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Wikipedia

American Airlines

April 08, 2023

This article is about the one specific US-based airline named "American Airlines". For its parent company, see American Airlines Group. For a full list of all US-based airlines, see List of airlines of the United States.

American Airlines is a major US-based airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, within the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. It is the largest airline in the world when measured by fleet size, scheduled passengers carried, and revenue passenger mile. American, together with its regional partners and affiliates, operates an extensive international and domestic network with almost 6,800 flights per day to nearly 350 destinations in more than 50 countries.[8] American Airlines is a founding member of the Oneworld alliance, the third-largest airline alliance in the world. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the brand name American Eagle.[9]

American Airlines, Inc.
IATA ICAO Callsign
AA[1] AAL[1] AMERICAN[2]
FoundedApril 15, 1926; 96 years ago (1926-04-15)
(as American Airways, Inc.)[3]
Commenced operationsJune 25, 1936; 86 years ago (1936-06-25)
AOC #AALA025A[4]
Hubs
Frequent-flyer programAAdvantage
AllianceOneworld
Fleet size937 (mainline)
Destinations350[5]
Parent companyAmerican Airlines Group
HeadquartersFort Worth, Texas, U.S.[6]
Key people
Employees123,400 (2021)[7]
Websiteaa.com

American Airlines and American Eagle operate out of 10 hubs, with Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) being its largest. The airline handles more than 200 million passengers annually with an average of more than 500,000 passengers daily. As of 2021, the company employs 123,400 staff members.[7]

History

Main article: History of American Airlines
 
DC-3 "Flagship", American's chief aircraft type during the World War II period
 
"Think of her as your mother", an American Airlines advertisement of flight attendants from 1968.

American Airlines was started in 1930 via a union of more than eighty small airlines.[10] The two organizations from which American Airlines was originated were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport. The former was first created in Missouri in 1921, with both being merged in 1929 into holding company The Aviation Corporation. This, in turn, was made in 1930 into an operating company and rebranded as American Airways. In 1934, when new laws and attrition of mail contracts forced many airlines to reorganize, the corporation redid its routes into a connected system and was renamed American Airlines. Between 1970 and 2000, the company grew into being an international carrier, purchasing Trans World Airlines in 2001.[11]

American had a direct role in the development of the DC-3, which resulted from a marathon telephone call from American Airlines CEO C. R. Smith to Douglas Aircraft Company founder Donald Wills Douglas Sr., when Smith persuaded a reluctant Douglas to design a sleeper aircraft based on the DC-2 to replace American's Curtiss Condor II biplanes. (The existing DC-2's cabin was 66 inches (1.7 m) wide, too narrow for side-by-side berths.) Douglas agreed to go ahead with development only after Smith informed him of American's intention to purchase 20 aircraft. The prototype DST (Douglas Sleeper Transport) first flew on December 17, 1935, (the 32nd anniversary of the Wright Brothers' flight at Kitty Hawk). Its cabin was 92 in (2.3 m) wide, and a version with 21 seats instead of the 14–16 sleeping berths of the DST was given the designation DC-3. There was no prototype DC-3; the first DC-3 built followed seven DSTs off the production line and was delivered to American Airlines.[12] American Airlines inaugurated passenger service on June 26, 1936, with simultaneous flights from Newark, New Jersey, and Chicago, Illinois.[13]

 
Passengers exiting plane at the El Paso Airport in 1957

American also had a direct role in the development of the DC-10, which resulted from a specification from American Airlines to manufacturers in 1966 to offer a widebody aircraft that was smaller than the Boeing 747, but capable of flying similar long-range routes from airports with shorter runways. McDonnell Douglas responded with the DC-10 trijet shortly after the two companies' merger.[14] On February 19, 1968, the president of American Airlines, George A. Spater, and James S. McDonnell of McDonnell Douglas announced American's intention to acquire the DC-10. American Airlines ordered 25 DC-10s in its first order.[15][16] The DC-10 made its first flight on August 29, 1970,[17] and received its type certificate from the FAA on July 29, 1971.[18] On August 5, 1971, the DC-10 entered commercial service with American Airlines on a round trip flight between Los Angeles and Chicago.[19]

