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Wikipedia

Oregon

March 08, 2023

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Oregon (disambiguation).

Oregon (/ˈɒrɪɡən/ (listen))[8] is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is a part of the Western United States, with the Columbia River delineating much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho. The 42° north parallel delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada. The western boundary is formed by the Pacific Ocean.

Oregon
State
State of Oregon
Flag
Seal
Nickname: 
The Beaver State
Motto(s): 
Alis volat propriis
(English: She flies with her own wings)
Anthem: Oregon, My Oregon
Map of the United States with Oregon highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodOregon Territory
Admitted to the UnionFebruary 14, 1859; 164 years ago (1859-02-14) (33rd)
CapitalSalem
Largest cityPortland
Largest metro and urban areasPortland
Government
 • GovernorTina Kotek (D)
 • Secretary of StateShemia Fagan (D)
LegislatureLegislative Assembly
 • Upper houseState Senate
 • Lower houseHouse of Representatives
JudiciaryOregon Supreme Court
U.S. senatorsRon Wyden (D)
Jeff Merkley (D)
U.S. House delegation4 Democrats
2 Republicans (list)
Area
 • Total98,381 sq mi (254,806 km2)
 • Land95,997 sq mi (248,849 km2)
 • Water2,384 sq mi (6,177 km2)  2.4%
 • Rank9th
Dimensions
 • Length360 mi (580 km)
 • Width400 mi (640 km)
Elevation
3,300 ft (1,000 m)
Highest elevation
(Mount Hood[1][2][3])
11,249 ft (3,428.8 m)
Lowest elevation
(Pacific Ocean[2])
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total4,246,155[4]
 • Rank27th
 • Density39.9/sq mi (15.0/km2)
  • Rank39th
 • Median household income
$71,562[5]
 • Income rank
18th
DemonymOregonian
Language
 • Official languageDe jure: none[6]
De facto: English
Time zones
most of stateUTC−08:00 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−07:00 (PDT)
majority of Malheur CountyUTC−07:00 (Mountain)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)
USPS abbreviation
OR
ISO 3166 codeUS-OR
Traditional abbreviationOre.
Latitude42° N to 46°18′ N
Longitude116°28′ W to 124°38′ W
Websitewww.oregon.gov
State symbols of Oregon
List of state symbols
MottoShe Flies With Her Own Wings [7]
Living insignia
BirdWestern meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
ButterflyOregon swallowtail (Papilio machaon oregonia)
CrustaceanDungeness crab
(Metacarcinus magister)
FishChinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
FlowerOregon grape
(Mahonia aquifolium)
GrassBluebunch wheatgrass
(Pseudoroegneria spicata)
InsectOregon swallowtail
(Papilio oregonius)
MammalAmerican beaver
(Castor canadensis)
MushroomPacific golden chanterelle
(Cantharellus formosus)
TreeDouglas-fir
Inanimate insignia
BeverageMilk
DanceSquare dance
FoodPear
(Pyrus)
FossilMetasequoia
GemstoneOregon sunstone
RockThunderegg
ShellOregon hairy triton
(Fusitriton oregonensis)
SoilJory soil
OtherNut: Hazelnut
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2005
Lists of United States state symbols

Oregon has been home to many indigenous nations for thousands of years. The first European traders, explorers, and settlers began exploring what is now Oregon's Pacific coast in the early to mid-16th century. As early as 1564, the Spanish began sending vessels northeast from the Philippines, riding the Kuroshio Current in a sweeping circular route across the northern part of the Pacific. In 1592, Juan de Fuca undertook detailed mapping and studies of ocean currents in the Pacific Northwest, including the Oregon coast as well as the strait now bearing his name. The Lewis and Clark Expedition traversed Oregon in the early 1800s, and the first permanent European settlements in Oregon were established by fur trappers and traders. In 1843, an autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country, and the Oregon Territory was created in 1848. Oregon became the 33rd state of the U.S. on February 14, 1859.

Today, with 4.2 million people over 98,000 square miles (250,000 km2), Oregon is the ninth largest and 27th most populous U.S. state. The capital, Salem, is the second-most populous city in Oregon, with 177,723 residents.[9] Portland, with 652,503, ranks as the 26th among U.S. cities. The Portland metropolitan area is the 25th largest metro area in the nation, with a population of 2,512,859.

Oregon is also one of the most geographically diverse states in the U.S.,[10] marked by volcanoes, abundant bodies of water, dense evergreen and mixed forests, as well as high deserts and semi-arid shrublands. At 11,249 feet (3,429 m), Mount Hood, a stratovolcano, is the state's highest point. Oregon's only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is also home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae, a fungus that runs beneath 2,200 acres (8.9 km2) of the Malheur National Forest.[11]

Oregon's economy has historically been powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing, logging, and hydroelectric power. Oregon is the top lumber producer of the contiguous United States, with the lumber industry dominating the state's economy during the 20th century.[12] Technology is another one of Oregon's major economic forces, beginning in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc., headquartered in Beaverton, is the state's largest public corporation with an annual revenue of $46.7 billion.[13]

Etymology

Main article: Etymology of Oregon
 
Oregon border welcome sign at Denio, Nevada

The origin of the state's name is a mystery. The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins. The term "orejón" (meaning "big ear") comes from the historical chronicle Relación de la Alta y Baja California (1598),[14] written by Rodrigo Montezuma of New Spain; it made reference to the Columbia River when the Spanish explorers penetrated into the North American territory that became part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. Another possible source is the Spanish word oregano, which refers to a plant that grows in the southern part of the region. It is also possible that the American territory was named by the Spaniards, as there is a stream in Spain called the "Arroyo del Oregón" (which is located in the province of Ciudad Real), or that the "j" in the Spanish phrase "El Orejón" was later corrupted into a "g".[15]

Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was by Major Robert Rogers in a 1765 petition to the Kingdom of Great Britain. The term referred to the then-mythical River of the West (the Columbia River). By 1778, the spelling had shifted to Oregon.[16] Rogers wrote:

... from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon ...[17]

One theory is that the name comes from the French word ouragan ("windstorm" or "hurricane"), which was applied to the River of the West based on Native American tales of powerful Chinook winds on the lower Columbia River, or perhaps from first-hand French experience with the Chinook winds of the Great Plains. At the time, the River of the West was thought to rise in western Minnesota and flow west through the Great Plains.[18]

Joaquin Miller wrote in Sunset magazine in 1904:

The name, Oregon, is rounded down phonetically, from Ouve água—Oragua, Or-a-gon, Oregon—given probably by the same Portuguese navigator that named the Farallones after his first officer, and it literally, in a large way, means cascades: "Hear the waters." You should steam up the Columbia and hear and feel the waters falling out of the clouds of Mount Hood to understand entirely the full meaning of the name Ouve a água, Oregon.[19]

Another account, endorsed as the "most plausible explanation" in the book Oregon Geographic Names, was advanced by George R. Stewart in a 1944 article in American Speech. According to Stewart, the name came from an engraver's error in a French map published in the early 18th century, on which the Ouisiconsink (Wisconsin) River was spelled "Ouaricon-sint", broken on two lines with the -sint below, so there appeared to be a river flowing to the west named "Ouaricon".

According to the Oregon Tourism Commission, present-day Oregonians /ˌɒrɪˈɡoʊniənz/[20] pronounce the state's name as "or-uh-gun, never or-ee-gone".[21] After being drafted by the Detroit Lions in 2002, former Oregon Ducks quarterback Joey Harrington distributed "Orygun" stickers to members of the media as a reminder of how to pronounce the name of his home state.[22][23] The stickers are sold by the University of Oregon Bookstore.[24]

History

Main article: History of Oregon

Humans have inhabited the area that is now Oregon for at least 15,000 years. In recorded history, mentions of the land date to as early as the 16th century. During the 18th and 19th centuries, European powers—and later the United States—quarreled over possession of the region until 1846, when the U.S. and Great Britain finalized division of the region. Oregon became a state on February 14, 1859, and as of 2015 has more than four million residents.[25]

Earliest inhabitants

See also: Native American peoples of Oregon and Kennewick Man
 
Paul Shoaway of the Umatilla tribe, 1899

While there is considerable evidence that Paleo-Indians inhabited the region, the oldest evidence of habitation in Oregon was found at Fort Rock Cave and the Paisley Caves in Lake County. Archaeologist Luther Cressman dated material from Fort Rock to 13,200 years ago,[26] and there is evidence supporting inhabitants in the region at least 15,000 years ago.[27] By 8000 BC, there were settlements throughout the state, with populations concentrated along the lower Columbia River, in the western valleys, and around coastal estuaries.

During the prehistoric period, the Willamette Valley region was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from then Lake Missoula, located in what would later become Montana. These massive floods occurred during the last glacial period and filled the valley with 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) of water.[28]

By the 16th century, Oregon was home to many Native American groups, including the Chinook, Coquille (Ko-Kwell), Bannock, Kalapuya, Klamath, Klickitat, Molala, Nez Perce, Shasta, Takelma, Umatilla, and Umpqua.[29][30][31][32]

European and pioneer settlement

Main articles: Oregon Country, Oregon pioneer history, Columbia District, Provisional Government of Oregon, Organic act § List of organic acts, and Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest
 
Monument near Coos Bay, Oregon, of Francis Drake's first North American Encounter. Plaque by Oregon State Parks and Oregon Historical Society.

The first Europeans to visit Oregon were Spanish explorers led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who sighted southern Oregon off the Pacific coast in 1543.[33] Sailing from Central America on the Golden Hind in 1579 in search of the Strait of Anian during his circumnavigation of the Earth, the English explorer and privateer Sir Francis Drake briefly anchored at South Cove, Cape Arago, just south of Coos Bay, before sailing for what is now California.[34][35] Martín de Aguilar, continuing separately from Sebastián Vizcaíno's scouting of California, reached as far north as Cape Blanco and possibly to Coos Bay in 1603.[36][37] Exploration continued routinely in 1774, starting with the expedition of the frigate Santiago by Juan José Pérez Hernández, and the coast of Oregon became a valuable trade route to Asia. In 1778, British captain James Cook also explored the coast.[38]

French Canadians, Scots, Métis, and other continental natives (e.g. Iroquois) trappers arrived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, soon to be followed by Catholic clergy. Some traveled as members of the Lewis and Clark and Astor Expeditions. Few stayed permanently such as Étienne Lussier, often referred to as the first "European" farmer in the state of Oregon. Evidence of the French Canadian presence can be found in numerous names of French origin such as Malheur Lake, the Malheur, Grande Ronde, and Deschutes Rivers, and the city of La Grande. Furthermore, many of the early pioneers first came out West with the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company before heading South of the Columbia for better farmland as the fur trade declined. French Prairie by the Willamette River and French Settlement by the Umpqua River are known as early mixed ancestry settlements.

 
Fort Astoria, as established by John Jacob Astor in 1813

The Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled through northern Oregon also in search of the Northwest Passage. They built their winter fort in 1805–1806 at Fort Clatsop, near the mouth of the Columbia River, staying at the encampment from December until March.[39]

British explorer David Thompson also conducted overland exploration. In 1811, while working for the North West Company, Thompson became the first European to navigate the entire Columbia River.[40] Stopping on the way, at the junction of the Snake River, he posted a claim to the region for Great Britain and the North West Company. Upon returning to Montreal, he publicized the abundance of fur-bearing animals in the area.[41]

Also in 1811, New Yorker John Jacob Astor financed the establishment of Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River as a western outpost to his Pacific Fur Company;[42] this was the first permanent European settlement in Oregon.

In the War of 1812, the British gained control of all Pacific Fur Company posts. The Treaty of 1818 established joint British and American occupancy of the region west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. By the 1820s and 1830s, the Hudson's Bay Company dominated the Pacific Northwest from its Columbia District headquarters at Fort Vancouver (built-in 1825 by the district's chief factor, John McLoughlin, across the Columbia from present-day Portland).

In 1841, the expert trapper and entrepreneur Ewing Young died leaving considerable wealth and no apparent heir, and no system to probate his estate. A meeting followed Young's funeral, at which a probate government was proposed.[43] Doctor Ira Babcock of Jason Lee's Methodist Mission was elected supreme judge.[44] Babcock chaired two meetings in 1842 at Champoeg, (halfway between Lee's mission and Oregon City), to discuss wolves and other animals of contemporary concern. These meetings were precursors to an all-citizen meeting in 1843, which instituted a provisional government headed by an executive committee made up of David Hill, Alanson Beers, and Joseph Gale.[45] This government was the first acting public government of the Oregon Country before annexation by the government of the United States. It was succeeded by a Second Executive Committee, made up of Peter G. Stewart, Osborne Russell, and William J. Bailey, and this committee was itself succeeded by George Abernethy, who was the first and only Governor of Oregon under the provisional government.

Also in 1841, Sir George Simpson, governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, reversed the Hudson's Bay Company's long-standing policy of discouraging settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade.[46] He directed that some 200 Red River Colony settlers be relocated to HBC farms near Fort Vancouver, (the James Sinclair expedition), in an attempt to hold Columbia District.

Starting in 1842–1843, the Oregon Trail brought many new American settlers to the Oregon Country. Oregon's boundaries were disputed for a time, contributing to tensions between the U.K. and the U.S., but the border was defined peacefully in the 1846 Oregon Treaty. The border between the United States and British North America was set at the 49th parallel.[47] The Oregon Territory was officially organized on August 13, 1848.[48]

Settlement increased with the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 and the forced relocation of the native population to Indian reservations in Oregon.

Statehood

In December 1844, Oregon passed its Black Exclusion Law, which prohibited African Americans from entering the territory while simultaneously prohibiting slavery. Slave owners who brought their slaves with them were given three years before they were forced to free them. Any African Americans in the region after the law was passed were forced to leave, and those who did not comply were arrested and beaten. They received no less than twenty and no more than thirty-nine stripes across the back if they still did not leave. This process could be repeated every six months.[49] Slavery played a major part in Oregon's history and even influenced its path to statehood. The territory's request for statehood was delayed several times, as members of Congress argued among themselves whether the territory should be admitted as a "free" or "slave" state. Eventually politicians from the South agreed to allow Oregon to enter as a "free" state, in exchange for opening slavery to the southwest United States.[50]

Oregon was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1859, though no one in Oregon knew it until March 15.[51] Founded as a refuge from disputes over slavery, Oregon had a "whites only" clause in its original state Constitution.[52][53] At the outbreak of the American Civil War, regular U.S. troops were withdrawn and sent east to aid the Union. Volunteer cavalry recruited in California were sent north to Oregon to keep peace and protect the populace. The First Oregon Cavalry served until June 1865.

