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Sindhi language

Sindhi (English pronunciation: /ˈsɪndi/;[4] Sindhi: سنڌي, Sindhi pronunciation: [sɪndʱiː]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official status. It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language, without any state-level official status. The main writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used.

Sindhi
Sindi
سنڌي
Sindhi written in Perso-Arabic script
Native toPakistan and India
RegionSindh and neighbouring regions
EthnicitySindhis
Native speakers
c. 32 million (2017)[1]
Perso-Arabic (Naskh), Devanagari (India) and others
Official status
Official language in
 Pakistan  India[a][b]
Regulated by
Language codes
ISO 639-1sd
ISO 639-2snd
ISO 639-3snd
Glottologsind1272  Sindhi
Linguasphere59-AAF-f
The proportion of people with Sindhi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Sindhi is not in the category of endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Sindhi has an attested history from the 10th century CE. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following the Umayyad conquest in 712 CE. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947.

History

 
Cover of a book containing the epic Dodo Chanesar written in Hatvanki Sindhi or Khudabadi script.

Origins

The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu, the original name of the Indus River, along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.[5]

Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) via Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa, corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.[6]

Early Sindhi (10th–16th centuries)

Sindhi entered the New Indo-Aryan stage around the 10th century CE.[citation needed] However, literary attestation of Sindhi from this period is sparse; early Isma'ili religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati. Much of this work is in the form of ginans (a kind of devotional hymn).[7][8]

Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with Arabic and Persian following the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE. According to Sindhi tradition, the first translation of the Quran into Sindhi was initiated in 883 CE in Mansura, Sindh. This is corroborated by the accounts of Al-Ramhormuzi but it is unclear whether the language of translation was actually a predecessor to Sindhi, nor is the text preserved.[9]

Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)

Medieval Sindhi religious literature comprises a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry, the latter in the devotional bhakti tradition. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi (c. 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.[7]

Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times. These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mahiwal, Momal Rano, Noori Jam Tamachi, Lilan Chanesar, and others.[10] The greatest poet of Sindhi was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. He weaved Sindhi folktales with Sufi mysticism.

The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.[11]

Modern Sindhi (1843–present)

Sindh was occupied by the British army and was annexed with the Bombay Presidency in 1843. Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of Persian. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents.[12] In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature.

The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh.[10]

The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan, commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s.[13]

The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.[14]

Geographic distribution

In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for 62% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan,[15] especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela, Kachhi, Sibi, Jafarabad, Jhal Magsi, and Nasirabad.

In India, there were a total of 1.68 million speakers according to the 2011 census. The states with the largest numbers were Maharashtra (558,000), Rajasthan (354,000), Gujarat (321,000), and Madhya Pradesh (244,000).[16][c]

Official status

Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh[2][3] and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.[17]

Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.[18][19][20][21] The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh.[22] According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language.[23] Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah, and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught.[24] Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.[25]

The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in India, making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian state of Rajasthan.[26]

There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, Sindh TV, Awaz Television Network, Mehran TV, and Dharti TV.

Dialects

Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighbouring languages such as Saraiki and Gujarati. Some of the dialects are:[27][28][29][30]

  • Vicholi: The prestige dialect spoken around Hyderabad and central Sindh (the Vicolo region). The literary standard of Sindhi is based on this dialect.
  • Uttaradi: spoken in Uttar region meaning north in sindhi, with small differences in Larkana, Shikarpur and in parts of Sukkur and Kandiaro.[31]
  • Lari: The dialect of southern Sindh (Lāṛu) spoken around areas like Karachi and Sujawal.
  • Siroli or Siraiki: The dialect of northern most Sindh (Siro) means head in Sindhi.[32] Spoken in all over sindh but majority is in Jacobabad and Kashmore, it has little similarity with the Saraiki language of South Punjab[33] and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.[34]
  • Lasi: The dialect of Lasbela District in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with Balochi.
  • Firaqi Sindhi: spoken in north eastern districts of balochistan, where it is referred to as firaqi sindhi or commonly just sindhi.[35]
  • Kutchi: is a dialect of Sindhi, spoken in kutch district of gujarat,[36] over time, Kutchi has borrowed vocabulary from Gujarati.
  • Dhatki/Dhatti/Thareli: A dialect of sindhi spoken in Tharparkar, Umerkot in Pakistan[37] and Jaisalmer and Barmer in India.[38][30]
  • Jadgali: is a dialect of Sindhi most closely related to Lasi, Jadgali is spoken in Balochistan and Iran.[39]
  • Sindhi Bhil: It is a dialect spoken in Sindh by meghwars and bheels,[40] Sindhi Bhil is known to have many old Sindhi words, which were lost after Arabic, Persian, and Chaghatai influence.[41]

Phonology

Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other languages. Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 16 vowels. The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8.[42] All plosives, affricates, nasals, the retroflex flap, and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives.

