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Wikipedia

British Columbia

British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, forests, lakes, mountains, inland deserts and grassy plains,[9] and borders the province of Alberta to the east and the Yukon and Northwest Territories to the north. With an estimated population of 5.3 million as of 2022, it is Canada's third-most populous province.[10] The capital of British Columbia is Victoria and its largest city is Vancouver. Vancouver is the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada; the 2021 census recorded 2.6 million people in Metro Vancouver.[11]

British Columbia
Colombie-Britannique (French)[1][2][3]
Motto(s): 
Splendor Sine Occasu (Latin)
("Splendour without diminishment")
Coordinates: 54°N 125°W / 54°N 125°W / 54; -125[4]Coordinates: 54°N 125°W / 54°N 125°W / 54; -125[4]
CountryCanada
ConfederationJuly 20, 1871 (6th)
CapitalVictoria
Largest cityVancouver
Largest metroGreater Vancouver
Government
 • TypeParliamentary constitutional monarchy
 • Lieutenant governorJanet Austin
 • PremierDavid Eby
LegislatureLegislative Assembly of British Columbia
Federal representationParliament of Canada
House seats42 of 338 (12.4%)
Senate seats6 of 105 (5.7%)
Area
 • Total944,735 km2 (364,764 sq mi)
 • Land925,186 km2 (357,216 sq mi)
 • Water19,548.9 km2 (7,547.9 sq mi)  2.1%
 • Rank5th
 9.5% of Canada
Population
 (2021)
 • Total5,000,879 [5]
 • Estimate 
(Q4 2022)
5,368,266 [6]
 • Rank3rd
 • Density5.41/km2 (14.0/sq mi)
DemonymBritish Columbian[a]
Official languagesEnglish (de facto)
GDP
 • Rank4th
 • Total (2015)CA$249.981 billion[7]
 • Per capitaCA$53,267 (8th)
HDI
 • HDI (2019)0.938[8]Very high (2nd)
Time zones
Most of province[b]UTC−08:00 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−07:00 (Pacific DST)
SoutheasternUTC−07:00 (Mountain)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (Mountain DST)
EasternUTC−07:00 (Mountain [no DST])
Canadian postal abbr.
BC
Postal code prefix
ISO 3166 codeCA-BC
FlowerPacific dogwood
TreeWestern red cedar
BirdSteller's jay
Rankings include all provinces and territories

The first known human inhabitants of the area settled in British Columbia at least 10,000 years ago. Such groups include the Coast Salish, Tsilhqotʼin, and Haida peoples, among many others. One of the earliest British settlements in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, which gave rise to the city of Victoria, the capital of the Colony of Vancouver Island. The Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866) was subsequently founded by Richard Clement Moody,[12] and by the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Moody selected the site for and founded the mainland colony's capital New Westminster.[13][14][15] The colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia were incorporated in 1866, subsequent to which Victoria became the united colony's capital. In 1871, British Columbia entered Confederation as the sixth province of Canada, in enactment of the British Columbia Terms of Union.

British Columbia is a diverse and cosmopolitan province, drawing on a plethora of cultural influences from its British Canadian, European, and Asian diasporas, as well as the Indigenous population. Though the province's ethnic majority originates from the British Isles, many British Columbians also trace their ancestors to continental Europe, East Asia, and South Asia.[16] Indigenous Canadians constitute about 6 percent of the province's total population.[17] Christianity is the largest religion in the region.[18] English is the common language of the province, although Punjabi, Mandarin Chinese, and Cantonese also have a large presence in the Metro Vancouver region. The Franco-Columbian community is an officially recognized linguistic minority, and around one percent of British Columbians claim French as their mother tongue.[19] British Columbia is home to at least 34 distinct Indigenous languages.[20]

Major sectors of British Columbia's economy include forestry, mining, filmmaking and video production, tourism, real estate, construction, wholesale, and retail. Its main exports include lumber and timber, pulp and paper products, copper, coal, and natural gas.[21] British Columbia exhibits high property values and is a significant centre for maritime trade:[22] the Port of Vancouver is the largest port in Canada and the most diversified port in North America.[23] Although less than 5 percent of the province's territory is arable land, significant agriculture exists in the Fraser Valley and Okanagan due to the warmer climate.[24] British Columbia is home to 45% of all publicly listed companies in Canada.[25]

Etymology

The province's name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866), i.e., "the Mainland", became a British colony in 1858.[26] It refers to the Columbia District, the British name for the territory drained by the Columbia River, in southeastern British Columbia, which was the namesake of the pre-Oregon Treaty Columbia Department of the Hudson's Bay Company. Queen Victoria chose British Columbia to distinguish what was the British sector of the Columbia District from the United States ("American Columbia" or "Southern Columbia"), which became the Oregon Territory on August 8, 1848, as a result of the treaty.[27]

Ultimately, the Columbia in the name British Columbia is derived from the name of the Columbia Rediviva, an American ship which lent its name to the Columbia River and later the wider region;[28] the Columbia in the name Columbia Rediviva came from the name Columbia for the New World or parts thereof, a reference to Christopher Columbus.

The governments of Canada and British Columbia recognize Colombie-Britannique as the French name for the province.[29][30] However, as of 2016, French language is spoken by a small minority of BC residents (1.4 percent).[31]

Geography

 
British Columbia's geography is epitomized by the variety and intensity of its physical relief, which has defined patterns of settlement and industry since colonization.

British Columbia is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean and the American state of Alaska, to the north by Yukon and the Northwest Territories, to the east by the province of Alberta, and to the south by the American states of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. The southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, although its history is tied with lands as far south as California. British Columbia's land area is 944,735 square kilometres (364,800 sq mi). British Columbia's rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres (17,000 mi), and includes deep, mountainous fjords and about 6,000 islands, most of which are uninhabited. It is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean.

British Columbia's capital is Victoria, located at the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of Vancouver Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated. Much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by temperate rainforest.

The province's most populous city is Vancouver, which is at the confluence of the Fraser River and Georgia Strait, in the mainland's southwest corner (an area often called the Lower Mainland). By land area, Abbotsford is the largest city. Vanderhoof is near the geographic centre of the province.[32]

 
Outline map of British Columbia with significant cities and towns

The Coast Mountains and the Inside Passage's many inlets provide some of British Columbia's renowned and spectacular scenery, which forms the backdrop and context for a growing outdoor adventure and ecotourism industry. 75 percent of the province is mountainous (more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level); 60 percent is forested; and only about 5 percent is arable.

The province's mainland away from the coastal regions is somewhat moderated by the Pacific Ocean. Terrain ranges from dry inland forests and semi-arid valleys, to the range and canyon districts of the Central and Southern Interior, to boreal forest and subarctic prairie in the Northern Interior. High mountain regions both north and south have subalpine flora[33] and subalpine climate.

The Okanagan wine area, extending from Vernon to Osoyoos at the United States border, is one of several wine and cider-producing regions in Canada. Other wine regions in British Columbia include the Cowichan Valley on Vancouver Island and the Fraser Valley.

The Southern Interior cities of Kamloops and Penticton have some of the warmest and longest summer climates in Canada (while higher elevations are cold and snowy), although their temperatures are often exceeded north of the Fraser Canyon, close to the confluence of the Fraser and Thompson rivers, where the terrain is rugged and covered with desert-type flora. Semi-desert grassland is found in large areas of the Interior Plateau, with land uses ranging from ranching at lower altitudes to forestry at higher ones.

The northern, mostly mountainous, two-thirds of the province is largely unpopulated and undeveloped, except for the area east of the Rockies, where the Peace River Country contains BC's portion of the Canadian Prairies, centred at the city of Dawson Creek.

British Columbia is considered part of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the American states of Alaska, Idaho, (western) Montana, Oregon, Washington, and (northern) California.[34][35]

Climate

 
Köppen climate types in British Columbia

Because of the many mountain ranges and rugged coastline, British Columbia's climate varies dramatically across the province.

Coastal southern British Columbia has a mild, rainy oceanic climate, influenced by the North Pacific Current, which has its origins in the Kuroshio Current. Hucuktlis Lake on Vancouver Island receives an average of 6,903 mm (271.8 in) of rain annually, and some parts of the area are even classified as warm-summer Mediterranean, the northernmost occurrence in the world. In Victoria, the annual average temperature is 11.2 °C (52.2 °F), the warmest in Canada.

Due to the blocking presence of successive mountain ranges, the climate of some of the interior valleys of the province (such as the Thompson, parts of the Fraser Canyon, the southern Cariboo and parts of the Okanagan) is semi-arid with certain locations receiving less than 250 millimetres (10 in) in annual precipitation. The annual mean temperature in the most populated areas of the province is up to 12 °C (54 °F), the mildest anywhere in Canada.

The valleys of the Southern Interior have short winters with only brief bouts of cold or infrequent heavy snow, while those in the Cariboo, in the Central Interior, are colder because of increased altitude and latitude, but without the intensity or duration experienced at similar latitudes elsewhere in Canada. Outside of the driest valleys, the Southern and Central Interior generally have a humid continental climate with widely variable precipitation. For example, the average daily low in Prince George (roughly in the middle of the province) in January is −12 °C (10 °F).[36] Small towns in the southern interior with high elevation such as Princeton are typically colder and snowier than cities in the valleys.[37]

Heavy snowfall occurs in all elevated mountainous terrain providing bases for skiers in both south and central British Columbia. Annual snowfall on highway mountain passes in the southern interior rivals some of the snowiest cities in Canada,[38] and freezing rain and fog are sometimes present on such roads as well.[39] This can result in hazardous driving conditions, as people are usually travelling between warmer areas such as Vancouver or Kamloops, and may be unaware that the conditions may be slippery and cold.[40]

 
Shuswap Lake as seen from Sorrento

Winters are generally severe in the Northern Interior which is generally in the subarctic climate zone, but even there, milder air can penetrate far inland. The coldest temperature in British Columbia was recorded in Smith River, where it dropped to −58.9 °C (−74.0 °F) on January 31, 1947,[41] one of the coldest readings recorded anywhere in North America. Atlin in the province's far northwest, along with the adjoining Southern Lakes region of Yukon, get midwinter thaws caused by the Chinook effect, which is also common (and much warmer) in more southerly parts of the Interior.

During winter on the coast, rainfall, sometimes relentless heavy rain, dominates because of consistent barrages of cyclonic low-pressure systems from the North Pacific. Average snowfall on the coast during a normal winter is between 25 and 50 centimetres (10 and 20 in), but on occasion (and not every winter) heavy snowfalls with more than 20 centimetres (8 in) and well below freezing temperatures arrive when modified arctic air reaches coastal areas, typically for short periods, and can take temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F), even at sea level. Arctic outflow winds can occasionally result in wind chill temperatures at or even below −17.8 °C (0.0 °F).[citation needed]. While winters are very wet, coastal areas are generally milder and dry during summer under the influence of stable anti-cyclonic high pressure.

Southern Interior valleys are hot in summer; for example, in Osoyoos, the July maximum temperature averages 31.7 °C (89.1 °F), making it the hottest month of any location in Canada; this hot weather sometimes spreads towards the coast or to the far north of the province. Temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in the lower elevations of valleys in the Interior during mid-summer, with the record high of 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) being held in Lytton on June 29, 2021, during a record-breaking heat wave that year.[42]

 
The Okanagan region has a climate suitable to vineyards.

The extended summer dryness often creates conditions that spark forest fires, from dry-lightning or man-made causes. Many areas of the province are often covered by a blanket of heavy cloud and low fog during the winter months, in contrast to abundant summer sunshine. Annual sunshine hours vary from 2200 near Cranbrook and Victoria to less than 1300 in Prince Rupert, on the North Coast just south of Southeast Alaska.

The exception to British Columbia's wet and cloudy winters is during the El Niño phase. During El Niño events, the jet stream is much farther south across North America, making the province's winters milder and drier than normal. Winters are much wetter and cooler during the opposite phase, La Niña.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in British Columbia[43]
Municipality January April July October
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
Prince Rupert 5.6 °C (42.1 °F) −0.8 °C (30.6 °F) 10.2 °C (50.4 °F) 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) 10.5 °C (50.9 °F) 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) 4.9 °C (40.8 °F)
Tofino 8.3 °C (46.9 °F) 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) 11.9 °C (53.4 °F) 4.0 °C (39.2 °F) 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) 10.5 °C (50.9 °F) 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) 6.3 °C (43.3 °F)
Nanaimo 6.9 °C (44.4 °F) 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) 14.1 °C (57.4 °F) 3.9 °C (39.0 °F) 23.9 °C (75.0 °F) 12.3 °C (54.1 °F) 14.6 °C (58.3 °F) 5.2 °C (41.4 °F)
Victoria 7.6 °C (45.7 °F) 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) 4.3 °C (39.7 °F) 22.4 °C (72.3 °F) 11.3 °C (52.3 °F) 14.2 °C (57.6 °F) 5.7 °C (42.3 °F)
Vancouver 6.9 °C (44.4 °F) 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) 5.6 °C (42.1 °F) 22.2 °C (72.0 °F) 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) 13.5 °C (56.3 °F) 7.0 °C (44.6 °F)
Chilliwack 6.1 °C (43.0 °F) 0.4 °C (32.7 °F) 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) 5.2 °C (41.4 °F) 25.0 °C (77.0 °F) 12.5 °C (54.5 °F) 15.3 °C (59.5 °F) 6.4 °C (43.5 °F)
Penticton 1.8 °C (35.2 °F) −3.0 °C (26.6 °F) 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) 28.7 °C (83.7 °F) 13.3 °C (55.9 °F) 14.3 °C (57.7 °F) 3.2 °C (37.8 °F)
Kamloops 0.4 °C (32.7 °F) −5.9 °C (21.4 °F) 16.6 °C (61.9 °F) 3.2 °C (37.8 °F) 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) 14.2 °C (57.6 °F) 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) 3.3 °C (37.9 °F)
Osoyoos 2.0 °C (35.6 °F) −3.8 °C (25.2 °F) 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) 3.6 °C (38.5 °F) 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) 14.3 °C (57.7 °F) 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) 3.5 °C (38.3 °F)
Princeton −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) −8.6 °C (16.5 °F) 14.4 °C (57.9 °F) −0.3 °C (31.5 °F) 26.3 °C (79.3 °F) 9.5 °C (49.1 °F) 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) 0.3 °C (32.5 °F)
Cranbrook −1.9 °C (28.6 °F) −10.2 °C (13.6 °F) 12.9 °C (55.2 °F) 0.3 °C (32.5 °F) 26.2 °C (79.2 °F) 11.2 °C (52.2 °F) 11.7 °C (53.1 °F) −0.3 °C (31.5 °F)
Prince George −4.0 °C (24.8 °F) −11.7 °C (10.9 °F) 11.2 °C (52.2 °F) −1.1 °C (30.0 °F) 22.4 °C (72.3 °F) 9.1 °C (48.4 °F) 9.4 °C (48.9 °F) −0.5 °C (31.1 °F)
Fort Nelson −16.1 °C (3.0 °F) −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) 9.6 °C (49.3 °F) −3.6 °C (25.5 °F) 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) 10.9 °C (51.6 °F) 5.2 °C (41.4 °F) −4.2 °C (24.4 °F)

Parks and protected areas

There are 14 designations of parks and protected areas in the province that reflect the different administration and creation of these areas in a modern context. There are 141 ecological reserves, 35 provincial marine parks, 7 provincial heritage sites, 6 National Historic Sites of Canada, 4 national parks and 3 national park reserves. 12.5 percent of the province's area (114,000 km2 or 44,000 sq mi) is considered protected under one of the 14 different designations that includes over 800 distinct areas.

British Columbia contains seven of Canada's national parks and National Park Reserves:

British Columbia contains a large number of provincial parks, run by BC Parks under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment. British Columbia's provincial parks system is the second largest parks system in Canada, the largest being Canada's National Parks system.

Another tier of parks in British Columbia are regional parks, which are maintained and run by the province's regional districts. The Ministry of Forests operates forest recreation sites.

In addition to these areas, over 47,000 square kilometres (18,000 sq mi) of arable land are protected by the Agricultural Land Reserve.

Fauna

Much of the province is undeveloped, so populations of many mammalian species that have become rare in much of the United States still flourish in British Columbia.[44] Watching animals of various sorts, including a very wide range of birds, has long been popular. Bears (grizzly, black—including the Kermode bear or spirit bear) live here, as do deer, elk, moose, caribou, big-horn sheep, mountain goats, marmots, beavers, muskrats, coyotes, wolves, mustelids (such as wolverines, badgers and fishers), cougars, eagles, ospreys, herons, Canada geese, swans, loons, hawks, owls, ravens, harlequin ducks, and many other sorts of ducks. Smaller birds (robins, jays, grosbeaks, chickadees, and so on) also abound.[45] Murrelets are known from Frederick Island, a small island off the coast of Haida Gwaii.[46]

Many healthy populations of fish are present, including salmonids such as several species of salmon, trout, char. Besides salmon and trout, sport-fishers in BC also catch halibut, steelhead, bass, and sturgeon. On the coast, harbour seals and river otters are common.[47] Cetacean species native to the coast include the orca, humpback whale, grey whale, harbour porpoise, Dall's porpoise, Pacific white-sided dolphin and minke whale.

 

Some endangered species in British Columbia are: Vancouver Island marmot, spotted owl, American white pelican, and badgers.

Endangered species in British Columbia[48]
Type of organism Red-listed species in BC Total number of species in BC
Freshwater fish 24 80
Amphibians 5 19
Reptiles 6 16
Birds 34 465
Terrestrial mammals (Requires new data) (Requires new data)
Marine mammals 3 29
Plants 257 2333
Butterflies 19 187
Dragonflies 9 87

Forests

White spruce or Engelmann spruce and their hybrids occur in 12 of the 14 biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia.[49] Common types of trees present in BC's forests include western redcedar, yellow-cedar, Rocky Mountain juniper, lodgepole pine, ponderosa or yellow pine, whitebark pine, limber pine, western white pine, western larch, tamarack, alpine larch, white spruce, Engelmann spruce, Sitka spruce, black spruce, grand fir, Amabilis fir, subalpine fir, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, Douglas-fir, western yew, Pacific dogwood, bigleaf maple, Douglas maple, vine maple, arbutus, black hawthorn, cascara, Garry oak, Pacific crab apple, choke cherry, pin cherry, bitter cherry, red alder, mountain alder, paper birch, water birch, black cottonwood, balsam poplar, trembling aspen.

Traditional plant foods

First Nations peoples of British Columbia used plants for food, and to produce material goods like fuel and building products. Plant foods included berries, and roots like camas.[50]

Ecozones

Environment Canada subdivides British Columbia into six ecozones:

History

Indigenous societies

 
'Namgis Thunderbird Transformation Mask, 19th century

The area now known as British Columbia is home to First Nations groups that have a deep history with a significant number of indigenous languages. There are more than 200 First Nations in BC. Prior to contact (with non-Aboriginal people), human history is known from oral histories of First Nations groups, archaeological investigations, and from early records from explorers encountering societies early in the period.

The arrival of Paleoindians from Beringia took place between 20,000 and 12,000 years ago.[51] Hunter-gatherer families were the main social structure from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago.[52] The nomadic population lived in non-permanent structures foraging for nuts, berries and edible roots while hunting and trapping larger and small game for food and furs.[52] Around 5,000 years ago individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally. Coast Salish peoples' had complex land management practices linked to ecosystem health and resilience. Forest gardens on Canada's northwest coast included crabapple, hazelnut, cranberry, wild plum, and wild cherry species.[53] Thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization with a more sedentary lifestyle.[52] These indigenous populations evolved over the next 5,000 years across a large area into many groups with shared traditions and customs.