In 2011, due to a downturn in the airline industry, American Airlines' parent company AMR Corporation filed for bankruptcy protection. In 2013, American Airlines merged with US Airways but kept the American Airlines name, as it was the better-recognized brand internationally; the combination of the two airlines resulted in the creation of the largest airline in the United States, and ultimately the world.[20]

Destinations and hubs

Destinations

Main article: List of American Airlines destinations

As of July 2022, American Airlines flies to 269 domestic destinations and 81 international destinations in 48 countries (as of January 2022) in five continents.[21]

Hubs

 
American operates its largest hub at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport.

American currently operates ten hubs.[22]

  • Charlotte – American's hub for the southeastern United States and secondary Caribbean gateway. Its operations in Concourse E are the largest regional flight operation in the world.[23] American has about 91% of the market share at CLT, making it the largest carrier at the airport.[23] Former US Airways hub.
  • Chicago–O'Hare – American's hub for the Midwest.[24] American has about 35% of the market share at O'Hare, making it the airport's second largest airline after United.[24]
  • Dallas/Fort Worth – American's hub for the southern United States and largest hub overall.[25] American currently has about 87% of the market share at DFW, making it the largest carrier at the airport.[25] American's corporate headquarters are also in Fort Worth near the airport.[25] DFW serves as American's primary Transpacific hub, primary gateway to Mexico, and secondary gateway to Latin America.[25]
  • Los Angeles – American's hub for the West Coast and secondary transpacific gateway.[26] Though American has increasingly reduced its network out of Los Angeles, citing many long-haul international routes as unprofitable, it still maintains a handful of transatlantic and transpacific flights.[27]
  • Miami – American's primary Latin American and Caribbean hub.[28] American has about 68% of the market share at Miami International, making it the largest airline at the airport.[28]
  • New York–JFK – American's primary transatlantic hub.[29] Mostly serves destinations with a lot of business traffic.[30] American has about 12% of the market share at JFK, making it the third largest carrier at the airport behind Delta and JetBlue.[30]
  • New York–LaGuardia – American's second New York hub.[31]
  • Philadelphia – American's primary Northeast domestic hub and secondary transatlantic hub, primarily for London, Paris, and leisure destinations in Western and Southern Europe.[32] American has about 70% of the market share at PHL, making it the airport's largest airline. Former US Airways hub.[32]
  • Phoenix–Sky Harbor – American's Rocky Mountain hub.[33] Currently American has about 33% of the market share at PHX, making it the airport's second-largest airline. Former US Airways hub.[34]
  • Washington–Reagan – American's hub for the capital of the United States. American has about 49% of the market share at DCA, making it the largest carrier at the airport. Former US Airways hub.[35]

Alliance and codeshare agreements

American Airlines is a member of the Oneworld alliance and has codeshares with the following airlines:[36]

Joint ventures

In addition to the above codeshares, American Airlines has entered into joint ventures[47] with the following airlines:

Fleet

Main article: American Airlines fleet
 
American operates 20 of its flagship aircraft, the Boeing 777-300ER.

As of January 2023, American Airlines operates the largest commercial fleet in the world, comprising 933 aircraft from both Boeing and Airbus, with an additional 161 planned or on order.[50]

Over 80% of American's aircraft are narrow-bodies, mainly Airbus A320 series and the Boeing 737-800. It is the largest A320 series aircraft operator in the world, as well as the largest operator of the A319 and A321 variants. It is the fourth-largest operator of 737 family aircraft and second-largest operator of the 737-800 variant.

American's wide-body aircraft are all Boeing airliners. It is the third-largest operator of the Boeing 787 series and the sixth-largest operator of the Boeing 777 series.