Consonants

Sindhi consonants[43]
Labial Dental/
alveolar
Retroflex (Alveolo-)
Palatal
Velar Glottal
Nasal m م
مھ
n ن
نھ
ɳ ڻ
ɳʱ ڻھ
ɲ ڃ
 
ŋ ڱ
 
Stop/
Affricate
p پ
ڦ
b ب
ڀ
ت
ٿ
د
ڌ
ʈ ٽ
ʈʰ ٺ
ɖ ڊ
ɖʱ ڍ
چ
tɕʰ ڇ
ج
dʑʱ جھ
k ڪ
ک
ɡ گ
ɡʱ گھ
Implosive ɓ ٻ ɗ ڏ ʄ ڄ ɠ ڳ
Fricative f ف s س z ز ʂ ش x خ ɣ غ h ھ
Approximant ʋ و
 
l ل
لھ
j ي
 
Rhotic r ر
 
ɽ ڙ
ɽʱ ڙھ

The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue,[44] so they could be transcribed [t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠, d̠ʱ n̠ n̠ʱ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ʱ] in phonetic transcription. The affricates /tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/ are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if /ɲ/ is similar, or truly palatal.[45] /ʋ/ is realized as labiovelar [w] or labiodental [ʋ] in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop.

 
The vowel phonemes of Sindhi on a vowel chart

Vowels

The vowels are modal length /i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/ and short /ɪ ʊ ə/. Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: /pət̪o/ [pət̪ˑoː] 'leaf' vs. /pɑt̪o/ [pɑːt̪oː] 'worn'.

Vocabulary

According to historian Nabi Bux Baloch, most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient Sanskrit. However, owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent, Sindhi has adapted many words from Persian and Arabic. It has also borrowed from English and Hindustani. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by Urdu, with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi, with more borrowed tatsam Sanskrit elements.[46][47]

Writing systems

Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the Perso-Arabic script with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use, including Devanagari, Khudabadi, Khojki, and Gurmukhi.[48] Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.[49]

The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.[14] Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of Devanagari and Laṇḍā scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a Perso-Arabic script developed by Abul-Hasan as-Sindi and Gurmukhi (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.[50][51] During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.[52]

Laṇḍā scripts

Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as Gurmukhi, Khojki, and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi.

Khudabadi

Khudabadi
or Sindhi
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Sind (318), ​Khudawadi, Sindhi
Unicode
Unicode alias
Khudawadi
U+112B0–U+112FF

The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated.

The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the Partition of India in 1947.[53]

                   
ə a ɪ i ʊ e ɛ o ɔ
           
k ɡ ɠ ɡʱ ŋ
           
c ɟ ʄ ɟʱ ɲ
             
ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɗ ɽ ɳ
         
t d n
           
p f b ɓ m
       
j r l ʋ
     
ʂ s h

Khojki

Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.[54][55]

Gurmukhi

The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.[53][54]

Perso-Arabic script

During British rule in India, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters (ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.

جهہ ڄ ج پ ث ٺ ٽ ٿ ت ڀ ٻ ب ا
ɟʱ ʄ ɟ p s ʈʰ ʈ t ɓ b ɑː ʔ
ڙ ر ذ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ د خ ح ڇ چ ڃ
ɽ r z ɖʱ ɖ ɗ d x h c ɲ
ڪ ق ڦ ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز
k q f ɣ ɑː ʔ z t z s ʂ s z
ي ء ھ و ڻ ن م ل ڱ گهہ ڳ گ ک
j ʔ h ʋ ʊ ɔː ɳ n m l ŋ ɡʱ ɠ ɡ
 
Farsi (perso-Arabic) or Shikarpuri Sindhi.

Devanagari script

In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.[54] A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.[56] Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and dots called nukta are used to form other additional consonants.

ə a ɪ i ʊ e ɛ o ɔ
ख़ ग़
k x ɡ ɠ ɣ ɡʱ ŋ
ज़
c ɟ ʄ z ɟʱ ɲ
ड़ ढ़
ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɗ ɽ ɖʱ ɽʱ ɳ
t d n
फ़ ॿ
p f b ɓ m
j r l ʋ
ʂ ʂ s h

Roman Sindhi

The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.[57][58]

Advocacy

  • Sindhi language was made the official language of Sindh according to 1972 Sindhi Language Bill.
  • All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill

Software

By 2001, Abdul-Majid Bhurgri[failed verification] had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in the form of the Perso-Arabic Sindhi script which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world.[59]

In June 2014, the Khudabadi script of the Sindhi language was added to Unicode, However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ It is one of 22 Eighth Schedule languages for which the Constitution mandates development.
  2. ^ In India, there were a total of 1.68 million speakers according to the 2011 census. The states with the largest numbers were Maharashtra (558,000), Rajasthan (354,000), Gujarat (321,000), and Madhya Pradesh (244,000).
  3. ^ This is the number of people who identified their language as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like Kutchi.