To the northwest of the province are the peoples of the Na-Dene languages, which include the Athapaskan-speaking peoples and the Tlingit, who lived on the islands of southern Alaska and northern British Columbia. The Na-Dene language group is believed to be linked to the Yeniseian languages of Siberia.[54] The Dene of the western Arctic may represent a distinct wave of migration from Asia to North America.[54] The Interior of British Columbia was home to the Salishan language groups such as the Shuswap (Secwepemc), Okanagan and Athabaskan language groups, primarily the Dakelh (Carrier) and the Tsilhqot'in.[55] The inlets and valleys of the British Columbia coast sheltered large, distinctive populations, such as the Haida, Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu-chah-nulth, sustained by the region's abundant salmon and shellfish.[55] These peoples developed complex cultures dependent on the western red cedar that included wooden houses, seagoing whaling and war canoes and elaborately carved potlatch items and totem poles.[55]

Contact with Europeans brought a series of devastating epidemics of diseases from Europe the people had no immunity to.[56] The result was a dramatic population collapse, culminating in the 1862 Smallpox outbreak in Victoria that spread throughout the coast. European settlement did not bode well for the remaining native population of British Columbia. Colonial officials deemed colonists could make better use of the land than the First Nations people, and thus the land territory be owned by the colonists.[57]: 120  To ensure colonists would be able to settle properly and make use of the land, First Nations were forcibly relocated onto reserves, which were often too small to support their way of life.[57]: 120–121  By the 1930s, British Columbia had over 1500 reserves.[57]: 121 

Fur trade and colonial era

Lands now known as British Columbia were added to the British Empire during the 19th century. Colonies originally begun with the support of the Hudson's Bay Company (Vancouver Island, the mainland) were amalgamated, then entered Confederation as British Columbia in 1871 as part of the Dominion of Canada.

During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30 percent of the Pacific Northwest First Nations.[58] This devastating epidemic was the first in a series; the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic killed about half to two-thirds of the native population of what became British Columbia.[59][60][61]

 
Fort San Miguel at Nootka in 1793
 
Kwakwaka'wakw house pole, second half of the 19th century

The arrival of Europeans began around the mid-18th century, as fur traders entered the area to harvest sea otters. While it is thought Sir Francis Drake may have explored the British Columbian coast in 1579, it was Juan Pérez who completed the first documented voyage, which took place in 1774. Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra explored the coast in 1775. In doing so, Pérez and Quadra reasserted the Spanish claim for the Pacific coast, first made by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513.

The explorations of James Cook in 1778 and George Vancouver in 1792 and 1793 established British jurisdiction over the coastal area north and west of the Columbia River. In 1793, Sir Alexander Mackenzie was the first European to journey across North America overland to the Pacific Ocean, inscribing a stone marking his accomplishment on the shoreline of Dean Channel near Bella Coola. His expedition theoretically established British sovereignty inland, and a succession of other fur company explorers charted the maze of rivers and mountain ranges between the Canadian Prairies and the Pacific. Mackenzie and other explorers—notably John Finlay, Simon Fraser, Samuel Black, and David Thompson—were primarily concerned with extending the fur trade, rather than political considerations. In 1794, by the third of a series of agreements known as the Nootka Conventions, Spain conceded its claims of exclusivity in the Pacific. This opened the way for formal claims and colonization by other powers, including Britain, but because of the Napoleonic Wars, there was little British action on its claims in the region until later.

The establishment of trading posts by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), effectively established a permanent British presence in the region. The Columbia District was broadly defined as being south of 54°40 north latitude, (the southern limit of Russian America), north of Mexican-controlled California, and west of the Rocky Mountains. It was, by the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, under the "joint occupancy and use" of citizens of the United States and subjects of Britain (which is to say, the fur companies). This co-occupancy was ended with the Oregon Treaty of 1846.

The major supply route was the York Factory Express between Hudson Bay and Fort Vancouver. Some of the early outposts grew into settlements, communities, and cities. Among the places in British Columbia that began as fur trading posts are Fort St. John (established 1794); Hudson's Hope (1805); Fort Nelson (1805); Fort St. James (1806); Prince George (1807); Kamloops (1812); Fort Langley (1827); Fort Victoria (1843); Yale (1848); and Nanaimo (1853). Fur company posts that became cities in what is now the United States include Vancouver, Washington (Fort Vancouver), formerly the "capital" of Hudson's Bay operations in the Columbia District, Colville, Washington and Walla Walla, Washington (old Fort Nez Percés).

 
Fort Rupert, Vancouver Island, 1851

With the amalgamation of the two fur trading companies in 1821, modern-day British Columbia existed in three fur trading departments. The bulk of the central and northern interior was organized into the New Caledonia district, administered from Fort St. James. The interior south of the Thompson River watershed and north of the Columbia was organized into the Columbia District, administered from Fort Vancouver on the lower Columbia River. The northeast corner of the province east of the Rockies, known as the Peace River Block, was attached to the much larger Athabasca District, headquartered in Fort Chipewyan, in present-day Alberta.

Until 1849, these districts were a wholly unorganized area of British North America under the de facto jurisdiction of HBC administrators; however, unlike Rupert's Land to the north and east, the territory was not a concession to the company. Rather, it was simply granted a monopoly to trade with the First Nations inhabitants. All that was changed with the westward extension of American exploration and the concomitant overlapping claims of territorial sovereignty, especially in the southern Columbia Basin (within present day Washington and Oregon). In 1846, the Oregon Treaty divided the territory along the 49th parallel to the Strait of Georgia, with the area south of this boundary (excluding Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands) transferred to sole American sovereignty. The Colony of Vancouver Island was created in 1849, with Victoria designated as the capital. New Caledonia, as the whole of the mainland rather than just its north-central Interior came to be called, continued to be an unorganized territory of British North America, "administered" by individual HBC trading post managers.

Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)

With the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush in 1858, an influx of Americans into New Caledonia prompted the colonial office to designate the mainland as the Colony of British Columbia. When news of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush reached London, Richard Clement Moody was hand-picked by the Colonial Office, under Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west"[62] and "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific".[63] Lytton desired to send to the colony "representatives of the best of British culture, not just a police force": he sought men who possessed "courtesy, high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world"[64]: 13  and he decided to send Moody, whom the Government considered to be the "English gentleman and British Officer"[64]: 19  at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment.

Moody and his family arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, commanding the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment.[12] He was sworn in as the first lieutenant governor of British Columbia and appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia. On the advice of Lytton, Moody hired Robert Burnaby as his personal secretary.

 
Cattle near the Maas by Dutch painter Aelbert Cuyp. Moody likened his vision of the nascent Colony of British Columbia to the pastoral scenes painted by Cuyp.

In British Columbia, Moody "wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness" and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance, "styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the crown and of the robe".[64]: 26  Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860, Moody settled the Lower Mainland. He selected the site and founded the new capital, New Westminster. He selected the site due to the strategic excellence of its position and the quality of its port.[64]: 26  He was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site, writing in his letter to Blackwood,

The entrance to the Frazer is very striking—Extending miles to the right & left are low marsh lands (apparently of very rich qualities) & yet fr the Background of Superb Mountains-- Swiss in outline, dark in woods, grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you. Everything is large and magnificent, worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England's dominions on the Pacific mainland. ... My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp-like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset. ... The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness, not a ripple before us, except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away.[65][66]

 
Victoria, 1864

Lord Lytton "forgot the practicalities of paying for clearing and developing the site and the town" and the efforts of Moody's engineers were continuously hampered by insufficient funds, which, together with the continuous opposition of Governor James Douglas, "made it impossible for Moody's design to be fulfilled".[67][68][64]: 27 

Moody and the Royal Engineers also built an extensive road network, including what would become Kingsway, connecting New Westminster to False Creek, the North Road between Port Moody and New Westminster, and the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park.[69] He named Burnaby Lake after his private secretary Robert Burnaby and named Port Coquitlam's 400-foot "Mary Hill" after his wife. As part of the surveying effort, several tracts were designated "government reserves", which included Stanley Park as a military reserve (a strategic location in case of an American invasion). The Pre-emption Act did not specify conditions for distributing the land, so large parcels were snapped up by speculators, including 1,518 hectares (3,750 acres) by Moody himself. For this he was criticized by local newspapermen for land grabbing. Moody designed the first coat of arms of British Columbia. Port Moody is named after him. It was established at the end of a trail that connected New Westminster with Burrard Inlet to defend New Westminster from potential attack from the US.

By 1862, the Cariboo Gold Rush, attracting an additional 5000 miners, was underway, and Douglas hastened construction of the Great North Road (commonly known now as the Cariboo Wagon Road) up the Fraser Canyon to the prospecting region around Barkerville. By the time of this gold rush, the character of the colony was changing, as a more stable population of British colonists settled in the region, establishing businesses, opening sawmills, and engaging in fishing and agriculture. With this increased stability, objections to the colony's absentee governor and the lack of responsible government began to be vocalized, led by the influential editor of the New Westminster British Columbian and future premier, John Robson. A series of petitions requesting an assembly were ignored by Douglas and the colonial office until Douglas was eased out of office in 1864. Finally, the colony would have both an assembly and a resident governor.

Later gold rushes

A series of gold rushes in various parts of the province followed, the largest being the Cariboo Gold Rush in 1862, forcing the colonial administration into deeper debt as it struggled to meet the extensive infrastructure needs of far-flung boom communities like Barkerville and Lillooet, which sprang up overnight. The Vancouver Island colony was facing financial crises of its own, and pressure to merge the two eventually succeeded in 1866, when the colony of British Columbia was amalgamated with the Colony of Vancouver Island to form the Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871), which was, in turn, succeeded by the present day province of British Columbia following the Canadian Confederation of 1871.

Rapid growth and development

 
Lord Strathcona drives the Last Spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at Craigellachie, November 7, 1885. Completion of the transcontinental railroad was a condition of British Columbia's entry into Confederation.

The Confederation League, including such figures as Amor De Cosmos, John Robson, and Robert Beaven, led the chorus pressing for the colony to join Canada, which had been created out of three British North American colonies in 1867 (the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick). Several factors motivated this agitation, including the fear of annexation to the United States, the overwhelming debt created by rapid population growth, the need for government-funded services to support this population, and the economic depression caused by the end of the gold rush.

 
Memorial to the "last spike" in Craigellachie

With the agreement by the Canadian government to extend the Canadian Pacific Railway to British Columbia and to assume the colony's debt, British Columbia became the sixth province to join Confederation on July 20, 1871. The borders of the province were not completely settled. The Treaty of Washington sent the Pig War San Juan Islands Border dispute to arbitration in 1871 and in 1903, the province's territory shrank again after the Alaska boundary dispute settled the vague boundary of the Alaska Panhandle.

Population in British Columbia continued to expand as the province's mining, forestry, agriculture, and fishing sectors were developed. Mining activity was particularly notable throughout the Mainland, particularly in the Boundary Country, in the Slocan, in the West Kootenay around Trail, the East Kootenay (the southeast corner of the province), the Fraser Canyon, the Cariboo, the Omineca and the Cassiar, so much so a common epithet for the Mainland, even after provincehood, was "the Gold Colony".[70] Agriculture attracted settlers to the fertile Fraser Valley, and cattle ranchers and later fruit growers came to the drier grasslands of the Thompson River area, the Cariboo, the Chilcotin, and the Okanagan. Forestry drew workers to the lush temperate rainforests of the coast, which was also the locus of a growing fishery.

The completion of the railway in 1885 was a huge boost to the province's economy, facilitating the transportation of the region's considerable resources to the east. The milltown of Granville, known as Gastown, near the mouth of the Burrard Inlet was selected as the terminus of the railway, prompting the incorporation of the city as Vancouver in 1886. The completion of the Port of Vancouver spurred rapid growth, and in less than fifty years the city surpassed Winnipeg, Manitoba, as the largest in Western Canada. The early decades of the province were ones in which issues of land use—specifically, its settlement and development—were paramount. This included expropriation from First Nations people of their land, control over its resources, as well as the ability to trade in some resources (such as fishing).

Establishing a labour force to develop the province was problematic from the start, and British Columbia was the locus of immigration from Europe, China, Japan and India. The influx of a non-European population stimulated resentment from the dominant ethnic groups, resulting in agitation (much of it successful) to restrict the ability of Asian people to immigrate to British Columbia through the imposition of a head tax. This resentment culminated in mob attacks against Chinese and Japanese immigrants in Vancouver in 1887 and 1907. The subsequent Komagata Maru incident in 1914, where hundreds of Indians were denied entry into Vancouver, was also a direct result of the anti-Asian resentment at the time. By 1923, almost all Chinese immigration had been blocked except for merchants, professionals, students and investors.

Meanwhile, the province continued to grow. In 1914, the last spike of a second transcontinental rail line, the Grand Trunk Pacific, linking north-central British Columbia from the Yellowhead Pass through Prince George to Prince Rupert was driven at Fort Fraser. This opened up the North Coast and the Bulkley Valley region to new economic opportunities. What had previously been an almost exclusively fur trade and subsistence economy soon became a locus for forestry, farming, and mining.

In World War I, the province responded strongly to the call to assist the British Empire against its German foes in French and Belgian battlefields. About 55,570 of the 400,000 British Columbian residents, the highest per-capita rate in Canada, responded to the military needs. Horseriders from the province's Interior region and First Nations soldiers made contributions to Vimy Ridge and other battles. About 6,225 men from the province died in combat.[71]

1920s to 1940s

When men returned from the First World War, they discovered the recently enfranchised women of the province voted for the prohibition of liquor in an effort to end the social problems associated with the hard-core drinking in the province was until the war. However, with pressure from veterans, prohibition was quickly relaxed so the "soldier and the working man" could enjoy a drink, but widespread unemployment among veterans was hardened by many of the available jobs being taken by European immigrants and disgruntled veterans organized a range of "soldier parties" to represent their interests, variously named Soldier-Farmer, Soldier-Labour, and Farmer-Labour Parties. These formed the basis of the fractured labour-political spectrum that would generate a host of fringe leftist and rightist parties, including those who would eventually form the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and the early Social Credit splinter groups.

The advent of prohibition in the United States created opportunities, and many found employment or at least profit in cross-border liquor smuggling. By the end of the 1920s, the end of prohibition in the U.S., combined with the onset of the Great Depression, plunged the province into economic destitution during the 1930s. Compounding the already dire local economic situation, tens of thousands of men from colder parts of Canada swarmed into Vancouver, creating huge hobo jungles around False Creek and the Burrard Inlet rail yards, including the old Canadian Pacific Railway mainline right-of-way through the heart of Downtown Vancouver. Increasingly desperate times led to intense political efforts, an occupation of the main Post Office at Granville and Hastings which was violently put down by the police and an effective imposition of martial law on the docks for almost three years due to the Battle of Ballantyne Pier. A Vancouver contingent for the On-to-Ottawa Trek was organized and seized a train, which was loaded with thousands of men bound for the capital but was met by a Gatling gun straddling train tracks at Mission. All the men were arrested and sent to work camps for the duration of the Depression.[72] There were signs of an economic return towards the end of the 1930s, however, the onset of World War II transformed the national economy and ended the Depression.

British Columbia has long taken advantage of its location on the Pacific Ocean to have close relations with East Asia and South Asia. These relations have often caused friction between cultures which has sometimes escalated into racist animosity towards those of Asian descent. This was manifest during the Second World War when many people of Japanese descent were relocated or interned in the Interior region of the province.

Coalition and the post-war boom

 
The BC Regiment (DCOR), marching in New Westminster, 1940

During the Second World War the mainstream BC Liberal and BC Conservative parties united in a formal coalition government under new Liberal leader John Hart, who replaced Duff Pattullo when the latter failed to win a majority in the 1941 election. While the Liberals won the most seats, they actually received fewer votes than the socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Pattullo was unwilling to form a coalition with the rival Conservatives led by Royal Maitland and was replaced by Hart, who formed a coalition cabinet made up of five Liberal and three Conservative ministers.[73] The CCF was invited to join the coalition but refused.[73]

The pretext for continuing the coalition after the end of the Second World War was to prevent the CCF, which had won a surprise victory in Saskatchewan in 1944, from ever coming to power in British Columbia. The CCF's popular vote was high enough in the 1945 election that they were likely to have won three-way contests and could have formed government; however, the coalition prevented that by uniting the anti-socialist vote.[73] In the post-war environment the government initiated a series of infrastructure projects, notably the completion of Highway 97 north of Prince George to the Peace River Block, a section called the John Hart Highway and also public hospital insurance.

In 1947 the reins of the Coalition were taken by Byron Ingemar Johnson. The Conservatives had wanted their new leader Herbert Anscomb to be premier, but the Liberals in the Coalition refused. Johnson led the coalition to the highest percentage of the popular vote in British Columbia history (61 percent) in the 1949 election. This victory was attributable to the popularity of his government's spending programmes, despite rising criticism of corruption and abuse of power. During his tenure, major infrastructures continued to expand, such as the agreement with Alcan Aluminum to build the town of Kitimat with an aluminum smelter and the large Kemano Hydro Project.[74] Johnson achieved popularity for flood relief efforts during the 1948 flooding of the Fraser Valley, which was a major blow to that region and to the province's economy.

On February 13, 1950, a Convair B-36B crashed in northern British Columbia after jettisoning a Mark IV atomic bomb. This was the first such nuclear weapon loss in history.[75]

Increasing tension between the Liberal and Conservative coalition partners led the Liberal Party executive to vote to instruct Johnson to terminate the arrangement. Johnson ended the coalition and dropped his Conservative cabinet ministers, including Deputy Premier and Finance minister Herbert Anscomb, precipitating the general election of 1952.[73] A referendum on electoral reform prior to this election had instigated an elimination ballot (similar to a preferential ballot), where voters could select second and third choices. The intent of the ballot, as campaigned for by Liberals and Conservatives, was that their supporters would list the rival party in lieu of the CCF, but this plan backfired when a large group of voters from all major parties, including the CCF, voted for the fringe Social Credit Party, who wound up with the largest number of seats in the House (19), only one seat ahead of the CCF, despite the CCF having 34.3 percent of the vote to Social Credit's 30.18 percent.

The Social Credit Party, led by rebel former Conservative MLA W. A. C. Bennett, formed a minority government backed by the Liberals and Conservatives (with 6 and 4 seats respectively). Bennett began a series of fiscal reforms, preaching a new variety of populism as well as waxing eloquent on progress and development, laying the ground for a second election in 1953 in which the new Bennett regime secured a majority of seats, with 38 percent of the vote. Secure with that majority, Bennett returned the province to the first-past-the-post system thereafter, which is still in use.

1952–1960s

With the election of the Social Credit Party, British Columbia embarked on a phase of rapid economic development. Bennett and his party governed the province for the next twenty years, during which time the government initiated an ambitious programme of infrastructure development, fuelled by a sustained economic boom in the forestry, mining, and energy sectors.

During these two decades, the government nationalized British Columbia Electric and the British Columbia Power Company, as well as smaller electric companies, renaming the entity BC Hydro. West Kootenay Power and Light remained independent of BC Hydro, being owned and operated by Cominco, though tied into the regional power grid. By the end of the 1960s, several major dams had been begun or completed in—among others—the Peace, Columbia, and Nechako River watersheds (the Nechako Diversion to Kemano, was to supply power to the Alcan Inc. aluminum smelter at Kitimat, and was not part of the provincial power grid but privately owned). Major transmission deals were concluded, most notably the Columbia River Treaty between Canada and the United States. The province's economy was also boosted by unprecedented growth in the forest sector, as well as oil and gas development in the province's northeast.