Post-Reconstruction

Beginning in the 1880s, the growth of railroads expanded the state's lumber, wheat, and other agricultural markets, and the rapid growth of its cities.[54] Due to the abundance of timber and waterway access via the Willamette River, Portland became a major force in the lumber industry of the Pacific Northwest, and quickly became the state's largest city. It would earn the nickname "Stumptown",[55] and would later become recognized as one of the most dangerous port cities in the United States due to racketeering and illegal activities at the turn of the 20th century.[56] In 1902, Oregon introduced direct legislation by the state's citizens through initiatives and referendums, known as the Oregon System.[57]

On May 5, 1945, six civilians were killed by a Japanese balloon bomb that exploded on Gearhart Mountain near Bly.[58][59] They remained the only people on American soil whose deaths were attributed to an enemy balloon bomb explosion during World War II. The bombing site is now located in the Mitchell Recreation Area.

Industrial expansion began in earnest following the 1933–1937 construction of the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. Hydroelectric power, food, and lumber provided by Oregon helped fuel the development of the West, although the periodic fluctuations in the U.S. building industry have hurt the state's economy on multiple occasions. Portland, in particular, experienced a population boom between 1900 and 1930, tripling in size; the arrival of World War II also provided the northwest region of the state with an industrial boom, where Liberty ships and aircraft carriers were constructed.[60]

During the 1970s, the Pacific Northwest was particularly affected by the 1973 oil crisis, with Oregon suffering a substantial shortage.[61]

In 1972, the Oregon Beverage Container Act of 1971,[62] popularly called the Bottle Bill, became the first law of its kind in the United States. The Bottle Bill system in Oregon was created to control litter. In practice, the system promotes recycling, not reusing, and the collected containers are generally destroyed and made into new containers. Ten states[63] currently have similar laws.

In 1994, Oregon became the first U.S. state to legalize physician-assisted suicide through the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. A measure to legalize recreational use of marijuana in Oregon was approved on November 4, 2014, making Oregon only the second state at the time to have legalized gay marriage, physician-assisted suicide, and recreational marijuana.[64]

Geography

See also: List of regions of Oregon

Oregon is 295 miles (475 km) north to south at longest distance, and 395 miles (636 km) east to west. With an area of 98,381 square miles (254,810 km2), Oregon is slightly larger than the United Kingdom. It is the ninth largest state in the United States.[65] Oregon's highest point is the summit of Mount Hood, at 11,249 feet (3,429 m), and its lowest point is the sea level of the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast.[66] Oregon's mean elevation is 3,300 feet (1,006 m). Crater Lake National Park, the state's only national park, is the site of the deepest lake in the United States at 1,943 feet (592 m).[67] Oregon claims the D River as the shortest river in the world,[68] though the state of Montana makes the same claim of its Roe River.[69] Oregon is also home to Mill Ends Park (in Portland),[70] the smallest park in the world at 452 square inches (0.29 m2).

Oregon is split into eight geographical regions. In Western Oregon: Oregon Coast (west of the Coast Range), the Willamette Valley, Rogue Valley, Cascade Range and Klamath Mountains; and in Central and Eastern Oregon: the Columbia Plateau, the High Desert, and the Blue Mountains.

Oregon lies in two time zones. Most of Malheur County is in the Mountain Time Zone, while the rest of the state lies in the Pacific Time Zone.

Geology and terrain

See also: Geology of Oregon, List of rivers in Oregon, List of Oregon mountain ranges, and List of Oregon state parks
 
Mount Hood is the highest peak in Oregon.

Western Oregon's mountainous regions, home to three of the most prominent mountain peaks of the United States including Mount Hood, were formed by the volcanic activity of the Juan de Fuca Plate, a tectonic plate that poses a continued threat of volcanic activity and earthquakes in the region. The most recent major activity was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake.[71] Washington's Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, an event visible from northern Oregon and affecting some areas there.[72]

The Columbia River, which forms much of Oregon's northern border, also played a major role in the region's geological evolution, as well as its economic and cultural development. The Columbia is one of North America's largest rivers, and one of two rivers to cut through the Cascades (the Klamath River in southern Oregon is the other). About 15,000 years ago, the Columbia repeatedly flooded much of Oregon during the Missoula Floods; the modern fertility of the Willamette Valley is largely the result. Plentiful salmon made parts of the river, such as Celilo Falls, hubs of economic activity for thousands of years.

Today, Oregon's landscape varies from rain forest in the Coast Range to barren desert in the southeast, which still meets the technical definition of a frontier. Oregon's geographical center is further west than any of the other 48 contiguous states (although the westernmost point of the lower 48 states is in Washington). Central Oregon's geographical features range from high desert and volcanic rock formations resulting from lava beds. The Oregon Badlands Wilderness is in this region of the state.[73]

Flora and fauna

Typical of a western state, Oregon is home to a unique and diverse array of wildlife. Roughly 60 percent of the state is covered in forest,[74] while the areas west of the Cascades are more densely populated by forest, making up around 80 percent of the landscape. Some 60 percent of Oregon's forests are within federal land.[74] Oregon is the top timber producer of the lower 48 states.[12][75]

 
Antilocapra americana (Pronghorn antelope)

Moose have not always inhabited the state but came to Oregon in the 1960s; the Wallowa Valley herd numbered about 60 as of 2013.[81] Gray wolves were extirpated from Oregon around 1930 but have since found their way back; most reside in northeast Oregon, with two packs living in the south-central part.[82] Although their existence in Oregon is unconfirmed, reports of grizzly bears still turn up, and it is probable some still move into eastern Oregon from Idaho.[83]

Oregon is home to what is considered the largest single organism in the world, an Armillaria solidipes fungus beneath the Malheur National Forest of eastern Oregon.[11]

Oregon has several National Park System sites, including Crater Lake National Park in the southern part of the Cascades, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument east of the Cascades, Lewis and Clark National Historical Park on the north coast, and Oregon Caves National Monument near the south coast.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Oregon

Most of Oregon has a generally mild climate, though there is significant variation given the variety of landscapes across the state.[84] The state's western region (west of the Cascade Range) has an oceanic climate, populated by dense evergreen mixed forests. Western Oregon's climate is heavily influenced by the Pacific Ocean; the western third of Oregon is very wet in the winter, moderately to very wet during the spring and fall, and dry during the summer. The relative humidity of Western Oregon is high except during summer days, which are semi-dry to semi-humid; Eastern Oregon typically sees low humidity year-round.[85]

The state's southwestern portion, particularly the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers, similar to Northern California.[86]

Oregon's northeastern portion has a steppe climate, and its high terrain regions have a subarctic climate. Like Western Europe, Oregon, and the Pacific Northwest in general, is considered warm for its latitude, and the state has far milder winters at a given elevation than comparable latitudes elsewhere in North America, such as the Upper Midwest, Ontario, Quebec and New England.[85] However, the state ranks fifth for coolest summer temperatures of any state in the country, after Maine, Idaho, Wyoming, and Alaska.[87]

The eastern two thirds of Oregon, which largely comprise high desert, have cold, snowy winters and very dry summers. Much of the east is semiarid to arid like the rest of the Great Basin, though the Blue Mountains are wet enough to support extensive forests. Most of Oregon receives significant snowfall, but the Willamette Valley, where 60 percent of the population lives,[88] has considerably milder winters for its latitude and typically sees only light snowfall.[85]

Oregon's highest recorded temperature is 119 °F (48 °C) at Pendleton on August 10, 1898, and the lowest recorded temperature is −54 °F (−48 °C) at Seneca on February 10, 1933.[89]

Cities and towns

Further information: List of cities and unincorporated communities in Oregon

Oregon's population is largely concentrated in the Willamette Valley, which stretches from Eugene in the south (home of the University of Oregon) through Corvallis (home of Oregon State University) and Salem (the capital) to Portland (Oregon's largest city).[90]

Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, was the first permanent English-speaking settlement west of the Rockies in what is now the United States. Oregon City, at the end of the Oregon Trail, was the Oregon Territory's first incorporated city, and was its first capital from 1848 until 1852, when the capital was moved to Salem. Bend, near the geographic center of the state, is one of the ten fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States.[91][better source needed] In southern Oregon, Medford is a rapidly growing metro area and is home to the Rogue Valley International-Medford Airport, the state's third-busiest airport. To the south, near the California border, is the city of Ashland. Eastern Oregon is sparsely populated, but is home to Hermiston, which with a population of 18,000 is the largest and fastest-growing city in the region.[92]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Oregon
Source:[93]
Rank Name County Pop.
 
Portland
 
Salem 		1 Portland Multnomah 647,805[94]  
Eugene
 
Gresham
2 Salem Marion 169,798
3 Eugene Lane 168,916
4 Gresham Multnomah 111,053
5 Hillsboro Washington 106,894
6 Beaverton Washington 97,514
7 Bend Deschutes 94,520
8 Medford Jackson 81,780
9 Springfield Lane 62,353
10 Corvallis Benton 57,961

Demographics

See also: List of people from Oregon; List of people from Portland, Oregon; and Oregon locations by per capita income

Population

 
Graph of Oregon's population growth from 1850 to 2010[95]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
185012,093—
186052,465333.8%
187090,92373.3%
1880174,76892.2%
1890317,70481.8%
1900413,53630.2%
1910672,76562.7%
1920783,38916.4%
1930953,78621.8%
19401,089,68414.2%
19501,521,34139.6%
19601,768,68716.3%
19702,091,38518.2%
19802,633,10525.9%
19902,842,3217.9%
20003,421,39920.4%
20103,831,07412.0%
20204,237,25610.6%
2022 (est.)4,240,1370.1%
Sources: 1910–2020[96]
 
Oregon population by county using 2012 estimates[97]

The 2020 U.S. census determined that the population of Oregon was 4,237,256 in 2020, a 10.71% increase over the 2010 census.[4]

Oregon was the nation's "Top Moving Destination" in 2014, with two families moving into the state for every one moving out (66.4% to 33.6%).[98] Oregon was also the top moving destination in 2013,[99] and the second-most popular destination in 2010 through 2012.[100][101]

As of the 2010 census, the population of Oregon was 3,831,074. The gender makeup of the state was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 22.6% of the population were under the age of 18; 63.5% were between the ages of 18 and 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older.[102]

Oregon racial composition
Racial composition 1970[103] 1990[103] 2000[104] 2010[102] 2020[105]
White including White Hispanics 97.2% 92.8% 86.6% 83.6% 74.8%
Black or African American 1.3% 1.6% 1.6% 1.8% 2%
American Indian and Alaska Native 0.6% 1.4% 1.3% 1.4% 1.5%
Asian 0.7% 2.4% 3.0% 3.7% 4.6%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – – 0.2% 0.3% 0.5%
Other race 0.2% 1.8% 4.2% 5.3% 6.3%
Two or more races – – 3.1% 3.8% 10.5%
Non-Hispanic White 95.8% - - - 71.7%

According to the 2020 census, 13.9% of Oregon's population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race) and 71.7% non-Hispanic White, 2.0% African American, 1.5% Native American, 4.6% Asian, 1.5% Pacific Islander, and 10.5% one or more races.[106] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 12.4% of Oregon's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (10.4%), Puerto Rican (0.3%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.5%).[107] The five largest ancestry groups for White Oregonians were: German (19.1%), Irish (11.7%), English (11.3%), American (5.3%), and Norwegian (3.8%).[108]

The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic Whites, has declined from 95.8% in 1970 to 77.8% in 2012.[109][110] This decreased further to 71.7% in the 2020 census.

As of 2011, 38.7% of Oregon's children under one year of age belonged to minority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not a non-Hispanic White.[111] Of the state's total population, 22.6% was under the age 18, and 77.4% were 18 or older.

The center of population of Oregon is located in Linn County, in the city of Lyons.[112] Around 60% of Oregon's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area.[113]

As of 2009, Oregon's population comprised 361,393 foreign-born residents.[114] Of the foreign-born residents, the three largest groups are originally from countries in: Latin America (47.8%), Asia (27.4%), and Europe (16.5%).[114]

The Roma first reached Oregon in the 1890s. There is a substantial Roma population in Willamette Valley and around Portland.[115]

Religious and secular communities

See also: Religion in Oregon and Religion in the United States

Religion in Oregon according to PRRI American Values Atlas (2021)[116]

  Unaffiliated (38%)
  Protestantism (37%)
  Catholicism (12%)
  Other Christian (5%)
  Buddhism (2%)
  Judaism (1%)
  Islam (1%)
  Other (4%)

Oregon has frequently been cited by statistical agencies for having a smaller percentage of religious communities than other U.S. states.[117][118] According to a 2009 Gallup poll, Oregon was paired with Vermont as the two "least religious" states in the United States.[119]

In the same 2009 Gallup poll, 69% of Oregonians identified themselves as being Christian.[120] The largest Christian denominations in Oregon by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 398,738; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 147,965; and the Assemblies of God with 45,492.[121] Oregon also contains the largest community of Russian Old Believers to be found in the United States.[122] Judaism is the largest non-Christian religion in Oregon with more than 50,000 adherents, 47,000 of whom live in the Portland area.[123][124] Recently, new kosher food and Jewish educational offerings have led to a rapid increase in Portland's Orthodox Jewish population.[125] The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association is headquartered in Portland. There are an estimated 6,000 to 10,000 Muslims in Oregon, most of whom live in and around Portland.[126]

Most of the remainder of the population had no religious affiliation; the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) placed Oregon as tied with Nevada in fifth place of U.S. states having the highest percentage of residents identifying themselves as "non-religious", at 24 percent.[127][128] Secular organizations include the Center for Inquiry (CFI), the Humanists of Greater Portland (HGP), and the United States Atheists (USA).