American exclusively ordered Boeing aircraft throughout the 2000s.[51] This strategy shifted on July 20, 2011, when American announced the largest combined aircraft order in history for 460 narrow-body jets including 260 aircraft from the Airbus A320 series.[52] Additional Airbus aircraft joined the fleet in 2013 during the US Airways merger, which operated a nearly all Airbus fleet.[53]

On August 16, 2022, American announced that a deal had been confirmed with Boom Supersonic to purchase at least 20 of their Overture supersonic airliners and potentially up to 60 in total.[54]

American Airlines operates aircraft maintenance and repair bases at the Charlotte, Chicago O'Hare, Dallas–Fort Worth, Pittsburgh (where all its Airbus narrowbody aircraft are maintained), and Tulsa airports.[55]

Cabins

 
 
Flagship First and Business seats on an Airbus A321 (top and bottom, respectively)
Flagship First

Flagship First is American's international and transcontinental first class product. It is offered only on Boeing 777-300ERs and select Airbus A321s which American designates "A321T". The seats are fully lie-flat and offer direct aisle access with only one on each side of the aisle in each row.[56] As with the airline's other premium cabins, Flagship First offers wider food and beverage options, larger seats, and lounge access at certain airports.[57] American offers domestic Flagship First service on transcontinental routes between New York–JFK and Los Angeles, New York–JFK and San Francisco, New York-JFK and Santa Ana, Boston and Los Angeles, and Miami and Los Angeles, as well as on the standard domestic route between New York-JFK and Boston.[58] The airline will debut new Flagship Suite® premium seats and a revamped aircraft interior for its long-haul fleet with fresh deliveries of its Airbus A321XLR and Boeing 787-9 aircraft, beginning in 2024.[59]

Flagship Business

Flagship Business is American's international and transcontinental business class product. It is offered on all Boeing 777-200ERs, Boeing 777-300ERs, Boeing 787-8s, and Boeing 787-9s, as well as select Airbus A321s. All Flagship Business seats are fully lie-flat.[60]

 
 
First class and main cabin seats on a Boeing 737 MAX 8 (top and bottom, respectively)
Domestic first class

First class is offered on all domestically configured aircraft. Seats range from 19–21 inches (48–53 cm) in width and have 37–42 inches (94–107 cm) of pitch.[60] Dining options include complementary alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages on all flights as well as standard economy snack offerings, enhanced snack basket selections on flights over 500 miles (800 km), and meals on flights 900 miles (1,400 km) or longer.[61]

Premium Economy

Premium Economy is American's economy plus product. It is offered on all widebody aircraft. The cabin debuted on the airline's Boeing 787-9s in late 2016[62] and is also available on Boeing 777-200s and -300s, and Boeing 787-8s. Premium Economy seats are wider than seats in the main cabin (American's economy cabin) and provide more amenities: Premium Economy customers get two free checked bags, priority boarding, and enhanced food and drink service including free alcohol. This product made American Airlines the first U.S. carrier to offer a four-cabin aircraft.[60]

Main Cabin Extra

Main Cabin Extra is American's enhanced economy product. It is available on all of the mainline fleet and American Eagle aircraft.[60] Main Cabin Extra seats include greater pitch than is available in main cabin, along with free alcoholic beverages and boarding one group ahead of main cabin.[63] American retained Main Cabin Extra when the new Premium Economy product entered service in late 2016.[62]

Main Cabin

Main Cabin (economy class) is American's economy product and is found on all mainline and regional aircraft in its fleet. Seats range from 17–18.5 inches (43–47 cm) in width and have 30–32 inches (76–81 cm) of pitch. American markets a number of rows within the main cabin immediately behind Main Cabin Extra as "Main Cabin Preferred", which require an extra charge to select for those without status.[60]