The 1950s and 1960s were also marked by development in the province's transportation infrastructure. In 1960, the government established BC Ferries as a crown corporation, to provide a marine extension of the provincial highway system, also supported by federal grants as being part of the Trans-Canada Highway system. That system was improved and expanded through the construction of new highways and bridges, and paving of existing highways and provincial roads.

Vancouver and Victoria became cultural centres as poets, authors, artists, musicians, as well as dancers, actors, and haute cuisine chefs flocked to its scenery and warmer temperatures, with the cultural and entrepreneurial community bolstered by many Draft dodgers from the United States. Tourism also played a role in the economy. The rise of Japan and other Pacific economies was a boost to British Columbia's economy, primarily because of exports of lumber products and unprocessed coal and trees.[citation needed]

Politically and socially, the 1960s brought a period of significant social ferment. The divide between the political left and right, which had prevailed in the province since the Depression and the rise of the labour movement, sharpened as so-called free enterprise parties coalesced into the de facto coalition represented by Social Credit—in opposition to the social democratic New Democratic Party (NDP), the successor to the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. As the province's economy blossomed, so did labour-management tensions. Tensions emerged, also, from the counterculture movement of the late 1960s, of which Vancouver and Nanaimo were centres. The conflict between hippies and Vancouver mayor Tom Campbell was particularly legendary, culminating in the Gastown riots of 1971. By the end of the decade, with social tensions and dissatisfaction with the status quo rising, the Bennett government's achievements could not stave off its growing unpopularity.

1970s and 1980s

On August 27, 1969, the Social Credit Party was re-elected in a general election for what would be Bennett's final term in power. At the start of the 1970s, the economy was quite strong because of rising coal prices and an increase in annual allowable cuts in the forestry sector, but BC Hydro reported its first loss, which was the beginning of the end for Bennett and the Social Credit Party.[76]

The Socreds were forced from power in the August 1972 election, paving the way for a provincial NDP government under Dave Barrett. Under Barrett, the large provincial surplus soon became a deficit,[citation needed] although changes to the accounting system makes it likely some of the deficit was carried over from the previous Social Credit regime and its "two sets of books", as W. A. C. Bennett had once referred to his system of fiscal management. The brief three-year ("Thousand Days") period of NDP governance brought several lasting changes to the province, most notably the creation of the Agricultural Land Reserve, intended to protect farmland from redevelopment, and the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia, a crown corporation charged with a monopoly on providing single-payer basic automobile insurance.

Perceptions the government had instituted reforms either too swiftly or that were too far-reaching, coupled with growing labour disruptions led to the ouster of the NDP in the 1975 general election. Social Credit, under W.A.C. Bennett's son, Bill Bennett, was returned to office. Under the younger Bennett's government, 85 percent of the province's land base was transferred from Government Reserve to management by the Ministry of Forests, reporting of deputy ministers was centralized to the Premier's Office, and NDP-instigated social programs were rolled back, with then-human resources minister infamously demonstrating a golden shovel to highlight his welfare policy, although the new-era Social Credit Party also reinforced and backed certain others instigated by the NDP—notably the creation of the Resort Municipality of Whistler, whose special status including Sunday drinking, then an anomaly in BC.

 
British Columbia's pavilion for Expo 86, Vancouver

Also during the "MiniWac" regime (a reference to his father's acronym, W. A. C.) certain money-losing Crown-owned assets were "privatized" in a mass giveaway of shares in the British Columbia Resources Investment Corporation, "BCRIC", with the "Brick shares" soon becoming near-worthless. Towards the end of his tenure in power, Bennett oversaw the completion of several megaprojects meant to stimulate the economy and win votes – unlike most right-wing parties, British Columbia's Social Credit actively practiced government stimulation of the economy. Most notable of these was the winning of a world's fair for Vancouver, which came in the form of Expo 86, to which was tied the construction of the Coquihalla Highway and Vancouver's SkyTrain system. The Coquihalla Highway project became the subject of a scandal after revelations the premier's brother bought large tracts of land needed for the project before it was announced to the public, and also because of graft investigations of the huge cost overruns on the project. Both investigations were derailed in the media by a still further scandal, the Doman Scandal, in which the premier and millionaire backer Herb Doman were investigated for insider-trading and securities fraud. Nonetheless, the Socreds were re-elected in 1979 under Bennett, who led the party until 1986.

 
The Coquihalla Highway was one of the legacies of the Expo 86 world's fair, though creation of the toll highway sparked controversy. Tolling was removed in 2008.

As the province entered a sustained recession, Bennett's popularity and media image were in decline. On April 1, 1983, Premier Bennett overstayed his constitutional limits of power by exceeding the legal tenure of a government, and the lieutenant governor, Henry Pybus Bell-Irving, was forced to call Bennett to Government House to resolve the impasse, and an election was called for April 30, while in the meantime government cheques were covered by special emergency warrants as the Executive Council no longer had signing authority because of the constitutional crisis. Campaigning on a platform of moderation, Bennett won an unexpected majority.

After several weeks of silence in the aftermath, a sitting of the House was finally called and in the speech from the throne, Social Credit instituted a programme of fiscal cutbacks dubbed "restraint", which had been a buzzword for moderation during the campaign. The programme included cuts to "motherhood" issues of the left, including the human rights branch, the offices of the Ombudsman and Rentalsman, women's programs, environmental and cultural programs, while still supplying mass capital infusions to corporate British Columbia. This sparked a backlash, with tens of thousands of people in the streets the next day after the budget speech, and through the course of a summer repeated large demonstrations of up to 100,000 people.

This became known as the 1983 Solidarity Crisis, from the name of the Solidarity Coalition, a huge grassroots opposition movement mobilized, consisting of organized labour and community groups, with the British Columbia Federation of Labour forming a separate organization of unions, Operation Solidarity, under the direction of Jack Munro, then-president of the International Woodworkers of America (IWA), the most powerful of the province's resource unions. Tens of thousands participated in protests and many felt a general strike would be the inevitable result unless the government backed down from its policies they had claimed were only about restraint and not about recrimination against the NDP and the left. Just as a strike at Pacific Press ended, which had limited the political management of the public agenda by the publishers of the province's major papers, the movement collapsed after an apparent deal was struck by union leader and IWA president, Jack Munro and Premier Bennett.[77]

A tense winter of blockades at various job sites around the province ensued, as among the new laws were those enabling non-union labour to work on large projects and other sensitive labour issues, with companies from Alberta and other provinces brought in to compete with union-scale British Columbia companies. Despite the tension, Bennett's last few years in power were relatively peaceful as economic and political momentum grew on the megaprojects associated with Expo, and Bennett was to end his career by hosting Prince Charles and Lady Diana on their visit to open Expo 86. His retirement being announced, a Social Credit convention was scheduled for the Whistler Resort, which came down to a three-way shooting match between Bud Smith, the Premier's right-hand man but an unelected official, Social Credit party grande dame Grace McCarthy, and the charismatic but eccentric Bill Vander Zalm.

Bill Vander Zalm became the new Social Credit leader when Smith threw his support to him rather than see McCarthy win, and led the party to victory in the election later that year. Vander Zalm was later involved in a conflict of interest scandal following the sale of Fantasy Gardens, a Christian and Dutch culture theme park built by the Premier, to Tan Yu, a Filipino Chinese gambling kingpin. There were also concerns over Yu's application to the government for a bank licence, and lurid stories from flamboyant realtor Faye Leung of a party in the "Howard Hughes Suite" on the top two floors of the Bayshore Inn, where Tan Yu had been staying, with reports of a bag of money in a brown paper bag passed from Yu to Vander Zalm during the goings-on. These scandals forced Vander Zalm's resignation, and Rita Johnston became premier of the province. Johnston presided over the end of Social Credit power, calling an election which reduced the party's caucus to only two seats, and the revival of the long-defunct British Columbia Liberal Party as Opposition to the victorious NDP under former Vancouver mayor Mike Harcourt.

In 1988, David Lam was appointed as British Columbia's twenty-fifth lieutenant governor, and was the province's first lieutenant governor of Chinese origin.

1990s to present

 
The cauldron of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver

Johnston lost the 1991 general election to the NDP, under the leadership of Mike Harcourt, a former mayor of Vancouver. The NDP's unprecedented creation of new parkland and protected areas was popular and helped boost the province's growing tourism sector, although the economy continued to struggle against the backdrop of a weak resource economy. Housing starts and an expanded service sector saw growth overall through the decade, despite political turmoil. Harcourt ended up resigning over "Bingogate"—a political scandal involving the funnelling of charity bingo receipts into party coffers in certain ridings. Harcourt was not implicated, but he resigned nonetheless in respect of constitutional conventions calling for leaders under suspicion to step aside. Glen Clark, a former president of the BC Federation of Labour, was chosen the new leader of the NDP, which won a second term in 1996. More scandals dogged the party, most notably the fast ferry scandal involving the province trying to develop the shipbuilding industry in British Columbia. An allegation (never substantiated) that the premier had received a favour in return for granting a gaming licence led to Clark's resignation as premier. He was succeeded on an interim basis by Dan Miller who was in turn followed by Ujjal Dosanjh following a leadership convention.

In the 2001 provincial election, Gordon Campbell's Liberals defeated the NDP, gaining 77 out of 79 total seats in the provincial legislature. Campbell instituted various reforms and removed some of the NDP's policies including scrapping the "fast ferries" project, lowering income taxes, and the controversial sale of BC Rail to Canadian National Railway. Campbell was also the subject of criticism after he was arrested for driving under the influence during a vacation in Hawaii, but he still managed to lead his party to victory in the 2005 provincial election against a substantially strengthened NDP opposition. Campbell won a third term in the 2009 provincial election, marking the first time in 23 years a premier has been elected to a third term.

The province won a bid to host the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler. As promised in his 2002 re-election campaign, Vancouver Mayor Larry Campbell staged a non-binding civic referendum regarding the hosting of the Olympics. In February 2003, Vancouver's residents voted in a referendum accepting the responsibilities of the host city should it win its bid. Sixty-four percent of residents voted in favour of hosting the games.[78]

After the Olympic joy had faded, Campbell's popularity started to fall. His management style, the implementation of the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) against election promises and the cancelling of the BC Rail corruption trial led to low approval ratings and loss of caucus support. He resigned in November 2010 and called on the party to elect a new leader.[79]

In early 2011, former deputy premier Christy Clark became leader of the Liberal Party. Though she was not a sitting MLA, she went on to win the seat left vacant by Campbell. For the next two years, she attempted to distance herself from the unpopularity of Campbell and forge an image for the upcoming 2013 election. Among her early accomplishments were raising the minimum wage, creating a new statutory holiday in February called "Family Day", and pushing the development of BC's liquefied natural gas industry. In the lead-up to the 2013 election, the Liberals lagged behind the NDP by a double-digit gap in the polls, but were able to achieve a surprise victory on election night, winning a majority and making Clark the first woman to lead a party to victory in a general election in BC.[80] While Clark lost her seat to NDP candidate David Eby, she later won a by-election in the riding of Westside-Kelowna. Her government went on to balance the budget, implement changes to liquor laws and continue with the question of the proposed Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines.

In the 2017 election, the NDP formed a minority government with the support of the Green Party through a confidence and supply agreement. The NDP and Green caucuses together controlled 44 seats, compared to the Liberals' 43. On July 18, 2017, NDP leader John Horgan was sworn in as the premier of British Columbia. He was the province's first NDP premier in 16 years. Clark resigned shortly thereafter, and Andrew Wilkinson was voted to become leader of the BC Liberals. In late 2020, Horgan called an early election. In the 2020 British Columbia general election, the NDP won 57 seats and formed a majority government, making Horgan the first NDP premier to be re-elected in the province. Wilkinson resigned as the leader of the BC Liberals two days later.

British Columbia was significantly affected by demographic changes within Canada and around the world. Vancouver (and to a lesser extent some other parts of British Columbia) was a major destination for many of the immigrants from Hong Kong who left the former UK colony (either temporarily or permanently) in the years immediately prior to its handover to China. British Columbia has also been a significant destination for internal Canadian migrants. This has been the case throughout recent decades,[when?] because of its natural environment, mild climate and relaxed lifestyle, but has been particularly true during periods of economic growth.[citation needed] British Columbia has moved from approximately 10 percent of Canada's population in 1971 to approximately 13 percent in 2006. Trends of urbanization mean the Greater Vancouver area now includes 51 percent of the province's population, followed by Greater Victoria with 8 percent. These two metropolitan regions have traditionally dominated the demographics of BC.

By 2018, housing prices in Vancouver were the second-least affordable in the world, behind only Hong Kong.[81] Many experts point to evidence of money-laundering from mainland China as a contributing factor. The high price of residential real estate has led to the implementation of an empty homes tax, a housing speculation and vacancy tax, and a foreign buyers' tax on housing.[82]

The net number of people coming to BC from other provinces in 2016 was almost four times larger than in 2012. BC was the largest net recipient of interprovincial migrants in Canada in the first quarter of 2016 with half of the 5,000 people coming from Alberta.[83]

By 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic had had a major effect on the province,[84] with over 2,000 deaths and 250,000 confirmed cases. However, the COVID-19 vaccine reduced the spread of the virus, with 78 percent of people in BC over the age of five having been fully vaccinated.

In 2021, the unmarked gravesites of hundreds of Indigenous children were discovered at three former Indian residential schools (Kamloops, St. Eugene's Mission, Kuper Island).[85][86]

Demographics

Population

 
Population density map of British Columbia, with regional district borders shown

Statistics Canada's 2021 Canadian census recorded a population of 5,000,879 — making British Columbia Canada's third-most populous province after Ontario and Quebec.[5][87]

[88][89]

Cities

 
The Vancouver skyline

Half of all British Columbians live in the Metro Vancouver Regional District, which includes Vancouver, Surrey, Burnaby, Richmond, Coquitlam, Langley (district municipality), Delta, North Vancouver (district municipality), Maple Ridge, New Westminster, Port Coquitlam, North Vancouver (city), West Vancouver, Port Moody, Langley (city), White Rock, Pitt Meadows, Bowen Island, Anmore, Lions Bay, and Belcarra, with adjacent unincorporated areas (including the University Endowment Lands) represented in the regional district as the electoral area known as Greater Vancouver Electoral Area A. The metropolitan area has seventeen Indian reserves, but they are outside of the regional district's jurisdiction and are not represented in its government.

The second largest concentration of British Columbia population is at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, which is made up of the 13 municipalities of Greater Victoria, Victoria, Saanich, Esquimalt, Oak Bay, View Royal, Highlands, Colwood, Langford, Central Saanich/Saanichton, North Saanich, Sidney, Metchosin, Sooke, which are part of the Capital Regional District. The metropolitan area also includes several Indian reserves (the governments of which are not part of the regional district). Almost half of the Vancouver Island population is in Greater Victoria.

Cultural origins

British Columbia is the most diverse province in Canada; as of 2016, the province had the highest proportion of visible minorities in the country. The five largest pan-ethnic groups in the province are Europeans (64 percent), East Asians (15 percent), South Asians (8 percent), Aboriginals (6 percent) and Southeast Asians (4 percent).[16]

Top ethnic origins in BC (2016 census)[16][d]
# Ethnic origin Population Percent
1 English 1,203,540 26.39%
2 Canadian 866,530 19%
3 Scottish 860,775 18.88%
4 Irish 675,135 14.80%
5 German 603,265 13.23%
6 Chinese 540,155 11.84%
7 French 388,815 8.53%
8 Indian 309,315 6.78%
9 Ukrainian 229,205 5.03%
10 Indigenous Canadian 220,245 4.83%

Religion

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in British Columbia included:[92]

Language

 
A Vancouver welcome sign in both English and French

As of the 2021 Canadian Census, the ten most spoken languages in the province included English (4,753,280 or 96.69%), French (327,350 or 6.66%), Punjabi (315,000 or 6.41%), Mandarin (312,625 or 6.36%), Cantonese (246,045 or 5.01%), Spanish (143,900 or 2.93%), Hindi (134,950 or 2.75%), Tagalog (133,780 or 2.72%), German (84,325 or 1.72%), and Korean (69,935 or 1.42%).[93] The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.

Of the 4,648,055 population counted by the 2016 census, 4,598,415 people completed the section about language. Of these, 4,494,995 gave singular responses to the question regarding their first language. The languages most commonly reported were the following:

Most common reported mother tongue in BC (2016)[19]
# Language Population Percent
1 English 3,170,110 70.52%
2 Punjabi 198,805 4.42%
3 Cantonese 193,530 4.31%
4 Mandarin 186,325 4.15%
5 Tagalog (Filipino) 78,770 1.75%
6 German 66,885 1.49%
7 French 55,325 1.23%
8 Korean 52,160 1.17%
9 Spanish 47,010 1.05%
10 Persian 43,470 0.97%

While these languages all reflect the last centuries of colonialism and recent immigration, British Columbia is home to 34 Indigenous languages.[94] They are spoken by about 6000 people in total,[95] with 4000 people fluent in their Indigenous languages. They are members of the province's First Nations. One of the main Indigenous languages in BC is Kwakʼwala, the language of the Kwakwakaʼwakw First Nations.

Economy

 
Canada Place in Downtown Vancouver
 
Entrance to Telus Garden

BC's economy is diverse, with service-producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the province's GDP.[96] It is the terminus of two transcontinental railways, and the site of 27 major marine cargo and passenger terminals. Though less than 5 percent of its vast 944,735 square kilometres (364,764 sq mi) land is arable, the province is agriculturally rich (particularly in the Fraser and Okanagan valleys), because of milder weather near the coast and in certain sheltered southern valleys. Its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the province's largest city, serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies. It also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. While the coast of British Columbia and some valleys in the south-central part of the province have mild weather, the majority of its land mass experiences a cold-winter-temperate climate similar to the rest of Canada. The Northern Interior region has a subarctic climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, with nighttime January temperatures averaging above the freezing point.[97]

British Columbia has a history of being a resource dominated economy, centred on the forestry industry but also with fluctuating importance in mining. Employment in the resource sector has fallen steadily as a percentage of employment, and new jobs are mostly in the construction and retail/service sectors. It now has the highest percentage of service industry jobs in the west, constituting 72 percent of industry (compared to 60 percent Western Canadian average).[98] The largest section of this employment is in finance, insurance, real estate and corporate management; however, many areas outside of metropolitan areas are still heavily reliant on resource extraction. With its film industry known as Hollywood North, the Vancouver region is the third-largest feature film production location in North America, after Los Angeles and New York City.[99]

The economic history of British Columbia is replete with tales of dramatic upswings and downswings, and this boom and bust pattern has influenced the politics, culture and business climate of the province. Economic activity related to mining in particular has widely fluctuated with changes in commodity prices over time, with documented costs to community health.[100]

In 2020, British Columbia had the third-largest GDP in Canada, with a GDP of $309 billion and a GDP per capita of $60,090.[101][102] British Columbia's debt-to-GDP ratio is edging up to 15.0 percent in fiscal year 2019–20, and it is expected to reach 16.1 percent by 2021–22.[103][104] British Columbia's economy experienced strong growth in recent years with a total growth rate of 9.6% from 2017 to 2021, a growth rate that was second in the country.[105]

Government and politics

 
The British Columbia Parliament Buildings in Victoria
 
Coat of arms' escutcheon of the current lieutenant governor

The lieutenant governor, Janet Austin, is the Crown's representative in the province. During the absence of the lieutenant governor, the Governor in Council (federal Cabinet) may appoint an administrator to execute the duties of the office. This is usually the chief justice of British Columbia.[106] British Columbia is divided into regional districts as a means to better enable municipalities and rural areas to work together at a regional level.

