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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

January 18, 2023

In this Indian name, the name Subrahmanyan is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Chandrasekhar.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar FRS (/ˌtʃændrəˈseɪkɑːr/;[3] Punjabi pronunciation) (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995)[4] was an Indian-American theoretical physicist who spent his professional life in the United States. He shared the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics with William A. Fowler for "...theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and black holes.[5][6] Many concepts, institutions, and inventions, including the Chandrasekhar limit and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, are named after him.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

FRS
Born(1910-10-19)19 October 1910
Lahore, Punjab, British India (present day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died21 August 1995(1995-08-21) (aged 84)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
CitizenshipBritish India (1910-1947)

India (1947-1953)

United States (1953-1995)
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse
Lalitha Doraiswamy
​
​
(m. 1936; (his death) 1995)​
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsAstrophysics
General relativity
Fluid dynamics
Radiation
Quantum theory
InstitutionsUniversity of Chicago
Yerkes Observatory
Ballistic Research Laboratory
University of Cambridge
ThesisPolytropic distributions (1933)
Doctoral advisorRalph H. Fowler
Arthur Eddington
Doctoral students
Signature

Chandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of problems in physics during his lifetime, contributing to the contemporary understanding of stellar structure, white dwarfs, stellar dynamics, stochastic process, radiative transfer, the quantum theory of the hydrogen anion, hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability, turbulence, equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, general relativity, mathematical theory of black holes and theory of colliding gravitational waves.[7] At the University of Cambridge, he developed a theoretical model explaining the structure of white dwarf stars that took into account the relativistic variation of mass with the velocities of electrons that comprise their degenerate matter. He showed that the mass of a white dwarf could not exceed 1.44 times that of the Sun – the Chandrasekhar limit. Chandrasekhar revised the models of stellar dynamics first outlined by Jan Oort and others by considering the effects of fluctuating gravitational fields within the Milky Way on stars rotating about the galactic centre. His solution to this complex dynamical problem involved a set of twenty partial differential equations, describing a new quantity he termed "dynamical friction", which has the dual effects of decelerating the star and helping to stabilize clusters of stars. Chandrasekhar extended this analysis to the interstellar medium, showing that clouds of galactic gas and dust are distributed very unevenly.

Chandrasekhar studied at Presidency College, Madras (now Chennai) and the University of Cambridge. A long-time professor at the University of Chicago, he did some of his studies at the Yerkes Observatory, and served as editor of The Astrophysical Journal from 1952 to 1971. He was on the faculty at Chicago from 1937 until his death in 1995 at the age of 84, and was the Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics.[8]

Early life and education

Chandrasekhar was born in Lahore on 19 October 1910 of the British Raj (present-day Pakistan) in a Tamil Brahmin family,[9] to Sita Balakrishnan (1891–1931) and Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar (1885–1960)[10] who was stationed in Lahore as Deputy Auditor General of the Northwestern Railways at the time of Chandrasekhar's birth. He had two elder sisters, Rajalakshmi and Balaparvathi, three younger brothers, Vishwanathan, Balakrishnan, and Ramanathan, and four younger sisters, Sarada, Vidya, Savitri, and Sundari. His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist and Nobel laureate Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. His mother was devoted to intellectual pursuits, had translated Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House into Tamil and is credited with arousing Chandra's intellectual curiosity at an early age.[11] The family moved from Lahore to Allahabad in 1916, and finally settled in Madras in 1918.

Chandrasekhar was tutored at home until the age of 12.[11] In middle school his father taught him mathematics and physics and his mother taught him Tamil. He later attended the Hindu High School, Triplicane, Madras during the years 1922–25. Subsequently, he studied at Presidency College, Madras (affiliated to the University of Madras) from 1925 to 1930, writing his first paper, "The Compton Scattering and the New Statistics", in 1929 after being inspired by a lecture by Arnold Sommerfeld.[12] He obtained his bachelor's degree, BSc (Hon.), in physics, in June 1930. In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of Cambridge, where he was admitted to Trinity College, secured by R. H. Fowler with whom he communicated his first paper. During his travels to England, Chandrasekhar spent his time working out the statistical mechanics of the degenerate electron gas in white dwarf stars, providing relativistic corrections to Fowler's previous work (see Legacy below).

At the University of Cambridge

In his first year at Cambridge, as a research student of Fowler, Chandrasekhar spent his time calculating mean opacities and applying his results to the construction of an improved model for the limiting mass of the degenerate star. At the meetings of the Royal Astronomical Society, he met E. A. Milne. At the invitation of Max Born he spent the summer of 1931, his second year of post-graduate studies, at Born's institute at Göttingen, working on opacities, atomic absorption coefficients, and model stellar photospheres. On the advice of P. A. M. Dirac, he spent his final year of graduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, where he met Niels Bohr.

After receiving a bronze medal for his work on degenerate stars, in the summer of 1933, Chandrasekhar was awarded his PhD degree at Cambridge with a thesis among his four papers on rotating self-gravitating polytropes. On 9 October, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the period 1933–1937, becoming only the second Indian to receive a Trinity Fellowship after Srinivasa Ramanujan 16 years earlier. He had been so certain of failing to obtain the fellowship that he had already made arrangements to study under Milne that autumn at Oxford, even going to the extent of renting a flat there.[12]

During this time, Chandrasekhar became acquainted with British physicist Sir Arthur Eddington. In an infamous encounter at the Royal Astronomical Society in London in 1935, Eddington publicly ridiculed the concept of the Chandrasekhar limit.[11] Although Eddington would later be proved wrong by computers[clarification needed] and the first positive identification of a black hole in 1972, this encounter caused Chandrasekhar to contemplate employment outside the UK. Later in life, on multiple occasions, Chandrasekhar expressed the view that Eddington's behaviour was in part racially motivated.[13]

Career and research

Early career

In 1935, Chandrasekhar was invited by the Director of the Harvard Observatory, Harlow Shapley, to be a visiting lecturer in theoretical astrophysics for a three-month period. He travelled to the United States in December. During his visit to Harvard, Chandrasekhar greatly impressed Shapley, but declined his offer of a Harvard research fellowship. At the same time, Chandrasekhar met Gerard Kuiper, a noted Dutch astrophysical observationalist who was then a leading authority on white dwarfs. Kuiper had recently been recruited by Otto Struve, the Director of the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, which was run by the University of Chicago, and the university's President Robert Maynard Hutchins. Having known of Chandrasekhar, Struve was then considering him for one of three faculty posts in astrophysics, along with Kuiper; the other opening had been filled by Bengt Stromgren, a Danish theorist.[12] Following a recommendation from Kuiper, Struve invited Chandrasekhar to Yerkes in March 1936 and offered him the job. Though Chandrasekhar was keenly interested, he initially declined the offer and left for England; after Hutchins sent a radiogram to Chandrasekhar during the voyage, he finally accepted, returning to Yerkes as an Assistant Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics in December 1936.[12] Hutchins also intervened on an occasion where Chandra's participation on teaching a course organised by Struve, was vetoed by the dean Henry Gale based on a racial prejudice; Hutchins said "By all means have Mr.Chandrasekhar teach".[14]

Chandrasekhar remained at the University of Chicago for his entire career. He was promoted to associate professor in 1941 and to full professor two years later at the age of 33.[12] In 1946, when Princeton University offered Chandrasekhar a position vacated by Henry Norris Russell with a salary double that of Chicago's, Hutchins incremented his salary matching with that of Princeton's and persuaded Chandrasekhar to stay in Chicago. In 1952, he became Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics and Enrico Fermi Institute, upon Enrico Fermi's invitation. In 1953, he and his wife, Lalitha Chandrasekhar, took American citizenship.[15]

After the Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR) was built by NASA in 1966 at the university, Chandrasekhar occupied one of the four corner offices on the second floor. (The other corners housed John A. Simpson, Peter Meyer, and Eugene N. Parker.) Chandrasekhar lived at 4800 Lake Shore Drive after the high-rise apartment complex was built in the late 1960s, and later at 5550 Dorchester Building.