References

  1. ^ 30.26 million in Pakistan (2017 census), 1.68 million in India (2011 census).
  2. ^ a b Majeed, Gulshan. "Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan" (PDF). Journal of Political Studies. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  3. ^ a b "Encyclopædia Britannica". Sindhi Language. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  4. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  5. ^ "Sindhi". The Languages Gulper. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  6. ^ Wadhwani, Y. K. (1981). "The Origin of the Sindhi Language" (PDF). Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute. 40: 192–201. JSTOR 42931119. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  7. ^ a b Christopher Shackle, Sindhi literature at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  8. ^ "Sacred Literature-Ginans". Ismaili.NET. Heritage Society. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  9. ^ Schimmel, Annemarie (1963). "Translations and Commentaries of the Qur'ān in Sindhi Language". Oriens. 16: 224–243. doi:10.2307/1580264. JSTOR 1580264. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  10. ^ a b Schimmel, Annemarie (1971). "Sindhi Literature". Mahfil. 7 (1/2): 71–80. JSTOR 40874414.
  11. ^ . Imamreza.net. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  12. ^ Memon, Naseer (April 13, 2014). . The News on Sunday. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  13. ^ Levesque, Julien (2021). "Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the "Idea of Sindh"". Journal of Sindhi Studies. 1 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1163/26670925-bja10001. S2CID 246560343. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  14. ^ a b "Sindhi language | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  15. ^ "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". Dawn. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2022. The numbers have been calculate based on the percentages and the population totals. For example, the figure of 30.26 million is calculated from the reported 14.57% for the speakers of Sindhi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.
  16. ^ Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011". Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  17. ^ "Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution". Department of Official Language, Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  18. ^ Language and Politics in Pakistan. "The Sindhi Language Movement". academia.edu. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  19. ^ . NAWAIWAQT GROUP OF NEWSPAPERS. September 10, 2015. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  20. ^ "Microsoft Word - Teaching of Sindhi & Sindhi ethnicity.doc" (PDF). Apnaorg.com. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
  21. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
  22. ^ Samar, Azeem (13 March 2019). "PA resolution calls for teaching Sindhi as compulsory subject in private schools". The News International. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  23. ^ PakistanToday (25 September 2018). "Sindhi to be made compulsory in all private schools across province | Pakistan Today". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  24. ^ "Private schools directed to make Sindhi compulsory subject". Dawn. 2018-09-25. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  25. ^ "Sindh private schools told to teach Sindhi as compulsory subject". Samaa TV. 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  26. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
  27. ^ Sindhi language at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)  
  28. ^ Austin, Peter; Austin, Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics Peter K. (2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520255609.
  29. ^ Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126003655.
  30. ^ a b Grierson, George A. (1919). "Sindhi". Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. VIII North-western group. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
  31. ^ "Uttaradi". 1919.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ^ Shackle 2007, p. 114.
  33. ^ Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
  34. ^ Rahman, Tariq (1995). "The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan". Language Problems & Language Planning. 19 (1): 3. doi:10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah.
  35. ^ "Firaqi Sindhi". Indus Asia Online Journal. 30-11-2016. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ^ Jay जय (Aug 4, 2009). "Kutchi Language".
  37. ^ Laghari, Inayat Hussain (December 2005). "Dhatki/Thareli". ResearchGate. Retrieved 31 Dec 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ "Thareli". Global Recordings Network. Retrieved 31 December 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ^ . Ethnologue.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ "Sindhi bhil language". LotsOfEssays.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ^ "Sindhi Bhil". Global Recordings Network.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ^ Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  43. ^ Nihalani, Paroo (December 1, 1995). "Illustration of the IPA – Sindhi". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 25 (2): 95–98. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005235. S2CID 249410954.
  44. ^ Nihalani 1974, p. 207.
  45. ^ The IPA Handbook uses the symbols c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ, but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83) confirm a transcription of [t̠ɕ, t̠ɕʰ, d̠ʑ, d̠ʑʱ] and further remarks that "/ʄ/ is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).
  46. ^ Cole (2001:652–653)
  47. ^ Khubchandani (2003:624–625)
  48. ^ Nair, Manoj R. (2018-07-30). "The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  49. ^ "Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization". Geo News. Dec 7, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ^ Khubchandani (2003:633)
  51. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-05-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  52. ^ Cole (2001:648)
  53. ^ a b . Sindhilanguage.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  54. ^ a b c "Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Std.dkuug.dk. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  55. ^ "Final Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Std.dkuug.dk. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  56. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  57. ^ "Romanized Sindhi is teaching reading speaking writing sindhi language globally under alliance of sindhi association of Americas Inc". Romanizedsindhi.org. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  58. ^ "CHOICE OF SCRIPT FOR OUR SINDHI LANGUAGE". Chandiramani.com. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  59. ^ Ismaili, Imdad Ali (2011). "Design & Development of the Graphical User Interface for Sindhi Language". Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. The idea is to provide a software platform to the people of Sindh as well as Sindhi diasporas living across the globe to make use of computing for basic tasks such as editing, composition, formatting, and printing of documents in Sindhi by using GUISL. The implementation of the GUISL has been done in the Java technology to make the system platform independent.