British Columbia has an 87-member elected Legislative Assembly, elected by the plurality voting system, though from 2003 to 2009 there was significant debate about switching to a single transferable vote system called BC-STV. The government of the day appoints ministers for various portfolios, what are officially part of the Executive Council, of whom the premier is chair.

The province is currently governed by the British Columbia New Democratic Party (BC NDP) under Premier David Eby. The 2017 provincial election saw the Liberal Party take 43 seats, the NDP take 41, and the British Columbia Green Party take 3. No party met the minimum of 44 seats for a majority, therefore leading to the first minority government since 1953. Following the election, the Greens entered into negotiations with both the Liberals and NDP, eventually announcing they would support the current NDP minority. Previously, the right-of-centre British Columbia Liberal Party governed the province for 16 years between 2001 and 2017, and won the largest landslide election in British Columbia history in 2001, with 77 of 79 seats. The legislature became more evenly divided between the Liberals and NDP following the 2005 (46 Liberal seats of 79) and 2009 (49 Liberal seats of 85) provincial elections. The NDP and its predecessor the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) have been the main opposition force to right-wing parties since the 1930s and have ruled with majority governments in 1972–1975 and 1991–2001. The Green Party plays a larger role in the politics of British Columbia than Green parties do in most other jurisdictions in Canada. After a breakthrough election in 2001 (12.39 percent), the party's vote share declined (2005 – 9.17 percent, 2009 – 8.09 percent, 2013 – 8.13 percent) before increasing again to a record high of 16.84 percent at the 2017 election.

The British Columbia Liberal Party is not related to the federal Liberal Party and does not share the same ideology. Instead, the BC Liberal party is a rather diverse coalition, made up of the remnants of the Social Credit Party, many federal Liberals, federal Conservatives, and those who would otherwise support right-of-centre or free enterprise parties. Historically, there have commonly been third parties present in the legislature (including the Liberals themselves from 1952 to 1975); the BC Green Party are the current third party in British Columbia, with three seats in the legislature.

Prior to the rise of the Liberal Party, British Columbia's main political party was the British Columbia Social Credit Party which ruled British Columbia for 20 continuous years. While sharing some ideology with the current Liberal government, they were more right-wing although undertook nationalization of various important monopolies, notably BC Hydro and BC Ferries.

 
The meeting chamber of the Legislative Assembly

British Columbia is known for having politically active labour unions who have traditionally supported the NDP or its predecessor, the CCF.

British Columbia's political history is typified by scandal and a cast of colourful characters, beginning with various colonial-era land scandals and abuses of power by early officials (such as those that led to McGowan's War in 1858–59). Notable scandals in Social Credit years included the Robert Bonner Affair and the Fantasy Gardens scandal which forced Premier Bill Vander Zalm to resign and ended the Social Credit era. NDP scandals included Bingogate, which brought down NDP Premier Mike Harcourt, and the alleged scandal named Casinogate which drove NDP Premier Glen Clark to resign. A variety of scandals plagued the 2001–2017 Liberal government, including Premier Gordon Campbell's arrest for drunk driving in Maui and the resignation of various cabinet ministers because of conflict-of-interest allegations. A raid on the Parliament Buildings on December 28, 2003,[107] in Victoria, including the Premier's Office, resulted in charges only for ministerial aides, although key cabinet members from the time have since resigned. The case, currently in preliminary hearings in the courts and relating to the sale of BC Rail to CN Rail, may not reach trial because of the mass of evidence and various procedural problems.[citation needed][needs update] Campbell eventually resigned in late 2010 due to opposition to his government's plan to introduce a Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) and was replaced by Christy Clark as premier in a 2011 BC Liberal leadership election.

British Columbia is underrepresented in the Senate of Canada, leading Premier Christy Clark to refuse to cooperate with the federal government's reforms for senate appointments to be made based on the recommendations of a new advisory board that would use non-partisan criteria. Hours after that plan was unveiled in Ottawa on December 3, 2015, Clark issued a statement that it did "not address what's been wrong with the Senate since the beginning".[108]

The imbalance in representation in that House is apparent when considering population size. The six senators from BC constitute only one for every 775,000 people vs. one for every 75,000 in P.E.I. which has four senators. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have much smaller populations than BC, yet each has ten senators according to a Global News summary.[109] Correcting this imbalance would require a constitutional amendment, but that is unlikely to be supported by the Atlantic provinces.[109]

Official symbols

 
The flower of the Pacific dogwood is often associated with British Columbia.

The government of British Columbia has designated several official symbols:[110]

Transportation

Transportation played a huge role in British Columbia's history. The Rocky Mountains and the ranges west of them constituted a significant obstacle to overland travel until the completion of the transcontinental railway in 1885. The Peace River Canyon through the Rocky Mountains was the route the earliest explorers and fur traders used. Fur trade routes were only marginally used for access to British Columbia through the mountains. Travel from the rest of Canada before 1885 meant the difficulty of overland travel via the United States, around Cape Horn or overseas from Asia. Nearly all travel and freight to and from the region occurred via the Pacific Ocean, primarily through the ports of Victoria and New Westminster.

Until the 1930s, rail was the only means of overland travel to and from the rest of Canada; travellers using motor vehicles needed to journey through the United States. With the construction of the Inter-Provincial Highway in 1932 (now known as the Crowsnest Pass Highway), and later the Trans-Canada Highway, road transportation evolved into the preferred mode of overland travel to and from the rest of the country.

Roads and highways

 
The Alex Fraser Bridge on Highway 91 between Richmond and Delta

Because of its size and rugged, varying topography, British Columbia requires thousands of kilometres of provincial highways to connect its communities. British Columbia's roads systems were notoriously poorly maintained and dangerous until a concentrated programme of improvement was initiated in the 1950s and 1960s. There are now freeways in Greater Victoria, the Lower Mainland, and Central Interior of the province. Much of the rest of the province, where traffic volumes are generally low, is accessible by well-maintained generally high-mobility two-lane arterial highways with additional passing lanes in mountainous areas and usually only a few stop-controlled intersections outside the main urban areas.

 
British Columbia Highway 1 near Brentwood, Burnaby

A couple of busy intercity corridors outside Greater Vancouver feature more heavily signalized limited-mobility arterial highways that are mostly four-lane and often divided by portable median traffic barriers. Highway 1 on Vancouver Island and Highway 97 through the Okanagan Valley are medium- to high-volume roadways with variable posted speeds that range from 50 km/h (31 mph) to maximums just slightly lower than the principal grade-separated highways. Numerous traffic lights operate in place of interchanges on both arterials as long-term cost-cutting measures. Signalization along both these highways is heaviest through urban areas and along inter-urban sections where traffic volumes are similar to and sometimes higher than the freeways, but where funding is not available for upgrades to interchanges or construction of high-mobility alternative routes or bypasses. The building and maintenance of provincial highways is the responsibility of the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure.[111]

There are only five major routes to the rest of Canada. From south to north they are: BC Highway 3 through the Crowsnest Pass, the Vermilion Pass (Highway 93 in both British Columbia and Alberta), the Kicking Horse Pass, the latter being used by the Trans-Canada Highway entering Alberta through Banff National Park, the Yellowhead Highway (16) through Jasper National Park, and Highway 2 through Dawson Creek. There are also several highway crossings to the adjoining American states of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. The longest highway is Highway 97, running 2,081 kilometres (1,293 mi) from the British Columbia-Washington border at Osoyoos north to Watson Lake, Yukon and which includes the British Columbia portion of the Alaska Highway.

Public transit

 
SkyTrain is the rail rapid transit system that serves Metro Vancouver.

Prior to 1979, surface public transit in the Vancouver and Victoria metropolitan areas was administered by BC Hydro, the provincially owned electricity utility. Subsequently, the province established BC Transit to oversee and operate all municipal transportation systems. In 1998, the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority, now TransLink, a separate authority for routes within the Greater Vancouver Regional District, was established. Some smaller island communities, such as Gabriola Island[112] and, formerly, Pender Island[113][114] operate routes independent of BC Transit or TransLink. BC Transit has recently expanded to provide intercity routes,[115] particularly in the Northern region of British Columbia. Other intercity routes were introduced connecting southern communities in preparation of the cancellation of Greyhound Canada's pullout from Western Canada,[116] though options for intercity bus travel are still extremely limited.

Public transit in British Columbia consists mainly of diesel buses, although Vancouver is also serviced by a fleet of trolley buses. Several experimental buses are being tested such as hybrid buses that have both gasoline and electric engines. Additionally, there are CNG-fuelled buses being tested and used in Nanaimo and Kamloops systems.[117] British Columbia also tested a fleet of Hydrogen-fuelled buses for the Vancouver-Whistler Winter Olympics in 2010.[118] TransLink operates SkyTrain, an automated metro system serving the cities of Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Surrey, Richmond, Coquitlam, and Port Moody. In 2009, the Canada Line SkyTrain was completed, linking Vancouver International Airport and the city of Richmond to downtown Vancouver bringing the total to three operating metro lines.

A new extension to Coquitlam and Port Moody (the Evergreen Extension of the Millennium Line) was completed in December 2016. There is planning for an extension of the Millennium Line through Vancouver City to the University of British Columbia. Turnstiles have been added to all existing stations in the system. In the past, SkyTrain used a proof of payment honour system. In the capital city of Victoria BC Transit and the provincial government's infrastructure ministry are working together to create a bus rapid transit from the Westshore communities to downtown Victoria.[119] In Kamloops, there is a bus rapid transit GPS trial underway to see how bus rapid transit affects smaller cities, rather than larger ones, like Victoria and Vancouver.[120]

Rail

 
CPR train traversing the Stoney Creek Bridge

Rail development expanded greatly in the decades after the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed, in 1885, and was the chief mode of long-distance surface transportation until the expansion and improvement of the provincial highways system began in the 1950s. Two major routes through the Yellowhead Pass competed with the Canadian Pacific Railway – the Grand Trunk Pacific, terminating at Prince Rupert, and the Canadian Northern Railway, terminating at Vancouver.

The British Columbia Electric Railway provided rail services in Victoria and Vancouver between the nineteenth century and mid twentieth century.

The Pacific Great Eastern line supplemented this service, providing a north–south route between interior resource communities and the coast. The Pacific Great Eastern (later known as British Columbia Railway and now owned by Canadian National Railway) connects Fort St James, Fort Nelson, and Tumbler Ridge with North Vancouver. The E&N Railway, rebranded as Southern Railway of Vancouver Island, formerly served the commercial and passenger train markets of Vancouver Island. Service along the route is now minimal. Vancouver Island was also host to the last logging railway in North America until its closure in 2017.

Current passenger services in British Columbia are limited. Via Rail Canada operates 10 long-distance trains per week on two lines.[121] Local services are limited to two regions, with TransLink providing rapid transit and commuter services in the Lower Mainland and by the Seton Lake Indian Band South of Lillooet with the Kaoham Shuttle. Amtrak runs international passenger service between Vancouver, Seattle, and intermediate points.[122]

Several heritage railways operate within the province, including the White Pass & Yukon Route that runs between Alaska and the Yukon via British Columbia.

Water

 
Spirit of Vancouver Island S-class ferry

BC Ferries was established as a provincial crown corporation in 1960 to provide passenger and vehicle ferry service between Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland as a cheaper and more reliable alternative to the service operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway and other private operators. It now operates 25 routes among the islands of British Columbia, as well as between the islands and the mainland. Ferry service to Washington is offered by the Washington State Ferries (between Sidney and Anacortes) and Black Ball Transport (between Victoria and Port Angeles, Washington). Ferry service over inland lakes and rivers is provided by the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Various other coastal ferries are operated privately.

Commercial ocean transport is of vital importance. Major ports are at Vancouver, Roberts Bank (near Tsawwassen), Prince Rupert, and Victoria.[123][124]

Vancouver, Victoria, and Prince Rupert are also major ports of call for cruise ships. In 2007, a large maritime container port was opened in Prince Rupert with an inland sorting port in Prince George.

Air

There are over 200 airports throughout British Columbia, the major ones being the Vancouver International Airport, the Victoria International Airport, the Kelowna International Airport, and the Abbotsford International Airport, the first three of which each served over 1,000,000 passengers in 2005. As of 2017, Vancouver International Airport is the 2nd busiest airport in the country and the second biggest International Gateway on the west coast (after Los Angeles) with an estimated 26.4 million travellers passing through in 2019.[125]

Outdoor life

 
Ice sailing in Whistler
 
Shoreline Trail in Victoria

Given its varied mountainous terrain and its coasts, lakes, rivers, and forests, British Columbia has long been enjoyed for pursuits like hiking and camping, rock climbing and mountaineering, hunting and fishing.

Water sports, both motorized and non-motorized, are enjoyed in many places. Sea kayaking opportunities abound on the British Columbia coast with its fjords. Whitewater rafting and kayaking are popular on many inland rivers. Sailing and sailboarding are widely enjoyed.

In winter, cross-country and telemark skiing are much enjoyed, and in recent decades high-quality downhill skiing has been developed in the Coast Mountain range and the Rockies, as well as in the southern areas of the Shuswap Highlands and the Columbia Mountains. Snowboarding has mushroomed in popularity since the early 1990s. The 2010 Winter Olympics downhill events were held in Whistler Blackcomb area of the province, while the indoor events were conducted in the Vancouver area.

In Vancouver and Victoria (as well as some other cities), opportunities for joggers and bicyclists have been developed. Cross-country bike touring has been popular since the ten-speed bike became available many years ago. Since the advent of the more robust mountain bike, trails in more rugged and wild places have been developed for them. A 2016 poll on global biking website Pinkbike rated BC as the top destination mountain bikers would like to ride.[126] Some of the province's retired rail beds have been converted and maintained for hiking, biking, and cross-country skiing. Longboarding is also a popular activity because of the hilly geography of the region.

Horseback riding is enjoyed by many British Columbians. Opportunities for trail riding, often into especially scenic areas, have been established for tourists in numerous areas of the province.

British Columbia also has strong participation levels in many other sports, including golf, tennis, soccer, hockey, Canadian football, rugby union, lacrosse, baseball, softball, basketball, curling, disc golf, Ultimate and figure skating. British Columbia has produced many outstanding athletes, especially in aquatic and winter sports.

Consistent with both increased tourism and increased participation in diverse recreations by British Columbians has been the proliferation of lodges, chalets, bed and breakfasts, motels, hotels, fishing camps, and park-camping facilities in recent decades.

In certain areas, there are businesses, non-profit societies, or municipal governments dedicated to promoting ecotourism in their region. A number of British Columbia farmers offer visitors to combine tourism with farm work, for example, through the WWOOF Canada program.[127]

Education

K-12 education

British Columbia is home to a comprehensive education system consisting of public schools and independent schools that is overseen by the provincial Ministry of Education. The public school system is divided in 59 anglophone school districts and one francophone school district, the Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique, which operates French-language public schools throughout the province.[128] The anglophone school districts are governed by school board trustees who are directly elected by the school district's residents. Although 86 percent of students are enrolled in the public school system, British Columbia has one of the highest shares of independent school enrolment among Canadian province, at 14 percent of the student population, due to its relatively generous funding model; most independent schools receive 50 percent of the operating funding that their public counterparts receive from the government. A very small percentage (less than 1 percent) of students are home schooled.

Like most other provinces in Canada, education is compulsory from ages 6 to 16 (grades 1–10), although the vast majority of students remain in school until they graduate from high school (grade 12) at the age of 18. In order to graduate with a graduation certificate, known as a Dogwood Diploma in BC, students must take a minimum of 80 course credits during grades 10 to 12. These credits include a variety of required courses (e.g. in language arts, social studies, mathematics, and science), as well as elective courses.[129]

Academic achievement in British Columbia is relatively good, although it has been slipping in recent years by some measures. In 2020, 86 percent of students in British Columbia graduated from high school within six years of entering grade 8.[130] According to the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) scores, students in British Columbia scored the second highest in reading ability, fourth highest in mathematic prowess, and fourth highest in science knowledge of the 10 Canadian provinces, although these scores have declined significantly since the 2000 and 2015 assessments.[131]

International students

In September 2014, there were 11,000 international students in BC public K-12 schools and about 3,000 international students in other BC K-12 schools.[132]

 
Aerial view of Simon Fraser University in Burnaby

Higher education

 
Quest University Canada Academic Building, aerial view

British Columbia has diverse array of higher educational institutions, ranging from publicly funded universities, colleges, and institutes, to private universities, colleges, seminaries, and career institutes. Public institutions receive approximately half of their funding from grants from the provincial government, with the remaining revenue stemming from tuition charges and philanthropic donations.[133] Each post-secondary institution sets its own admission requirements, although the standard requirement is the completion of high school.

Public universities and colleges include:

British Columbia is also home to 11 private colleges and universities located throughout the province, including:

Two American universities (Fairleigh Dickinson University[134] and Northeastern University[135]) also have degree-granting campuses located in Vancouver.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ According to the Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage (ISBN 0-19-541619-8; p. 335), BCer(s) is an informal demonym that is sometimes used for residents of BC
  2. ^ The following portions of southeastern British Columbia observe Mountain Standard and Mountain Daylight Time: The following portions of eastern British Columbia observe Mountain Standard Time year-round, and do not observe DST: All other areas of British Columbia observe Pacific Standard and Pacific Daylight Time.
  3. ^ Indian reserve populations are not included in these figures
  4. ^ Note: Statistics represent both single (for example, "German") and multiple (for example, "Chinese-English") responses to the 2016 Census, and thus do not add up to 100 percent. All items are self-identified.