World War II

During World War II, Chandrasekhar worked at the Ballistic Research Laboratory at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. While there, he worked on problems of ballistics, resulting in reports such as 1943's On the decay of plane shock waves, Optimum height for the bursting of a 105mm shell, On the Conditions for the Existence of Three Shock Waves,[16] On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile[17] and The normal reflection of a blast wave.[18][7] Chandrasekhar's expertise in hydrodynamics led Robert Oppenheimer to invite him to join the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, but delays in the processing of his security clearance prevented him from contributing to the project. It has been rumoured that he visited the Calutron project.

Philosophy of systematization

He wrote that his scientific research was motivated by his desire to participate in the progress of different subjects in science to the best of his ability, and that the prime motive underlying his work was systematization. "What a scientist tries to do essentially is to select a certain domain, a certain aspect, or a certain detail, and see if that takes its appropriate place in a general scheme which has form and coherence; and, if not, to seek further information which would help him to do that".[19]

Chandrasekhar developed a unique style of mastering several fields of physics and astrophysics; consequently, his working life can be divided into distinct periods. He would exhaustively study a specific area, publish several papers in it and then write a book summarizing the major concepts in the field. He would then move on to another field for the next decade and repeat the pattern. Thus he studied stellar structure, including the theory of white dwarfs, during the years 1929 to 1939, and subsequently focused on stellar dynamics, theory of Brownian motion from 1939 to 1943. Next, he concentrated on the theory of radiative transfer and the quantum theory of the negative ion of hydrogen from 1943 to 1950. This was followed by sustained work on turbulence and hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability from 1950 to 1961. In the 1960s, he studied both the equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, and general relativity. During the period, 1971 to 1983 he studied the mathematical theory of black holes, and, finally, during the late 80s, he worked on the theory of colliding gravitational waves.[7]

Work with students

Chandra worked closely with his students and expressed pride in the fact that over a 50-year period (from roughly 1930 to 1980), the average age of his co-author collaborators had remained the same, at around 30. He insisted that students address him as "Prof. Chandrasekhar" until they received their PhD degree, after which time they (as other colleagues) were encouraged to address him as "Chandra". When Chandrasekhar was working at the Yerkes Observatory in 1940s, he would drive 150 miles (240 km) to and from every weekend to teach a course at the University of Chicago. Two of the students who took the course, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang, won the Nobel prize before he could get one for himself. Regarding classroom interactions during his lectures, noted astrophysicist Carl Sagan stated from firsthand experience that "frivolous questions" from unprepared students were "dealt with in the manner of a summary execution", while questions of merit "were given serious attention and response".[20]

Other activities

From 1952 to 1971 Chandrasekhar was editor of The Astrophysical Journal.[21] When Eugene Parker submitted a paper on his discovery of solar wind in 1957, two eminent reviewers rejected the paper. However, since Chandra as an editor could not find any mathematical flaws in Parker's work, he went ahead and published the paper in 1958.[22]

During the years 1990 to 1995, Chandrasekhar worked on a project devoted to explaining the detailed geometric arguments in Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica using the language and methods of ordinary calculus. The effort resulted in the book Newton's Principia for the Common Reader, published in 1995. Chandrasekhar was an honorary member of the International Academy of Science.[citation needed]

While working with his last graduate student Sandip Chakrabarti from 1983 to 1985, Chandrasekhar was interested in the solution of the Dirac equation in Kerr geometry,[23] collision of gravitational waves,[24] and algebraically special perturbations.[25]

Personal life

Chandrasekhar was the nephew of C.V. Raman, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.

Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy in September 1936. He met her as a fellow student at Presidency College. He became a naturalized citizen of the U.S. in 1953. Many considered him as warm, positive, generous, unassuming, meticulous, and open to debate, while some others as private, intimidating, impatient and stubborn regarding non-scientific matters,[20] and unforgiving to those who ridiculed his work.[26]

Chandrasekhar died of a heart attack at the University of Chicago Hospital in 1995, having survived a prior heart attack in 1975.[20] He was survived by his wife, who died on 2 September 2013 at the age of 102.[27] She was a serious student of literature and western classical music.[26]

Once when involved in a discussion about the Gita, Chandrasekhar said, "I should like to preface my remarks with a personal statement in order that my later remarks will not be misunderstood. I consider myself an atheist".[28] This was also confirmed many times in his other talks.[29] In an interview with Kevin Krisciunas at the University of Chicago, on 6 October 1987, Chandrasekhar commented: "Of course, he (Otto Struve) knew I was an atheist, and he never brought up the subject with me".[30]

Chandrasekhar was a vegetarian.[31]

Awards, honours and legacy

Nobel prize

Chandrasekhar was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for his studies on the physical processes important to the structure and evolution of stars. Chandrasekhar accepted this honour, but was upset the citation mentioned only his earliest work, seeing it as a denigration of a lifetime's achievement. He shared it with William A. Fowler.

Other awards

Legacy

Chandrasekhar's most notable work is on the astrophysical Chandrasekhar limit. The limit gives the maximum mass of a white dwarf star, ~1.44 solar masses, or equivalently, the minimum mass that must be exceeded for a star to collapse into a neutron star or black hole (following a supernova). The limit was first calculated by Chandrasekhar in 1930 during his maiden voyage from India to Cambridge, England for his graduate studies. In 1979, NASA named the third of its four "Great Observatories" after Chandrasekhar. This followed a naming contest which attracted 6,000 entries from fifty states and sixty-one countries. The Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched and deployed by Space Shuttle Columbia on 23 July 1999. The Chandrasekhar number, an important dimensionless number of magnetohydrodynamics, is named after him. The asteroid 1958 Chandra is also named after Chandrasekhar. The Himalayan Chandra Telescope is named after him. In the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London, R. J. Tayler wrote: "Chandrasekhar was a classical applied mathematician whose research was primarily applied in astronomy and whose like will probably never be seen again."[1]

Chandrasekhar supervised 45 PhD students.[39] After his death, his widow Lalitha Chandrasekhar made a gift of his Nobel Prize money to the University of Chicago towards the establishment of the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Memorial Fellowship. First awarded in the year 2000, this fellowship is given annually to an outstanding applicant to graduate school in the PhD programs of the Department of Physics or the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics.[40] S. Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics is an award given by Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPS) to outstanding plasma physicists, started in the year 2014.[41]

The Chandra Astrophysics Institute (CAI) is a program offered for high school students who are interested in astrophysics mentored by MIT scientists[42] and sponsored by the Chandra X-ray Observatory.[43] Carl Sagan praised him in the book The Demon-Haunted World: "I discovered what true mathematical elegance is from Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar." On 19 October 2017, Google showed a Google Doodle in 28 countries honouring Chandrasekhar's 107th birthday and the Chandrasekhar limit.[44][45]

In 2010, on account of Chandra's 100th birthday, University of Chicago conducted a symposium titled Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium 2010 which was attended by leading astrophysicists such as Roger Penrose, Kip Thorne, Freeman Dyson, Jayant V. Narlikar, Rashid Sunyaev, G. Srinivasan, and Clifford Will. Its research talks were published in 2011 as a book titled Fluid flows to Black Holes: A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary.[46][47][48]

Publications

Books

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1958) [1939]. An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60413-8.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (2005) [1942]. Principles of Stellar Dynamics. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-44273-0.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1960) [1950]. Radiative Transfer. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60590-6.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1975) [1960]. Plasma Physics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10084-5.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1981) [1961]. Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-64071-6.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1987) [1969]. Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-65258-0.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1998) [1983]. The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850370-5.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1983) [1983]. Eddington: The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521257466.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1990) [1987]. Truth and Beauty. Aesthetics and Motivations in Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10087-6.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Newton's Principia for the Common Reader. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851744-3.
  • Spiegel, E.A. (2011) [1954]. The Theory of Turbulence : Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar's 1954 Lectures. Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-0117-5.