Sources

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  • Khubchandani, Lachman M (2003). "Sindhi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 622–658. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  • Shackle, Christopher (2007). "Pakistan". In Simpson, Andrew (ed.). Language and national identity in Asia. Oxford linguistics Y. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922648-1.
  • Trumpp, Ernest (1872). Grammar of the Sindhi Language. London: Trübner and Co. ISBN 81-206-0100-9.
  • Chopra, R. M (2013). "Persian in Sindh". The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Iran Culture House. OCLC 909254259.

External links

  • Sindhi Language Authority
  • Sindhi Dictionary
  • at the Wayback Machine (archived August 31, 2015)
  • Mewaram's 1910 Sindhi-English dictionary

sindhi, language, confused, with, hindi, sindhi, english, pronunciation, sindhi, سنڌي, sindhi, pronunciation, sɪndʱiː, indo, aryan, language, spoken, about, million, people, pakistani, province, sindh, where, official, status, also, spoken, further, million, p. Not to be confused with Hindi Sindhi English pronunciation ˈ s ɪ n d i 4 Sindhi سنڌي Sindhi pronunciation sɪndʱiː is an Indo Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh where it has official status It is also spoken by a further 1 7 million people in India where it is a scheduled language without any state level official status The main writing system is the Perso Arabic script which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan In India both the Perso Arabic script and Devanagari are used SindhiSindiسنڌيSindhi written in Perso Arabic scriptNative toPakistan and IndiaRegionSindh and neighbouring regionsEthnicitySindhisNative speakersc 32 million 2017 1 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanNorthwesternSindhi languagesSindhiWriting systemPerso Arabic Naskh Devanagari India and othersOfficial statusOfficial language in Pakistan Sindh 2 3 India a b Regulated bySindhi Language Authority Pakistan National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language India Language codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks sd span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks snd span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code snd class extiw title iso639 3 snd snd a Glottologsind1272 SindhiLinguasphere59 AAF fThe proportion of people with Sindhi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan CensusSindhi is not in the category of endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in DangerThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Part of a series onConstitutionally recognised languages of IndiaCategory22 Official Languages of the Indian RepublicAssamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Marathi Meitei Manipuri Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu UrduRelatedEighth Schedule to the Constitution of India Official Languages Commission List of languages by number of native speakers in India Asia portal India portal Language portal Politics portalThis article contains Sindhi text written from right to left with some letters joined Without proper rendering support you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Sindhi script Sindhi has an attested history from the 10th century CE Sindhi was one of the first Indo Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following the Umayyad conquest in 712 CE A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843 which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Early Sindhi 10th 16th centuries 1 3 Medieval Sindhi 16th 19th centuries 1 4 Modern Sindhi 1843 present 2 Geographic distribution 3 Official status 4 Dialects 5 Phonology 5 1 Consonants 5 2 Vowels 6 Vocabulary 7 Writing systems 7 1 Laṇḍa scripts 7 1 1 Khudabadi 7 1 2 Khojki 7 1 3 Gurmukhi 7 2 Perso Arabic script 7 3 Devanagari script 7 4 Roman Sindhi 8 Advocacy 8 1 Software 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 External linksHistory Cover of a book containing the epic Dodo Chanesar written in Hatvanki Sindhi or Khudabadi script Origins The name Sindhi is derived from the Sanskrit sindhu the original name of the Indus River along whose delta Sindhi is spoken 5 Like other languages of the Indo Aryan family Sindhi is descended from Old Indo Aryan Sanskrit via Middle Indo Aryan Pali secondary Prakrits and Apabhramsha 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vracaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu desa corresponding to modern Sindh but later work has shown this to be unlikely 6 Early Sindhi 10th 16th centuries Sindhi entered the New Indo Aryan stage around the 10th century CE citation needed However literary attestation of Sindhi from this period is sparse early Isma ili religious literature and poetry in India as old as the 11th century CE used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati Much of this work is in the form of ginans a kind of devotional hymn 7 8 Sindhi was the first Indo Aryan language to be in close contact with Arabic and Persian following the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE According to Sindhi tradition the