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british, columbia, commonly, abbreviated, westernmost, province, canada, situated, between, pacific, ocean, rocky, mountains, diverse, geography, with, rugged, landscapes, that, include, rocky, coastlines, sandy, beaches, forests, lakes, mountains, inland, des. British Columbia commonly abbreviated as BC is the westernmost province of Canada situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains It has a diverse geography with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines sandy beaches forests lakes mountains inland deserts and grassy plains 9 and borders the province of Alberta to the east and the Yukon and Northwest Territories to the north With an estimated population of 5 3 million as of 2022 it is Canada s third most populous province 10 The capital of British Columbia is Victoria and its largest city is Vancouver Vancouver is the third largest metropolitan area in Canada the 2021 census recorded 2 6 million people in Metro Vancouver 11 British Columbia Colombie Britannique French 1 2 3 ProvinceFlagCoat of armsMotto s Splendor Sine Occasu Latin Splendour without diminishment BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NUCoordinates 54 N 125 W 54 N 125 W 54 125 4 Coordinates 54 N 125 W 54 N 125 W 54 125 4 CountryCanadaConfederationJuly 20 1871 6th CapitalVictoriaLargest cityVancouverLargest metroGreater VancouverGovernment TypeParliamentary constitutional monarchy Lieutenant governorJanet Austin PremierDavid EbyLegislatureLegislative Assembly of British ColumbiaFederal representationParliament of CanadaHouse seats42 of 338 12 4 Senate seats6 of 105 5 7 Area Total944 735 km2 364 764 sq mi Land925 186 km2 357 216 sq mi Water19 548 9 km2 7 547 9 sq mi 2 1 Rank5th 9 5 of CanadaPopulation 2021 Total5 000 879 5 Estimate Q4 2022 5 368 266 6 Rank3rd Density5 41 km2 14 0 sq mi DemonymBritish Columbian a Official languagesEnglish de facto GDP Rank4th Total 2015 CA 249 981 billion 7 Per capitaCA 53 267 8th HDI HDI 2019 0 938 8 Very high 2nd Time zonesMost of province b UTC 08 00 Pacific Summer DST UTC 07 00 Pacific DST SoutheasternUTC 07 00 Mountain Summer DST UTC 06 00 Mountain DST EasternUTC 07 00 Mountain no DST Canadian postal abbr BCPostal code prefixVISO 3166 codeCA BCFlowerPacific dogwoodTreeWestern red cedarBirdSteller s jayRankings include all provinces and territoriesThe first known human inhabitants of the area settled in British Columbia at least 10 000 years ago Such groups include the Coast Salish Tsilhqotʼin and Haida peoples among many others One of the earliest British settlements in the area was Fort Victoria established in 1843 which gave rise to the city of Victoria the capital of the Colony of Vancouver Island The Colony of British Columbia 1858 1866 was subsequently founded by Richard Clement Moody 12 and by the Royal Engineers Columbia Detachment in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush Moody selected the site for and founded the mainland colony s capital New Westminster 13 14 15 The colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia were incorporated in 1866 subsequent to which Victoria became the united colony s capital In 1871 British Columbia entered Confederation as the sixth province of Canada in enactment of the British Columbia Terms of Union British Columbia is a diverse and cosmopolitan province drawing on a plethora of cultural influences from its British Canadian European and Asian diasporas as well as the Indigenous population Though the province s ethnic majority originates from the British Isles many British Columbians also trace their ancestors to continental Europe East Asia and South Asia 16 Indigenous Canadians constitute about 6 percent of the province s total population 17 Christianity is the largest religion in the region 18 English is the common language of the province although Punjabi Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese also have a large presence in the Metro Vancouver region The Franco Columbian community is an officially recognized linguistic minority and around one percent of British Columbians claim French as their mother tongue 19 British Columbia is home to at least 34 distinct Indigenous languages 20 Major sectors of British Columbia s economy include forestry mining filmmaking and video production tourism real estate construction wholesale and retail Its main exports include lumber and timber pulp and paper products copper coal and natural gas 21 British Columbia exhibits high property values and is a significant centre for maritime trade 22 the Port of Vancouver is the largest port in Canada and the most diversified port in North America 23 Although less than 5 percent of the province s territory is arable land significant agriculture exists in the Fraser Valley and Okanagan due to the warmer climate 24 British Columbia is home to 45 of all publicly listed companies in Canada 25 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 2 2 Parks and protected areas 2 3 Fauna 2 4 Forests 2 5 Traditional plant foods 2 6 Ecozones 3 History 3 1 Indigenous societies 3 2 Fur trade and colonial era 3 3 Colony of British Columbia 1858 1866 3 4 Later gold rushes 3 5 Rapid growth and development 3 6 1920s to 1940s 3 7 Coalition and the post war boom 3 8 1952 1960s 3 9 1970s and 1980s 3 10 1990s to present 4 Demographics 4 1 Population 4 1 1 Cities 4 2 Cultural origins 4 3 Religion 4 4 Language 5 Economy 6 Government and politics 6 1 Official symbols 7 Transportation 7 1 Roads and highways 7 2 Public transit 7 3 Rail 7 4 Water 7 5 Air 8 Outdoor life 9 Education 9 1 K 12 education 9 1 1 International students 9 2 Higher education 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12 1 Citations 12 2 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External linksEtymology EditThe province s name was chosen by Queen Victoria when the Colony of British Columbia 1858 1866 i e the Mainland became a British colony in 1858 26 It refers to the Columbia District the British name for the territory drained by the Columbia River in southeastern British Columbia which was the namesake of the pre Oregon Treaty Columbia Department of the Hudson s Bay Company Queen Victoria chose British Columbia to distinguish what was the British sector of the Columbia District from the United States American Columbia or Southern Columbia which became the Oregon Territory on August 8 1848 as a result of the treaty 27 Ultimately the Columbia in the name British Columbia is derived from the name of the Columbia Rediviva an American ship which lent its name to the Columbia River and later the wider region 28 the Columbia in the name Columbia Rediviva came from the name Columbia for the New World or parts thereof a reference to Christopher Columbus The governments of Canada and British Columbia recognize Colombie Britannique as the French name for the province 29 30 However as of 2016 French language is spoken by a small minority of BC residents 1 4 percent 31 Geography EditMain article Geography of British Columbia British Columbia s geography is epitomized by the variety and intensity of its physical relief which has defined patterns of settlement and industry since colonization British Columbia is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean and the American state of Alaska to the north by Yukon and the Northwest Territories to the east by the province of Alberta and to the south by the American states of Washington Idaho and Montana The southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty although its history is tied with lands as far south as California British Columbia s land area is 944 735 square kilometres 364 800 sq mi British Columbia s rugged coastline stretches for more than 27 000 kilometres 17 000 mi and includes deep mountainous fjords and about 6 000 islands most of which are uninhabited It is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean British Columbia s capital is Victoria located at the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island Only a narrow strip of Vancouver Island from Campbell River to Victoria is significantly populated Much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by temperate rainforest The province s most populous city is Vancouver which is at the confluence of the Fraser River and Georgia Strait in the mainland s southwest corner an area often called the Lower Mainland By land area Abbotsford is the largest city Vanderhoof is near the geographic centre of the province 32 Outline map of British Columbia with significant cities and towns The Coast Mountains and the Inside Passage s many inlets provide some of British Columbia s renowned and spectacular scenery which forms the backdrop and context for a growing outdoor adventure and ecotourism industry 75 percent of the province is mountainous more than 1 000 metres 3 300 ft above sea level 60 percent is forested and only about 5 percent is arable The province s mainland away from the coastal regions is somewhat moderated by the Pacific Ocean Terrain ranges from dry inland forests and semi arid valleys to the range and canyon districts of the Central and Southern Interior to boreal forest and subarctic prairie in the Northern Interior High mountain regions both north and south have subalpine flora 33 and subalpine climate The Okanagan wine area extending from Vernon to Osoyoos at the United States border is one of several wine and cider producing regions in Canada Other wine regions in British Columbia include the Cowichan Valley on Vancouver Island and the Fraser Valley The Southern Interior cities of Kamloops and Penticton have some of the warmest and longest summer climates in Canada while higher elevations are cold and snowy although their temperatures are often exceeded north of the Fraser Canyon close to the confluence of the Fraser and Thompson rivers where the terrain is rugged and covered with desert type flora Semi desert grassland is found in large areas of the Interior Plateau with land uses ranging from ranching at lower altitudes to forestry at higher ones The northern mostly mountainous two thirds of the province is largely unpopulated and undeveloped except for the area east of the Rockies where the Peace River Country contains BC s portion of the Canadian Prairies centred at the city of Dawson Creek British Columbia is considered part of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion along with the American states of Alaska Idaho western Montana Oregon Washington and northern California 34 35 Climate Edit Koppen climate types in British Columbia The Strait of Georgia near Vancouver Because of the many mountain ranges and rugged coastline British Columbia s climate varies dramatically across the province Coastal southern British Columbia has a mild rainy oceanic climate influenced by the North Pacific Current which has its origins in the Kuroshio Current Hucuktlis Lake on Vancouver Island receives an average of 6 903 mm 271 8 in of rain annually and some parts of the area are even classified as warm summer Mediterranean the northernmost occurrence in the world In Victoria the annual average temperature is 11 2 C 52 2 F the warmest in Canada Due to the blocking presence of successive mountain ranges the climate of some of the interior valleys of the province such as the Thompson parts of the Fraser Canyon the southern Cariboo and parts of the Okanagan is semi arid with certain locations receiving less than 250 millimetres 10 in in annual precipitation The annual mean temperature in the most populated areas of the province is up to 12 C 54 F the mildest anywhere in Canada The valleys of the Southern Interior have short winters with only brief bouts of cold or infrequent heavy snow while those in the Cariboo in the Central Interior are colder because of increased altitude and latitude but without the intensity or duration experienced at similar latitudes elsewhere in Canada Outside of the driest valleys the Southern and Central Interior generally have a humid continental climate with widely variable precipitation For example the average daily low in Prince George roughly in the middle of the province in January is 12 C 10 F 36 Small towns in the southern interior with high elevation such as Princeton are typically colder and snowier than cities in the valleys 37 Heavy snowfall occurs in all elevated mountainous terrain providing bases for skiers in both south and central British Columbia Annual snowfall on highway mountain passes in the southern interior rivals some of the snowiest cities in Canada 38 and freezing rain and fog are sometimes present on such roads as well 39 This can result in hazardous driving conditions as people are usually travelling between warmer areas such as Vancouver or Kamloops and may be unaware that the conditions may be slippery and cold 40 Shuswap Lake as seen from Sorrento Winters are generally severe in the Northern Interior which is generally in the subarctic climate zone but even there milder air can penetrate far inland The coldest temperature in British Columbia was recorded in Smith River where it dropped to 58 9 C 74 0 F on January 31 1947 41 one of the coldest readings recorded anywhere in North America Atlin in the province s far northwest along with the adjoining Southern Lakes region of Yukon get midwinter thaws caused by the Chinook effect which is also common and much warmer in more southerly parts of the Interior During winter on the coast rainfall sometimes relentless heavy rain dominates because of consistent barrages of cyclonic low pressure systems from the North Pacific Average snowfall on the coast during a normal winter is between 25 and 50 centimetres 10 and 20 in but on occasion and not every winter heavy snowfalls with more than 20 centimetres 8 in and well below freezing temperatures arrive when modified arctic air reaches coastal areas typically for short periods and can take temperatures below 10 C 14 F even at sea level Arctic outflow winds can occasionally result in wind chill temperatures at or even below 17 8 C 0 0 F citation needed While winters are very wet coastal areas are generally milder and dry during summer under the influence of stable anti cyclonic high pressure Southern Interior valleys are hot in summer for example in Osoyoos the July maximum temperature averages 31 7 C 89 1 F making it the hottest month of any location in Canada this hot weather sometimes spreads towards the coast or to the far north of the province Temperatures often exceed 40 C 104 F in the lower elevations of valleys in the Interior during mid summer with the record high of 49 6 C 121 3 F being held in Lytton on June 29 2021 during a record breaking heat wave that year 42 The Okanagan region has a climate suitable to vineyards The extended summer dryness often creates conditions that spark forest fires from dry lightning or man made causes Many areas of the province are often covered by a blanket of heavy cloud and low fog during the winter months in contrast to abundant summer sunshine Annual sunshine hours vary from 2200 near Cranbrook and Victoria to less than 1300 in Prince Rupert on the North Coast just south of Southeast Alaska The exception to British Columbia s wet and cloudy winters is during the El Nino phase During El Nino events the jet stream is much farther south across North America making the province s winters milder and drier than normal Winters are much wetter and cooler during the opposite phase La Nina Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in British Columbia 43 Municipality January April July OctoberMax Min Max Min Max Min Max MinPrince Rupert 5 6 C 42 1 F 0 8 C 30 6 F 10 2 C 50 4 F 2 5 C 36 5 F 16 2 C 61 2 F 10 5 C 50 9 F 11 1 C 52 0 F 4 9 C 40 8 F Tofino 8 3 C 46 9 F 2 3 C 36 1 F 11 9 C 53 4 F 4 0 C 39 2 F 18 9 C 66 0 F 10 5 C 50 9 F 13 6 C 56 5 F 6 3 C 43 3 F Nanaimo 6 9 C 44 4 F 0 1 C 32 2 F 14 1 C 57 4 F 3 9 C 39 0 F 23 9 C 75 0 F 12 3 C 54 1 F 14 6 C 58 3 F 5 2 C 41 4 F Victoria 7 6 C 45 7 F 1 5 C 34 7 F 13 6 C 56 5 F 4 3 C 39 7 F 22 4 C 72 3 F 11 3 C 52 3 F 14 2 C 57 6 F 5 7 C 42 3 F Vancouver 6 9 C 44 4 F 1 4 C 34 5 F 13 2 C 55 8 F 5 6 C 42 1 F 22 2 C 72 0 F 13 7 C 56 7 F 13 5 C 56 3 F 7 0 C 44 6 F Chilliwack 6 1 C 43 0 F 0 4 C 32 7 F 15 8 C 60 4 F 5 2 C 41 4 F 25 0 C 77 0 F 12 5 C 54 5 F 15 3 C 59 5 F 6 4 C 43 5 F Penticton 1 8 C 35 2 F 3 0 C 26 6 F 15 7 C 60 3 F 2 5 C 36 5 F 28 7 C 83 7 F 13 3 C 55 9 F 14 3 C 57 7 F 3 2 C 37 8 F Kamloops 0 4 C 32 7 F 5 9 C 21 4 F 16 6 C 61 9 F 3 2 C 37 8 F 28 9 C 84 0 F 14 2 C 57 6 F 13 7 C 56 7 F 3 3 C 37 9 F Osoyoos 2 0 C 35 6 F 3 8 C 25 2 F 18 1 C 64 6 F 3 6 C 38 5 F 31 5 C 88 7 F 14 3 C 57 7 F 16 4 C 61 5 F 3 5 C 38 3 F Princeton 1 4 C 29 5 F 8 6 C 16 5 F 14 4 C 57 9 F 0 3 C 31 5 F 26 3 C 79 3 F 9 5 C 49 1 F 13 2 C 55 8 F 0 3 C 32 5 F Cranbrook 1 9 C 28 6 F 10 2 C 13 6 F 12 9 C 55 2 F 0 3 C 32 5 F 26 2 C 79 2 F 11 2 C 52 2 F 11 7 C 53 1 F 0 3 C 31 5 F Prince George 4 0 C 24 8 F 11 7 C 10 9 F 11 2 C 52 2 F 1 1 C 30 0 F 22 4 C 72 3 F 9 1 C 48 4 F 9 4 C 48 9 F 0 5 C 31 1 F Fort Nelson 16 1 C 3 0 F 24 6 C 12 3 F 9 6 C 49 3 F 3 6 C 25 5 F 23 2 C 73 8 F 10 9 C 51 6 F 5 2 C 41 4 F 4 2 C 24 4 F Parks and protected areas Edit Main articles List of protected areas of British Columbia and List of British Columbia Provincial Parks Mount Robson Canadian Rockies Odaray Mountain and Lake O Hara There are 14 designations of parks and protected areas in the province that reflect the different administration and creation of these areas in a modern context There are 141 ecological reserves 35 provincial marine parks 7 provincial heritage sites 6 National Historic Sites of Canada 4 national parks and 3 national park reserves 12 5 percent of the province s area 114 000 km2 or 44 000 sq mi is considered protected under one of the 14 different designations that includes over 800 distinct areas British Columbia contains seven of Canada s national parks and National Park Reserves Glacier National Park Gulf Islands National Park Reserve Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site Kootenay National Park Mount Revelstoke National Park Pacific Rim National Park Reserve Yoho National ParkBritish Columbia contains a large number of provincial parks run by BC Parks under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment British Columbia s provincial parks system is the second largest parks system in Canada the largest being Canada s National Parks system Another tier of parks in British Columbia are regional parks which are maintained and run by the province s regional districts The Ministry of Forests operates forest recreation sites In addition to these areas over 47 000 square kilometres 18 000 sq mi of arable land are protected by the Agricultural Land Reserve Fauna Edit Yoho National Park Much of the province is undeveloped so populations of many mammalian species that have become rare in much of the United States still flourish in British Columbia 44 Watching animals of various sorts including a very wide range of birds has long been popular Bears grizzly black including the Kermode bear or spirit bear live here as do deer elk moose caribou big horn sheep mountain goats marmots beavers muskrats coyotes wolves mustelids such as wolverines badgers and fishers cougars eagles ospreys herons Canada geese swans loons hawks owls ravens harlequin ducks and many other sorts of ducks Smaller birds robins jays grosbeaks chickadees and so on also abound 45 Murrelets are known from Frederick Island a small island off the coast of Haida Gwaii 46 Many healthy populations of fish are present including salmonids such as several species of salmon trout char Besides salmon and trout sport fishers in BC also catch halibut steelhead bass and sturgeon On the coast harbour seals and river otters are common 47 Cetacean species native to the coast include the orca humpback whale grey whale harbour porpoise Dall s porpoise Pacific white sided dolphin and minke whale Cheakamus Lake in Garibaldi Provincial Park Humpback whale in Sooke coast Some endangered species in British Columbia are Vancouver Island marmot spotted owl American white pelican and badgers Endangered species in British Columbia 48 Type of organism Red listed species in BC Total number of species in BCFreshwater fish 24 80Amphibians 5 19Reptiles 6 16Birds 34 465Terrestrial mammals Requires new data Requires new data Marine mammals 3 29Plants 257 2333Butterflies 19 187Dragonflies 9 87Forests Edit White spruce or Engelmann spruce and their hybrids occur in 12 of the 14 biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia 49 Common types of trees present in BC s forests include western redcedar yellow cedar Rocky Mountain juniper lodgepole pine ponderosa or yellow pine whitebark pine limber pine western white pine western larch tamarack alpine larch white spruce Engelmann spruce Sitka spruce black spruce grand fir Amabilis fir subalpine fir western hemlock mountain hemlock Douglas fir western yew Pacific dogwood bigleaf maple Douglas maple vine maple arbutus black hawthorn cascara Garry oak Pacific crab apple choke cherry pin cherry bitter cherry red alder mountain alder paper birch water birch black cottonwood balsam poplar trembling aspen Traditional plant foods Edit Main article Wild and medicinal plants of British Columbia First Nations peoples of British Columbia used plants for food and to produce material goods like fuel and building products Plant foods included berries and roots like camas 50 Ecozones Edit Environment Canada subdivides British Columbia into six ecozones Pacific Marine Pacific Maritime Boreal Cordillera Montane Cordillera Taiga Plains Boreal Plains Ecozones History EditMain article History of British Columbia Indigenous societies Edit Main articles Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau and The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples Namgis Thunderbird Transformation Mask 19th century The area now known as British Columbia is home to First Nations groups that have a deep history with a significant number of indigenous languages There are more than 200 First Nations in BC Prior to contact with non Aboriginal people human history is known from oral histories of First Nations groups archaeological investigations and from early records from explorers encountering societies early in the period The arrival of Paleoindians from Beringia took place between 20 000 and 12 000 years ago 51 Hunter gatherer families were the main social structure from 10 000 to 5 000 years ago 52 The nomadic population lived in non permanent structures foraging for nuts berries and edible roots while hunting and trapping larger and small game for food and furs 52 Around 5 000 years ago individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally Coast Salish peoples had complex land management practices linked to ecosystem health and resilience Forest gardens on Canada s northwest coast included crabapple hazelnut cranberry wild plum and wild cherry species 53 Thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization with a more sedentary lifestyle 52 These indigenous populations evolved over the next 5 000 years across a large area into many groups with shared traditions and customs To the northwest of the province are the peoples of the Na Dene languages which include the Athapaskan speaking peoples and the Tlingit who lived on the islands of southern Alaska and northern British Columbia The Na Dene language group is believed to be linked to the Yeniseian languages of Siberia 54 The Dene of the western Arctic may represent a distinct wave of migration from Asia to North America 54 The Interior of British Columbia was home to the Salishan language groups such as the Shuswap Secwepemc Okanagan and Athabaskan language groups primarily the Dakelh Carrier and the Tsilhqot in 55 The inlets and valleys of the British Columbia coast sheltered large distinctive populations such as the Haida Kwakwaka wakw and Nuu chah nulth sustained by the region s abundant salmon and shellfish 55 These peoples developed complex cultures dependent on the western red cedar that included wooden houses seagoing whaling and war canoes and elaborately carved potlatch items and totem poles 55 Contact with Europeans brought a series of devastating epidemics of diseases from Europe the people had no immunity to 56 The result was a dramatic population collapse culminating in the 1862 Smallpox outbreak in Victoria that spread throughout the coast European settlement did not bode well for the remaining native population of British Columbia Colonial officials deemed colonists could make better use of the land than the First Nations people and thus the land territory be owned by the colonists 57 120 To ensure colonists would be able to settle properly and make use of the land First Nations were forcibly relocated onto reserves which were often too small to support their way of life 57 120 121 By the 1930s British Columbia had over 1500 reserves 57 121 Fur trade and colonial era Edit Main article Columbia District See also Oregon Country and Oregon boundary dispute Lands now known as British Columbia were added to the British Empire during the 19th century Colonies originally begun with the support of the Hudson s Bay Company Vancouver Island the mainland were amalgamated then entered Confederation as British Columbia in 1871 as part of the Dominion of Canada During the 1770s smallpox