Notes

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1939). "The Dynamics of Stellar Systems. I–VIII". The Astrophysical Journal. 90 (1): 1–154. Bibcode:1939ApJ....90....1C. doi:10.1086/144094. ISSN 0004-637X.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). "Stochastic Problems in Physics and Astronomy". Reviews of Modern Physics. 15 (1): 1–89. Bibcode:1943RvMP...15....1C. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.15.1. ISSN 0034-6861.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1993). Classical general relativity. Royal Society.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1979). The Role of General Relativity: Retrospect and Prospect. Proc. IAU Meeting.[49]
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). New methods in stellar dynamics. New York Academy of Sciences.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1954). "The illumination and polarization of the sunlit sky on Rayleigh scattering". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. 44 (6): 643–728. doi:10.2307/1005777. JSTOR 1005777.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1983). "On Stars, their evolution and their stability, Nobel lecture". Reviews of Modern Physics. Stockholm: Nobel Foundation. 56 (2): 137–147. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1981). New horizons of human knowledge: a series of public talks given at Unesco. Unesco Press.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1975). "Shakespeare, Newton, and Beethoven: Or, Patterns of Creativity". Current Science. University of Chicago. 70 (9): 810–822. JSTOR 24099932.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (July 1973). "P.A.M. Dirac on his seventieth birthday". Contemporary Physics. 14 (4): 389–394. Bibcode:1973ConPh..14..389C. doi:10.1080/00107517308210761. ISSN 0010-7514.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1947). Heywood, Robert B. (ed.). The Works of the Mind:The Scientist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 159–179. OCLC 752682744.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Reminiscences and discoveries on Ramanujan's bust. Royal Society. ASIN B001B12NJ8.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). How one may explore the physical content of the general theory of relativity. American Mathematical Society. ASIN B001B10QTM.

Journals

Chandrasekhar published around 380 papers[50][1] in his lifetime. He wrote his first paper in 1928 when he was still an undergraduate student about Compton effect[51] and last paper which was accepted for publication just two months before his death was in 1995 which was about non-radial oscillation of stars.[52] The University of Chicago Press published selected papers of Chandrasekhar in seven volumes.

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 1, Stellar structure and stellar atmospheres. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100890.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 2, Radiative transfer and negative ion of hydrogen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100920.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 3, Stochastic, statistical and hydromagnetic problems in Physics and Astronomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100944.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 4, Plasma Physics, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic stability, and applications of the Tensor-Virial theorem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100975.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). Selected Papers, Vol 5, Relativistic Astrophysics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100982.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1991). Selected Papers, Vol 6, The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes and of Colliding Plane Waves. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226101019.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1997). Selected Papers, Vol 7, The non-radial oscillations of star in General Relativity and other writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226101040.

Books and articles about Chandrasekhar

  • Miller, Arthur I. (2005). Empire of the Stars: Friendship, Obsession, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-34151-1.
  • Srinivasan, G., ed. (1997). From White Dwarfs to Black Holes: The Legacy of S. Chandrasekhar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76996-7.
  • Penrose, Roger (1996). (PDF). Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 213–231. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..213P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.496.2529. doi:10.1007/BF02702305. ISSN 0250-6335. S2CID 119807977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  • Parker, E. (1996). "S. Chandrasekhar and Magnetohydrodynamics". Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 147–166. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..147P. doi:10.1007/BF02702301. ISSN 0250-6335. S2CID 122374065.
  • Wali, Kameshwar C. (1991). Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87054-0.
  • Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (1997). Chandrasekhar: The Man Behind the Legend – Chandra Remembered. London: imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-038-5.
  • Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (2001). A Quest For Perspectives. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. ISBN 978-1-86094-201-3.
  • Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (2020). S Chandrasekhar: Selected Correspondence and Conversations. World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. ISBN 978-9811208324.
  • Wignesan, T., ed. (2004). "The Man who Dwarfed the Stars". The Asianists' Asia. ISSN 1298-0358.
  • Venkataraman, G. (1992). Chandrasekhar and His Limit. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-035-3.
  • Sreenivasan, K. R. (2019). "Chandrasekhar's Fluid Dynamics". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 51 (1): 1–24. Bibcode:2019AnRFM..51....1S. doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-010518-040537. ISSN 0066-4189.
  • Saikia, D J.; et al., eds. (2011). Fluid flows to Black Holes: A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. ISBN 978-981-4299-57-2.
  • Ramnath, Radhika, ed. (2012). S. Chandrasekhar: Man of Science. Harpercollins. ASIN B00C3EWIME.
  • Alic, Kameshwar C (2011). Kameshwar, C Wali (ed.). A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. Edited by K C Wali. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Bibcode:2010sasc.book.....W. doi:10.1142/7686. ISBN 978-981-4299-57-2.
  • Salwi, Dilip, ed. (2004). S. Chandrasekhar: The scholar scientist. Rupa. ISBN 978-8129104915.
  • Pandey, Rakesh Kumar, ed. (2017). Chandrasekhar Limit: Size of White Dwarfs. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3330317666.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Tayler, R. J. (1996). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 42: 80–94. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1996.0006. ISSN 0080-4606. S2CID 58736242.
  2. ^ "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – The Mathematics Genealogy Project". www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu.
  3. ^ 4m50s
  4. ^ Osterbrock, Donald E. (December 1998). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995)". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. 142 (4): 658–665. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 3152289. (Registration or subscription required)
  5. ^ Vishveshwara, C.V. (25 April 2000). "Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections" (PDF). Current Science. 78 (8): 1025–1033.
  6. ^ Horgan, J. (1994). "Profile: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Confronting the Final Limit". Scientific American. 270 (3): 32–33. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0394-32. ISSN 0036-8733.
  7. ^ a b c O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar". Biographies. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  8. ^ "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar". starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  9. ^ "Who was S Chandrasekhar?". The Indian Express. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  10. ^ "Subramanyan Chandrasekhar Biographical". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  11. ^ a b c "S Chandrasekhar: Why Google honours him". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d e Trehan, Surindar Kumar (1995). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1910–1995" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy. 23: 101–119.
  13. ^ Wali, Kameshwar C. (October 1982). "Chandrasekhar vs. Eddington: An Unanticipated Confrontation". Physics Today. 35 (10): 33–40. Bibcode:1982PhT....35j..33W. doi:10.1063/1.2914790. ISSN 0031-9228.
  14. ^ Biographical Memoirs. 1997. doi:10.17226/5859. ISBN 978-0-309-05788-2.
  15. ^ "S Chandrashekhar, India's great astrophysicist: Why Google Doodle is celebrating the Nobel prize winner". The Financial Express. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  16. ^ Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). On the conditions for the existence of three shock waves (Report). Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground. 367.
  17. ^ Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile (Report). Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground. 365.
  18. ^ Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). (PDF) (Report). Army Ballistic Research Lab Aberdeen Procing Ground MD. BRL-MR-139. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2019.
  19. ^ The Works of the Mind, p.176, edited by Robert B. Heywood, University of Chicago Press, 1947.
  20. ^ a b c C.), Wali, K. C. (Kameshwar) (1991). Chandra : a biography of S. Chandrasekhar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 9. ISBN 978-0226870540. OCLC 21297960.
  21. ^ Helmut A. Abt (1 December 1995). "Obituary – Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan". Astrophysical Journal. 454: 551. Bibcode:1995ApJ...454..551A. doi:10.1086/176507. ISSN 0004-637X.
  22. ^ Parker, E. N. (1 November 1958). "Dynamics of the Interplanetary Gas and Magnetic Fields". The Astrophysical Journal. 128: 664. Bibcode:1958ApJ...128..664P. doi:10.1086/146579. ISSN 0004-637X.
  23. ^ Chakrabarti, S. K. (1984). "On mass-dependent spheroidal harmonics of spin one-half". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 391 (1800): 27–38. Bibcode:1984RSPSA.391...27C. doi:10.1098/rspa.1984.0002. S2CID 120673756.
  24. ^ Chandrasekhar, S.; Xanthopoulos, B. C. (1985). "Some exact solutions of gravitational waves coupled with fluid motions". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 402 (1823): 205–224. Bibcode:1985RSPSA.402..205C. doi:10.1098/rspa.1985.0115. S2CID 120942390.
  25. ^ Chandrasekhar, S. (1984). "On algebraically special perturbations of black holes". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 392 (1802): 1–13. Bibcode:1984RSPSA.392....1C. doi:10.1098/rspa.1984.0021. S2CID 122585164.
  26. ^ a b S. Chandrasekhar : the man behind the legend. Wali, K. C. (Kameshwar C.). London: Imperial College Press. 1997. pp. 107. ISBN 978-1860940385. OCLC 38847561.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  27. ^ "Nobel laureate's wife Lalitha Chandrasekhar dies at 102". The Hindu. 7 September 2013.
  28. ^ S. Chandrasekhar: the man behind the legend, Kameshwar C. Wali. Imperial College Press (1 January 1997) ISBN 978-1860940385
  29. ^ Kameshwar C. Wali (1991). Chandra: A Biography of Chandrasekhar. University of Chicago Press. p. 304. ISBN 9780226870557. SC: I am not religious in any sense; in fact, I consider myself an atheist.
  30. ^ "Interview with Dr. S. Chandrasekhar". American Institute of Physics.
  31. ^ Sullivan, Walter (22 August 1995). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 84, Is Dead; Noble Laureate Uncovered 'White Dwarfs'". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  32. ^ . American Astronomical Society. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  33. ^ . Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  34. ^ . Royal Astronomical Society. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  35. ^ "Past Recipients of the Rumford Prize". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  36. ^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details – NSF – National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov.
  37. ^ . National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  38. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  39. ^ Singh, Virendra (26 October 2011). "S Chandrasekhar: His Life and Science". Resonance. 16 (10): 960. doi:10.1007/s12045-011-0094-0. ISSN 0971-8044. S2CID 119945333.
  40. ^ "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Memorial Fellowship".
  41. ^ "S. Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics".
  42. ^ Hartman, Mark; Ashton, Peter; Porro, Irene; Ahmed, Shakib; Kol, Simba. "Chandra Astrophysics Institute". MIT OpenCourseWare. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  43. ^ "The Chandra Astrophysics Institute – ChandraBlog – Fresh Chandra News". chandra.harvard.edu.
  44. ^ "S. Chandrasekhar's 107th Birthday".
  45. ^ Rajamanickam Antonimuthu (18 October 2017). "S. Chandrasekhar Google Doodle". Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  46. ^ "KPTC Event Video – Colloquia". kersten.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  47. ^ "The 100th anniversary of the birth of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium 2010 – Chicago". VideoLectures – VideoLectures.NET. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  48. ^ "NSF Award Search: Award#1039863 – Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium; Chicago, IL; October 16–17, 2010". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  49. ^ Chandrasekhar, S (1980). "The role of general relativity in astronomy – Retrospect and prospect". Highlights of Astronomy. 5: 45–61. Bibcode:1980HiA.....5...45C. doi:10.1017/S1539299600003749. ISSN 1539-2996.
  50. ^ Chandrasekhar, S. (1996). "Publications by S. Chandrasekhar" (PDF). Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. Indian Academy of Sciences. 17: 269. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..269C. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  51. ^ "Thermodynamics of the Compton Effect with Reference to the Interior of the Stars" (PDF). Indian Journal of Physics. 3: 241–50. hdl:10821/487.
  52. ^ Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan; Ferrari, Valeria (8 August 1995). "On the Non-Radial Oscillations of a Star: V. A Fully Relativistic Treatment of a Newtonian Star". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. The Royal Society. 450 (1939): 463–475. Bibcode:1995RSPSA.450..463C. doi:10.1098/rspa.1995.0094. ISSN 1364-5021. S2CID 120769457.