American Airlines marketed increased legroom in economy class as "More Room Throughout Coach", also referred to as "MRTC", starting in February 2000. Two rows of economy class seats were removed on domestic narrowbody aircraft, resulting in more than half of all standard economy seats having a pitch of 34 inches (86 cm) or more.[64] Amid financial losses, this scheme was discontinued in 2004.[65]

On many routes, American also offers Basic Economy, the airline's lowest main cabin fare. Basic Economy consists of a Main Cabin ticket with numerous restrictions including waiting until check-in for a seat assignment, no upgrades or refunds, and boarding in the last group.[66] Originally Basic Economy passengers could only carry a personal item, but American later revised their Basic Economy policies to allow for a carry-on bag.[67]

In May 2017, American announced it would be adding more seats to some of its Boeing 737 MAX 8 jets and reducing overall legroom in the basic economy class. The last three rows were to lose 2 inches (5.1 cm), going from the current 31 to 29 inches (79 to 74 cm). The remainder of the main cabin was to have 30 inches (76 cm) of legroom. This "Project Oasis" seating configuration has since been expanded to all 737 MAX 8s as well as standard Boeing 737-800 and non-transcontinental Airbus A321 jets. New Airbus A321neo jets have been delivered with the same configuration.[68]

Reward programs

AAdvantage

Main article: AAdvantage

AAdvantage is the frequent flyer program for American Airlines. It was launched on May 1, 1981, and it remains the largest frequent flyer program with over 115 million members as of 2021.[69] Miles accumulated in the program allow members to redeem tickets, upgrade service class, or obtain free or discounted car rentals, hotel stays, merchandise, or other products and services through partners. The most active members, based on the amount and price of travel booked, are designated AAdvantage Gold, AAdvantage Platinum, AAdvantage Platinum Pro, and AAdvantage Executive Platinum elite members, with privileges such as separate check-in, priority upgrade, and standby processing, or free upgrades. They also receive similar privileges from AA's partner airlines, particularly those in oneworld.[70][better source needed]

AAdvantage co-branded credit cards are also available and offer other benefits. The cards are issued by CitiCards, a subsidiary of Citigroup, Barclaycard, and Bilt card in the United States,[71] by several banks including Butterfield Bank and Scotiabank in the Caribbean,[72][73] and by Banco Santander in Brazil.[74]

AAdvantage allows one-way redemption, starting at 7,500 miles.[75]

Admirals Club

The Admirals Club was conceived by AA president C.R. Smith as a marketing promotion shortly after he was made an honorary Texas Ranger. Inspired by the Kentucky colonels and other honorary title designations, Smith decided to make particularly valued passengers "admirals" of the "Flagship fleet" (AA called its aircraft "Flagships" at the time).[76][better source needed] The list of admirals included many celebrities, politicians, and other VIPs, as well as more "ordinary" customers who had been particularly loyal to the airline.[citation needed]

There was no physical Admirals Club until shortly after the opening of LaGuardia Airport. During the airport's construction, New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia had an upper-level lounge set aside for press conferences and business meetings. At one such press conference, he noted that the entire terminal was being offered for lease to airline tenants; after a reporter asked whether the lounge would be leased as well, LaGuardia replied that it would, and a vice president of AA immediately offered to lease the premises. The airline then procured a liquor license and began operating the lounge as the "Admirals Club" in 1939.[77]

The second Admirals Club opened at Washington National Airport. Because it was illegal to sell alcohol in Virginia at the time, the club contained refrigerators for the use of its members, so they could store their liquor at the airport.[citation needed] For many years, membership in the Admirals Club (and most other airline lounges) was by the airline's invitation. After a passenger sued for discrimination,[78] the club switched to a paid membership program in 1974.[79][80]