killed at least 30 percent of the Pacific Northwest First Nations 58 This devastating epidemic was the first in a series the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic killed about half to two thirds of the native population of what became British Columbia 59 60 61 Fort San Miguel at Nootka in 1793 Kwakwaka wakw house pole second half of the 19th century The arrival of Europeans began around the mid 18th century as fur traders entered the area to harvest sea otters While it is thought Sir Francis Drake may have explored the British Columbian coast in 1579 it was Juan Perez who completed the first documented voyage which took place in 1774 Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra explored the coast in 1775 In doing so Perez and Quadra reasserted the Spanish claim for the Pacific coast first made by Vasco Nunez de Balboa in 1513 The explorations of James Cook in 1778 and George Vancouver in 1792 and 1793 established British jurisdiction over the coastal area north and west of the Columbia River In 1793 Sir Alexander Mackenzie was the first European to journey across North America overland to the Pacific Ocean inscribing a stone marking his accomplishment on the shoreline of Dean Channel near Bella Coola His expedition theoretically established British sovereignty inland and a succession of other fur company explorers charted the maze of rivers and mountain ranges between the Canadian Prairies and the Pacific Mackenzie and other explorers notably John Finlay Simon Fraser Samuel Black and David Thompson were primarily concerned with extending the fur trade rather than political considerations In 1794 by the third of a series of agreements known as the Nootka Conventions Spain conceded its claims of exclusivity in the Pacific This opened the way for formal claims and colonization by other powers including Britain but because of the Napoleonic Wars there was little British action on its claims in the region until later The establishment of trading posts by the North West Company and the Hudson s Bay Company HBC effectively established a permanent British presence in the region The Columbia District was broadly defined as being south of 54 40 north latitude the southern limit of Russian America north of Mexican controlled California and west of the Rocky Mountains It was by the Anglo American Convention of 1818 under the joint occupancy and use of citizens of the United States and subjects of Britain which is to say the fur companies This co occupancy was ended with the Oregon Treaty of 1846 The major supply route was the York Factory Express between Hudson Bay and Fort Vancouver Some of the early outposts grew into settlements communities and cities Among the places in British Columbia that began as fur trading posts are Fort St John established 1794 Hudson s Hope 1805 Fort Nelson 1805 Fort St James 1806 Prince George 1807 Kamloops 1812 Fort Langley 1827 Fort Victoria 1843 Yale 1848 and Nanaimo 1853 Fur company posts that became cities in what is now the United States include Vancouver Washington Fort Vancouver formerly the capital of Hudson s Bay operations in the Columbia District Colville Washington and Walla Walla Washington old Fort Nez Perces Fort Rupert Vancouver Island 1851 With the amalgamation of the two fur trading companies in 1821 modern day British Columbia existed in three fur trading departments The bulk of the central and northern interior was organized into the New Caledonia district administered from Fort St James The interior south of the Thompson River watershed and north of the Columbia was organized into the Columbia District administered from Fort Vancouver on the lower Columbia River The northeast corner of the province east of the Rockies known as the Peace River Block was attached to the much larger Athabasca District headquartered in Fort Chipewyan in present day Alberta Until 1849 these districts were a wholly unorganized area of British North America under the de facto jurisdiction of HBC administrators however unlike Rupert s Land to the north and east the territory was not a concession to the company Rather it was simply granted a monopoly to trade with the First Nations inhabitants All that was changed with the westward extension of American exploration and the concomitant overlapping claims of territorial sovereignty especially in the southern Columbia Basin within present day Washington and Oregon In 1846 the Oregon Treaty divided the territory along the 49th parallel to the Strait of Georgia with the area south of this boundary excluding Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands transferred to sole American sovereignty The Colony of Vancouver Island was created in 1849 with Victoria designated as the capital New Caledonia as the whole of the mainland rather than just its north central Interior came to be called continued to be an unorganized territory of British North America administered by individual HBC trading post managers Colony of British Columbia 1858 1866 Edit Main articles Colony of British Columbia 1858 66 Richard Clement Moody and James Douglas governor With the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush in 1858 an influx of Americans into New Caledonia prompted the colonial office to designate the mainland as the Colony of British Columbia When news of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush reached London Richard Clement Moody was hand picked by the Colonial Office under Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia into the British Empire s bulwark in the farthest west 62 and found a second England on the shores of the Pacific 63 Lytton desired to send to the colony representatives of the best of British culture not just a police force he sought men who possessed courtesy high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world 64 13 and he decided to send Moody whom the Government considered to be the English gentleman and British Officer 64 19 at the head of the Royal Engineers Columbia Detachment Moody and his family arrived in British Columbia in December 1858 commanding the Royal Engineers Columbia Detachment 12 He was sworn in as the first lieutenant governor of British Columbia and appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia On the advice of Lytton Moody hired Robert Burnaby as his personal secretary Cattle near the Maas by Dutch painter Aelbert Cuyp Moody likened his vision of the nascent Colony of British Columbia to the pastoral scenes painted by Cuyp In British Columbia Moody wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the crown and of the robe 64 26 Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre emption Act of 1860 Moody settled the Lower Mainland He selected the site and founded the new capital New Westminster He selected the site due to the strategic excellence of its position and the quality of its port 64 26 He was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site writing in his letter to Blackwood The entrance to the Frazer is very striking Extending miles to the right amp left are low marsh lands apparently of very rich qualities amp yet fr the Background of Superb Mountains Swiss in outline dark in woods grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you Everything is large and magnificent worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England s dominions on the Pacific mainland My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness not a ripple before us except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away 65 66 Victoria 1864 Lord Lytton forgot the practicalities of paying for clearing and developing the site and the town and the efforts of Moody s engineers were continuously hampered by insufficient funds which together with the continuous opposition of Governor James Douglas made it impossible for Moody s design to be fulfilled 67 68 64 27 Moody and the Royal Engineers also built an extensive road network including what would become Kingsway connecting New Westminster to False Creek the North Road between Port Moody and New Westminster and the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park 69 He named Burnaby Lake after his private secretary Robert Burnaby and named Port Coquitlam s 400 foot Mary Hill after his wife As part of the surveying effort several tracts were designated government reserves which included Stanley Park as a military reserve a strategic location in case of an American invasion The Pre emption Act did not specify conditions for distributing the land so large parcels were snapped up by speculators including 1 518 hectares 3 750 acres by Moody himself For this he was criticized by local newspapermen for land grabbing Moody designed the first coat of arms of British Columbia Port Moody is named after him It was established at the end of a trail that connected New Westminster with Burrard Inlet to defend New Westminster from potential attack from the US By 1862 the Cariboo Gold Rush attracting an additional 5000 miners was underway and Douglas hastened construction of the Great North Road commonly known now as the Cariboo Wagon Road up the Fraser Canyon to the prospecting region around Barkerville By the time of this gold rush the character of the colony was changing as a more stable population of British colonists settled in the region establishing businesses opening sawmills and engaging in fishing and agriculture With this increased stability objections to the colony s absentee governor and the lack of responsible government began to be vocalized led by the influential editor of the New Westminster British Columbian and future premier John Robson A series of petitions requesting an assembly were ignored by Douglas and the colonial office until Douglas was eased out of office in 1864 Finally the colony would have both an assembly and a resident governor Later gold rushes Edit A series of gold rushes in various parts of the province followed the largest being the Cariboo Gold Rush in 1862 forcing the colonial administration into deeper debt as it struggled to meet the extensive infrastructure needs of far flung boom communities like Barkerville and Lillooet which sprang up overnight The Vancouver Island colony was facing financial crises of its own and pressure to merge the two eventually succeeded in 1866 when the colony of British Columbia was amalgamated with the Colony of Vancouver Island to form the Colony of British Columbia 1866 1871 which was in turn succeeded by the present day province of British Columbia following the Canadian Confederation of 1871 Rapid growth and development Edit Main articles Amor De Cosmos Canadian Confederation and Military history of Canada during World War I This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Please consider moving content to the main article History of British Columbia Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page April 2022 Lord Strathcona drives the Last Spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Craigellachie November 7 1885 Completion of the transcontinental railroad was a condition of British Columbia s entry into Confederation The Confederation League including such figures as Amor De Cosmos John Robson and Robert Beaven led the chorus pressing for the colony to join Canada which had been created out of three British North American colonies in 1867 the Province of Canada Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Several factors motivated this agitation including the fear of annexation to the United States the overwhelming debt created by rapid population growth the need for government funded services to support this population and the economic depression caused by the end of the gold rush Memorial to the last spike in Craigellachie With the agreement by the Canadian government to extend the Canadian Pacific Railway to British Columbia and to assume the colony s debt British Columbia became the sixth province to join Confederation on July 20 1871 The borders of the province were not completely settled The Treaty of Washington sent the Pig War San Juan Islands Border dispute to arbitration in 1871 and in 1903 the province s territory shrank again after the Alaska boundary dispute settled the vague boundary of the Alaska Panhandle Population in British Columbia continued to expand as the province s mining forestry agriculture and fishing sectors were developed Mining activity was particularly notable throughout the Mainland particularly in the Boundary Country in the Slocan in the West Kootenay around Trail the East Kootenay the southeast corner of the province the Fraser Canyon the Cariboo the Omineca and the Cassiar so much so a common epithet for the Mainland even after provincehood was the Gold Colony 70 Agriculture attracted settlers to the fertile Fraser Valley and cattle ranchers and later fruit growers came to the drier grasslands of the Thompson River area the Cariboo the Chilcotin and the Okanagan Forestry drew workers to the lush temperate rainforests of the coast which was also the locus of a growing fishery The completion of the railway in 1885 was a huge boost to the province s economy facilitating the transportation of the region s considerable resources to the east The milltown of Granville known as Gastown near the mouth of the Burrard Inlet was selected as the terminus of the railway prompting the incorporation of the city as Vancouver in 1886 The completion of the Port of Vancouver spurred rapid growth and in less than fifty years the city surpassed Winnipeg Manitoba as the largest in Western Canada The early decades of the province were ones in which issues of land use specifically its settlement and development were paramount This included expropriation from First Nations people of their land control over its resources as well as the ability to trade in some resources such as fishing Statue of Queen Victoria outside the British Columbia Parliament Buildings in Victoria Establishing a labour force to develop the province was problematic from the start and British Columbia was the locus of immigration from Europe China Japan and India The influx of a non European population stimulated resentment from the dominant ethnic groups resulting in agitation much of it successful to restrict the ability of Asian people to immigrate to British Columbia through the imposition of a head tax This resentment culminated in mob attacks against Chinese and Japanese immigrants in Vancouver in 1887 and 1907 The subsequent Komagata Maru incident in 1914 where hundreds of Indians were denied entry into Vancouver was also a direct result of the anti Asian resentment at the time By 1923 almost all Chinese immigration had been blocked except for merchants professionals students and investors Meanwhile the province continued to grow In 1914 the last spike of a second transcontinental rail line the Grand Trunk Pacific linking north central British Columbia from the Yellowhead Pass through Prince George to Prince Rupert was driven at Fort Fraser This opened up the North Coast and the Bulkley Valley region to new economic opportunities What had previously been an almost exclusively fur trade and subsistence economy soon became a locus for forestry farming and mining In World War I the province responded strongly to the call to assist the British Empire against its German foes in French and Belgian battlefields About 55 570 of the 400 000 British Columbian residents the highest per capita rate in Canada responded to the military needs Horseriders from the province s Interior region and First Nations soldiers made contributions to Vimy Ridge and other battles About 6 225 men from the province died in combat 71 1920s to 1940s Edit Main article Canada in World War II This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Please consider moving content to the main article History of British Columbia Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page April 2022 When men returned from the First World War they discovered the recently enfranchised women of the province voted for the prohibition of liquor in an effort to end the social problems associated with the hard core drinking in the province was until the war However with pressure from veterans prohibition was quickly relaxed so the soldier and the working man could enjoy a drink but widespread unemployment among veterans was hardened by many of the available jobs being taken by European immigrants and disgruntled veterans organized a range of soldier parties to represent their interests variously named Soldier Farmer Soldier Labour and Farmer Labour Parties These formed the basis of the fractured labour political spectrum that would generate a host of fringe leftist and rightist parties including those who would eventually form the Co operative Commonwealth Federation and the early Social Credit splinter groups Internment camp for Japanese Canadians during World War II The advent of prohibition in the United States created opportunities and many found employment or at least profit in cross border liquor smuggling By the end of the 1920s the end of prohibition in the U S combined with the onset of the Great Depression plunged the province into economic destitution during the 1930s Compounding the already dire local economic situation tens of thousands of men from colder parts of Canada swarmed into Vancouver creating huge hobo jungles around False Creek and the Burrard Inlet rail yards including the old Canadian Pacific Railway mainline right of way through the heart of Downtown Vancouver Increasingly desperate times led to intense political efforts an occupation of the main Post Office at Granville and Hastings which was violently put down by the police and an effective imposition of martial law on the docks for almost three years due to the Battle of Ballantyne Pier A Vancouver contingent for the On to Ottawa Trek was organized and seized a train which was loaded with thousands of men bound for the capital but was met by a Gatling gun straddling train tracks at Mission All the men were arrested and sent to work camps for the duration of the Depression 72 There were signs of an economic return towards the end of the 1930s however the onset of World War II transformed the national economy and ended the Depression British Columbia has long taken advantage of its location on the Pacific Ocean to have close relations with East Asia and South Asia These relations have often caused friction between cultures which has sometimes escalated into racist animosity towards those of Asian descent This was manifest during the Second World War when many people of Japanese descent were relocated or interned in the Interior region of the province Coalition and the post war boom Edit The BC Regiment DCOR marching in New Westminster 1940 During the Second World War the mainstream BC Liberal and BC Conservative parties united in a formal coalition government under new Liberal leader John Hart who replaced Duff Pattullo when the latter failed to win a majority in the 1941 election While the Liberals won the most seats they actually received fewer votes than the socialist Co operative Commonwealth Federation CCF Pattullo was unwilling to form a coalition with the rival Conservatives led by Royal Maitland and was replaced by Hart who formed a coalition cabinet made up of five Liberal and three Conservative ministers 73 The CCF was invited to join the coalition but refused 73 The pretext for continuing the coalition after the end of the Second World War was to prevent the CCF which had won a surprise victory in Saskatchewan in 1944 from ever coming to power in British Columbia The CCF s popular vote was high enough in the 1945 election that they were likely to have won three way contests and could have formed government however the coalition prevented that by uniting the anti socialist vote 73 In the post war environment the government initiated a series of infrastructure projects notably the completion of Highway 97 north of Prince George to the Peace River Block a section called the John Hart Highway and also public hospital insurance In 1947 the reins of the Coalition were taken by Byron Ingemar Johnson The Conservatives had wanted their new leader Herbert Anscomb to be premier but the Liberals in the Coalition refused Johnson led the coalition to the highest percentage of the popular vote in British Columbia history 61 percent in the 1949 election This victory was attributable to the popularity of his government s spending programmes despite rising criticism of corruption and abuse of power During his tenure major infrastructures continued to expand such as the agreement with Alcan Aluminum to build the town of Kitimat with an aluminum smelter and the large Kemano Hydro Project 74 Johnson achieved popularity for flood relief efforts during the 1948 flooding of the Fraser Valley which was a major blow to that region and to the province s economy On February 13 1950 a Convair B 36B crashed in northern British Columbia after jettisoning a Mark IV atomic bomb This was the first such nuclear weapon loss in history 75 Increasing tension between the Liberal and Conservative coalition partners led the Liberal Party executive to vote to instruct Johnson to terminate the arrangement Johnson ended the coalition and dropped his Conservative cabinet ministers including Deputy Premier and Finance minister Herbert Anscomb precipitating the general election of 1952 73 A referendum on electoral reform prior to this election had instigated an elimination ballot similar to a preferential ballot where voters could select second and third choices The intent of the ballot as campaigned for by Liberals and Conservatives was that their supporters would list the rival party in lieu of the CCF but this plan backfired when a large group of voters from all major parties including the CCF voted for the fringe Social Credit Party who wound up with the largest number of seats in the House 19 only one seat ahead of the CCF despite the CCF having 34 3 percent of the vote to Social Credit s 30 18 percent The Social Credit Party led by rebel former Conservative MLA W A C Bennett formed a minority government backed by the Liberals and Conservatives with 6 and 4 seats respectively Bennett began a series of fiscal reforms preaching a new variety of populism as well as waxing eloquent on progress and development laying the ground for a second election in 1953 in which the new Bennett regime secured a majority of seats with 38 percent of the vote Secure with that majority Bennett returned the province to the first past the post system thereafter which is still in use 1952 1960s Edit This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Please consider moving content to the main article History of British Columbia Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page April 2022 With the election of the Social Credit Party British Columbia embarked on a phase of rapid economic development Bennett and his party governed the province for the next twenty years during which time the government initiated an ambitious programme of infrastructure development fuelled by a sustained economic boom in the forestry mining and energy sectors During these two decades the government nationalized British Columbia Electric and the British Columbia Power Company as well as smaller electric companies renaming the entity BC Hydro West Kootenay Power and Light remained independent of BC Hydro being owned and operated by Cominco though tied into the regional power grid By the end of the 1960s several major dams had been begun or completed in among others the Peace Columbia and Nechako River watersheds the Nechako Diversion to Kemano was to supply power to the Alcan Inc aluminum smelter at Kitimat and was not part of the provincial power grid but privately owned Major transmission deals were concluded most notably the Columbia River Treaty between Canada and the United States The province s economy was also boosted by unprecedented growth in the forest sector as well as oil and gas development in the province s northeast The 1950s and 1960s were also marked by development in the province s transportation infrastructure In 1960 the government established BC Ferries as a crown corporation to provide a marine extension of the provincial highway system also supported by federal grants as being part of the Trans Canada Highway system That system was improved and expanded through the construction of new highways and bridges and paving of existing highways and provincial roads Vancouver and Victoria became cultural centres as poets authors artists musicians as well as dancers actors and haute cuisine chefs flocked to its scenery and warmer temperatures with the cultural and entrepreneurial community bolstered by many Draft dodgers from the United States Tourism also played a role in the economy The rise of Japan and other Pacific economies was a boost to British Columbia s economy primarily because of exports of lumber products and unprocessed coal and trees citation needed Politically and socially the 1960s brought a period of significant social ferment The divide between the political left and right which had prevailed in the province since the Depression and the rise of the labour movement sharpened as so called free enterprise parties coalesced into the de facto coalition represented by Social Credit in opposition