Further reading

  • Struve, Otto (1 April 1952). "The Award of the Bruce Gold Medal to Dr. S. Chandrasekhar". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 64 (377): 55. Bibcode:1952PASP...64...55S. doi:10.1086/126422. ISSN 0004-6280. S2CID 119668926.
  • Parker, E. N. (1997). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 1910-1995" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 72: 28–49.
Obituaries
  • Devorkin, David H. (1 January 1996). "Obituary: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 1910-1995". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 28 (4): 1448. Bibcode:1996BAAS...28.1448D.
  • McCrea, W. (1 April 1996). "Obituary: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar". The Observatory. 116: 121–124. Bibcode:1996Obs...116..121M. ISSN 0029-7704.
    • Comment: Cronin, J. W. (1 February 1998). "Subramanyan Chandrasekhar". The Observatory. 118: 24. ISSN 0029-7704.
  • Garstang, R. H. (1 February 1997). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995)". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 109: 73–77. Bibcode:1997PASP..109...73G. doi:10.1086/133864. ISSN 0004-6280. S2CID 123095503.
  • Spruit, H. C. (1 March 1996). "A 'curve of growth' of astronomers on the Citation Index". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 37: 1–9. Bibcode:1996QJRAS..37....1S. ISSN 0035-8738.

External links

  • Great Indians: Professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Video of Chandra's last interview at Chicago.
  • Audio – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar(1988) The founding of general relativity and its excellence.
  • Audio – Cain/Gay (2010) Astronomy Cast Chandrasekhar.
  • National Academy of Sciences biography
  • Harvard's site on Chandrasekhar
  • Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
  • Bruce Medal page
  • Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 17 May 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session I
  • Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 18 May 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session II
  • Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 31 October 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session III
  • Oral History interview transcript for Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 6 October 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
  • Mathematics Genealogy Project
  • Concordia University Honorary Degree Citation, June 1988, Concordia University Records Management and Archives
  • Free PDF of Radiative Transfer on Archive.org
  • Guide to the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Papers 1913-2011 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
  • Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on Nobelprize.org  