first translation of the Quran into Sindhi was initiated in 883 CE in Mansura Sindh This is corroborated by the accounts of Al Ramhormuzi but it is unclear whether the language of translation was actually a predecessor to Sindhi nor is the text preserved 9 Medieval Sindhi 16th 19th centuries Medieval Sindhi religious literature comprises a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry the latter in the devotional bhakti tradition The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan 1493 1551 Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi c 1613 1701 and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri 1538 1623 These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period 7 Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun Sohni Mahiwal Momal Rano Noori Jam Tamachi Lilan Chanesar and others 10 The greatest poet of Sindhi was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai 1689 1690 1752 whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers He weaved Sindhi folktales with Sufi mysticism The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi 1747 1824 and published in Gujarat in 1870 The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867 11 Modern Sindhi 1843 present Sindh was occupied by the British army and was annexed with the Bombay Presidency in 1843 Soon after in 1848 Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province removing the literary dominance of Persian Sir Bartle Frere the then commissioner of Sindh issued orders on August 29 1857 advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents 12 In 1868 the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region A powerful unrest followed after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867 These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh 10 The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan commencing a push to establish a strong sub national linguistic identity for Sindhi This manifested in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s 13 The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi 14 Geographic distributionIn Pakistan Sindhi is the first language of 30 26 million people or 14 6 of the country s population as of the 2017 census 29 5 million of these are found in Sindh where they account for 62 of the total population of the province There are 0 56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan 15 especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela Kachhi Sibi Jafarabad Jhal Magsi and Nasirabad In India there were a total of 1 68 million speakers according to the 2011 census The states with the largest numbers were Maharashtra 558 000 Rajasthan 354 000 Gujarat 321 000 and Madhya Pradesh 244 000 16 c Official statusSindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh 2 3 and one of the scheduled languages of India where it does not have any state level status 17 Prior to the inception of Pakistan Sindhi was the national language of Sindh 18 19 20 21 The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh 22 According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B Regulations and Control 2005 Rules All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language 23 Sindh Education and Literacy Minister Syed Sardar Ali Shah and Secretary of School Education Qazi Shahid Pervaiz have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught 24 Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system 25 The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in India making it an option for education Despite lacking any state level status Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian state of Rajasthan 26 There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News KTN Sindh TV Awaz Television Network Mehran TV and Dharti TV DialectsSindhi has many dialects and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighbouring languages such as Saraiki and Gujarati Some of the dialects are 27 28 29 30 Vicholi The prestige dialect spoken around Hyderabad and central Sindh the Vicolo region The literary standard of Sindhi is based on this dialect Uttaradi spoken in Uttar region meaning north in sindhi with small differences in Larkana Shikarpur and in parts of Sukkur and Kandiaro 31 Lari The dialect of southern Sindh Laṛu spoken around areas like Karachi and Sujawal Siroli or Siraiki The dialect of northern most Sindh Siro means head in Sindhi 32 Spoken in all over sindh but majority is in Jacobabad and Kashmore it has little similarity with the Saraiki language of South Punjab 33 and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi 34 Lasi The dialect of Lasbela District in Balochistan closely related to Lari and Vicholi and in contact with Balochi Firaqi Sindhi spoken in north eastern districts of balochistan where it is referred to as firaqi sindhi or commonly just sindhi 35 Kutchi is a dialect of Sindhi spoken in kutch district of gujarat 36 over time Kutchi has borrowed vocabulary from Gujarati Dhatki Dhatti Thareli A dialect of sindhi spoken in Tharparkar Umerkot in Pakistan 37 and Jaisalmer and Barmer in India 38 30 Jadgali is a dialect of Sindhi most closely related to Lasi