During much of the 1990s, a group of conservative Christians formed the Oregon Citizens Alliance, and unsuccessfully tried to pass legislation to prevent "gay sensitivity training" in public schools and legal benefits for homosexual couples.[129]

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race 2013[130] 2014[131] 2015[132] 2016[133] 2017[134] 2018[135] 2019[136] 2020[137] 2021[138]
White 40,219 (89.1%) 40,634 (89.2%) 40,484 (88.7%) ... ... ... ... ... ...
> Non-hispanic White 31,998 (70.8%) 32,338 (71.0%) 32,147 (70.4%) 31,057 (68.2%) 29,232 (67.0%) 28,265 (67.0%) 27,639 (66.0%) 26,256 (65.9%) 26,662 (65.2%)
Asian 2,696 (6.0%) 2,811 (6.2%) 2,895 (6.3%) 2,354 (5.2%) 2,376 (5.4%) 2,260 (5.4%) 2,376 (5.7%) 2,112 (5.3%) 2,106 (5.1%)
Black 1,331 (2.9%) 1,333 (2.9%) 1,463 (3.2%) 944 (2.1%) 994 (2.3%) 959 (2.3%) 1,007 (2.4%) 973 (2.4%) 1,065 (2.6%)
American Indian 909 (2.0%) 778 (1.7%) 813 (1.8%) 427 (0.9%) 429 (1.0%) 388 (0.9%) 402 (1.0%) 378 (0.9%) 378 (0.9%)
Pacific Islander ... ... ... 315 (0.7%) 300 (0.7%) 309 (0.7%) 341 (0.8%) 278 (0.7%) 337 (0.8%)
Hispanic (of any race) 8,448 (18.7%) 8,524 (18.7%) 8,518 (18.6%) 8,467 (18.6%) 8,275 (19.0%) 7,993 (18.9%) 8,180 (19.5%) 7,923 (19.9%) 8,334 (20.4%)
Total 45,155 (100%) 45,556 (100%) 45,655 (100%) 45,535 (100%) 43,631 (100%) 42,188 (100%) 41,858 (100%) 39,820 (100%) 40,914 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
  • Births in table do not sum to 100% because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race.
Religious affiliation in Oregon (2014)[139]
Affiliation % of Oregon population
Christianity 59 59
 
Protestant 43 43
 
Evangelical Protestant 29 29
 
Mainline Protestant 13 13
 
Black Protestant 1 1
 
Catholic 12 12
 
Mormon 4 4
 
Orthodox 1 1
 
Jehovah's Witnesses 0.5 0.5
 
Other Christianity 1 1
 
Judaism 2 2
 
Islam 1 1
 
Buddhism 0.5 0.5
 
Hinduism 0.5 0.5
 
Other faiths 3 3
 
No religion 31 31
 
Agnostic 1 1
 
Total 100 100
 

Future projections

Projections from the U.S. Census Bureau show Oregon's population increasing to 4,833,918 by 2030, an increase of 41.3% compared to the state's population of 3,421,399 in 2000.[140] The state's own projections forecast a total population of 5,425,408 in 2040.[141]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Oregon
See also: Oregon locations by per capita income
 
A proportional representation of Oregon exports, 2020
  • Total employment (2020): 1,664,087
  • Total employer establishments (2020): 118,927[142]

As of 2015, Oregon ranks as the 17th highest in median household income at $60,834.[5] The gross domestic product (GDP) of Oregon in 2013 was $219.6 billion, a 2.7% increase from 2012; Oregon is the 25th wealthiest state by GDP. In 2003, Oregon was 28th in the U.S. by GDP. The state's per capita personal income (PCPI) in 2013 was $39,848, a 1.5% increase from 2012. Oregon ranks 33rd in the U.S. by PCPI, compared to 31st in 2003. The national PCPI in 2013 was $44,765.[143]

Oregon's unemployment rate was 5.5% in September 2016,[144] while the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.0% that month.[145] Oregon has the third largest amount of food stamp users in the nation (21% of the population).[146]

Agriculture

 
Teenagers harvesting berries in Boring, 1946

Oregon's diverse landscapes provide ideal environments for various types of farming. Land in the Willamette Valley owes its fertility to the Missoula Floods, which deposited lake sediment from Glacial Lake Missoula in western Montana onto the valley floor.[147] In 2016, the Willamette Valley region produced over 100 million pounds (45 kt) of blueberries.[148] The industry is governed and represented by the Oregon Department of Agriculture.[149]

Oregon is also one of four major world hazelnut (Corylus avellana) ​growing regions, and produces 95% of the domestic hazelnuts in the United States. While the history of the wine production in Oregon can be traced to before Prohibition, it became a significant industry beginning in the 1970s. In 2005, Oregon ranked third among U.S. states with 303 wineries.[150] Due to regional similarities in climate and soil, the grapes planted in Oregon are often the same varieties found in the French regions of Alsace and Burgundy. In 2014, 71 wineries opened in the state. The total is currently 676, which represents growth of 12% over 2013.[151]

In the southern Oregon coast, commercially cultivated cranberries account for about 7 percent of U.S. production, and the cranberry ranks 23rd among Oregon's top 50 agricultural commodities. Cranberry cultivation in Oregon uses about 27,000 acres (110 square kilometers) in southern Coos and northern Curry counties, centered around the coastal city of Bandon. In the northeastern region of the state, particularly around Pendleton, both irrigated and dry land wheat is grown.[152] Oregon farmers and ranchers also produce cattle, sheep, dairy products, eggs and poultry.

Caneberries (Rubus) are farmed here.[153]: 25  Stamen blight (Hapalosphaeria deformans) is significant here and throughout the PNW.[153]: 25  Here it especially hinders commercial dewberries.[153]: 25 

Phytophthora ramorum was first discovered in the 1990s on the California Central Coast[154] and was quickly found here as well.[155] P. ramorum is of economic concern due to its infestation of Rubus and Vaccinium spp. (including cranberry and blueberry).[155]

Peaches grown in the Willamette Valley are mostly sold directly and do not enter the more distant markets.[156] OSU Extension recommended several peach and nectarine cultivars for Willamette.[156]

An Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) infestation has been sighted in Forest Grove, the first for Western North America.[157][158] On June 30, 2022, an off-duty invasion biologist noticed an infested tree and the Emerald Ash Borer Readiness and Response Plan for Oregon[159] – finalized in March of the previous year – was quickly enacted by state departments.[157] The public is asked to report[160] sightings to the state Department of Agriculture.[157]

Forestry and fisheries

See also: List of freshwater fishes of Oregon
 
Historic Lumber Sled at Camp 18 in Elsie

Vast forests have historically made Oregon one of the nation's major timber-producing and logging states, but forest fires (such as the Tillamook Burn), over-harvesting, and lawsuits over the proper management of the extensive federal forest holdings have reduced the timber produced. Between 1989 and 2011, the amount of timber harvested from federal lands in Oregon dropped about 90%, although harvest levels on private land have remained relatively constant.[161]

Even the shift in recent years towards finished goods such as paper and building materials has not slowed the decline of the timber industry in the state. The effects of this decline have included Weyerhaeuser's acquisition of Portland-based Willamette Industries in January 2002, the relocation of Louisiana-Pacific's corporate headquarters from Portland to Nashville, and the decline of former lumber company towns such as Gilchrist. Despite these changes, Oregon still leads the United States in softwood lumber production; in 2011, 4,134 million board feet (9,760,000 m3) was produced in Oregon, compared with 3,685 million board feet (8,700,000 m3) in Washington, 1,914 million board feet (4,520,000 m3) in Georgia, and 1,708 million board feet (4,030,000 m3) in Mississippi.[162] The slowing of the timber and lumber industry has caused high unemployment rates in rural areas.[163]

Oregon has one of the largest salmon-fishing industries in the world, although ocean fisheries have reduced the river fisheries in recent years.[164] Because of the abundance of waterways in the state, it is also a major producer of hydroelectric energy.[165]

Tourism and entertainment

See also: Tourism near Portland and Tourism in Portland
 
Elizabethan stage at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland
 
Hells Canyon is one of the largest canyons in the United States.

Tourism is also a strong industry in the state. Tourism is centered on the state's natural features – mountains, forests, waterfalls, rivers, beaches and lakes, including Crater Lake National Park, Multnomah Falls, the Painted Hills, the Deschutes River, and the Oregon Caves. Mount Hood and Mount Bachelor also draw visitors year-round for skiing and other snow activities.[166]

Portland is home to the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, the Portland Art Museum, and the Oregon Zoo, which is the oldest zoo west of the Mississippi River.[167] The International Rose Test Garden is another prominent attraction in the city. Portland has also been named the best city in the world for street food by several publications, including the U.S. News & World Report and CNN.[168][169] Oregon is home to many breweries, and Portland has the largest number of breweries of any city in the world.[170]

The state's coastal region produces significant tourism as well.[171] The Oregon Coast Aquarium comprises 23 acres (9.3 ha) along Yaquina Bay in Newport, and was also home to Keiko the orca whale.[172] It has been noted as one of the top ten aquariums in North America.[173] Fort Clatsop in Warrenton features a replica of Lewis and Clark's encampment at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1805. The Sea Lion Caves in Florence are the largest system of sea caverns in the United States, and also attract many visitors.[174]

In Southern Oregon, the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, held in Ashland, is also a tourist draw, as is the Oregon Vortex and the Wolf Creek Inn State Heritage Site, a historic inn where Jack London wrote his 1913 novel Valley of the Moon.[175]

Oregon has also historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes, as well as its proximity to Hollywood.[176] Movies filmed in Oregon include: Animal House, Free Willy, The General, The Goonies, Kindergarten Cop, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Stand By Me. Oregon native Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons, has incorporated many references from his hometown of Portland into the TV series.[177] Additionally, several television shows have been filmed throughout the state including Portlandia, Grimm, Bates Motel, and Leverage.[178] The Oregon Film Museum is located in the old Clatsop County Jail in Astoria. Additionally, the last remaining Blockbuster store is located in Bend.[179]

Technology

High technology industries located in Silicon Forest have been a major employer since the 1970s. Tektronix was the largest private employer in Oregon until the late 1980s. Intel's creation and expansion of several facilities in eastern Washington County continued the growth that Tektronix had started. Intel, the state's largest for-profit private employer,[180][181] operates four large facilities, with Ronler Acres, Jones Farm and Hawthorn Farm all located in Hillsboro.[182]

The spinoffs and startups that were produced by these two companies led to establishment of the so-called Silicon Forest. The recession and dot-com bust of 2001 hit the region hard; many high technology employers reduced the number of their employees or went out of business. Open Source Development Labs made news in 2004 when they hired Linus Torvalds, developer of the Linux kernel. In 2010, biotechnology giant Genentech opened a $400 million facility in Hillsboro to expand its production capabilities.[183] Oregon is home to several large datacenters that take advantage of cheap power and a climate conducive to reducing cooling costs. Google operates a large datacenter in The Dalles, and Facebook built a large datacenter near Prineville in 2010. Amazon opened a datacenter near Boardman in 2011, and a fulfillment center in Troutdale in 2018.[184][185]

Corporate headquarters

 
Nike headquarters near Beaverton

Oregon is also the home of large corporations in other industries. The world headquarters of Nike is located near Beaverton. Medford is home to Harry and David, which sells gift items under several brands. Medford is also home to the national headquarters of Lithia Motors. Portland is home to one of the West's largest trade book publishing houses, Graphic Arts Center Publishing. Oregon is also home to Mentor Graphics Corporation, a world leader in electronic design automation located in Wilsonville and employs roughly 4,500 people worldwide.

Adidas Corporations American Headquarters is located in Portland and employs roughly 900 full-time workers at its Portland campus.[186] Nike, located in Beaverton, employs roughly 5,000 full-time employees at its 200-acre (81 ha) campus. Nike's Beaverton campus is continuously ranked as a top employer in the Portland area-along with competitor Adidas.[187] Intel Corporation employs 22,000 in Oregon[181] with the majority of these employees located at the company's Hillsboro campus located about 30 minutes west of Portland. Intel has been a top employer in Oregon since 1974.[188]

Largest Public Corporations Headquartered in Oregon (December 2016)[189]
# Corporation Headquarters Market cap (billions US$)
1. Nike Beaverton 91.35
2. FLIR Systems Wilsonville 4.77
3. Portland General Electric Portland 4.05
4. Columbia Sportswear Beaverton 4.03
5. Umpqua Holdings Corporation Portland 3.68
6. Lithia Motors Medford 2.06
7. Northwest Natural Gas Portland 1.7
8. The Greenbrier Companies Lake Oswego 1.25

The U.S. Federal Government and Providence Health systems are respective contenders for top employers in Oregon with roughly 12,000 federal workers and 14,000 Providence Health workers.

In 2015, a total of seven companies headquartered in Oregon landed in the Fortune 1000: Nike, at 106; Precision Castparts Corp. at 302; Lithia Motors at 482; StanCorp Financial Group at 804; Schnitzer Steel Industries at 853; The Greenbrier Companies at 948; and Columbia Sportswear at 982.[190]

Taxes and budgets

Oregon's biennial state budget, $2.6 billion in 2017, comprises General Funds, Federal Funds, Lottery Funds, and Other Funds.[191]

Oregon is one of only five states that have no sales tax.[192] Oregon voters have been resolute in their opposition to a sales tax, voting proposals down each of the nine times they have been presented.[193] The last vote, for 1993's Measure 1, was defeated by a 75–25% margin.[194]

The state also has a minimum corporate tax of only $150 a year,[195] amounting to 5.6% of the General Fund in the 2005–07 biennium; data about which businesses pay the minimum is not available to the public.[196][better source needed] As a result, the state relies on property and income taxes for its revenue. Oregon has the fifth highest personal income tax in the nation. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon ranked 41st out of the 50 states in taxes per capita in 2005 with an average amount paid of 1,791.45.[197]

A few local governments levy sales taxes on services: the city of Ashland, for example, collects a 5% sales tax on prepared food.[198]

The City of Portland imposes an Arts Education and Access Income Tax on residents over 18—a flat tax of $35 collected from individuals earning $1,000 or more per year and residing in a household with an annual income exceeding the federal poverty level. The tax funds Portland school teachers, and art focused non-profit organizations in Portland.[199]

The State of Oregon also allows transit district to levy an income tax on employers and the self-employed. The State currently collects the tax for TriMet and the Lane Transit District.[200][201]

Oregon is one of six states with a revenue limit.[202] The "kicker law" stipulates that when income tax collections exceed state economists' estimates by two percent or more, any excess must be returned to taxpayers.[203] Since the enactment of the law in 1979, refunds have been issued for seven of the eleven biennia.[204] In 2000, Ballot Measure 86 converted the "kicker" law from statute to the Oregon Constitution, and changed some of its provisions.