January 18, 2023
subrahmanyan, chandrasekhar, this, indian, name, name, subrahmanyan, patronymic, person, should, referred, given, name, chandrasekhar, ɑːr, punjabi, pronunciation, october, 1910, august, 1995, indian, american, theoretical, physicist, spent, professional, life. In this Indian name the name Subrahmanyan is a patronymic and the person should be referred to by the given name Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar FRS ˌ tʃ ae n d r e ˈ s eɪ k ɑːr 3 Punjabi pronunciation 19 October 1910 21 August 1995 4 was an Indian American theoretical physicist who spent his professional life in the United States He shared the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics with William A Fowler for theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and black holes 5 6 Many concepts institutions and inventions including the Chandrasekhar limit and the Chandra X Ray Observatory are named after him Subrahmanyan ChandrasekharFRSBorn 1910 10 19 19 October 1910Lahore Punjab British India present day Punjab Pakistan Died21 August 1995 1995 08 21 aged 84 Chicago Illinois U S CitizenshipBritish India 1910 1947 India 1947 1953 United States 1953 1995 Alma materUniversity of Madras BSc Trinity College Cambridge MSc PhD Known forChandrasekhar limit Chandrasekhar number Chandrasekhar friction Chandrasekhar Kendall function Chandrasekhar s H function Emden Chandrasekhar equation Chandrasekhar Fermi method CFS instability Chandrasekhar Page equations Kramers Chandrasekhar equation Chandrasekhar tensor Chandrasekhar virial equations Batchelor Chandrasekhar equation Schonberg Chandrasekhar limit Chandrasekhar s white dwarf equation Chandrasekhar polarization Chandrasekhar s X and Y function Discrete Ordinates Method Others in list formSpouseLalitha Doraiswamy m 1936 his death 1995 wbr AwardsFRS 1944 1 Adams Prize 1948 Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 Copley Medal 1984 National Medal of Science 1966 Royal Medal 1962 Padma Vibhushan 1968 Heineman Prize 1974 Scientific careerFieldsAstrophysics General relativityFluid dynamicsRadiationQuantum theoryInstitutionsUniversity of ChicagoYerkes ObservatoryBallistic Research LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeThesisPolytropic distributions 1933 Doctoral advisorRalph H FowlerArthur EddingtonDoctoral studentsDonald Edward Osterbrock Guido Munch Roland Winston Jeremiah P Ostriker Jerome Kristian Yousef Sobouti Anne Barbara Underhill Arthur Code Surindar Kumar Trehan 2 SignatureChandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of problems in physics during his lifetime contributing to the contemporary understanding of stellar structure white dwarfs stellar dynamics stochastic process radiative transfer the quantum theory of the hydrogen anion hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability turbulence equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium general relativity mathematical theory of black holes and theory of colliding gravitational waves 7 At the University of Cambridge he developed a theoretical model explaining the structure of white dwarf stars that took into account the relativistic variation of mass with the velocities of electrons that comprise their degenerate matter He showed that the mass of a white dwarf could not exceed 1 44 times that of the Sun the Chandrasekhar limit Chandrasekhar revised the models of stellar dynamics first outlined by Jan Oort and others by considering the effects of fluctuating gravitational fields within the Milky Way on stars rotating about the galactic centre His solution to this complex dynamical problem involved a set of twenty partial differential equations describing a new quantity he termed dynamical friction which has the dual effects of decelerating the star and helping to stabilize clusters of stars Chandrasekhar extended this analysis to the interstellar medium showing that clouds of galactic gas and dust are distributed very unevenly Chandrasekhar studied at Presidency College Madras now Chennai and the University of Cambridge A long time professor at the University of Chicago he did some of his studies at the Yerkes Observatory and served as editor of The Astrophysical Journal from 1952 to 1971 He was on the faculty at Chicago from 1937 until his death in 1995 at the age of 84 and was the Morton D Hull Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics 8 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 At the University of Cambridge 3 Career and research 3 1 Early career 3 2 World War II 3 3 Philosophy of systematization 3 4 Work with students 3 5 Other activities 4 Personal life 5 Awards honours and legacy 5 1 Nobel prize 5 2 Other awards 5 3 Legacy 6 Publications 6 1 Books 6 2 Notes 6 3 Journals 6 4 Books and articles about Chandrasekhar 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksEarly life and education EditChandrasekhar was born in Lahore on 19 October 1910 of the British Raj present day Pakistan in a Tamil Brahmin family 9 to Sita Balakrishnan 1891 1931 and Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar 1885 1960 10 who was stationed in Lahore as Deputy Auditor General of the Northwestern Railways at the time of Chandrasekhar s birth He had two elder sisters Rajalakshmi and Balaparvathi three younger brothers Vishwanathan Balakrishnan and Ramanathan and four younger sisters Sarada Vidya Savitri and Sundari His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist and Nobel laureate Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman His mother was devoted to intellectual pursuits had translated Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House into Tamil and is credited with arousing Chandra s intellectual curiosity at an early age 11 The family moved from Lahore to Allahabad in 1916 and finally settled in Madras in 1918 Chandrasekhar was tutored at home until the age of 12 11 In middle school his father taught him mathematics and physics and his mother taught him Tamil He later attended the Hindu High School Triplicane Madras during the years 1922 25 Subsequently he studied at Presidency College Madras affiliated to the University of Madras from 1925 to 1930 writing his first paper The Compton Scattering and the New Statistics in 1929 after being inspired by a lecture by Arnold Sommerfeld 12 He obtained his bachelor s degree BSc Hon in physics in June 1930 In July 1930 Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of Cambridge where he was admitted to Trinity College secured by R H Fowler with whom he communicated his first paper During his travels to England Chandrasekhar spent his time working out the statistical mechanics of the degenerate electron gas in white dwarf stars providing relativistic corrections to Fowler s previous work see Legacy below At the University of Cambridge EditIn his first year at Cambridge as a research student of Fowler Chandrasekhar spent his time calculating mean opacities and applying his results to the construction of an improved model for the limiting mass of the degenerate star At the meetings of the Royal Astronomical Society he met E A Milne At the invitation of Max Born he spent the summer of 1931 his second year of post graduate studies at Born s institute at Gottingen working on opacities atomic absorption coefficients and model stellar photospheres On the advice of P A M Dirac he spent his final year of graduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen where he met Niels Bohr After receiving a bronze medal for his work on degenerate stars in the summer of 1933 Chandrasekhar was awarded his PhD degree at Cambridge with a thesis among his four papers on rotating self gravitating polytropes On 9 October he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the period 1933 1937 becoming only the second Indian to receive a Trinity Fellowship after Srinivasa Ramanujan 16 years earlier He had been so certain of failing to obtain the fellowship that he had already made arrangements to study under Milne that autumn at Oxford even going to the extent of renting a flat there 12 During this time Chandrasekhar became acquainted with British physicist Sir Arthur Eddington In an infamous encounter at the Royal Astronomical Society in London in 1935 Eddington publicly ridiculed the concept of the Chandrasekhar limit 11 Although Eddington would later be proved wrong by computers clarification needed and the first positive identification of a black hole in 1972 this encounter caused Chandrasekhar to contemplate employment outside the UK Later in life on multiple occasions Chandrasekhar expressed the view that Eddington s behaviour was in part racially motivated 13 Career and research EditEarly career Edit In 1935 Chandrasekhar was invited by the Director of the Harvard Observatory Harlow Shapley to be a visiting lecturer in theoretical astrophysics for a three month period He travelled to the United States in December During his visit to Harvard Chandrasekhar greatly impressed Shapley but declined his offer of a Harvard research fellowship At the same time Chandrasekhar met Gerard Kuiper a noted Dutch astrophysical observationalist who was then a leading authority on white dwarfs Kuiper had recently been recruited by Otto Struve the Director of the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay Wisconsin which was run by the University of Chicago and the university s President Robert Maynard Hutchins Having known of Chandrasekhar Struve was then considering him for one of three faculty posts in astrophysics along with Kuiper the other opening had been filled by Bengt Stromgren a Danish theorist 12 Following a recommendation from Kuiper Struve invited Chandrasekhar to Yerkes in March 1936 and offered him the job