to the social democratic New Democratic Party NDP the successor to the Co operative Commonwealth Federation As the province s economy blossomed so did labour management tensions Tensions emerged also from the counterculture movement of the late 1960s of which Vancouver and Nanaimo were centres The conflict between hippies and Vancouver mayor Tom Campbell was particularly legendary culminating in the Gastown riots of 1971 By the end of the decade with social tensions and dissatisfaction with the status quo rising the Bennett government s achievements could not stave off its growing unpopularity 1970s and 1980s Edit This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Please consider moving content to the main article History of British Columbia Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page April 2022 On August 27 1969 the Social Credit Party was re elected in a general election for what would be Bennett s final term in power At the start of the 1970s the economy was quite strong because of rising coal prices and an increase in annual allowable cuts in the forestry sector but BC Hydro reported its first loss which was the beginning of the end for Bennett and the Social Credit Party 76 The Socreds were forced from power in the August 1972 election paving the way for a provincial NDP government under Dave Barrett Under Barrett the large provincial surplus soon became a deficit citation needed although changes to the accounting system makes it likely some of the deficit was carried over from the previous Social Credit regime and its two sets of books as W A C Bennett had once referred to his system of fiscal management The brief three year Thousand Days period of NDP governance brought several lasting changes to the province most notably the creation of the Agricultural Land Reserve intended to protect farmland from redevelopment and the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia a crown corporation charged with a monopoly on providing single payer basic automobile insurance Perceptions the government had instituted reforms either too swiftly or that were too far reaching coupled with growing labour disruptions led to the ouster of the NDP in the 1975 general election Social Credit under W A C Bennett s son Bill Bennett was returned to office Under the younger Bennett s government 85 percent of the province s land base was transferred from Government Reserve to management by the Ministry of Forests reporting of deputy ministers was centralized to the Premier s Office and NDP instigated social programs were rolled back with then human resources minister infamously demonstrating a golden shovel to highlight his welfare policy although the new era Social Credit Party also reinforced and backed certain others instigated by the NDP notably the creation of the Resort Municipality of Whistler whose special status including Sunday drinking then an anomaly in BC British Columbia s pavilion for Expo 86 Vancouver Also during the MiniWac regime a reference to his father s acronym W A C certain money losing Crown owned assets were privatized in a mass giveaway of shares in the British Columbia Resources Investment Corporation BCRIC with the Brick shares soon becoming near worthless Towards the end of his tenure in power Bennett oversaw the completion of several megaprojects meant to stimulate the economy and win votes unlike most right wing parties British Columbia s Social Credit actively practiced government stimulation of the economy Most notable of these was the winning of a world s fair for Vancouver which came in the form of Expo 86 to which was tied the construction of the Coquihalla Highway and Vancouver s SkyTrain system The Coquihalla Highway project became the subject of a scandal after revelations the premier s brother bought large tracts of land needed for the project before it was announced to the public and also because of graft investigations of the huge cost overruns on the project Both investigations were derailed in the media by a still further scandal the Doman Scandal in which the premier and millionaire backer Herb Doman were investigated for insider trading and securities fraud Nonetheless the Socreds were re elected in 1979 under Bennett who led the party until 1986 The Coquihalla Highway was one of the legacies of the Expo 86 world s fair though creation of the toll highway sparked controversy Tolling was removed in 2008 As the province entered a sustained recession Bennett s popularity and media image were in decline On April 1 1983 Premier Bennett overstayed his constitutional limits of power by exceeding the legal tenure of a government and the lieutenant governor Henry Pybus Bell Irving was forced to call Bennett to Government House to resolve the impasse and an election was called for April 30 while in the meantime government cheques were covered by special emergency warrants as the Executive Council no longer had signing authority because of the constitutional crisis Campaigning on a platform of moderation Bennett won an unexpected majority After several weeks of silence in the aftermath a sitting of the House was finally called and in the speech from the throne Social Credit instituted a programme of fiscal cutbacks dubbed restraint which had been a buzzword for moderation during the campaign The programme included cuts to motherhood issues of the left including the human rights branch the offices of the Ombudsman and Rentalsman women s programs environmental and cultural programs while still supplying mass capital infusions to corporate British Columbia This sparked a backlash with tens of thousands of people in the streets the next day after the budget speech and through the course of a summer repeated large demonstrations of up to 100 000 people This became known as the 1983 Solidarity Crisis from the name of the Solidarity Coalition a huge grassroots opposition movement mobilized consisting of organized labour and community groups with the British Columbia Federation of Labour forming a separate organization of unions Operation Solidarity under the direction of Jack Munro then president of the International Woodworkers of America IWA the most powerful of the province s resource unions Tens of thousands participated in protests and many felt a general strike would be the inevitable result unless the government backed down from its policies they had claimed were only about restraint and not about recrimination against the NDP and the left Just as a strike at Pacific Press ended which had limited the political management of the public agenda by the publishers of the province s major papers the movement collapsed after an apparent deal was struck by union leader and IWA president Jack Munro and Premier Bennett 77 A tense winter of blockades at various job sites around the province ensued as among the new laws were those enabling non union labour to work on large projects and other sensitive labour issues with companies from Alberta and other provinces brought in to compete with union scale British Columbia companies Despite the tension Bennett s last few years in power were relatively peaceful as economic and political momentum grew on the megaprojects associated with Expo and Bennett was to end his career by hosting Prince Charles and Lady Diana on their visit to open Expo 86 His retirement being announced a Social Credit convention was scheduled for the Whistler Resort which came down to a three way shooting match between Bud Smith the Premier s right hand man but an unelected official Social Credit party grande dame Grace McCarthy and the charismatic but eccentric Bill Vander Zalm Bill Vander Zalm became the new Social Credit leader when Smith threw his support to him rather than see McCarthy win and led the party to victory in the election later that year Vander Zalm was later involved in a conflict of interest scandal following the sale of Fantasy Gardens a Christian and Dutch culture theme park built by the Premier to Tan Yu a Filipino Chinese gambling kingpin There were also concerns over Yu s application to the government for a bank licence and lurid stories from flamboyant realtor Faye Leung of a party in the Howard Hughes Suite on the top two floors of the Bayshore Inn where Tan Yu had been staying with reports of a bag of money in a brown paper bag passed from Yu to Vander Zalm during the goings on These scandals forced Vander Zalm s resignation and Rita Johnston became premier of the province Johnston presided over the end of Social Credit power calling an election which reduced the party s caucus to only two seats and the revival of the long defunct British Columbia Liberal Party as Opposition to the victorious NDP under former Vancouver mayor Mike Harcourt In 1988 David Lam was appointed as British Columbia s twenty fifth lieutenant governor and was the province s first lieutenant governor of Chinese origin 1990s to present Edit The cauldron of the 2010 Winter Olympics in VancouverThis section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources British Columbia news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Please consider moving content to the main article History of British Columbia Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Johnston lost the 1991 general election to the NDP under the leadership of Mike Harcourt a former mayor of Vancouver The NDP s unprecedented creation of new parkland and protected areas was popular and helped boost the province s growing tourism sector although the economy continued to struggle against the backdrop of a weak resource economy Housing starts and an expanded service sector saw growth overall through the decade despite political turmoil Harcourt ended up resigning over Bingogate a political scandal involving the funnelling of charity bingo receipts into party coffers in certain ridings Harcourt was not implicated but he resigned nonetheless in respect of constitutional conventions calling for leaders under suspicion to step aside Glen Clark a former president of the BC Federation of Labour was chosen the new leader of the NDP which won a second term in 1996 More scandals dogged the party most notably the fast ferry scandal involving the province trying to develop the shipbuilding industry in British Columbia An allegation never substantiated that the premier had received a favour in return for granting a gaming licence led to Clark s resignation as premier He was succeeded on an interim basis by Dan Miller who was in turn followed by Ujjal Dosanjh following a leadership convention In the 2001 provincial election Gordon Campbell s Liberals defeated the NDP gaining 77 out of 79 total seats in the provincial legislature Campbell instituted various reforms and removed some of the NDP s policies including scrapping the fast ferries project lowering income taxes and the controversial sale of BC Rail to Canadian National Railway Campbell was also the subject of criticism after he was arrested for driving under the influence during a vacation in Hawaii but he still managed to lead his party to victory in the 2005 provincial election against a substantially strengthened NDP opposition Campbell won a third term in the 2009 provincial election marking the first time in 23 years a premier has been elected to a third term The province won a bid to host the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler As promised in his 2002 re election campaign Vancouver Mayor Larry Campbell staged a non binding civic referendum regarding the hosting of the Olympics In February 2003 Vancouver s residents voted in a referendum accepting the responsibilities of the host city should it win its bid Sixty four percent of residents voted in favour of hosting the games 78 After the Olympic joy had faded Campbell s popularity started to fall His management style the implementation of the Harmonized Sales Tax HST against election promises and the cancelling of the BC Rail corruption trial led to low approval ratings and loss of caucus support He resigned in November 2010 and called on the party to elect a new leader 79 In early 2011 former deputy premier Christy Clark became leader of the Liberal Party Though she was not a sitting MLA she went on to win the seat left vacant by Campbell For the next two years she attempted to distance herself from the unpopularity of Campbell and forge an image for the upcoming 2013 election Among her early accomplishments were raising the minimum wage creating a new statutory holiday in February called Family Day and pushing the development of BC s liquefied natural gas industry In the lead up to the 2013 election the Liberals lagged behind the NDP by a double digit gap in the polls but were able to achieve a surprise victory on election night winning a majority and making Clark the first woman to lead a party to victory in a general election in BC 80 While Clark lost her seat to NDP candidate David Eby she later won a by election in the riding of Westside Kelowna Her government went on to balance the budget implement changes to liquor laws and continue with the question of the proposed Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines In the 2017 election the NDP formed a minority government with the support of the Green Party through a confidence and supply agreement The NDP and Green caucuses together controlled 44 seats compared to the Liberals 43 On July 18 2017 NDP leader John Horgan was sworn in as the premier of British Columbia He was the province s first NDP premier in 16 years Clark resigned shortly thereafter and Andrew Wilkinson was voted to become leader of the BC Liberals In late 2020 Horgan called an early election In the 2020 British Columbia general election the NDP won 57 seats and formed a majority government making Horgan the first NDP premier to be re elected in the province Wilkinson resigned as the leader of the BC Liberals two days later British Columbia was significantly affected by demographic changes within Canada and around the world Vancouver and to a lesser extent some other parts of British Columbia was a major destination for many of the immigrants from Hong Kong who left the former UK colony either temporarily or permanently in the years immediately prior to its handover to China British Columbia has also been a significant destination for internal Canadian migrants This has been the case throughout recent decades when because of its natural environment mild climate and relaxed lifestyle but has been particularly true during periods of economic growth citation needed British Columbia has moved from approximately 10 percent of Canada s population in 1971 to approximately 13 percent in 2006 Trends of urbanization mean the Greater Vancouver area now includes 51 percent of the province s population followed by Greater Victoria with 8 percent These two metropolitan regions have traditionally dominated the demographics of BC By 2018 housing prices in Vancouver were the second least affordable in the world behind only Hong Kong 81 Many experts point to evidence of money laundering from mainland China as a contributing factor The high price of residential real estate has led to the implementation of an empty homes tax a housing speculation and vacancy tax and a foreign buyers tax on housing 82 The net number of people coming to BC from other provinces in 2016 was almost four times larger than in 2012 BC was the largest net recipient of interprovincial migrants in Canada in the first quarter of 2016 with half of the 5 000 people coming from Alberta 83 By 2021 the COVID 19 pandemic had had a major effect on the province 84 with over 2 000 deaths and 250 000 confirmed cases However the COVID 19 vaccine reduced the spread of the virus with 78 percent of people in BC over the age of five having been fully vaccinated In 2021 the unmarked gravesites of hundreds of Indigenous children were discovered at three former Indian residential schools Kamloops St Eugene s Mission Kuper Island 85 86 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of British Columbia See also List of cities in Canada British Columbia List of communities in British Columbia and List of municipalities in British Columbia Population Edit Population density map of British Columbia with regional district borders shown Statistics Canada s 2021 Canadian census recorded a population of 5 000 879 making British Columbia Canada s third most populous province after Ontario and Quebec 5 87 88 89 Cities Edit See also List of cities in British Columbia List of metropolitan areas in British Columbia List of municipalities in British Columbia and List of regional districts of British Columbia The Vancouver skyline Half of all British Columbians live in the Metro Vancouver Regional District which includes Vancouver Surrey Burnaby Richmond Coquitlam Langley district municipality Delta North Vancouver district municipality Maple Ridge New Westminster Port Coquitlam North Vancouver city West Vancouver Port Moody Langley city White Rock Pitt Meadows Bowen Island Anmore Lions Bay and Belcarra with adjacent unincorporated areas including the University Endowment Lands represented in the regional district as the electoral area known as Greater Vancouver Electoral Area A The metropolitan area has seventeen Indian reserves but they are outside of the regional district s jurisdiction and are not represented in its government The second largest concentration of British Columbia population is at the southern tip of Vancouver Island which is made up of the 13 municipalities of Greater Victoria Victoria Saanich Esquimalt Oak Bay View Royal Highlands Colwood Langford Central Saanich Saanichton North Saanich Sidney Metchosin Sooke which are part of the Capital Regional District The metropolitan area also includes several Indian reserves the governments of which are not part of the regional district Almost half of the Vancouver Island population is in Greater Victoria Ten largest metropolitan areas by population 90 c Metropolitan area 2021 91 2016 20111 Vancouver 2 642 825 2 463 431 2 313 3282 Victoria 397 237 367 770 344 6153 Kelowna 222 162 194 882 179 8394 Abbotsford 195 726 180 518 170 1915 Nanaimo 115 459 104 936 98 0216 Kamloops 114 142 103 811 98 7547 Chilliwack 113 767 101 512 92 3088 Prince George 89 490 86 622 84 2329 Vernon 67 086 61 334 58 58410 Courtenay 63 282 54 157 55 213 Ten largest municipalities by population Municipality 2021 91 2016 20111 Vancouver 662 248 631 486 603 5022 Surrey 568 322 517 887 468 2513 Burnaby 249 125 232 755 223 2184 Richmond 209 937 198 309 190 4735 Abbotsford 153 524 141 397 133 4976 Coquitlam 148 625 139 284 126 4567 Kelowna 144 576 127 380 117 3128 Langley 132 603 117 285 104 1779 Saanich 117 735 114 148 109 75210 Delta 108 455 102 238 99 863 Cultural origins Edit British Columbia is the most diverse province in Canada as of 2016 the province had the highest proportion of visible minorities in the country The five largest pan ethnic groups in the province are Europeans 64 percent East Asians 15 percent South Asians 8 percent Aboriginals 6 percent and Southeast Asians 4 percent 16 Top ethnic origins in BC 2016 census 16 d Ethnic origin Population Percent1 English 1 203 540 26 39 2 Canadian 866 530 19 3 Scottish 860 775 18 88 4 Irish 675 135 14 80 5 German 603 265 13 23 6 Chinese 540 155 11 84 7 French 388 815 8 53 8 Indian 309 315 6 78 9 Ukrainian 229 205 5 03 10 Indigenous Canadian 220 245 4 83 Religion Edit According to the 2021 census religious groups in British Columbia included 92 Irreligion 2 559 250 persons or 52 1 Christianity 1 684 870 persons or 34 3 Sikhism 290 870 persons or 5 9 Islam 125 915 persons or 2 6 Buddhism 83 860 persons or 1 7 Hinduism 81 320 persons or 1 7 Judaism 26 850 persons or 0 5 Indigenous spirituality 11 570 persons or 0 2 Other 51 440 persons or 1 0 Language Edit A Vancouver welcome sign in both English and French As of the 2021 Canadian Census the ten most spoken languages in the province included English 4 753 280 or 96 69 French 327 350 or 6 66 Punjabi 315 000 or 6 41 Mandarin 312 625 or 6 36 Cantonese 246 045 or 5 01 Spanish 143 900 or 2 93 Hindi 134 950 or 2 75 Tagalog 133 780 or 2 72 German 84 325 or 1 72 and Korean 69 935 or 1 42 93 The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses Of the 4 648 055 population counted by the 2016 census 4 598 415 people completed the section about language Of these 4 494 995 gave singular responses to the question regarding their first language The languages most commonly reported were the following Most common reported mother tongue in BC 2016 19 Language Population Percent1 English 3 170 110 70 52 2 Punjabi 198 805 4 42 3 Cantonese 193 530 4 31 4 Mandarin 186 325 4 15 5 Tagalog Filipino 78 770 1 75 6 German 66 885 1 49 7 French 55 325 1 23 8 Korean 52 160 1 17 9 Spanish 47 010 1 05 10 Persian 43 470 0 97 While these languages all reflect the last centuries of colonialism and recent immigration British Columbia is home to 34 Indigenous languages 94 They are spoken by about 6000 people in total 95 with 4000 people fluent in their Indigenous languages They are members of the province s First Nations One of the main Indigenous languages in BC is Kwakʼwala the language of the Kwakwakaʼwakw First Nations Economy EditMain article Economy of British Columbia Canada Place in Downtown Vancouver Entrance to Telus Garden BC s economy is diverse with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the province s GDP 96 It is the terminus of two transcontinental railways and the site of 27 major marine cargo and passenger terminals Though less than 5 percent of its vast 944 735 square kilometres 364 764 sq mi land is arable the province is agriculturally rich particularly in the Fraser and Okanagan valleys because of milder weather near the coast and in certain sheltered southern valleys Its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction principally logging farming and mining Vancouver the province s largest city serves as the headquarters of many western based natural resource companies It also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average While the coast of British Columbia and some valleys in the south central part of the province have mild weather the majority of its land mass experiences a cold winter temperate climate similar to the rest of Canada The Northern Interior region has a subarctic climate with very cold winters The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities with nighttime January temperatures averaging above the freezing point 97 British Columbia has a history of being a resource dominated economy centred on the forestry industry but also with fluctuating importance in mining Employment in the resource sector has fallen steadily as a percentage of employment and new jobs are mostly in the construction and retail service sectors It now has the highest percentage of service industry jobs in the west constituting 72 percent of industry compared to 60 percent Western Canadian average 98 The largest section of this employment is in finance insurance real estate and corporate management however many areas outside of metropolitan areas are still heavily reliant on resource extraction With its film industry known as Hollywood North the Vancouver region is the third largest feature film production location in North America after Los Angeles and New York City 99 The economic history of British Columbia is replete with tales of dramatic upswings and downswings and this boom and bust pattern has influenced the politics culture and business climate of the province Economic activity related to mining in particular has widely fluctuated with changes in commodity prices over time with documented costs to community health 100 In 2020 British Columbia had the third largest GDP in Canada with a GDP of 309 billion and a GDP per capita of 60 090 101 102 British Columbia s debt to GDP ratio is edging up to 15 0 percent in fiscal year 2019 20 and it is expected to reach 16 1 percent by 2021 22 103 104 British Columbia s economy experienced strong growth in recent years with a total growth rate of 9 6 from 2017 to 2021 a growth rate that was second in the country 105 Government and politics EditMain articles Politics of British Columbia Government of British Columbia List of regional districts of British Columbia and Monarchy in British Columbia The British Columbia Parliament Buildings in Victoria Coat of arms escutcheon of the current lieutenant governor The lieutenant governor Janet Austin is the Crown s representative in the province During the absence of the lieutenant governor the Governor in Council federal Cabinet may appoint an administrator to execute the duties of the office This is usually the chief justice of British Columbia 106 British Columbia is divided into regional districts as a means to better enable municipalities and rural areas to work together at a regional level British Columbia has an 87 member elected Legislative Assembly elected by the plurality voting system though from 2003 to 2009 there was significant debate about switching to a single transferable vote system called BC STV The government of the day appoints ministers for various portfolios what are officially part of the Executive Council of whom the premier is chair David Eby is premier BC s head of government The province is currently governed by the British Columbia New Democratic Party BC NDP under