakota State Historical Society Press Archived January 26 2021 at the Wayback Machine Reynolds Francis J ed 1921 South Dakota Collier s New Encyclopedia New York P F Collier amp Son Company South Dakota at Curlie Geographic data related to South Dakota at OpenStreetMap Dakota Pathways Preceded byNorth Dakota List of U S states by date of statehoodAdmitted on November 2 1889 40th Succeeded byMontana Coordinates 44 N 100 W 44 N 100 W 44 100 State of South Dakota Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title South Dakota amp oldid 1129565969, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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