Though Chandrasekhar was keenly interested he initially declined the offer and left for England after Hutchins sent a radiogram to Chandrasekhar during the voyage he finally accepted returning to Yerkes as an Assistant Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics in December 1936 12 Hutchins also intervened on an occasion where Chandra s participation on teaching a course organised by Struve was vetoed by the dean Henry Gale based on a racial prejudice Hutchins said By all means have Mr Chandrasekhar teach 14 Chandrasekhar remained at the University of Chicago for his entire career He was promoted to associate professor in 1941 and to full professor two years later at the age of 33 12 In 1946 when Princeton University offered Chandrasekhar a position vacated by Henry Norris Russell with a salary double that of Chicago s Hutchins incremented his salary matching with that of Princeton s and persuaded Chandrasekhar to stay in Chicago In 1952 he became Morton D Hull Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics and Enrico Fermi Institute upon Enrico Fermi s invitation In 1953 he and his wife Lalitha Chandrasekhar took American citizenship 15 After the Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research LASR was built by NASA in 1966 at the university Chandrasekhar occupied one of the four corner offices on the second floor The other corners housed John A Simpson Peter Meyer and Eugene N Parker Chandrasekhar lived at 4800 Lake Shore Drive after the high rise apartment complex was built in the late 1960s and later at 5550 Dorchester Building World War II Edit During World War II Chandrasekhar worked at the Ballistic Research Laboratory at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland While there he worked on problems of ballistics resulting in reports such as 1943 s On the decay of plane shock waves Optimum height for the bursting of a 105mm shell On the Conditions for the Existence of Three Shock Waves 16 On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile 17 and The normal reflection of a blast wave 18 7 Chandrasekhar s expertise in hydrodynamics led Robert Oppenheimer to invite him to join the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos but delays in the processing of his security clearance prevented him from contributing to the project It has been rumoured that he visited the Calutron project Philosophy of systematization Edit He wrote that his scientific research was motivated by his desire to participate in the progress of different subjects in science to the best of his ability and that the prime motive underlying his work was systematization What a scientist tries to do essentially is to select a certain domain a certain aspect or a certain detail and see if that takes its appropriate place in a general scheme which has form and coherence and if not to seek further information which would help him to do that 19 Chandrasekhar developed a unique style of mastering several fields of physics and astrophysics consequently his working life can be divided into distinct periods He would exhaustively study a specific area publish several papers in it and then write a book summarizing the major concepts in the field He would then move on to another field for the next decade and repeat the pattern Thus he studied stellar structure including the theory of white dwarfs during the years 1929 to 1939 and subsequently focused on stellar dynamics theory of Brownian motion from 1939 to 1943 Next he concentrated on the theory of radiative transfer and the quantum theory of the negative ion of hydrogen from 1943 to 1950 This was followed by sustained work on turbulence and hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability from 1950 to 1961 In the 1960s he studied both the equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium and general relativity During the period 1971 to 1983 he studied the mathematical theory of black holes and finally during the late 80s he worked on the theory of colliding gravitational waves 7 Work with students Edit Chandra worked closely with his students and expressed pride in the fact that over a 50 year period from roughly 1930 to 1980 the average age of his co author collaborators had remained the same at around 30 He insisted that students address him as Prof Chandrasekhar until they received their PhD degree after which time they as other colleagues were encouraged to address him as Chandra When Chandrasekhar was working at the Yerkes Observatory in 1940s he would drive 150 miles 240 km to and from every weekend to teach a course at the University of Chicago Two of the students who took the course Tsung Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang won the Nobel prize before he could get one for himself Regarding classroom interactions during his lectures noted astrophysicist Carl Sagan stated from firsthand experience that frivolous questions from unprepared students were dealt with in the manner of a summary execution while questions of merit were given serious attention and response 20 Other activities Edit From 1952 to 1971 Chandrasekhar was editor of The Astrophysical Journal 21 When Eugene Parker submitted a paper on his discovery of solar wind in 1957 two eminent reviewers rejected the paper However since Chandra as an editor could not find any mathematical flaws in Parker s work he went ahead and published the paper in 1958 22 During the years 1990 to 1995 Chandrasekhar worked on a project devoted to explaining the detailed geometric arguments in Sir Isaac Newton s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica using the language and methods of ordinary calculus The effort resulted in the book Newton s Principia for the Common Reader published in 1995 Chandrasekhar was an honorary member of the International Academy of Science citation needed While working with his last graduate student Sandip Chakrabarti from 1983 to 1985 Chandrasekhar was interested in the solution of the Dirac equation in Kerr geometry 23 collision of gravitational waves 24 and algebraically special perturbations 25 Personal life EditChandrasekhar was the nephew of C V Raman who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy in September 1936 He met her as a fellow student at Presidency College He became a naturalized citizen of the U S in 1953 Many considered him as warm positive generous unassuming meticulous and open to debate while some others as private intimidating impatient and stubborn regarding non scientific matters 20 and unforgiving to those who ridiculed his work 26 Chandrasekhar died of a heart attack at the University of Chicago Hospital in 1995 having survived a prior heart attack in 1975 20 He was survived by his wife who died on 2 September 2013 at the age of 102 27 She was a serious student of literature and western classical music 26 Once when involved in a discussion about the Gita Chandrasekhar said I should like to preface my remarks with a personal statement in order that my later remarks will not be misunderstood I consider myself an atheist 28 This was also confirmed many times in his other talks 29 In an interview with Kevin Krisciunas at the University of Chicago on 6 October 1987 Chandrasekhar commented Of course he Otto Struve knew I was an atheist and he never brought up the subject with me 30 Chandrasekhar was a vegetarian 31 Awards honours and legacy EditNobel prize Edit Chandrasekhar was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for his studies on the physical processes important to the structure and evolution of stars Chandrasekhar accepted this honour but was upset the citation mentioned only his earliest work seeing it as a denigration of a lifetime s achievement He shared it with William A Fowler Other awards Edit Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society FRS in 1944 1 Henry Norris Russell Lectureship 1949 32 Bruce Medal 1952 33 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1953 34 Rumford Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1957 35 National Medal of Science USA 1966 36 Padma Vibhushan 1968 Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences 1971 37 Marian Smoluchowski Medal 1973 Copley Medal of the Royal Society 1984 Gordon J Laing Award 1989 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1990 38 Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory Humboldt Prize when Legacy Edit Chandrasekhar s most notable work is on the astrophysical Chandrasekhar limit The limit gives the maximum mass of a white dwarf star 1 44 solar masses or equivalently the minimum mass that must be exceeded for a star to collapse into a neutron star or black hole following a supernova The limit was first calculated by Chandrasekhar in 1930 during his maiden voyage from India to Cambridge England for his graduate studies In 1979 NASA named the third of its four Great Observatories after Chandrasekhar This followed a naming contest which attracted 6 000 entries from fifty states and sixty one countries The Chandra X ray Observatory was launched and deployed by Space Shuttle Columbia on 23 July 1999 The Chandrasekhar number an important dimensionless number of magnetohydrodynamics is named after him The asteroid 1958 Chandra is also named after Chandrasekhar The Himalayan Chandra Telescope is named after him In the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London R J Tayler wrote Chandrasekhar was a classical applied mathematician whose research was primarily applied in astronomy and whose like will probably never be seen again 1 Chandrasekhar supervised 45 PhD students 39 After his death his widow Lalitha Chandrasekhar made a gift of his Nobel Prize money to the University of Chicago towards the establishment