Federal payments to county governments that were granted to replace timber revenue when logging in National Forests was restricted in the 1990s, have been under threat of suspension for several years. This issue dominates the future revenue of rural counties, which have come to rely on the payments in providing essential services.[205]

55% of state revenues are spent on public education, 23% on human services (child protective services, Medicaid, and senior services), 17% on public safety, and 5% on other services.[206]

Healthcare

Main article: List of hospitals in Oregon

For health insurance, as of 2018 Cambia Health Solutions has the highest market share at 21%, followed by Providence Health.[207] In the Portland region, Kaiser Permanente leads.[207] Providence and Kaiser are vertically integrated delivery systems which operate hospitals and offer insurance plans.[208] Aside from Providence and Kaiser, hospital systems which are primarily Oregon-based include Legacy Health mostly covering Portland, Samaritan Health Services with five hospitals in various areas across the state, and Tuality Healthcare in the western Portland metropolitan area. In Southern Oregon, Asante runs several hospitals, including Rogue Regional Medical Center. Some hospitals are operated by multi-state organizations such as PeaceHealth and CommonSpirit Health. Some hospitals such Salem Hospital operate independently of larger systems.

Oregon Health & Science University is a Portland-based medical school that operates two hospitals and clinics.

The Oregon Health Plan is the state's Medicaid managed care plan, and it is known for innovations.[209] The Portland area is a mature managed care and two-thirds of Medicare enrollees are in Medicare Advantage plans.[209]

Education

Elementary, middle, and high school

In the 2013–2014 school year, the state had 567,000 students in public schools.[210] There were 197 public school districts, served by 19 education service districts.[210]

In 2016, the largest school districts in the state were:[211] Portland Public Schools, comprising 47,323 students; Salem-Keizer School District, comprising 40,565 students; Beaverton School District, comprising 39,625 students; Hillsboro School District, comprising 21,118 students; and North Clackamas School District, comprising 17,053 students.

Approximately 90.5% of Oregon high school students graduate, improving on the national average of 88.3% as measured from the 2010 U.S. census.[212]

On May 8, 2019, educators across the state protested to demand smaller class sizes, hiring more support staff, such as school counselors, librarians, and nurses, and the restoration of art, music, and physical education classes. The protests caused two dozen school districts to close, which equals to about 600 schools across the state.[213]

Colleges and universities

See also: List of colleges and universities in Oregon and Oregon Office of University Coordination
 
The Memorial Union at Oregon State University

Especially since the 1990 passage of Measure 5, which set limits on property tax levels, Oregon has struggled to fund higher education. Since then, Oregon has cut its higher education budget and now ranks 46th in the country in state spending per student. However, 2007 legislation funded the university system far beyond the governor's requested budget though still capping tuition increases at 3% per year.[214] Oregon supports a total of seven public universities and one affiliate. It is home to three public research universities: The University of Oregon (UO) in Eugene and Oregon State University (OSU) in Corvallis, both classified as research universities with very high research activity, and Portland State University which is classified as a research university with high research activity.[215]

 
Johnson Hall at the University of Oregon

UO is the state's highest nationally ranked and most selective[216] public university by U.S. News & World Report and Forbes.[217] OSU is the state's only land-grant university, has the state's largest enrollment for fall 2014,[218] and is the state's highest ranking university according to Academic Ranking of World Universities, Washington Monthly, and QS World University Rankings.[219] OSU receives more annual funding for research than all other public higher education institutions in Oregon combined.[220] The state's urban Portland State University has Oregon's second largest enrollment.

The state has three regional universities: Western Oregon University in Monmouth, Southern Oregon University in Ashland, and Eastern Oregon University in La Grande. The Oregon Institute of Technology has its campus in Klamath Falls. The quasi-public Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) includes medical, dental, and nursing schools, and graduate programs in biomedical sciences in Portland and a science and engineering school in Hillsboro. The state also supports 17 community colleges.

 
Eliot Hall at Reed College

Oregon is home to a wide variety of private colleges, the majority of which are located in the Portland area. The University of Portland and Marylhurst University are both Catholic universities located in or near Portland, affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross, and the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, respectively. Reed College, a rigorous liberal arts college in Portland, was ranked by Forbes as the 52nd best college in the country in 2015.[221]

Other private institutions in Portland include Lewis & Clark College; Multnomah University; Portland Bible College; Warner Pacific College; Cascade College; the National University of Natural Medicine; and Western Seminary, a theological graduate school. Pacific University is in the Portland suburb of Forest Grove. There are also private colleges further south in the Willamette Valley. McMinnville is home to Linfield College, while nearby Newberg is home to George Fox University. Salem is home to two private schools: Willamette University (the state's oldest, established during the provisional period) and Corban University. Also located near Salem is Mount Angel Seminary, one of America's largest Roman Catholic seminaries. The state's second medical school, the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Northwest, is located in Lebanon. Eugene is home to three private colleges: Bushnell University, New Hope Christian College, and Gutenberg College.

Law and government

See also: Government of Oregon
 
Golden Pioneer atop the Oregon State Capitol

A writer in the Oregon Country book A Pacific Republic, written in 1839, predicted the territory was to become an independent republic. Four years later, in 1843, settlers of the Willamette Valley voted in majority for a republic government.[222] The Oregon Country functioned in this way until August 13, 1848, when Oregon was annexed by the United States and a territorial government was established. Oregon maintained a territorial government until February 14, 1859, when it was granted statehood.[223]

Oregon state government has a separation of powers similar to the federal government. It has three branches:

Governors in Oregon serve four-year terms and are limited to two consecutive terms, but an unlimited number of total terms. Oregon has no lieutenant governor; in case the office of governor is vacated, Article V, Section 8a of the Oregon Constitution specifies that the Secretary of State is first in line for succession.[224] The other statewide officers are Treasurer, Attorney General, Superintendent, and Labor Commissioner. The biennial Oregon Legislative Assembly consists of a thirty-member Senate and a sixty-member House. The state supreme court has seven elected justices, currently including the only two openly gay state supreme court justices in the nation. They choose one of their own to serve a six-year term as Chief Justice.

The debate over whether to move to annual sessions is a long-standing battle in Oregon politics, but the voters have resisted the move from citizen legislators to professional lawmakers. Because Oregon's state budget is written in two-year increments and, there being no sales tax, state revenue is based largely on income taxes, it is often significantly over or under budget. Recent legislatures have had to be called into special sessions repeatedly to address revenue shortfalls resulting from economic downturns, bringing to a head the need for more frequent legislative sessions. Oregon Initiative 71, passed in 2010, mandates the legislature to begin meeting every year, for 160 days in odd-numbered years, and 35 days in even-numbered years.

Federally recognized tribes in Oregon

Oregonians have voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since 1988. In 2004 and 2006, Democrats won control of the State Senate, and then the House. Since 2023, Oregon has been represented by four Democrats and two Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives. Since 2009, the state has had two Democratic U.S. senators, Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley. Oregon voters have elected Democratic governors in every election since 1986, most recently electing Tina Kotek over Republican Christine Drazan and Independent Betsy Johnson in the 2022 gubernatorial election.

The base of Democratic support is largely concentrated in the urban centers of the Willamette Valley. The eastern two-thirds of the state beyond the Cascade Mountains typically votes Republican; in 2000 and 2004, George W. Bush carried every county east of the Cascades. However, the region's sparse population means the more populous counties in the Willamette Valley usually outweigh the eastern counties in statewide elections.

In the 2002 general election, Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to increase the state minimum wage automatically each year according to inflationary changes, which are measured by the consumer price index (CPI).[225] In the 2004 general election, Oregon voters passed ballot measures banning same-sex marriage[226] and restricting land use regulation.[227] In the 2006 general election, voters restricted the use of eminent domain and extended the state's discount prescription drug coverage.[228]

In the 2020 general election, Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to decriminalize the possession of small quantities of street drugs such as cocaine and heroin, becoming the first state in the country to do so after the drugs were originally made illegal.[229] The state also approved a ballot measure to create a legal means of administering psilocybin for medicinal use.[230]

Federal representation

Like all U.S. states, Oregon is represented by two senators. Following the 1980 census, Oregon had five congressional districts. After Oregon was admitted to the Union, it began with a single member in the House of Representatives (La Fayette Grover, who served in the 35th United States Congress for less than a month). Congressional apportionment increased the size of the delegation following the censuses of 1890, 1910, 1940, and 1980. Following the 2020 census, Oregon gained a sixth congressional seat. It was filled in the 2022 Congressional Elections.[231] A detailed list of the past and present Congressional delegations from Oregon is available.

The United States District Court for the District of Oregon hears federal cases in the state. The court has courthouses in Portland, Eugene, Medford, and Pendleton. Also in Portland is the federal bankruptcy court, with a second branch in Eugene.[232] Oregon (among other western states and territories) is in the 9th Court of Appeals. One of the court's meeting places is at the Pioneer Courthouse in downtown Portland, a National Historic Landmark built-in 1869.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Oregon
See also: Political party strength in Oregon
 
Treemap of the popular vote by county (2016 presidential election)
 
Party registration in Oregon, 1950–2006
  •   Total
  •   Democratic Party
  •   Republican Party
  •   Non-affiliated or other
 
Party registration by Oregon county (February 2023)
  •   Democrat ≥ 30%
  •   Democrat ≥ 40%
  •   Democrat ≥ 50%
  •   Republican ≥ 30%
  •   Republican ≥ 40%
  •   Republican ≥ 50%
  •   Unaffiliated ≥ 30%
  •   Unaffiliated ≥ 40%

Political opinions in Oregon are geographically split by the Cascade Range, with western Oregon being more liberal and Eastern Oregon being conservative.[233] In a 2008 analysis of the 2004 presidential election, a political analyst found that according to the application of a Likert scale, Oregon boasted both the most liberal Kerry voters and the most conservative Bush voters, making it the most politically polarized state in the country.[234]

While Republicans typically win more counties by running up huge margins in the east, the Democratic tilt of the more populated west is usually enough to swing the entire state Democratic. In 2008, for instance, Republican Senate incumbent Gordon H. Smith lost his bid for a third term, even though he carried all but eight counties. His Democratic challenger, Jeff Merkley, won Multnomah County by 142,000 votes, more than double the overall margin of victory.

During Oregon's history, it has adopted many electoral reforms proposed during the Progressive Era, through the efforts of William S. U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League. Under his leadership, the state overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum for citizens to introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution directly, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system. Today, roughly half of U.S. states do so.[235]

In following years, the primary election to select party candidates was adopted in 1904, and in 1908 the Oregon Constitution was amended to include recall of public officials. More recent amendments include the nation's first doctor-assisted suicide law,[236] called the Death with Dignity Act (which was challenged, unsuccessfully, in 2005 by the Bush administration in a case heard by the U.S. Supreme Court), legalization of medical cannabis, and among the nation's strongest anti-urban sprawl and pro-environment laws.[citation needed] More recently, 2004's Measure 37 reflects a backlash against such land-use laws. However, a further ballot measure in 2007, Measure 49, curtailed many of the provisions of 37.

Of the measures placed on the ballot since 1902, the people have passed 99 of the 288 initiatives and 25 of the 61 referendums on the ballot, though not all of them survived challenges in courts (see Pierce v. Society of Sisters, for an example). During the same period, the legislature has referred 363 measures to the people, of which 206 have passed.

Oregon pioneered the American use of postal voting, beginning with experimentation approved by the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1981 and culminating with a 1998 ballot measure mandating that all counties conduct elections by mail. It remains one of just two states, the other being Washington, where voting by mail is the only method of voting.

In 1994, Oregon adopted the Oregon Health Plan, which made health care available to most of its citizens without private health insurance.[237]

In the U.S. Electoral College, Oregon casts seven votes. Oregon has supported Democratic candidates in the last nine elections. Democratic incumbent Barack Obama won the state by a margin of twelve percentage points, with over 54% of the popular vote in 2012. In the 2016 election, Hillary Clinton won Oregon by 11 percentage points.[238] In the 2020 election, Joe Biden won Oregon by 16 percentage points over his opponent, Donald Trump.[239]

In a 2020 study, Oregon was ranked as the easiest state for citizens to vote in.[240]

Sports

See also: Sports in Portland, Oregon
 
The Moda Center (formerly the Rose Garden) during a Portland Trail Blazers game

Oregon is home to three major professional sports teams: the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA, the Portland Thorns FC of the NWSL and the Portland Timbers of MLS.[241]

Until 2011, the only major professional sports team in Oregon was the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association. From the 1970s to the 1990s, the Blazers were one of the most successful teams in the NBA in terms of both win–loss record and attendance.[242] In the early 21st century, the team's popularity declined due to personnel and financial issues, but revived after the departure of controversial players and the acquisition of new players such as Brandon Roy and LaMarcus Aldridge, and still later Damian Lillard.[243][244] The Blazers play in the Moda Center in Portland's Lloyd District, which also is home to the Portland Winterhawks of the junior Western Hockey League.[245]

The Portland Timbers play at Providence Park, just west of downtown Portland. The Timbers have a strong following, with the team regularly selling out its games.[246] The Timbers repurposed the formerly multi-use stadium into a soccer-specific stadium in fall 2010, increasing the seating in the process.[247] The Timbers operate Portland Thorns FC, a women's soccer team that has played in the National Women's Soccer League since the league's first season in 2013. The Thorns, who also play at Providence Park, have won two league championships, in the inaugural 2013 season and also in 2017, and have been by far the NWSL's attendance leader in each of the league's seasons.