Premier David Eby The 2017 provincial election saw the Liberal Party take 43 seats the NDP take 41 and the British Columbia Green Party take 3 No party met the minimum of 44 seats for a majority therefore leading to the first minority government since 1953 Following the election the Greens entered into negotiations with both the Liberals and NDP eventually announcing they would support the current NDP minority Previously the right of centre British Columbia Liberal Party governed the province for 16 years between 2001 and 2017 and won the largest landslide election in British Columbia history in 2001 with 77 of 79 seats The legislature became more evenly divided between the Liberals and NDP following the 2005 46 Liberal seats of 79 and 2009 49 Liberal seats of 85 provincial elections The NDP and its predecessor the Co operative Commonwealth Federation CCF have been the main opposition force to right wing parties since the 1930s and have ruled with majority governments in 1972 1975 and 1991 2001 The Green Party plays a larger role in the politics of British Columbia than Green parties do in most other jurisdictions in Canada After a breakthrough election in 2001 12 39 percent the party s vote share declined 2005 9 17 percent 2009 8 09 percent 2013 8 13 percent before increasing again to a record high of 16 84 percent at the 2017 election The British Columbia Liberal Party is not related to the federal Liberal Party and does not share the same ideology Instead the BC Liberal party is a rather diverse coalition made up of the remnants of the Social Credit Party many federal Liberals federal Conservatives and those who would otherwise support right of centre or free enterprise parties Historically there have commonly been third parties present in the legislature including the Liberals themselves from 1952 to 1975 the BC Green Party are the current third party in British Columbia with three seats in the legislature Prior to the rise of the Liberal Party British Columbia s main political party was the British Columbia Social Credit Party which ruled British Columbia for 20 continuous years While sharing some ideology with the current Liberal government they were more right wing although undertook nationalization of various important monopolies notably BC Hydro and BC Ferries The meeting chamber of the Legislative Assembly British Columbia is known for having politically active labour unions who have traditionally supported the NDP or its predecessor the CCF British Columbia s political history is typified by scandal and a cast of colourful characters beginning with various colonial era land scandals and abuses of power by early officials such as those that led to McGowan s War in 1858 59 Notable scandals in Social Credit years included the Robert Bonner Affair and the Fantasy Gardens scandal which forced Premier Bill Vander Zalm to resign and ended the Social Credit era NDP scandals included Bingogate which brought down NDP Premier Mike Harcourt and the alleged scandal named Casinogate which drove NDP Premier Glen Clark to resign A variety of scandals plagued the 2001 2017 Liberal government including Premier Gordon Campbell s arrest for drunk driving in Maui and the resignation of various cabinet ministers because of conflict of interest allegations A raid on the Parliament Buildings on December 28 2003 107 in Victoria including the Premier s Office resulted in charges only for ministerial aides although key cabinet members from the time have since resigned The case currently in preliminary hearings in the courts and relating to the sale of BC Rail to CN Rail may not reach trial because of the mass of evidence and various procedural problems citation needed needs update Campbell eventually resigned in late 2010 due to opposition to his government s plan to introduce a Harmonized Sales Tax HST and was replaced by Christy Clark as premier in a 2011 BC Liberal leadership election British Columbia is underrepresented in the Senate of Canada leading Premier Christy Clark to refuse to cooperate with the federal government s reforms for senate appointments to be made based on the recommendations of a new advisory board that would use non partisan criteria Hours after that plan was unveiled in Ottawa on December 3 2015 Clark issued a statement that it did not address what s been wrong with the Senate since the beginning 108 The imbalance in representation in that House is apparent when considering population size The six senators from BC constitute only one for every 775 000 people vs one for every 75 000 in P E I which has four senators Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have much smaller populations than BC yet each has ten senators according to a Global News summary 109 Correcting this imbalance would require a constitutional amendment but that is unlikely to be supported by the Atlantic provinces 109 Official symbols Edit The flower of the Pacific dogwood is often associated with British Columbia The government of British Columbia has designated several official symbols 110 Flag Flag of British Columbia Coat of arms Coat of arms of British Columbia Floral emblem Pacific dogwood Mineral emblem Jade Tree emblem Western red cedar Bird emblem Steller s jay Mammal emblem Spirit or Kermode bear Fish emblem Pacific salmon Tartan emblem British Columbia TartanTransportation EditTransportation played a huge role in British Columbia s history The Rocky Mountains and the ranges west of them constituted a significant obstacle to overland travel until the completion of the transcontinental railway in 1885 The Peace River Canyon through the Rocky Mountains was the route the earliest explorers and fur traders used Fur trade routes were only marginally used for access to British Columbia through the mountains Travel from the rest of Canada before 1885 meant the difficulty of overland travel via the United States around Cape Horn or overseas from Asia Nearly all travel and freight to and from the region occurred via the Pacific Ocean primarily through the ports of Victoria and New Westminster Until the 1930s rail was the only means of overland travel to and from the rest of Canada travellers using motor vehicles needed to journey through the United States With the construction of the Inter Provincial Highway in 1932 now known as the Crowsnest Pass Highway and later the Trans Canada Highway road transportation evolved into the preferred mode of overland travel to and from the rest of the country Roads and highways Edit Main article List of British Columbia provincial highways The Alex Fraser Bridge on Highway 91 between Richmond and Delta Because of its size and rugged varying topography British Columbia requires thousands of kilometres of provincial highways to connect its communities British Columbia s roads systems were notoriously poorly maintained and dangerous until a concentrated programme of improvement was initiated in the 1950s and 1960s There are now freeways in Greater Victoria the Lower Mainland and Central Interior of the province Much of the rest of the province where traffic volumes are generally low is accessible by well maintained generally high mobility two lane arterial highways with additional passing lanes in mountainous areas and usually only a few stop controlled intersections outside the main urban areas British Columbia Highway 1 near Brentwood Burnaby A couple of busy intercity corridors outside Greater Vancouver feature more heavily signalized limited mobility arterial highways that are mostly four lane and often divided by portable median traffic barriers Highway 1 on Vancouver Island and Highway 97 through the Okanagan Valley are medium to high volume roadways with variable posted speeds that range from 50 km h 31 mph to maximums just slightly lower than the principal grade separated highways Numerous traffic lights operate in place of interchanges on both arterials as long term cost cutting measures Signalization along both these highways is heaviest through urban areas and along inter urban sections where traffic volumes are similar to and sometimes higher than the freeways but where funding is not available for upgrades to interchanges or construction of high mobility alternative routes or bypasses The building and maintenance of provincial highways is the responsibility of the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure 111 There are only five major routes to the rest of Canada From south to north they are BC Highway 3 through the Crowsnest Pass the Vermilion Pass Highway 93 in both British Columbia and Alberta the Kicking Horse Pass the latter being used by the Trans Canada Highway entering Alberta through Banff National Park the Yellowhead Highway 16 through Jasper National Park and Highway 2 through Dawson Creek There are also several highway crossings to the adjoining American states of Washington Idaho and Montana The longest highway is Highway 97 running 2 081 kilometres 1 293 mi from the British Columbia Washington border at Osoyoos north to Watson Lake Yukon and which includes the British Columbia portion of the Alaska Highway Public transit Edit SkyTrain is the rail rapid transit system that serves Metro Vancouver Trolley buses in Vancouver Prior to 1979 surface public transit in the Vancouver and Victoria metropolitan areas was administered by BC Hydro the provincially owned electricity utility Subsequently the province established BC Transit to oversee and operate all municipal transportation systems In 1998 the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority now TransLink a separate authority for routes within the Greater Vancouver Regional District was established Some smaller island communities such as Gabriola Island 112 and formerly Pender Island 113 114 operate routes independent of BC Transit or TransLink BC Transit has recently expanded to provide intercity routes 115 particularly in the Northern region of British Columbia Other intercity routes were introduced connecting southern communities in preparation of the cancellation of Greyhound Canada s pullout from Western Canada 116 though options for intercity bus travel are still extremely limited Public transit in British Columbia consists mainly of diesel buses although Vancouver is also serviced by a fleet of trolley buses Several experimental buses are being tested such as hybrid buses that have both gasoline and electric engines Additionally there are CNG fuelled buses being tested and used in Nanaimo and Kamloops systems 117 British Columbia also tested a fleet of Hydrogen fuelled buses for the Vancouver Whistler Winter Olympics in 2010 118 TransLink operates SkyTrain an automated metro system serving the cities of Vancouver Burnaby New Westminster Surrey Richmond Coquitlam and Port Moody In 2009 the Canada Line SkyTrain was completed linking Vancouver International Airport and the city of Richmond to downtown Vancouver bringing the total to three operating metro lines A new extension to Coquitlam and Port Moody the Evergreen Extension of the Millennium Line was completed in December 2016 There is planning for an extension of the Millennium Line through Vancouver City to the University of British Columbia Turnstiles have been added to all existing stations in the system In the past SkyTrain used a proof of payment honour system In the capital city of Victoria BC Transit and the provincial government s infrastructure ministry are working together to create a bus rapid transit from the Westshore communities to downtown Victoria 119 In Kamloops there is a bus rapid transit GPS trial underway to see how bus rapid transit affects smaller cities rather than larger ones like Victoria and Vancouver 120 Rail Edit See also Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia vteBritish Columbia passenger railLegendWhite Pass amp Yukon Routeto Carcross Yukon Prince Rupert Bennett Cassiar CanneryFraser KwinitsaWhite Pass TerraceWhite Pass amp Yukon Routeto Skagway Alaska Usk Pacific Dorreen Cedarvale Kitwanga New Hazelton Smithers Telkwa Houston Burns Lake Endako Fort Fraser Vanderhoof Prince GeorgeOvernight stop Willow River Aleza Lake Upper Fraser McGregor Sinclair Mills Hutton Longworth Penny Bend Dome Creek Loos Goat River McBride Dunster Harvey Via Rail to Jasper Canadian to Toronto ValemountLillooet Blue RiverShalalth ClearwaterSeton Portage Kamloops NorthD ArcyLimited service Ashcroft North Bend Boston BarKatz HopeAgassiz Chilliwack Abbotsford Mission Harbour Mission City Port Haney Maple Meadows Pitt Meadows Port Coquitlam Coquitlam Central Moody Centre Waterfront Pacific Central Station Amtrak Cascadesto Seattle EugeneOperator Via Rail West Coast Express Kaoham Shuttle White Pass amp Yukon Route Amtrak CPR train traversing the Stoney Creek Bridge Rail development expanded greatly in the decades after the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed in 1885 and was the chief mode of long distance surface transportation until the expansion and improvement of the provincial highways system began in the 1950s Two major routes through the Yellowhead Pass competed with the Canadian Pacific Railway the Grand Trunk Pacific terminating at Prince Rupert and the Canadian Northern Railway terminating at Vancouver The British Columbia Electric Railway provided rail services in Victoria and Vancouver between the nineteenth century and mid twentieth century The Pacific Great Eastern line supplemented this service providing a north south route between interior resource communities and the coast The Pacific Great Eastern later known as British Columbia Railway and now owned by Canadian National Railway connects Fort St James Fort Nelson and Tumbler Ridge with North Vancouver The E amp N Railway rebranded as Southern Railway of Vancouver Island formerly served the commercial and passenger train markets of Vancouver Island Service along the route is now minimal Vancouver Island was also host to the last logging railway in North America until its closure in 2017 Current passenger services in British Columbia are limited Via Rail Canada operates 10 long distance trains per week on two lines 121 Local services are limited to two regions with TransLink providing rapid transit and commuter services in the Lower Mainland and by the Seton Lake Indian Band South of Lillooet with the Kaoham Shuttle Amtrak runs international passenger service between Vancouver Seattle and intermediate points 122 Several heritage railways operate within the province including the White Pass amp Yukon Route that runs between Alaska and the Yukon via British Columbia Water Edit Spirit of Vancouver Island S class ferry BC Ferries was established as a provincial crown corporation in 1960 to provide passenger and vehicle ferry service between Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland as a cheaper and more reliable alternative to the service operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway and other private operators It now operates 25 routes among the islands of British Columbia as well as between the islands and the mainland Ferry service to Washington is offered by the Washington State Ferries between Sidney and Anacortes and Black Ball Transport between Victoria and Port Angeles Washington Ferry service over inland lakes and rivers is provided by the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure Various other coastal ferries are operated privately Commercial ocean transport is of vital importance Major ports are at Vancouver Roberts Bank near Tsawwassen Prince Rupert and Victoria 123 124 Vancouver Victoria and Prince Rupert are also major ports of call for cruise ships In 2007 a large maritime container port was opened in Prince Rupert with an inland sorting port in Prince George Air Edit Main article List of airports in British Columbia There are over 200 airports throughout British Columbia the major ones being the Vancouver International Airport the Victoria International Airport the Kelowna International Airport and the Abbotsford International Airport the first three of which each served over 1 000 000 passengers in 2005 As of 2017 update Vancouver International Airport is the 2nd busiest airport in the country and the second biggest International Gateway on the west coast after Los Angeles with an estimated 26 4 million travellers passing through in 2019 125 Outdoor life Edit Ice sailing in Whistler Shoreline Trail in Victoria Given its varied mountainous terrain and its coasts lakes rivers and forests British Columbia has long been enjoyed for pursuits like hiking and camping rock climbing and mountaineering hunting and fishing Water sports both motorized and non motorized are enjoyed in many places Sea kayaking opportunities abound on the British Columbia coast with its fjords Whitewater rafting and kayaking are popular on many inland rivers Sailing and sailboarding are widely enjoyed In winter cross country and telemark skiing are much enjoyed and in recent decades high quality downhill skiing has been developed in the Coast Mountain range and the Rockies as well as in the southern areas of the Shuswap Highlands and the Columbia Mountains Snowboarding has mushroomed in popularity since the early 1990s The 2010 Winter Olympics downhill events were held in Whistler Blackcomb area of the province while the indoor events were conducted in the Vancouver area In Vancouver and Victoria as well as some other cities opportunities for joggers and bicyclists have been developed Cross country bike touring has been popular since the ten speed bike became available many years ago Since the advent of the more robust mountain bike trails in more rugged and wild places have been developed for them A 2016 poll on global biking website Pinkbike rated BC as the top destination mountain bikers would like to ride 126 Some of the province s retired rail beds have been converted and maintained for hiking biking and cross country skiing Longboarding is also a popular activity because of the hilly geography of the region Horseback riding is enjoyed by many British Columbians Opportunities for trail riding often into especially scenic areas have been established for tourists in numerous areas of the province British Columbia also has strong participation levels in many other sports including golf tennis soccer hockey Canadian football rugby union lacrosse baseball softball basketball curling disc golf Ultimate and figure skating British Columbia has produced many outstanding athletes especially in aquatic and winter sports Consistent with both increased tourism and increased participation in diverse recreations by British Columbians has been the proliferation of lodges chalets bed and breakfasts motels hotels fishing camps and park camping facilities in recent decades In certain areas there are businesses non profit societies or municipal governments dedicated to promoting ecotourism in their region A number of British Columbia farmers offer visitors to combine tourism with farm work for example through the WWOOF Canada program 127 Education Edit Hatley Castle on the campus of Royal Roads University K 12 education Edit See also Education in British Columbia British Columbia is home to a comprehensive education system consisting of public schools and independent schools that is overseen by the provincial Ministry of Education The public school system is divided in 59 anglophone school districts and one francophone school district the Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie Britannique which operates French language public schools throughout the province 128 The anglophone school districts are governed by school board trustees who are directly elected by the school district s residents Although 86 percent of students are enrolled in the public school system British Columbia has one of the highest shares of independent school enrolment among Canadian province at 14 percent of the student population due to its relatively generous funding model most independent schools receive 50 percent of the operating funding that their public counterparts receive from the government A very small percentage less than 1 percent of students are home schooled Like most other provinces in Canada education is compulsory from ages 6 to 16 grades 1 10 although the vast majority of students remain in school until they graduate from high school grade 12 at the age of 18 In order to graduate with a graduation certificate known as a Dogwood Diploma in BC students must take a minimum of 80 course credits during grades 10 to 12 These credits include a variety of required courses e g in language arts social studies mathematics and science as well as elective courses 129 Academic achievement in British Columbia is relatively good although it has been slipping in recent years by some measures In 2020 86 percent of students in British Columbia graduated from high school within six years of entering grade 8 130 According to the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment PISA scores students in British Columbia scored the second highest in reading ability fourth highest in mathematic prowess and fourth highest in science knowledge of the 10 Canadian provinces although these scores have declined significantly since the 2000 and 2015 assessments 131 International students EditIn September 2014 there were 11 000 international students in BC public K 12 schools and about 3 000 international students in other BC K 12 schools 132 Aerial view of Simon Fraser University in Burnaby Higher education Edit See also Higher education in British Columbia Quest University Canada Academic Building aerial view British Columbia has diverse array of higher educational institutions ranging from publicly funded universities colleges and institutes to private universities colleges seminaries and career institutes Public institutions receive approximately half of their funding from grants from the provincial government with the remaining revenue stemming from tuition charges and philanthropic donations 133 Each post secondary institution sets its own admission requirements although the standard requirement is the completion of high school Public universities and colleges include University of British Columbia Simon Fraser University University of Victoria University of Northern British Columbia Vancouver Island University British Columbia Institute of Technology Kwantlen Polytechnic University Thompson Rivers University Emily Carr University of Art and Design Royal Roads University Capilano University University of the Fraser Valley Douglas College Camosun College Langara College Selkirk College College of New Caledonia College of the Rockies Okanagan College Coast Mountain College Justice Institute of BC British Columbia is also home to 11 private colleges and universities located throughout the province including Quest University Trinity Western University Alexander College University Canada West Columbia College Coquitlam College Tamwood International College Ashton College Blanche Macdonald Vanwest CollegeTwo American universities Fairleigh Dickinson University 134 and Northeastern University 135 also have degree granting campuses located in Vancouver See also Edit Pacific Northwest portal Canada portal Index of British Columbia related articles Outline of British Columbia Symbols of British ColumbiaNotes Edit According to the Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage ISBN 0 19 541619 8 p 335 BCer s is an informal demonym that is sometimes used for residents of BC The following portions of southeastern British Columbia observe Mountain Standard and Mountain Daylight Time The town of Golden and Electoral area A within Columbia Shuswap Regional District excluding the part within Glacier National Park The majority of East Kootenay Regional District excluding a portion of Electoral area C containing Ryan Provincial Park The following portions of eastern British Columbia observe Mountain Standard Time year round and do not observe DST A portion of East Kootenay Regional District Electoral area C Electoral areas A B and C and the town of Creston within Central Kootenay Regional District The entirety of Northern Rockies Regional Municipality The majority of Peace River Regional District excluding Kwadacha Tsay Keh Dene First Nation and portions of Electoral area B located west of the Muskwa Ranges All other areas of British Columbia observe Pacific Standard and Pacific Daylight Time Indian reserve populations are not included in these figures Note Statistics represent both single for example German and multiple for example Chinese English responses to the 2016 Census and thus do not add up to 100 percent All items are self identified References EditCitations Edit Government of Canada Natural Resources Canada Place names British Columbia Colombie Britannique www4 rncan gc ca Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved April 16 2020 BC Geographical Names apps gov bc ca Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved April 16 2020 Ministere de la Justice Province de la Colombie Britannique Texte no 4 www justice gc ca November 3 1999 Archived from the original on November 13 2021 Retrieved November 14 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a first missing last help British Columbia Geographical Names Data Base Natural Resources Canada a b Data table Census Profile 2021 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