of the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Memorial Fellowship First awarded in the year 2000 this fellowship is given annually to an outstanding applicant to graduate school in the PhD programs of the Department of Physics or the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics 40 S Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics is an award given by Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies AAPS to outstanding plasma physicists started in the year 2014 41 The Chandra Astrophysics Institute CAI is a program offered for high school students who are interested in astrophysics mentored by MIT scientists 42 and sponsored by the Chandra X ray Observatory 43 Carl Sagan praised him in the book The Demon Haunted World I discovered what true mathematical elegance is from Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar On 19 October 2017 Google showed a Google Doodle in 28 countries honouring Chandrasekhar s 107th birthday and the Chandrasekhar limit 44 45 In 2010 on account of Chandra s 100th birthday University of Chicago conducted a symposium titled Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium 2010 which was attended by leading astrophysicists such as Roger Penrose Kip Thorne Freeman Dyson Jayant V Narlikar Rashid Sunyaev G Srinivasan and Clifford Will Its research talks were published in 2011 as a book titled Fluid flows to Black Holes A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary 46 47 48 Publications EditBooks Edit Chandrasekhar S 1958 1939 An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure New York Dover ISBN 978 0 486 60413 8 Chandrasekhar S 2005 1942 Principles of Stellar Dynamics New York Dover ISBN 978 0 486 44273 0 Chandrasekhar S 1960 1950 Radiative Transfer New York Dover ISBN 978 0 486 60590 6 Chandrasekhar S 1975 1960 Plasma Physics Chicago The University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 10084 5 Chandrasekhar S 1981 1961 Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability New York Dover ISBN 978 0 486 64071 6 Chandrasekhar S 1987 1969 Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium New York Dover ISBN 978 0 486 65258 0 Chandrasekhar S 1998 1983 The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 850370 5 Chandrasekhar S 1983 1983 Eddington The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521257466 Chandrasekhar S 1990 1987 Truth and Beauty Aesthetics and Motivations in Science Chicago The University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 10087 6 Chandrasekhar S 1995 Newton s Principia for the Common Reader Oxford Clarendon Press ISBN 978 0 19 851744 3 Spiegel E A 2011 1954 The Theory of Turbulence Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar s 1954 Lectures Netherlands Springer ISBN 978 94 007 0117 5 Notes Edit Chandrasekhar S 1939 The Dynamics of Stellar Systems I VIII The Astrophysical Journal 90 1 1 154 Bibcode 1939ApJ 90 1C doi 10 1086 144094 ISSN 0004 637X Chandrasekhar S 1943 Stochastic Problems in Physics and Astronomy Reviews of Modern Physics 15 1 1 89 Bibcode 1943RvMP 15 1C doi 10 1103 RevModPhys 15 1 ISSN 0034 6861 Chandrasekhar S 1993 Classical general relativity Royal Society Chandrasekhar S 1979 The Role of General Relativity Retrospect and Prospect Proc IAU Meeting 49 Chandrasekhar S 1943 New methods in stellar dynamics New York Academy of Sciences Chandrasekhar S 1954 The illumination and polarization of the sunlit sky on Rayleigh scattering Transactions of the American Philosophical Society American Philosophical Society 44 6 643 728 doi 10 2307 1005777 JSTOR 1005777 Chandrasekhar S 1983 On Stars their evolution and their stability Nobel lecture Reviews of Modern Physics Stockholm Nobel Foundation 56 2 137 147 doi 10 1103 RevModPhys 56 137 Chandrasekhar S 1981 New horizons of human knowledge a series of public talks given at Unesco Unesco Press Chandrasekhar S 1975 Shakespeare Newton and Beethoven Or Patterns of Creativity Current Science University of Chicago 70 9 810 822 JSTOR 24099932 Chandrasekhar S July 1973 P A M Dirac on his seventieth birthday Contemporary Physics 14 4 389 394 Bibcode 1973ConPh 14 389C doi 10 1080 00107517308210761 ISSN 0010 7514 Chandrasekhar S 1947 Heywood Robert B ed The Works of the Mind The Scientist Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 159 179 OCLC 752682744 Chandrasekhar S 1995 Reminiscences and discoveries on Ramanujan s bust Royal Society ASIN B001B12NJ8 Chandrasekhar S 1990 How one may explore the physical content of the general theory of relativity American Mathematical Society ASIN B001B10QTM Journals Edit Chandrasekhar published around 380 papers 50 1 in his lifetime He wrote his first paper in 1928 when he was still an undergraduate student about Compton effect 51 and last paper which was accepted for publication just two months before his death was in 1995 which was about non radial oscillation of stars 52 The University of Chicago Press published selected papers of Chandrasekhar in seven volumes Chandrasekhar S 1989 Selected Papers Vol 1 Stellar structure and stellar atmospheres Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226100890 Chandrasekhar S 1989 Selected Papers Vol 2 Radiative transfer and negative ion of hydrogen Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226100920 Chandrasekhar S 1989 Selected Papers Vol 3 Stochastic statistical and hydromagnetic problems in Physics and Astronomy Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226100944 Chandrasekhar S 1989 Selected Papers Vol 4 Plasma Physics Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic stability and applications of the Tensor Virial theorem Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226100975 Chandrasekhar S 1990 Selected Papers Vol 5 Relativistic Astrophysics Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226100982 Chandrasekhar S 1991 Selected Papers Vol 6 The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes and of Colliding Plane Waves Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226101019 Chandrasekhar S 1997 Selected Papers Vol 7 The non radial oscillations of star in General Relativity and other writings Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226101040 Books and articles about Chandrasekhar Edit Miller Arthur I 2005 Empire of the Stars Friendship Obsession and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes Boston Houghton Mifflin ISBN 978 0 618 34151 1 Srinivasan G ed 1997 From White Dwarfs to Black Holes The Legacy of S Chandrasekhar Chicago The University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 76996 7 Penrose Roger 1996 Chandrasekhar Black Holes and Singularities PDF Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy 17 3 4 213 231 Bibcode 1996JApA 17 213P CiteSeerX 10 1 1 496 2529 doi 10 1007 BF02702305 ISSN 0250 6335 S2CID 119807977 Archived from the original PDF on 23 July 2018 Retrieved 4 September 2017 Parker E 1996 S Chandrasekhar and Magnetohydrodynamics Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy 17 3 4 147 166 Bibcode 1996JApA 17 147P doi 10 1007 BF02702301 ISSN 0250 6335 S2CID 122374065 Wali Kameshwar C 1991 Chandra A Biography of S Chandrasekhar Chicago The University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 87054 0 Wali Kameshwar C ed 1997 Chandrasekhar The Man Behind the Legend Chandra Remembered London imperial College Press ISBN 978 1 86094 038 5 Wali Kameshwar C ed 2001 A Quest For Perspectives Singapore World Scientific Publishing Co Ptd Ltd ISBN 978 1 86094 201 3 Wali Kameshwar C ed 2020 S Chandrasekhar Selected Correspondence and Conversations World Scientific Publishing Co Ptd Ltd ISBN 978 9811208324 Wignesan T ed 2004 The Man who Dwarfed the Stars The Asianists Asia ISSN 1298 0358 Venkataraman G 1992 Chandrasekhar and His Limit Hyderabad India Universities Press ISBN 978 81 7371 035 3 Sreenivasan K R 2019 Chandrasekhar s Fluid Dynamics Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 51 1 1 24 Bibcode 2019AnRFM 51 1S doi 10 1146 annurev fluid 010518 040537 ISSN 0066 4189 Saikia D J et al eds 2011 Fluid flows to Black Holes A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary Singapore World Scientific Publishing Co Ptd Ltd ISBN 978 981 4299 57 2 Ramnath Radhika ed 2012 S Chandrasekhar Man of Science Harpercollins ASIN B00C3EWIME Alic Kameshwar C 2011 Kameshwar C Wali ed A Scientific Autobiography S Chandrasekhar A Scientific Autobiography S Chandrasekhar Edited by K C Wali Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Bibcode 2010sasc book W doi 10 1142 7686 ISBN 978 981 4299 57 2 Salwi Dilip ed 2004 S Chandrasekhar The scholar scientist Rupa ISBN 978 8129104915 Pandey Rakesh Kumar ed 2017 Chandrasekhar Limit Size of White Dwarfs Lap Lambert Academic Publishing ISBN 978 3330317666 References Edit a b c d Tayler R J 1996 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 19 October 1910 21 August 1995 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 42 80 94 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1996 0006 ISSN 0080 4606 S2CID 58736242 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar The Mathematics Genealogy Project www genealogy math ndsu nodak edu 4m50s Osterbrock Donald E December 1998 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 19 October 1910 21 August 1995 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society American Philosophical Society 142 4 658 665 ISSN 0003 049X JSTOR 3152289 Registration or subscription required Vishveshwara C V 25 April 2000 Leaves from an unwritten diary S Chandrasekhar Reminiscences and Reflections PDF Current Science 78 8 1025 1033 Horgan J 1994 Profile Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Confronting the Final Limit Scientific American 