 
Providence Park during a Portland Thorns FC match

Eugene and Hillsboro have minor-league baseball teams: the Eugene Emeralds and the Hillsboro Hops both play in the High-A High-A West.[248] Portland has had minor-league baseball teams in the past, including the Portland Beavers and Portland Rockies, who played most recently at Providence Park when it was known as PGE Park. Salem also previously had a Class A Short Season Northwest League team, the Salem-Keizer Volcanoes that was not included in the 2021 Minor League Baseball reorganization. The Volcanoes ownership later formed the amateur Mavericks Independent Baseball League, which is fully based in Salem.[249]

The Oregon State Beavers and the University of Oregon Ducks football teams of the Pac-12 Conference meet annually in the Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry. Both schools have had recent success in other sports as well: Oregon State won back-to-back college baseball championships in 2006 and 2007,[250] winning a third in 2018;[251] and the University of Oregon won back-to-back NCAA men's cross country championships in 2007 and 2008.[252]

Sister regions

See also

Notes

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References

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External links

March 08, 2023
oregon, this, article, about, state, other, uses, disambiguation, listen, state, pacific, northwest, region, united, states, part, western, united, states, with, columbia, river, delineating, much, northern, boundary, with, washington, while, snake, river, del. This article is about the U S state For other uses see Oregon disambiguation Oregon ˈ ɒr ɪ ɡ en listen 8 is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States Oregon is a part of the Western United States with the Columbia River delineating much of Oregon s northern boundary with Washington while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho The 42 north parallel delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada The western boundary is formed by the Pacific Ocean OregonStateState of OregonFlagSealNickname The Beaver StateMotto s Alis volat propriis English She flies with her own wings Anthem Oregon My OregonMap of the United States with Oregon highlightedCountryUnited StatesBefore statehoodOregon TerritoryAdmitted to the UnionFebruary 14 1859 164 years ago 1859 02 14 33rd CapitalSalemLargest cityPortlandLargest metro and urban areasPortlandGovernment GovernorTina Kotek D Secretary of StateShemia Fagan D LegislatureLegislative Assembly Upper houseState Senate Lower houseHouse of RepresentativesJudiciaryOregon Supreme CourtU S senatorsRon Wyden D Jeff Merkley D U S House delegation4 Democrats 2 Republicans list Area Total98 381 sq mi 254 806 km2 Land95 997 sq mi 248 849 km2 Water2 384 sq mi 6 177 km2 2 4 Rank9thDimensions Length360 mi 580 km Width400 mi 640 km Elevation3 300 ft 1 000 m Highest elevation Mount Hood 1 2 3 11 249 ft 3 428 8 m Lowest elevation Pacific Ocean 2 0 ft 0 m Population 2021 Total4 246 155 4 Rank27th Density39 9 sq mi 15 0 km2 Rank39th Median household income 71 562 5 Income rank18thDemonymOregonianLanguage Official languageDe jure none 6 De facto EnglishTime zonesmost of stateUTC 08 00 Pacific Summer DST UTC 07 00 PDT majority of Malheur CountyUTC 07 00 Mountain Summer DST UTC 06 00 MDT USPS abbreviationORISO 3166 codeUS ORTraditional abbreviationOre Latitude42 N to 46 18 NLongitude116 28 W to 124 38 WWebsitewww wbr oregon wbr govState symbols of OregonList of state symbolsFlag of OregonSeal of OregonMottoShe Flies With Her Own Wings 7 Living insigniaBirdWestern meadowlark Sturnella neglecta ButterflyOregon swallowtail Papilio machaon oregonia CrustaceanDungeness crab Metacarcinus magister FishChinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha FlowerOregon grape Mahonia aquifolium GrassBluebunch wheatgrass Pseudoroegneria spicata InsectOregon swallowtail Papilio oregonius MammalAmerican beaver Castor canadensis MushroomPacific golden chanterelle Cantharellus formosus TreeDouglas firInanimate insigniaBeverageMilkDanceSquare danceFoodPear Pyrus FossilMetasequoiaGemstoneOregon sunstoneRockThundereggShellOregon hairy triton Fusitriton oregonensis SoilJory soilOtherNut HazelnutState route markerState quarterReleased in 2005Lists of United States state symbolsOregon has been home to many indigenous nations for thousands of years The first European traders explorers and settlers began exploring what is now Oregon s Pacific coast in the early to mid 16th century As early as 1564 the Spanish began sending vessels northeast from the Philippines riding the Kuroshio Current in a sweeping circular route across the northern part of the Pacific In 1592 Juan de Fuca undertook detailed mapping and studies of ocean currents in the Pacific Northwest including the Oregon coast as well as the strait now bearing his name The Lewis and Clark Expedition traversed Oregon in the early 1800s and the first permanent European settlements in Oregon were established by fur trappers and traders In 1843 an autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country and the Oregon Territory was created in 1848 Oregon became the 33rd state of the U S on February 14 1859 Today with 4 2 million people over 98 000 square miles 250 000 km2 Oregon is the ninth largest and 27th most populous U S state The capital Salem is the second most populous city in Oregon with 177 723 residents 9 Portland with 652 503 ranks as the 26th among U S cities The Portland metropolitan area is the 25th largest metro area in the nation with a population of 2 512 859 Oregon is also one of the most geographically diverse states in the U S 10 marked by volcanoes abundant bodies of water dense evergreen and mixed forests as well as high deserts and semi arid shrublands At 11 249 feet 3 429 m Mount Hood a stratovolcano is the state s highest point Oregon s only national park Crater Lake National Park comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake the deepest lake in the United States The state is also home to the single largest organism in the world Armillaria ostoyae a fungus that runs beneath 2 200 acres 8 9 km2 of the Malheur National Forest 11 Oregon s economy has historically been powered by various forms of agriculture fishing logging and hydroelectric power Oregon is the top lumber producer of the contiguous United States with the lumber industry dominating the state s economy during the 20th century 12 Technology is another one of Oregon s major economic forces beginning in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel Sportswear company Nike Inc headquartered in Beaverton is the state s largest public corporation with an annual revenue of 46 7 billion 13 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Earliest inhabitants 2 2 European and pioneer settlement 2 3 Statehood 2 4 Post Reconstruction 3 Geography 3 1 Geology and terrain 3 2 Flora and fauna 3 3 Climate 3 4 Cities and towns 4 Demographics 4 1 Population 4 2 Religious and secular communities 4 3 Future projections 5 Economy 5 1 Agriculture 5 2 Forestry and fisheries 5 3 Tourism and entertainment 5 4 Technology 5 5 Corporate headquarters 5 6 Taxes and budgets 5 7 Healthcare 6 Education 6 1 Elementary middle and high school 6 2 Colleges and universities 7 Law and government 7 1 Federal representation 7 2 Politics 8 Sports 9 Sister regions 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links 13 1 Government 13 2 Tourism and recreation 13 3 History and culture 13 4 Maps and geologyEtymology EditMain article Etymology of Oregon Oregon border welcome sign at Denio Nevada The origin of the state s name is a mystery The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins The term orejon meaning big ear comes from the historical chronicle Relacion de la Alta y Baja California 1598 14 written by Rodrigo Montezuma of New Spain it made reference to the Columbia River when the Spanish explorers penetrated into the North American territory that became part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain This chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon Another possible source is the Spanish word oregano which refers to a plant that grows in the southern part of the region It is also possible that the American territory was named by the Spaniards as there is a stream in Spain called the Arroyo del Oregon which is located in the province of Ciudad Real or that the j in the Spanish phrase El Orejon was later corrupted into a g 15 Another early use of the name spelled Ouragon was by Major Robert Rogers in a 1765 petition to the Kingdom of Great Britain The term referred to the then mythical River of the West the Columbia River By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon 16 Rogers wrote from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon 17 One theory is that the name comes from the French word ouragan windstorm or hurricane which was applied to the River of the West based on Native American tales of powerful Chinook winds on the lower Columbia River or perhaps from first hand French experience with the Chinook winds of the Great Plains At the time the River of the West was thought to rise in western Minnesota and flow west through the Great Plains 18 Joaquin Miller wrote in Sunset magazine in 1904 The name Oregon is rounded down phonetically from Ouve agua Oragua Or a gon Oregon given probably by the same Portuguese navigator that named the Farallones after his first officer and it literally in a large way means cascades Hear the waters You should steam up the Columbia and hear and feel the waters falling out of the clouds of Mount Hood to understand entirely the full meaning of the name Ouve a agua Oregon 19 Another account endorsed as the most plausible explanation in the book Oregon Geographic Names was advanced by George R Stewart in a 1944 article in American Speech According to Stewart the name came from an engraver s error in a French map published in the early 18th century on which the Ouisiconsink Wisconsin River was spelled Ouaricon sint broken on two lines with the sint below so there appeared to be a river flowing to the west named Ouaricon According to the Oregon Tourism Commission present day Oregonians ˌ ɒ r ɪ ˈ ɡ oʊ n i e n z 20 pronounce the state s name as or uh gun never or ee gone 21 After being drafted by the Detroit Lions in 2002 former Oregon Ducks quarterback Joey Harrington distributed Orygun stickers to members of the media as a reminder of how to pronounce the name of his home state 22 23 The stickers are sold by the University of Oregon Bookstore 24 History EditMain article History of Oregon Humans have inhabited the area that is now Oregon for at least 15 000 years In recorded history mentions of the land date to as early as the 16th century During the 18th and 19th centuries European powers and later the United States quarreled over possession of the region until 1846 when the U S and Great Britain finalized division of the region Oregon became a state on February 14 1859 and as of 2015 update has more than four million residents 25 Earliest inhabitants Edit See also Native American peoples of Oregon and Kennewick Man Paul Shoaway of the Umatilla tribe 1899 While there is considerable evidence that Paleo Indians inhabited the region the oldest evidence of habitation in Oregon was found at Fort Rock Cave and the Paisley Caves in Lake County Archaeologist Luther Cressman dated material from Fort Rock to 13 200 years ago 26 and there is evidence supporting inhabitants in the region at least 15 000 years ago 27 By 8000 BC there were settlements throughout the state with populations concentrated along the lower Columbia River in the western valleys and around coastal estuaries During the prehistoric period the Willamette Valley region was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from then Lake Missoula located in what would later become Montana These massive floods occurred during the last glacial period and filled the valley with 300 to 400 feet 91 to 122 m of water 28 By the 16th century Oregon was home to many Native American groups including the Chinook Coquille Ko Kwell Bannock Kalapuya Klamath Klickitat Molala Nez Perce Shasta Takelma Umatilla and Umpqua 29 30 31 32 European and pioneer settlement Edit Main articles Oregon Country Oregon pioneer history Columbia District Provisional Government of Oregon Organic act List of organic acts and Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest Monument near Coos Bay Oregon of Francis Drake s first North American Encounter Plaque by Oregon State Parks and Oregon Historical Society The first Europeans to visit Oregon were Spanish explorers led by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo who sighted southern Oregon off the Pacific coast in 1543 33 Sailing from Central America on the Golden Hind in 1579 in search of the Strait of Anian during his circumnavigation of the Earth the English explorer and privateer Sir Francis Drake briefly anchored at South Cove Cape Arago just south of Coos Bay before sailing for what is now California 34 35 Martin de Aguilar continuing separately from Sebastian Vizcaino s scouting of California reached as far north as Cape Blanco and possibly to Coos Bay in 1603 36 37 Exploration continued routinely in 1774 starting with the expedition of the frigate Santiago by Juan Jose Perez Hernandez and the coast of Oregon became a valuable trade route to Asia In 1778 British captain James Cook also explored the coast 38 French Canadians Scots Metis and other continental natives e g Iroquois trappers arrived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries soon to be followed by Catholic clergy Some traveled as members of the Lewis and Clark and Astor Expeditions Few stayed permanently such as Etienne Lussier often referred to as the first European farmer in the state of Oregon Evidence of the French Canadian presence can be found in numerous names of French origin such as Malheur Lake the Malheur Grande Ronde and Deschutes Rivers and the city of La Grande Furthermore many of the early pioneers first came out West with the North West Company and the Hudson s Bay Company before heading South of the Columbia for better farmland as the fur trade declined French Prairie by the Willamette River and French Settlement by the Umpqua River are known as early mixed ancestry settlements Fort Astoria as established by John Jacob Astor in 1813 The Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled through northern Oregon also in search of the Northwest Passage They built their winter fort in 1805 1806 at Fort Clatsop near the mouth of the Columbia River staying at the encampment from December until March 39 British explorer David Thompson also conducted overland exploration In 1811 while working for the North West Company Thompson became the first European to navigate the entire Columbia River 40 Stopping on the way at the junction of the Snake River he posted a claim to the region for Great Britain and the North West Company Upon returning to Montreal he publicized the abundance of fur bearing animals in the area 41 Also in 1811 New Yorker John Jacob Astor financed the establishment of Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River as a western outpost to his Pacific Fur Company 42 this was the first permanent European settlement in Oregon In the War of 1812 the British gained control of all Pacific Fur Company posts The Treaty of 1818 established joint British and American occupancy of the region west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean By the 1820s and 1830s the Hudson s Bay Company dominated the Pacific Northwest from its Columbia District headquarters at Fort Vancouver built in 1825 by the district s chief factor John McLoughlin across the Columbia from present day Portland In 1841 the expert trapper and entrepreneur Ewing Young died leaving considerable wealth and no apparent heir and no system to probate his estate A meeting followed Young s funeral at which a probate government was proposed 43 Doctor Ira Babcock of Jason Lee s Methodist Mission was elected supreme judge 44 Babcock chaired two meetings in 1842 at Champoeg halfway between Lee s mission and Oregon City to discuss wolves and other animals of contemporary concern These meetings were precursors to an all citizen meeting in 1843 which instituted a provisional government headed by an executive committee made up of David Hill Alanson Beers and Joseph Gale 45 This government was the first acting public government of the Oregon Country before annexation by the government of the United States It was succeeded by a Second Executive Committee made up of Peter G Stewart Osborne Russell and William J Bailey and this committee was itself succeeded by George Abernethy who was the first and only Governor of Oregon under the provisional government Also in 1841 Sir George Simpson governor of the Hudson s Bay Company reversed the Hudson s Bay Company s long standing policy of discouraging settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade 46 He directed that some 200 Red River Colony settlers be relocated to HBC farms near Fort Vancouver the James Sinclair expedition in an attempt to hold Columbia District Starting in 1842 1843 the Oregon Trail brought many new American settlers to the Oregon Country Oregon s boundaries were disputed for a time contributing to tensions between the U K and the U S but the border was defined peacefully in the 1846 Oregon Treaty The border between the United States and British North America was set at the 49th parallel 47 The Oregon Territory was officially organized on August 13 1848 48 Settlement increased with the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 and the forced relocation of the native population to Indian reservations in Oregon Statehood Edit In December 1844 Oregon passed its Black Exclusion Law which prohibited African Americans from entering the territory while simultaneously prohibiting slavery Slave owners who brought their slaves with them were given three years before they were forced