Jadgali is spoken in Balochistan and Iran 39 Sindhi Bhil It is a dialect spoken in Sindh by meghwars and bheels 40 Sindhi Bhil is known to have many old Sindhi words which were lost after Arabic Persian and Chaghatai influence 41 PhonologySindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other languages Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 16 vowels The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world s languages at 2 8 42 All plosives affricates nasals the retroflex flap and the lateral approximant l have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts The language also features four implosives Consonants Sindhi consonants 43 Labial Dental alveolar Retroflex Alveolo Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m م mʱ مھ n ن nʱ نھ ɳ ڻ ɳʱ ڻھ ɲ ڃ ŋ ڱ Stop Affricate p پ pʰ ڦ b ب bʱ ڀ t ت tʰ ٿ d د dʱ ڌ ʈ ٽ ʈʰ ٺ ɖ ڊ ɖʱ ڍ tɕ چ tɕʰ ڇ dʑ ج dʑʱ جھ k ڪ kʰ ک ɡ گ ɡʱ گھImplosive ɓ ٻ ɗ ڏ ʄ ڄ ɠ ڳFricative f ف s س z ز ʂ ش x خ ɣ غ h ھApproximant ʋ و l ل lʱ لھ j ي Rhotic r ر ɽ ڙ ɽʱ ڙھThe retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue 44 so they could be transcribed t t ʰ d d ʱ n n ʱ ɾ ɾ ʱ in phonetic transcription The affricates tɕ tɕʰ dʑ dʑʱ are laminal post alveolars with a relatively short release It is not clear if ɲ is similar or truly palatal 45 ʋ is realized as labiovelar w or labiodental ʋ in free variation but is not common except before a stop The vowel phonemes of Sindhi on a vowel chart Vowels Front Central BackClose i uNear close ɪ ʊClose mid e oMid eOpen mid ɔOpen ae ɑThe vowels are modal length i e ae ɑ ɔ o u and short ɪ ʊ e Consonants following short vowels are lengthened pet o pet ˑoː leaf vs pɑt o pɑːt oː worn VocabularyAccording to historian Nabi Bux Baloch most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient Sanskrit However owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent Sindhi has adapted many words from Persian and Arabic It has also borrowed from English and Hindustani Today Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by Urdu with more borrowed Perso Arabic elements while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi with more borrowed tatsam Sanskrit elements 46 47 Writing systemsSindhis in Pakistan use a version of the Perso Arabic script with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use including Devanagari Khudabadi Khojki and Gurmukhi 48 Perso Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier 49 The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century 14 Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography numerous forms of Devanagari and Laṇḍa scripts were used for trading For literary and religious purposes a Perso Arabic script developed by Abul Hasan as Sindi and Gurmukhi a subset of Laṇḍa were used Another two scripts Khudabadi and Shikarpuri were reforms of the Landa script 50 51 During British rule in the late 19th century the Perso Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari 52 Laṇḍa scripts Laṇḍa based scripts such as Gurmukhi Khojki and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi Khudabadi Khudabadior SindhiISO 15924ISO 15924Sind 318 Khudawadi SindhiUnicodeUnicode aliasKhudawadiUnicode rangeU 112B0 U 112FFThe Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the Partition of India in 1947 53 e a ɪ i ʊ uː e ɛ o ɔ k kʰ ɡ ɠ ɡʱ ŋ c cʰ ɟ ʄ ɟʱ ɲ ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɗ ɽ ṛ ɳ t tʰ d dʱ n p pʰ f b ɓ bʱ m j r l ʋ ʂ s h Khojki Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects 54 55 Gurmukhi The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi mainly in India by Hindus 53 54 Perso Arabic script During British rule in India a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century The script is used in Pakistan and India today It has a total of 52 letters augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo Aryan languages Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi جهہ ڄ ج پ ث ٺ ٽ ٿ ت ڀ ٻ ب اɟʱ ʄ ɟ p s ʈʰ ʈ tʰ t bʱ ɓ b ɑː ʔ ڙ ر ذ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ د خ ح ڇ چ ڃɽ r z ɖʱ ɖ ɗ dʱ d x h cʰ c ɲڪ ق ڦ ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س زk q pʰ f ɣ ɑː oː eː ʔ z t z s ʂ s zي ء ھ و ڻ ن م ل ڱ گهہ ڳ گ کj iː ʔ h ʋ ʊ oː ɔː uː ɳ n m l ŋ ɡʱ ɠ ɡ kʰ Farsi perso Arabic or Shikarpuri Sindhi Devanagari script In India the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi 54 A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948 however it did not gain full acceptance so both the Sindhi Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used In India a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script 56 Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants and dots called nukta are used to form other additional consonants अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औe a ɪ i ʊ uː e ɛ o ɔक ख ख ग ॻ ग घ ङk kʰ x ɡ ɠ ɣ ɡʱ ŋच छ ज ॼ ज झ ञc cʰ ɟ ʄ z ɟʱ ɲट ठ ड ॾ ड ढ ढ णʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɗ ɽ ɖʱ ɽʱ ɳत थ द ध नt tʰ d dʱ nप फ फ ब ॿ भ मp pʰ f b ɓ bʱ mय र ल वj r l ʋश ष स हʂ ʂ s hRoman Sindhi See also Romanisation of Sindhi The Sindhi Roman script or Roman Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones 57 58 AdvocacySindhi language was made the official language of Sindh according to 1972 Sindhi Language Bill All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the billSoftware By 2001 Abdul Majid Bhurgri failed verification had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode based Software in the form of the Perso Arabic Sindhi script which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world 59 In June 2014 the Khudabadi script of the Sindhi language was added to Unicode However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices See also Languages portal1972 Sindhi Language Bill Institute of Sindhology Sindhi Transliteration Languages of India Languages of Pakistan Languages with official status in India List of Sindhi language films Provincial languages of Pakistan Sindhi literature Sindhi poetryNotes It is one of 22 Eighth Schedule languages for which the Constitution mandates development In India there were a total of 1 68 million speakers according to the 2011 census The states with the largest numbers were Maharashtra 558 000 Rajasthan 354 000 Gujarat 321 000 and Madhya Pradesh 244 000 This is the number of people who identified their language as Sindhi it does not include speakers of related languages like Kutchi References 30 26 million in Pakistan 2017 census 1 68 million in India 2011 census a b Majeed Gulshan Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan PDF Journal of Political Studies Retrieved December 27 2013 a b Encyclopaedia Britannica Sindhi Language Retrieved December 29 2013 Laurie Bauer 2007 The Linguistics Student s Handbook Edinburgh Sindhi The Languages Gulper Retrieved January 29 2013 Wadhwani Y K 1981 The Origin of the Sindhi Language PDF Bulletin of the Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute 40 192 201 JSTOR 42931119 Retrieved 9 April 2021 a b Christopher Shackle Sindhi literature at the Encyclopaedia Britannica Sacred Literature Ginans Ismaili NET Heritage Society Retrieved 2 August 2022 Schimmel Annemarie 1963 Translations and Commentaries of the Qur an in Sindhi Language Oriens 16 224 243 doi 10 2307 1580264 JSTOR 1580264 Retrieved 30 July 2022 a b Schimmel Annemarie 1971 Sindhi Literature Mahfil 7 1 2 71 80 JSTOR 40874414 The Holy Qur an and its Translators Imam Reza A S Network Imamreza net Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 Retrieved 29 March 2015 Memon Naseer April 13 2014 The language link The News on Sunday Archived from the original on April 13 2014 Retrieved April 13 2014 Levesque Julien 2021 Beyond Success or Failure Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the Idea of Sindh Journal of Sindhi Studies 1 1 1 33 doi 10 1163 26670925 bja10001 S2CID 246560343 Retrieved 2 August 2022 a b Sindhi language Britannica Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 6 October 2022 CCI defers approval of census results until elections Dawn 28 May 2018 Retrieved 29 October 2022 The numbers have been calculate based on the percentages and the population totals For example the figure of 30 26 million is calculated from the reported 14 57 for the speakers of Sindhi and the 207 685 million total population of Pakistan Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India C 16 Population by mother tongue India 2011 Retrieved 29 October 2022 Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution Department of Official Language Ministry of Home Affairs Retrieved 2018 04 09 Language and Politics in Pakistan The Sindhi Language Movement academia edu Retrieved 12 September 2015 The Imposition Of Urdu NAWAIWAQT GROUP OF NEWSPAPERS September 10 2015 Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 Retrieved 12 September 2015 Microsoft Word Teaching of Sindhi amp Sindhi ethnicity doc PDF Apnaorg com Retrieved 2018 08 13 The Sindhi Language Movement PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 09 05 Retrieved 2015 09 12 Samar Azeem 13 March 2019 PA resolution calls for teaching Sindhi as compulsory subject in private schools The News International Retrieved 2022 10 06 PakistanToday 25 September 2018 Sindhi to be made compulsory in all private schools across province Pakistan Today Pakistan Today Retrieved 2022 10 06 Private schools directed to make Sindhi compulsory subject Dawn 2018 09 25 Retrieved 2022 10 06 Sindh private schools told to teach Sindhi as compulsory subject Samaa TV 2018 09 24 Retrieved 2022 10 06 National Committee for Linguistic Minorities PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2012 05 13 Retrieved 2018 08 13 Sindhi language at Ethnologue 19th ed 2016 Austin Peter Austin Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics Peter K 2008 One Thousand Languages Living Endangered and Lost University of California Press ISBN 9780520255609 Paniker K Ayyappa 1997 Medieval Indian Literature Surveys and selections Sahitya Akademi ISBN 9788126003655 a b Grierson George A 1919 Sindhi Linguistic Survey of India Vol VIII North western group Calcutta Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing India Uttaradi 1919 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Shackle 2007 p 114 Masica Colin P 1991 The Indo Aryan languages Cambridge language