270 3 32 33 doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0394 32 ISSN 0036 8733 a b c O Connor J J Robertson E F Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Biographies School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews Scotland Retrieved 21 May 2012 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar starchild gsfc nasa gov Retrieved 19 October 2017 Who was S Chandrasekhar The Indian Express 19 October 2017 Retrieved 13 January 2019 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar Biographical NobelPrize org Retrieved 24 September 2019 a b c S Chandrasekhar Why Google honours him www aljazeera com Retrieved 18 October 2017 a b c d e Trehan Surindar Kumar 1995 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1910 1995 PDF Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy 23 101 119 Wali Kameshwar C October 1982 Chandrasekhar vs Eddington An Unanticipated Confrontation Physics Today 35 10 33 40 Bibcode 1982PhT 35j 33W doi 10 1063 1 2914790 ISSN 0031 9228 Biographical Memoirs 1997 doi 10 17226 5859 ISBN 978 0 309 05788 2 S Chandrashekhar India s great astrophysicist Why Google Doodle is celebrating the Nobel prize winner The Financial Express 19 October 2017 Retrieved 19 October 2017 Chandrasekhar S 1943 On the conditions for the existence of three shock waves Report Ballistic Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground 367 Chandrasekhar S 1943 On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile Report Ballistic Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground 365 Chandrasekhar S 1943 Optimum Height for the Bursting of a 105mm Shell PDF Report Army Ballistic Research Lab Aberdeen Procing Ground MD BRL MR 139 Archived from the original PDF on 29 November 2019 The Works of the Mind p 176 edited by Robert B Heywood University of Chicago Press 1947 a b c C Wali K C Kameshwar 1991 Chandra a biography of S Chandrasekhar Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 9 ISBN 978 0226870540 OCLC 21297960 Helmut A Abt 1 December 1995 Obituary Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Astrophysical Journal 454 551 Bibcode 1995ApJ 454 551A doi 10 1086 176507 ISSN 0004 637X Parker E N 1 November 1958 Dynamics of the Interplanetary Gas and Magnetic Fields The Astrophysical Journal 128 664 Bibcode 1958ApJ 128 664P doi 10 1086 146579 ISSN 0004 637X Chakrabarti S K 1984 On mass dependent spheroidal harmonics of spin one half Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical and Physical Sciences 391 1800 27 38 Bibcode 1984RSPSA 391 27C doi 10 1098 rspa 1984 0002 S2CID 120673756 Chandrasekhar S Xanthopoulos B C 1985 Some exact solutions of gravitational waves coupled with fluid motions Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical and Physical Sciences 402 1823 205 224 Bibcode 1985RSPSA 402 205C doi 10 1098 rspa 1985 0115 S2CID 120942390 Chandrasekhar S 1984 On algebraically special perturbations of black holes Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical and Physical Sciences 392 1802 1 13 Bibcode 1984RSPSA 392 1C doi 10 1098 rspa 1984 0021 S2CID 122585164 a b S Chandrasekhar the man behind the legend Wali K C Kameshwar C London Imperial College Press 1997 pp 107 ISBN 978 1860940385 OCLC 38847561 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Nobel laureate s wife Lalitha Chandrasekhar dies at 102 The Hindu 7 September 2013 S Chandrasekhar the man behind the legend Kameshwar C Wali Imperial College Press 1 January 1997 ISBN 978 1860940385 Kameshwar C Wali 1991 Chandra A Biography of Chandrasekhar University of Chicago Press p 304 ISBN 9780226870557 SC I am not religious in any sense in fact I consider myself an atheist Interview with Dr S Chandrasekhar American Institute of Physics Sullivan Walter 22 August 1995 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 84 Is Dead Noble Laureate Uncovered White Dwarfs The New York Times Retrieved 13 September 2020 Grants Prizes and Awards American Astronomical Society Archived from the original on 24 January 2010 Retrieved 24 February 2011 Past Winners of the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal Astronomical Society of the Pacific Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 Retrieved 24 February 2011 Winners of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society Royal Astronomical Society Archived from the original on 25 May 2011 Retrieved 24 February 2011 Past Recipients of the Rumford Prize American Academy of Arts and Sciences Retrieved 24 February 2011 The President s National Medal of Science Recipient Details NSF National Science Foundation www nsf gov Henry Draper Medal National Academy of Sciences Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 Retrieved 24 February 2011 Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement www achievement org American Academy of Achievement Singh Virendra 26 October 2011 S Chandrasekhar His Life and Science Resonance 16 10 960 doi 10 1007 s12045 011 0094 0 ISSN 0971 8044 S2CID 119945333 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Memorial Fellowship S Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics Hartman Mark Ashton Peter Porro Irene Ahmed Shakib Kol Simba Chandra Astrophysics Institute MIT OpenCourseWare Retrieved 20 October 2017 The Chandra Astrophysics Institute ChandraBlog Fresh Chandra News chandra harvard edu S Chandrasekhar s 107th Birthday Rajamanickam Antonimuthu 18 October 2017 S Chandrasekhar Google Doodle Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 via YouTube KPTC Event Video Colloquia kersten uchicago edu Retrieved 13 January 2019 The 100th anniversary of the birth of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium 2010 Chicago VideoLectures VideoLectures NET Retrieved 13 January 2019 NSF Award Search Award 1039863 Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium Chicago IL October 16 17 2010 www nsf gov Retrieved 13 January 2019 Chandrasekhar S 1980 The role of general relativity in astronomy Retrospect and prospect Highlights of Astronomy 5 45 61 Bibcode 1980HiA 5 45C doi 10 1017 S1539299600003749 ISSN 1539 2996 Chandrasekhar S 1996 Publications by S Chandrasekhar PDF Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy Indian Academy of Sciences 17 269 Bibcode 1996JApA 17 269C Retrieved 15 May 2017 Thermodynamics of the Compton Effect with Reference to the Interior of the Stars PDF Indian Journal of Physics 3 241 50 hdl 10821 487 Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Ferrari Valeria 8 August 1995 On the Non Radial Oscillations of a Star V A Fully Relativistic Treatment of a Newtonian Star Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences The Royal Society 450 1939 463 475 Bibcode 1995RSPSA 450 463C doi 10 1098 rspa 1995 0094 ISSN 1364 5021 S2CID 120769457 Further reading EditStruve Otto 1 April 1952 The Award of the Bruce Gold Medal to Dr S Chandrasekhar Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 64 377 55 Bibcode 1952PASP 64 55S doi 10 1086 126422 ISSN 0004 6280 S2CID 119668926 Parker E N 1997 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1910 1995 PDF Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 72 28 49 ObituariesDevorkin David H 1 January 1996 Obituary Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1910 1995 Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 28 4 1448 Bibcode 1996BAAS 28 1448D McCrea W 1 April 1996 Obituary Subramanyan Chandrasekhar The Observatory 116 121 124 Bibcode 1996Obs 116 121M ISSN 0029 7704 Comment Cronin J W 1 February 1998 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar The Observatory 118 24 ISSN 0029 7704 Garstang R H 1 February 1997 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1910 1995 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 109 73 77 Bibcode 1997PASP 109 73G doi 10 1086 133864 ISSN 0004 6280 S2CID 123095503 Spruit H C 1 March 1996 A curve of growth of astronomers on the Citation Index Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 37 1 9 Bibcode 1996QJRAS 37 1S ISSN 0035 8738 External links EditSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Great Indians Professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Video of Chandra s last interview at Chicago Audio Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1988 The founding of general relativity and its excellence Audio Cain Gay 2010 Astronomy Cast Chandrasekhar National Academy of Sciences biography Harvard s site on Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Subramaniam Chandrashekhar Bruce Medal page Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 17 May 1977 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library and Archives Session I Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 18 May 1977 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library and Archives Session II Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 31 October 1977 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library and Archives Session III Oral History interview transcript for Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 6 October 1987 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library and Archives Mathematics Genealogy Project Concordia University Honorary Degree Citation June 1988 Concordia University Records Management and Archives Free PDF of Radiative Transfer on Archive org Guide to the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Papers 1913 2011 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on Nobelprize org Portals Biography India Mathematics Physics Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar amp oldid 1131039727, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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