to free them Any African Americans in the region after the law was passed were forced to leave and those who did not comply were arrested and beaten They received no less than twenty and no more than thirty nine stripes across the back if they still did not leave This process could be repeated every six months 49 Slavery played a major part in Oregon s history and even influenced its path to statehood The territory s request for statehood was delayed several times as members of Congress argued among themselves whether the territory should be admitted as a free or slave state Eventually politicians from the South agreed to allow Oregon to enter as a free state in exchange for opening slavery to the southwest United States 50 Oregon was admitted to the Union on February 14 1859 though no one in Oregon knew it until March 15 51 Founded as a refuge from disputes over slavery Oregon had a whites only clause in its original state Constitution 52 53 At the outbreak of the American Civil War regular U S troops were withdrawn and sent east to aid the Union Volunteer cavalry recruited in California were sent north to Oregon to keep peace and protect the populace The First Oregon Cavalry served until June 1865 Post Reconstruction Edit Beginning in the 1880s the growth of railroads expanded the state s lumber wheat and other agricultural markets and the rapid growth of its cities 54 Due to the abundance of timber and waterway access via the Willamette River Portland became a major force in the lumber industry of the Pacific Northwest and quickly became the state s largest city It would earn the nickname Stumptown 55 and would later become recognized as one of the most dangerous port cities in the United States due to racketeering and illegal activities at the turn of the 20th century 56 In 1902 Oregon introduced direct legislation by the state s citizens through initiatives and referendums known as the Oregon System 57 On May 5 1945 six civilians were killed by a Japanese balloon bomb that exploded on Gearhart Mountain near Bly 58 59 They remained the only people on American soil whose deaths were attributed to an enemy balloon bomb explosion during World War II The bombing site is now located in the Mitchell Recreation Area Industrial expansion began in earnest following the 1933 1937 construction of the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River Hydroelectric power food and lumber provided by Oregon helped fuel the development of the West although the periodic fluctuations in the U S building industry have hurt the state s economy on multiple occasions Portland in particular experienced a population boom between 1900 and 1930 tripling in size the arrival of World War II also provided the northwest region of the state with an industrial boom where Liberty ships and aircraft carriers were constructed 60 During the 1970s the Pacific Northwest was particularly affected by the 1973 oil crisis with Oregon suffering a substantial shortage 61 In 1972 the Oregon Beverage Container Act of 1971 62 popularly called the Bottle Bill became the first law of its kind in the United States The Bottle Bill system in Oregon was created to control litter In practice the system promotes recycling not reusing and the collected containers are generally destroyed and made into new containers Ten states 63 currently have similar laws In 1994 Oregon became the first U S state to legalize physician assisted suicide through the Oregon Death with Dignity Act A measure to legalize recreational use of marijuana in Oregon was approved on November 4 2014 making Oregon only the second state at the time to have legalized gay marriage physician assisted suicide and recreational marijuana 64 Geography EditSee also List of regions of Oregon Crater Lake Oregon is 295 miles 475 km north to south at longest distance and 395 miles 636 km east to west With an area of 98 381 square miles 254 810 km2 Oregon is slightly larger than the United Kingdom It is the ninth largest state in the United States 65 Oregon s highest point is the summit of Mount Hood at 11 249 feet 3 429 m and its lowest point is the sea level of the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast 66 Oregon s mean elevation is 3 300 feet 1 006 m Crater Lake National Park the state s only national park is the site of the deepest lake in the United States at 1 943 feet 592 m 67 Oregon claims the D River as the shortest river in the world 68 though the state of Montana makes the same claim of its Roe River 69 Oregon is also home to Mill Ends Park in Portland 70 the smallest park in the world at 452 square inches 0 29 m2 Oregon is split into eight geographical regions In Western Oregon Oregon Coast west of the Coast Range the Willamette Valley Rogue Valley Cascade Range and Klamath Mountains and in Central and Eastern Oregon the Columbia Plateau the High Desert and the Blue Mountains Oregon lies in two time zones Most of Malheur County is in the Mountain Time Zone while the rest of the state lies in the Pacific Time Zone Geology and terrain Edit See also Geology of Oregon List of rivers in Oregon List of Oregon mountain ranges and List of Oregon state parks Mount Hood is the highest peak in Oregon Western Oregon s mountainous regions home to three of the most prominent mountain peaks of the United States including Mount Hood were formed by the volcanic activity of the Juan de Fuca Plate a tectonic plate that poses a continued threat of volcanic activity and earthquakes in the region The most recent major activity was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake 71 Washington s Mount St Helens erupted in 1980 an event visible from northern Oregon and affecting some areas there 72 The Columbia River which forms much of Oregon s northern border also played a major role in the region s geological evolution as well as its economic and cultural development The Columbia is one of North America s largest rivers and one of two rivers to cut through the Cascades the Klamath River in southern Oregon is the other About 15 000 years ago the Columbia repeatedly flooded much of Oregon during the Missoula Floods the modern fertility of the Willamette Valley is largely the result Plentiful salmon made parts of the river such as Celilo Falls hubs of economic activity for thousands of years Today Oregon s landscape varies from rain forest in the Coast Range to barren desert in the southeast which still meets the technical definition of a frontier Oregon s geographical center is further west than any of the other 48 contiguous states although the westernmost point of the lower 48 states is in Washington Central Oregon s geographical features range from high desert and volcanic rock formations resulting from lava beds The Oregon Badlands Wilderness is in this region of the state 73 Flora and fauna Edit Typical of a western state Oregon is home to a unique and diverse array of wildlife Roughly 60 percent of the state is covered in forest 74 while the areas west of the Cascades are more densely populated by forest making up around 80 percent of the landscape Some 60 percent of Oregon s forests are within federal land 74 Oregon is the top timber producer of the lower 48 states 12 75 Typical tree species include the Douglas fir the state tree as well as redwood ponderosa pine western red cedar and hemlock 76 Ponderosa pine are more common in the Blue Mountains in the eastern part of the state and firs are more common in the west Antilocapra americana Pronghorn antelope Many species of mammals live in the state which include opossums shrews moles little pocket mice great basin pocket mice dark kangaroo mouse California kangaroo rat chisel toothed kangaroo rat ord s kangaroo rat 77 bats rabbits pikas mountain beavers chipmunks squirrels yellow bellied marmots beavers the state mammal porcupines coyotes wolves foxes 78 black bears raccoons badgers skunks antelopes cougars bobcats lynxes deer elk and moose Marine mammals include seals sea lions humpback whales killer whales gray whales blue whales sperm whales pacific white sided dolphins and bottlenose dolphins 79 Notable birds include American widgeons mallard ducks great blue herons bald eagles golden eagles western meadowlarks the state bird barn owls great horned owls rufous hummingbirds pileated woodpeckers wrens towhees sparrows and buntings 80 Moose have not always inhabited the state but came to Oregon in the 1960s the Wallowa Valley herd numbered about 60 as of 2013 update 81 Gray wolves were extirpated from Oregon around 1930 but have since found their way back most reside in northeast Oregon with two packs living in the south central part 82 Although their existence in Oregon is unconfirmed reports of grizzly bears still turn up and it is probable some still move into eastern Oregon from Idaho 83 Oregon is home to what is considered the largest single organism in the world an Armillaria solidipes fungus beneath the Malheur National Forest of eastern Oregon 11 Oregon has several National Park System sites including Crater Lake National Park in the southern part of the Cascades John Day Fossil Beds National Monument east of the Cascades Lewis and Clark National Historical Park on the north coast and Oregon Caves National Monument near the south coast Climate Edit Main article Climate of Oregon Koppen climate types in Oregon Most of Oregon has a generally mild climate though there is significant variation given the variety of landscapes across the state 84 The state s western region west of the Cascade Range has an oceanic climate populated by dense evergreen mixed forests Western Oregon s climate is heavily influenced by the Pacific Ocean the western third of Oregon is very wet in the winter moderately to very wet during the spring and fall and dry during the summer The relative humidity of Western Oregon is high except during summer days which are semi dry to semi humid Eastern Oregon typically sees low humidity year round 85 The state s southwestern portion particularly the Rogue Valley has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers similar to Northern California 86 Oregon s northeastern portion has a steppe climate and its high terrain regions have a subarctic climate Like Western Europe Oregon and the Pacific Northwest in general is considered warm for its latitude and the state has far milder winters at a given elevation than comparable latitudes elsewhere in North America such as the Upper Midwest Ontario Quebec and New England 85 However the state ranks fifth for coolest summer temperatures of any state in the country after Maine Idaho Wyoming and Alaska 87 The eastern two thirds of Oregon which largely comprise high desert have cold snowy winters and very dry summers Much of the east is semiarid to arid like the rest of the Great Basin though the Blue Mountains are wet enough to support extensive forests Most of Oregon receives significant snowfall but the Willamette Valley where 60 percent of the population lives 88 has considerably milder winters for its latitude and typically sees only light snowfall 85 Oregon s highest recorded temperature is 119 F 48 C at Pendleton on August 10 1898 and the lowest recorded temperature is 54 F 48 C at Seneca on February 10 1933 89 Cities and towns Edit Further information List of cities and unincorporated communities in Oregon Oregon s population is largely concentrated in the Willamette Valley which stretches from Eugene in the south home of the University of Oregon through Corvallis home of Oregon State University and Salem the capital to Portland Oregon s largest city 90 Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River was the first permanent English speaking settlement west of the Rockies in what is now the United States Oregon City at the end of the Oregon Trail was the Oregon Territory s first incorporated city and was its first capital from 1848 until 1852 when the capital was moved to Salem Bend near the geographic center of the state is one of the ten fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States 91 better source needed In southern Oregon Medford is a rapidly growing metro area and is home to the Rogue Valley International Medford Airport the state s third busiest airport To the south near the California border is the city of Ashland Eastern Oregon is sparsely populated but is home to Hermiston which with a population of 18 000 is the largest and fastest growing city in the region 92 Largest cities or towns in Oregon Source 93 Rank Name County Pop Portland Salem 1 Portland Multnomah 647 805 94 Eugene Gresham2 Salem Marion 169 7983 Eugene Lane 168 9164 Gresham Multnomah 111 0535 Hillsboro Washington 106 8946 Beaverton Washington 97 5147 Bend Deschutes 94 5208 Medford Jackson 81 7809 Springfield Lane 62 35310 Corvallis Benton 57 961Demographics EditSee also List of people from Oregon List of people from Portland Oregon and Oregon locations by per capita income Population Edit Graph of Oregon s population growth from 1850 to 2010 95 Historical population CensusPop Note 185012 093 186052 465333 8 187090 92373 3 1880174 76892 2 1890317 70481 8 1900413 53630 2 1910672 76562 7 1920783 38916 4 1930953 78621 8 19401 089 68414 2 19501 521 34139 6 19601 768 68716 3 19702 091 38518 2 19802 633 10525 9 19902 842 3217 9 20003 421 39920 4 20103 831 07412 0 20204 237 25610 6 2022 est 4 240 1370 1 Sources 1910 2020 96 Oregon population by county using 2012 estimates 97 The 2020 U S census determined that the population of Oregon was 4 237 256 in 2020 a 10 71 increase over the 2010 census 4 Oregon was the nation s Top Moving Destination in 2014 with two families moving into the state for every one moving out 66 4 to 33 6 98 Oregon was also the top moving destination in 2013 99 and the second most popular destination in 2010 through 2012 100 101 As of the 2010 census the population of Oregon was 3 831 074 The gender makeup of the state was 49 5 male and 50 5 female 22 6 of the population were under the age of 18 63 5 were between the ages of 18 and 64 and 12 5 were 65 years of age or older 102 Oregon racial composition Racial composition 1970 103 1990 103 2000 104 2010 102 2020 105 White including White Hispanics 97 2 92 8 86 6 83 6 74 8 Black or African American 1 3 1 6 1 6 1 8 2 American Indian and Alaska Native 0 6 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 5 Asian 0 7 2 4 3 0 3 7 4 6 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0 2 0 3 0 5 Other race 0 2 1 8 4 2 5 3 6 3 Two or more races 3 1 3 8 10 5 Non Hispanic White 95 8 71 7 According to the 2020 census 13 9 of Oregon s population was of Hispanic or Latino origin of any race and 71 7 non Hispanic White 2 0 African American 1 5 Native American 4 6 Asian 1 5 Pacific Islander and 10 5 one or more races 106 According to the 2016 American Community Survey 12 4 of Oregon s population were of Hispanic or Latino origin of any race Mexican 10 4 Puerto Rican 0 3 Cuban 0 1 and other Hispanic or Latino origin 1 5 107 The five largest ancestry groups for White Oregonians were German 19 1 Irish 11 7 English 11 3 American 5 3 and Norwegian 3 8 108 The state s most populous ethnic group non Hispanic Whites has declined from 95 8 in 1970 to 77 8 in 2012 109 110 This decreased further to 71 7 in the 2020 census As of 2011 update 38 7 of Oregon s children under one year of age belonged to minority groups meaning they had at least one parent who was not a non Hispanic White 111 Of the state s total population 22 6 was under the age 18 and 77 4 were 18 or older The center of population of Oregon is located in Linn County in the city of Lyons 112 Around 60 of Oregon s population resides within the Portland metropolitan area 113 As of 2009 update Oregon s population comprised 361 393 foreign born residents 114 Of the foreign born residents the three largest groups are originally from countries in Latin America 47 8 Asia 27 4 and Europe 16 5 114 The Roma first reached Oregon in the 1890s There is a substantial Roma population in Willamette Valley and around Portland 115 Religious and secular communities Edit See also Religion in Oregon and Religion in the United States Religion in Oregon according to PRRI American Values Atlas 2021 116 Unaffiliated 38 Protestantism 37 Catholicism 12 Other Christian 5 Buddhism 2 Judaism 1 Islam 1 Other 4 Oregon has frequently been cited by statistical agencies for having a smaller percentage of religious communities than other U S states 117 118 According to a 2009 Gallup poll Oregon was paired with Vermont as the two least religious states in the United States 119 In the same 2009 Gallup poll 69 of Oregonians identified themselves as being Christian 120 The largest Christian denominations in Oregon by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 398 738 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints with 147 965 and the Assemblies of God with 45 492 121 Oregon also contains the largest community of Russian Old Believers to be found in the United States 122 Judaism is the largest non Christian religion in Oregon with more than 50 000 adherents 47 000 of whom live in the Portland area 123 124 Recently new kosher food and Jewish educational offerings have led to a rapid increase in Portland s Orthodox Jewish population 125 The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association is headquartered in Portland There are an estimated 6 000 to 10 000 Muslims in Oregon most of whom live in and around Portland 126 Most of the remainder of the population had no religious affiliation the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey ARIS placed Oregon as tied with Nevada in fifth place of U S states having the highest percentage of residents identifying themselves as non religious at 24 percent 127 128 Secular organizations include the Center for Inquiry CFI the Humanists of Greater Portland HGP and the United States Atheists USA During much of the 1990s a group of conservative Christians formed the Oregon Citizens Alliance and unsuccessfully tried to pass legislation to prevent gay sensitivity training in public schools and legal benefits for homosexual couples 129 