surveys Cambridge University Press p 443 ISBN 978 0 521 23420 7 Rahman Tariq 1995 The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan Language Problems amp Language Planning 19 1 3 doi 10 1075 lplp 19 1 01rah Firaqi Sindhi Indus Asia Online Journal 30 11 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Check date values in date help CS1 maint url status link Jay जय Aug 4 2009 Kutchi Language Laghari Inayat Hussain December 2005 Dhatki Thareli ResearchGate Retrieved 31 Dec 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Thareli Global Recordings Network Retrieved 31 December 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Jadgali Ethnologue a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Sindhi bhil language LotsOfEssays com a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Sindhi Bhil Global Recordings Network a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Nihalani Paroo 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association Sindhi Cambridge Cambridge University Press Nihalani Paroo December 1 1995 Illustration of the IPA Sindhi Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 2 95 98 doi 10 1017 S0025100300005235 S2CID 249410954 Nihalani 1974 p 207 The IPA Handbook uses the symbols c cʰ ɟ ɟʱ but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops but laminal post alveolars with a relatively short release Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 83 confirm a transcription of t ɕ t ɕʰ d ʑ d ʑʱ and further remarks that ʄ is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant caption of table 3 19 Cole 2001 652 653 Khubchandani 2003 624 625 Nair Manoj R 2018 07 30 The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis Hindustan Times Retrieved 2022 10 06 Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization Geo News Dec 7 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Khubchandani 2003 633 Archived copy Archived from the original on 2016 03 07 Retrieved 2016 05 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Cole 2001 648 a b Sindhi Language Script Sindhilanguage com Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 Retrieved 15 May 2012 a b c Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO IEC 10646 PDF Std dkuug dk Retrieved 1 March 2022 Final Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO IEC 10646 PDF Std dkuug dk Retrieved 1 March 2022 UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profile Archived from the original on 2014 10 22 Retrieved 2007 10 06 Romanized Sindhi is teaching reading speaking writing sindhi language globally under alliance of sindhi association of Americas Inc Romanizedsindhi org Retrieved 1 March 2022 CHOICE OF SCRIPT FOR OUR SINDHI LANGUAGE Chandiramani com Retrieved 7 May 2016 Ismaili Imdad Ali 2011 Design amp Development of the Graphical User Interface for Sindhi Language Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology The idea is to provide a software platform to the people of Sindh as well as Sindhi diasporas living across the globe to make use of computing for basic tasks such as editing composition formatting and printing of documents in Sindhi by using GUISL The implementation of the GUISL has been done in the Java technology to make the system platform independent SourcesNihalani Paroo 1974 Lingual Articulation of Stops in Sindhi Phonetica 30 4 197 212 doi 10 1159 000259489 ISSN 1423 0321 PMID 4424983 S2CID 3325314 Addleton and Brown 2010 Sindhi An Introductory Course for English Speakers South Hadley Doorlight Publications Archived from the original on 2010 08 28 Retrieved 2010 03 18 Bughio M Qasim January June 2006 Maniscalco Fabio Maniscalco ed The Diachronic Sociolinguistic Situation in Sindh Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony 1 Cole Jennifer S 2001 Sindhi In Garry Jane Rubino Carl eds Facts About the World s Languages H W Wilson pp 647 653 ISBN 0 8242 0970 2 International Phonetic Association 1999 ISBN 0 521 63751 1 Khubchandani Lachman M 2003 Sindhi In Cardona George Jain Dhanesh eds The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge pp 622 658 ISBN 978 0 415 77294 5 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19815 4 Shackle Christopher 2007 Pakistan In Simpson Andrew ed Language and national identity in Asia Oxford linguistics Y Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 922648 1 Trumpp Ernest 1872 Grammar of the Sindhi Language London Trubner and Co ISBN 81 206 0100 9 Chopra R M 2013 Persian in Sindh The rise growth and decline of Indo Persian literature 2nd ed New Delhi Iran Culture House OCLC 909254259 External links Sindhi edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sindhi phrasebook Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sindhi language Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article about Sindhi language Sindhi Language Authority Sindhi Dictionary All about Sindhi language and culture at the Wayback Machine archived August 31 2015 Mewaram s 1910 Sindhi English dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sindhi language amp oldid 1130774147, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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