Live births by single race ethnicity of mother Race 2013 130 2014 131 2015 132 2016 133 2017 134 2018 135 2019 136 2020 137 2021 138 White 40 219 89 1 40 634 89 2 40 484 88 7 gt Non hispanic White 31 998 70 8 32 338 71 0 32 147 70 4 31 057 68 2 29 232 67 0 28 265 67 0 27 639 66 0 26 256 65 9 26 662 65 2 Asian 2 696 6 0 2 811 6 2 2 895 6 3 2 354 5 2 2 376 5 4 2 260 5 4 2 376 5 7 2 112 5 3 2 106 5 1 Black 1 331 2 9 1 333 2 9 1 463 3 2 944 2 1 994 2 3 959 2 3 1 007 2 4 973 2 4 1 065 2 6 American Indian 909 2 0 778 1 7 813 1 8 427 0 9 429 1 0 388 0 9 402 1 0 378 0 9 378 0 9 Pacific Islander 315 0 7 300 0 7 309 0 7 341 0 8 278 0 7 337 0 8 Hispanic of any race 8 448 18 7 8 524 18 7 8 518 18 6 8 467 18 6 8 275 19 0 7 993 18 9 8 180 19 5 7 923 19 9 8 334 20 4 Total 45 155 100 45 556 100 45 655 100 45 535 100 43 631 100 42 188 100 41 858 100 39 820 100 40 914 100 Since 2016 data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected but included in one Hispanic group persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race Births in table do not sum to 100 because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race Religious affiliation in Oregon 2014 139 Affiliation of Oregon populationChristianity 59 59 Protestant 43 43 Evangelical Protestant 29 29 Mainline Protestant 13 13 Black Protestant 1 1 Catholic 12 12 Mormon 4 4 Orthodox 1 1 Jehovah s Witnesses 0 5 0 5 Other Christianity 1 1 Judaism 2 2 Islam 1 1 Buddhism 0 5 0 5 Hinduism 0 5 0 5 Other faiths 3 3 No religion 31 31 Agnostic 1 1 Total 100 100 Future projections Edit Projections from the U S Census Bureau show Oregon s population increasing to 4 833 918 by 2030 an increase of 41 3 compared to the state s population of 3 421 399 in 2000 140 The state s own projections forecast a total population of 5 425 408 in 2040 141 Economy EditMain article Economy of Oregon See also Oregon locations by per capita income A proportional representation of Oregon exports 2020 Total employment 2020 1 664 087 Total employer establishments 2020 118 927 142 As of 2015 update Oregon ranks as the 17th highest in median household income at 60 834 5 The gross domestic product GDP of Oregon in 2013 was 219 6 billion a 2 7 increase from 2012 Oregon is the 25th wealthiest state by GDP In 2003 Oregon was 28th in the U S by GDP The state s per capita personal income PCPI in 2013 was 39 848 a 1 5 increase from 2012 Oregon ranks 33rd in the U S by PCPI compared to 31st in 2003 The national PCPI in 2013 was 44 765 143 Oregon s unemployment rate was 5 5 in September 2016 144 while the U S unemployment rate was 5 0 that month 145 Oregon has the third largest amount of food stamp users in the nation 21 of the population 146 Agriculture Edit Teenagers harvesting berries in Boring 1946 Oregon s diverse landscapes provide ideal environments for various types of farming Land in the Willamette Valley owes its fertility to the Missoula Floods which deposited lake sediment from Glacial Lake Missoula in western Montana onto the valley floor 147 In 2016 the Willamette Valley region produced over 100 million pounds 45 kt of blueberries 148 The industry is governed and represented by the Oregon Department of Agriculture 149 Oregon is also one of four major world hazelnut Corylus avellana growing regions and produces 95 of the domestic hazelnuts in the United States While the history of the wine production in Oregon can be traced to before Prohibition it became a significant industry beginning in the 1970s In 2005 Oregon ranked third among U S states with 303 wineries 150 Due to regional similarities in climate and soil the grapes planted in Oregon are often the same varieties found in the French regions of Alsace and Burgundy In 2014 71 wineries opened in the state The total is currently 676 which represents growth of 12 over 2013 151 In the southern Oregon coast commercially cultivated cranberries account for about 7 percent of U S production and the cranberry ranks 23rd among Oregon s top 50 agricultural commodities Cranberry cultivation in Oregon uses about 27 000 acres 110 square kilometers in southern Coos and northern Curry counties centered around the coastal city of Bandon In the northeastern region of the state particularly around Pendleton both irrigated and dry land wheat is grown 152 Oregon farmers and ranchers also produce cattle sheep dairy products eggs and poultry Caneberries Rubus are farmed here 153 25 Stamen blight Hapalosphaeria deformans is significant here and throughout the PNW 153 25 Here it especially hinders commercial dewberries 153 25 Phytophthora ramorum was first discovered in the 1990s on the California Central Coast 154 and was quickly found here as well 155 P ramorum is of economic concern due to its infestation of Rubus and Vaccinium spp including cranberry and blueberry 155 Peach es grown in the Willamette Valley are mostly sold directly and do not enter the more distant markets 156 OSU Extension recommended several peach and nectarine cultivars for Willamette 156 An Emerald Ash Borer Agrilus planipennis infestation has been sighted in Forest Grove the first for Western North America 157 158 On June 30 2022 an off duty invasion biologist noticed an infested tree and the Emerald Ash Borer Readiness and Response Plan for Oregon 159 finalized in March of the previous year was quickly enacted by state departments 157 The public is asked to report 160 sightings to the state Department of Agriculture 157 Forestry and fisheries Edit See also List of freshwater fishes of Oregon Fish ladder at Bonneville Dam Multnomah County Historic Lumber Sled at Camp 18 in Elsie Vast forests have historically made Oregon one of the nation s major timber producing and logging states but forest fires such as the Tillamook Burn over harvesting and lawsuits over the proper management of the extensive federal forest holdings have reduced the timber produced Between 1989 and 2011 the amount of timber harvested from federal lands in Oregon dropped about 90 although harvest levels on private land have remained relatively constant 161 Even the shift in recent years towards finished goods such as paper and building materials has not slowed the decline of the timber industry in the state The effects of this decline have included Weyerhaeuser s acquisition of Portland based Willamette Industries in January 2002 the relocation of Louisiana Pacific s corporate headquarters from Portland to Nashville and the decline of former lumber company towns such as Gilchrist Despite these changes Oregon still leads the United States in softwood lumber production in 2011 4 134 million board feet 9 760 000 m3 was produced in Oregon compared with 3 685 million board feet 8 700 000 m3 in Washington 1 914 million board feet 4 520 000 m3 in Georgia and 1 708 million board feet 4 030 000 m3 in Mississippi 162 The slowing of the timber and lumber industry has caused high unemployment rates in rural areas 163 Oregon has one of the largest salmon fishing industries in the world although ocean fisheries have reduced the river fisheries in recent years 164 Because of the abundance of waterways in the state it is also a major producer of hydroelectric energy 165 Tourism and entertainment Edit See also Tourism near Portland and Tourism in Portland Elizabethan stage at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland Hells Canyon is one of the largest canyons in the United States Tourism is also a strong industry in the state Tourism is centered on the state s natural features mountains forests waterfalls rivers beaches and lakes including Crater Lake National Park Multnomah Falls the Painted Hills the Deschutes River and the Oregon Caves Mount Hood and Mount Bachelor also draw visitors year round for skiing and other snow activities 166 Oceanarium at the Oregon Coast Aquarium Portland is home to the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry the Portland Art Museum and the Oregon Zoo which is the oldest zoo west of the Mississippi River 167 The International Rose Test Garden is another prominent attraction in the city Portland has also been named the best city in the world for street food by several publications including the U S News amp World Report and CNN 168 169 Oregon is home to many breweries and Portland has the largest number of breweries of any city in the world 170 The state s coastal region produces significant tourism as well 171 The Oregon Coast Aquarium comprises 23 acres 9 3 ha along Yaquina Bay in Newport and was also home to Keiko the orca whale 172 It has been noted as one of the top ten aquariums in North America 173 Fort Clatsop in Warrenton features a replica of Lewis and Clark s encampment at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1805 The Sea Lion Caves in Florence are the largest system of sea caverns in the United States and also attract many visitors 174 In Southern Oregon the Oregon Shakespeare Festival held in Ashland is also a tourist draw as is the Oregon Vortex and the Wolf Creek Inn State Heritage Site a historic inn where Jack London wrote his 1913 novel Valley of the Moon 175 Oregon has also historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes as well as its proximity to Hollywood 176 Movies filmed in Oregon include Animal House Free Willy The General The Goonies Kindergarten Cop One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest and Stand By Me Oregon native Matt Groening creator of The Simpsons has incorporated many references from his hometown of Portland into the TV series 177 Additionally several television shows have been filmed throughout the state including Portlandia Grimm Bates Motel and Leverage 178 The Oregon Film Museum is located in the old Clatsop County Jail in Astoria Additionally the last remaining Blockbuster store is located in Bend 179 Technology Edit High technology industries located in Silicon Forest have been a major employer since the 1970s Tektronix was the largest private employer in Oregon until the late 1980s Intel s creation and expansion of several facilities in eastern Washington County continued the growth that Tektronix had started Intel the state s largest for profit private employer 180 181 operates four large facilities with Ronler Acres Jones Farm and Hawthorn Farm all located in Hillsboro 182 The spinoffs and startups that were produced by these two companies led to establishment of the so called Silicon Forest The recession and dot com bust of 2001 hit the region hard many high technology employers reduced the number of their employees or went out of business Open Source Development Labs made news in 2004 when they hired Linus Torvalds developer of the Linux kernel In 2010 biotechnology giant Genentech opened a 400 million facility in Hillsboro to expand its production capabilities 183 Oregon is home to several large datacenters that take advantage of cheap power and a climate conducive to reducing cooling costs Google operates a large datacenter in The Dalles and Facebook built a large datacenter near Prineville in 2010 Amazon opened a datacenter near Boardman in 2011 and a fulfillment center in Troutdale in 2018 184 185 Corporate headquarters Edit Nike headquarters near Beaverton Oregon is also the home of large corporations in other industries The world headquarters of Nike is located near Beaverton Medford is home to Harry and David which sells gift items under several brands Medford is also home to the national headquarters of Lithia Motors Portland is home to one of the West s largest trade book publishing houses Graphic Arts Center Publishing Oregon is also home to Mentor Graphics Corporation a world leader in electronic design automation located in Wilsonville and employs roughly 4 500 people worldwide Adidas Corporations American Headquarters is located in Portland and employs roughly 900 full time workers at its Portland campus 186 Nike located in Beaverton employs roughly 5 000 full time employees at its 200 acre 81 ha campus Nike s Beaverton campus is continuously ranked as a top employer in the Portland area along with competitor Adidas 187 Intel Corporation employs 22 000 in Oregon 181 with the majority of these employees located at the company s Hillsboro campus located about 30 minutes west of Portland Intel has been a top employer in Oregon since 1974 188 Largest Public Corporations Headquartered in Oregon December 2016 189 Corporation Headquarters Market cap billions US 1 Nike Beaverton 91 352 FLIR Systems Wilsonville 4 773 Portland General Electric Portland 4 054 Columbia Sportswear Beaverton 4 035 Umpqua Holdings Corporation Portland 3 686 Lithia Motors Medford 2 067 Northwest Natural Gas Portland 1 78 The Greenbrier Companies Lake Oswego 1 25The U S Federal Government and Providence Health systems are respective contenders for top employers in Oregon with roughly 12 000 federal workers and 14 000 Providence Health workers In 2015 a total of seven companies headquartered in Oregon landed in the Fortune 1000 Nike at 106 Precision Castparts Corp at 302 Lithia Motors at 482 StanCorp Financial Group at 804 Schnitzer Steel Industries at 853 The Greenbrier Companies at 948 and Columbia Sportswear at 982 190 Taxes and budgets Edit Oregon s biennial state budget 2 6 billion in 2017 comprises General Funds Federal Funds Lottery Funds and Other Funds 191 Oregon is one of only five states that have no sales tax 192 Oregon voters have been resolute in their opposition to a sales tax voting proposals down each of the nine times they have been presented 193 The last vote for 1993 s Measure 1 was defeated by a 75 25 margin 194 The state also has a minimum corporate tax of only 150 a year 195 amounting to 5 6 of the General Fund in the 2005 07 biennium data about which businesses pay the minimum is not available to the public 196 better source needed As a result the state relies on property and income taxes for its revenue Oregon has the fifth highest personal income tax in the nation According to the U S Census Bureau Oregon ranked 41st out of the 50 states in taxes per capita in 2005 with an average amount paid of 1 791 45 197 A few local governments levy sales taxes on services the city of Ashland for example collects a 5 sales tax on prepared food 198 The City of Portland imposes an Arts Education and Access Income Tax on residents over 18 a flat tax of 35 collected from individuals earning 1 000 or more per year and residing in a household with an annual income exceeding the federal poverty level The tax funds Portland school teachers and art focused non profit organizations in Portland 199 The State of Oregon also allows transit district to levy an income tax on employers and the self employed The State currently collects the tax for TriMet and the Lane Transit District 200 201 Oregon is one of six states with a revenue limit 202 The kicker law stipulates that when income tax collections exceed state economists estimates by two percent or more any excess must be returned to taxpayers 203 Since the enactment of the law in 1979 refunds have been issued for seven of the eleven biennia 204 In 2000 Ballot Measure 86 converted the kicker law from statute to the Oregon Constitution and changed some of its provisions Federal payments to county governments that were granted to replace timber revenue when logging in National Forests was restricted in the 1990s have been under threat of suspension for several years This issue dominates the future revenue of rural counties which have come to rely on the payments in providing essential services 205 55 of state revenues are spent on public education 23 on human services child protective services Medicaid and senior services 17 on public safety and 5 on other services 206 Healthcare Edit Main article List of hospitals in Oregon For health insurance as of 2018 Cambia Health Solutions has the highest market share at 21 followed by Providence Health 207 In the Portland region Kaiser Permanente leads 207 Providence and Kaiser are vertically integrated delivery systems which operate hospitals and offer insurance plans 208 Aside from Providence and Kaiser hospital systems which are primarily Oregon based include Legacy Health mostly covering Portland Samaritan Health Services with five hospitals in various areas across the state and Tuality Healthcare in the western Portland metropolitan area In Southern Oregon Asante runs several hospitals including Rogue Regional Medical Center Some hospitals are operated by multi state organizations such as PeaceHealth and CommonSpirit Health Some hospitals such Salem Hospital operate independently of larger systems Oregon Health amp Science University is a Portland based medical school that operates two hospitals and clinics The Oregon Health Plan is the state s Medicaid managed care plan and it is known for innovations 209 The Portland area is a mature managed care and two thirds of Medicare enrollees are in Medicare Advantage plans 209 Education EditElementary middle and high school Edit In the 2013 2014 school year the state had 567 000 students in public schools 210 There were 197 public school districts served by 19 education service districts 210 In 2016 the largest school districts in the state were 211 Portland Public Schools comprising 47 323 students Salem Keizer School District comprising 40 565 students Beaverton School District comprising 39 625 students Hillsboro School District comprising 21 118 students and North Clackamas School District comprising 17 053 students Approximately 90 5 of Oregon high school students graduate improving on the national average of 88 3 as measured from the 2010 U S census 212 On May 8 2019 educators across the state protested to demand smaller class sizes hiring more support staff such as school counselors librarians and nurses and the restoration of art music and physical education classes The protests caused two dozen school districts to close which equals to about 600 schools across the state 213 Colleges and universities Edit See also List of colleges and universities in Oregon and Oregon Office of University Coordination The Memorial Union at Oregon State University Especially since the 1990 passage of Measure 5 which set limits on property tax levels Oregon has struggled to fund higher education Since then Oregon has cut its higher education budget and now ranks 46th in the country in state spending per student However 2007 legislation funded the university system far beyond the governor s requested budget though still capping tuition increases at 3 per year 214 Oregon supports a total of seven public universities and one affiliate It is home to three public research universities The University of Oregon UO in Eugene and Oregon State University OSU in Corvallis both classified as research universities with very high research activity and Portland State University which is classified as a research university with high research activity 215 Johnson Hall at the University of Oregon UO is the state s highest nationally ranked and most selective 216 public university by U S News amp World Report and Forbes 217 OSU is the state s only land grant university has the state s largest enrollment for fall 2014 218 and is the state s highest ranking university according to Academic Ranking of World Universities Washington Monthly and QS World University Rankings 219 OSU receives more annual funding for research than all other public higher education institutions in Oregon combined 220 The state s urban Portland State University has Oregon s second largest enrollment The state has three regional universities Western Oregon University in Monmouth Southern Oregon University in Ashland and Eastern Oregon University in La Grande The Oregon Institute of Technology has its campus in Klamath Falls The quasi public Oregon Health amp Science University OHSU includes medical dental and nursing schools and graduate programs in biomedical sciences in Portland and a science and engineering school in Hillsboro The state also supports 17 community colleges Eliot Hall at Reed College Oregon is home to a wide variety of private colleges the majority of which are located in the Portland area The University of Portland and Marylhurst University are both Catholic universities located in or near Portland affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross and the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary respectively Reed College a rigorous liberal arts college in Portland was ranked by Forbes as the 52nd best college in the country in 2015 221 Other private institutions in Portland include Lewis amp Clark College Multnomah University Portland Bible College Warner Pacific College Cascade College the National University of Natural Medicine and Western Seminary a theological graduate school Pacific University is in the Portland suburb of Forest Grove There are also private colleges further south in the Willamette Valley McMinnville is home to Linfield College while nearby Newberg is home to George Fox University Salem is home to two private schools Willamette University the state s oldest established during the provisional period and Corban University Also located near Salem is Mount Angel Seminary one of America s largest Roman Catholic seminaries The state s second medical school the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Northwest is located in Lebanon Eugene is home to three private colleges Bushnell University New Hope Christian College and Gutenberg College Law and government EditSee also Government of Oregon Golden Pioneer atop the Oregon State Capitol A writer in the Oregon Country book A Pacific Republic written in 1839 predicted the territory was to become an independent republic Four years later in 1843 settlers of the Willamette Valley voted in majority for a republic government 222 The Oregon Country functioned in this way until August 13 1848 when Oregon was annexed by the United States and a territorial government was established Oregon maintained a territorial government until February 14 1859 when it was granted statehood 223 Oregon state government has a separation of powers similar to the federal government It has three branches a legislative branch the bicameral Oregon Legislative Assembly an executive branch which includes an administrative department and Oregon s governor serving as chief executive and a judicial branch headed by the Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court Governors in Oregon serve four year terms and are limited to two consecutive terms but an unlimited number of total terms Oregon has no lieutenant governor in case the office of governor is vacated Article V Section 8a of the Oregon Constitution specifies that the Secretary of State is first in line for succession 224 The other statewide officers are Treasurer Attorney General Superintendent and Labor Commissioner The biennial Oregon Legislative Assembly consists of a thirty member Senate and a sixty member House The state supreme court has seven elected justices currently including the only two openly gay state supreme court justices in the nation They choose one of their own to serve a six year term as Chief Justice The debate over whether to move to annual sessions is a long standing battle in Oregon politics but the voters have resisted the move from citizen legislators to professional lawmakers Because Oregon s state budget is written in two year increments and there being no sales tax state revenue is based largely on income taxes it is often significantly over or under budget Recent legislatures have had to be called into special sessions repeatedly to address revenue shortfalls resulting from economic downturns bringing to a head the need for more frequent legislative sessions Oregon Initiative 71 passed in 2010 mandates the legislature to begin meeting every year for 160 days in odd numbered years and 35 days in even numbered years Federally recognized tribes in Oregon Burns Paiute Tribe Confederated Tribes of Coos Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians Klamath Tribes Coquille Indian TribeOregonians have voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since 1988 In 2004 and 2006 Democrats won control of the State Senate and then the House Since 2023 Oregon has been represented by four Democrats and two Republicans in the U S House of Representatives Since 2009 the state has had two Democratic U S senators Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley Oregon voters have elected Democratic governors in every election since 1986 most recently electing Tina Kotek over Republican Christine Drazan and Independent Betsy Johnson in the 2022 gubernatorial election The base of Democratic support is largely concentrated in the urban centers of the Willamette Valley The eastern two thirds of the state beyond the Cascade Mountains typically votes Republican in 2000 and 2004 George W Bush carried every county east of the Cascades However the region s sparse population means the more populous counties in the Willamette Valley usually outweigh the eastern counties in statewide elections In the 2002 general election Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to increase the state minimum wage automatically each year according to inflationary changes which are measured by the consumer price index CPI 225 In the 2004 general election Oregon voters passed ballot measures banning same sex marriage 226 and restricting land use regulation 227 In the 2006 general election voters restricted the use of eminent domain and extended the state s discount prescription drug coverage 228 In the 2020 general election Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to decriminalize the possession of small quantities of street drugs such as cocaine and heroin becoming the first state in the country to do so after the drugs were originally made illegal 229 The state also approved a ballot measure to create a legal means of administering psilocybin for medicinal use 230 Federal representation Edit Like all U S states Oregon is represented by two senators Following the 1980 census Oregon had five congressional districts After Oregon was admitted to the Union it began with a single member in the House of Representatives La Fayette Grover who served in the 35th United States Congress for less than a month Congressional apportionment increased the size of the delegation following the censuses of 1890 1910 1940 and 1980 Following the 2020 census Oregon gained a sixth congressional seat It was filled in the 2022 Congressional Elections 231 A detailed list of the past and present Congressional delegations from Oregon is available The United States District Court for the District of Oregon hears federal cases in the state The court has courthouses in Portland Eugene Medford and Pendleton Also in Portland is the federal bankruptcy court with a second branch in Eugene 232 Oregon among other western states and territories is in the 9th Court of Appeals One of the court s meeting places is at the Pioneer Courthouse in downtown Portland a National Historic Landmark built in 1869 Politics Edit Main article Politics of Oregon See also Political party strength in Oregon Treemap of the popular vote by county 2016 presidential election Party registration in Oregon 1950 2006 Total Democratic Party Republican Party Non affiliated or other Party registration by Oregon county February 2023 Democrat 30 Democrat 40 Democrat 50 Republican 30 Republican 40 Republican 50 Unaffiliated 30 Unaffiliated 40 Political opinions in Oregon are geographically split by the Cascade Range with western Oregon being more liberal and Eastern Oregon being conservative 233 In a 2008 analysis of the 2004 presidential election a political analyst found that according to the application of a Likert scale Oregon boasted both the most liberal Kerry voters and the most conservative Bush voters making it the most politically polarized state in the country 234 While Republicans typically win more counties by running up huge margins in the east the Democratic tilt of the more populated west is usually enough to swing the entire state Democratic In 2008 for instance Republican Senate incumbent Gordon H Smith lost his bid for a third term even though he carried all but eight counties His Democratic challenger Jeff Merkley won Multnomah County by 142 000 votes more than double the overall margin of victory During Oregon s history it has adopted many electoral reforms proposed during the Progressive Era through the efforts of William S U Ren and his Direct Legislation League Under his leadership the state overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum for citizens to introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution directly making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system Today roughly half of U S states do so 235 In following years the primary election to select party candidates was adopted in 1904 and in 1908 the Oregon Constitution was amended to include recall of public officials More recent amendments include the nation s first doctor assisted suicide law 236 called the Death with Dignity Act which was challenged unsuccessfully in 2005 by the Bush administration in a case heard by the U S Supreme Court legalization of medical cannabis and among the nation s strongest anti urban sprawl and pro environment laws citation needed More recently 2004 s Measure 37 reflects a backlash against such land use laws However a further ballot measure in 2007 Measure 49 curtailed many of the provisions of 37 Of the measures placed on the ballot since 1902 the people have passed 99 of the 288 initiatives and 25 of the 61 referendums on the ballot though not all of them survived challenges in courts see Pierce v Society of Sisters for an example During the same period the legislature has referred 363 measures to the people of which 206 have passed Oregon pioneered the American use of postal voting beginning with experimentation approved by the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1981 and culminating with a 1998 ballot measure mandating that all counties conduct elections by mail It remains one of just two states the other being Washington where voting by mail is the only method of voting In 1994 Oregon adopted the Oregon Health Plan which made health care available to most of its citizens without private health insurance 237 In the U S Electoral College Oregon casts seven votes Oregon has supported Democratic candidates in the last nine elections Democratic incumbent Barack Obama won the state by a margin of twelve percentage points with over 54 of the popular vote in 2012 In the 2016 election Hillary Clinton won Oregon by 11 percentage points 238 In the 2020 election Joe Biden won Oregon by 16 percentage points over his opponent Donald Trump 239 In a 2020 study Oregon was ranked as the easiest state for citizens to vote in 240 Sports EditSee also Sports in Portland Oregon The Moda Center formerly the Rose Garden during a Portland Trail Blazers game Oregon is home to three major professional sports teams the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA the Portland Thorns FC of the NWSL and the Portland Timbers of MLS 241 Until 2011 the only major professional sports team in Oregon was the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association From the 1970s to the 1990s the Blazers were one of the most successful teams in the NBA in terms of both win loss record and attendance 242 In the early 21st century the team s popularity declined due to personnel and financial issues but revived after the departure of controversial players and the acquisition of new players such as Brandon Roy and LaMarcus Aldridge and still later Damian Lillard 243 244 The Blazers play in the Moda Center in Portland s Lloyd District which also is home to the Portland Winterhawks of the junior Western Hockey League 245 The Portland Timbers play at Providence Park just west of downtown Portland The Timbers have a strong following with the team regularly selling out its games 246 The Timbers repurposed the formerly multi use stadium into a soccer specific stadium in fall 2010 increasing the seating in the process 247 The Timbers operate Portland Thorns FC a women s soccer team that has played in the National Women s Soccer League since the league s first season in 2013 The Thorns who also play at Providence Park have won two league championships in the inaugural 2013 season and also in 2017 and have been by far the NWSL s attendance leader in each of the league s seasons Providence Park during a Portland Thorns FC match Eugene and Hillsboro have minor league baseball teams the Eugene Emeralds and the Hillsboro Hops both play in the High A High A West 248 Portland has had minor league baseball teams in the past including the Portland Beavers and Portland Rockies who played most recently at Providence Park when it was known as PGE Park Salem also previously had a Class A Short Season Northwest League team the Salem Keizer Volcanoes that was not included in the 2021 Minor League Baseball reorganization The Volcanoes ownership later formed the amateur Mavericks Independent Baseball League which is fully based in Salem 249 The Oregon State Beavers and the University of Oregon Ducks football teams of the Pac 12 Conference meet annually in the Oregon Oregon State football rivalry Both schools have had recent success in other sports as well Oregon State won back to back college baseball championships in 2006 and 2007 250 winning a third in 2018 251 and the University of Oregon won back to back NCAA men s cross country championships in 2007 and 2008 252 Sister regions EditFujian Province People s Republic of China 253 Taiwan Province Republic of China Taiwan 253 Toyama Prefecture Japan 253 254 Jeollanam do Province Republic of Korea South Korea 253 254 Iraqi Kurdistan Iraq 255 See also Edit Oregon portal United States portalOutline of Oregon organized list of topics about Oregon Index of Oregon related articles Bibliography of Oregon history Tax Fairness Oregon Pacific Northwest portalNotes Edit Mount Hood Highest Point NGS Data Sheet National Geodetic Survey National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of Commerce Retrieved October 24 2011 a b Elevations and Distances in the United States United States Geological Survey 2001 Archived from the original on October 15 2011 Retrieved October 24 2011 Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 a b 2020 Census Apportionment Results Table 2 Resident Population for the 50 States the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico 2020 Census United States Census Bureau April 30 2021 Archived from the original on April 26 2021 Retrieved April 26 2021 a b Median Annual Household Income The Henry J Kaiser Foundation Archived from the original on February 9 2023 Retrieved February 9 2023 Hall Calvin January 30 2007 English as Oregon s official language It could happen The Oregon Daily Emerald Archived from the original on January 17 2013 Retrieved May 8 2007 Oregon State Symbols Hydropower to Motto Oregon Secretary of State Archived from the original on April 23 2021 Retrieved May 10 2021 Wells John C 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed Longman ISBN 978 1 4058 8118 0 United States Census Bureau Census QuickFacts Salem Oregon United States Jewell amp McRae 2014 p 4 a b Beale Bob April 10 2003 Humungous fungus world s largest organism Environment amp Nature News ABC Archived from the original on December 31 2006 Retrieved December 9 2016 a b Forest Land Protection Program Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Archived from the original on July 8 2018 Retrieved November 7 2016 2022 Shareholder Letter for Nike Inc PDF Nike Inc Archived from the original PDF on February 9 2023 Retrieved February 13 2023 Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes 1988 p 149 Johnson 1904 p 51 Oregon Blue Book Oregon Almanac Mountains to National Wildlife Refuges Archived from the original on October 24 2018 Retrieved October 23 2018 Where does the name Oregon come from Archived October 24 2018 at the Wayback Machine from the online edition of the Oregon Blue Book Elliott 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