Flagship Lounge

Though affiliated with the Admirals Club and staffed by many of the same employees, the Flagship Lounge is a separate lounge specifically designed for customers flying in first class and business class on international flights and transcontinental domestic flights, as well as AAdvantage Concierge Key, Executive Platinum, Platinum Pro, and Platinum, as well as Oneworld Emerald and Sapphire frequent flyers. As of May 2019, Flagship Lounges are located at five airports: New York–JFK,[81] Chicago-O'Hare,[82] Miami International,[83] Los Angeles,[84] and Dallas/Fort Worth.[85] Flagship Lounges are planned for London-Heathrow and Philadelphia.[81]

Corporate affairs

Ownership and structure

American Airlines, Inc., is publicly traded through its parent company, American Airlines Group Inc., under NASDAQ: AAL Nasdaq: AAL, with a market capitalization of about $12 billion as of 2019, and is included in the S&P 500 index.[8]

American Eagle is a network of six regional carriers that operate under a codeshare and service agreement with American, operating flights to destinations in the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, and Mexico. Three of these carriers are independent and three are subsidiaries of American Airlines Group: Envoy Air Inc., Piedmont Airlines, Inc., and PSA Airlines Inc.[8]

Headquarters

 
Image of the signs of the former headquarters

American Airlines is headquartered across several buildings in Fort Worth, Texas that it calls the "Robert L. Crandall Campus" in honor of former president and CEO Robert Crandall. The 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2) square-foot, five-building office complex called was designed by Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects.[86] The campus is located on 300 acres, adjacent to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, American's fortress hub.[87]

Before it was headquartered in Texas, American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan, New York City.[88][89] In 1979, American moved its headquarters to a site at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, which affected up to 1,300 jobs. Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described the move as a "betrayal" of New York City.[90] American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie, Texas.[91] On January 17, 1983, the airline finished moving into a $150 million ($408,000,000 when adjusted for inflation), 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m2) facility in Fort Worth; $147 million (about $400,000,000 when adjusted for inflation) in Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport bonds financed the headquarters. The airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility.[91] Following the merger of US Airways and American Airlines, the new company consolidated its corporate headquarters in Fort Worth, abandoning the US Airways headquarters in Phoenix, AZ.

As of 2015, American Airlines is the corporation with the largest presence in Fort Worth.[92]

In 2015, American announced that it would build a new headquarters in Fort Worth. Groundbreaking began in the spring of 2016 and occupancy completed in September 2019.[93] The airline plans to house 5,000 new workers in the building.[92]

It will be located on a 41-acre (17 ha) property adjacent to the airline's flight academy and conference and training center, west of Texas State Highway 360, 2 miles (3.2 km)[93] west from the current headquarters. The airline will lease a total of 300 acres (120 ha) from Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport and this area will include the headquarters.[92] Construction of the new headquarters began after the demolition of the Sabre facility, previously on the site.[93]

The airline considered developing a new headquarters in Irving, Texas, on the old Texas Stadium site, before deciding to keep the headquarters in Fort Worth.[92]

Corporate identity

 
American Airlines' fourth logo, used from 1967 to January 17, 2013

In 1931, Goodrich Murphy, an American employee, designed the AA logo as an entry in a logo contest. The eagle in the logo was copied from a Scottish hotel brochure.[94] The logo was redesigned by Massimo Vignelli in 1967.[95][96] Thirty years later, in 1997, American Airlines was able to make its logo Internet-compatible by buying the domain AA.com. AA is also American's two-letter IATA airline designator.[97]

On January 17, 2013, American launched a new rebranding and marketing campaign with FutureBrand dubbed, "A New American". This included a new logo, which includes elements of the 1967 logo.[98]

American Airlines faced difficulty obtaining copyright registration for their 2013 logo. On June 3, 2016, American Airlines sought to register it with the United States Copyright Office,[99] but in October of that year, the Copyright Office ruled that the logo was ineligible for copyright protection, as it did not pass the threshold of originality, and was thus in the public domain.[99] American requested that the Copyright Office reconsider, but on January 8, 2018, the Copyright Office affirmed its initial determination.[99][100] After American Airlines submitted additional materials, the Copyright Office reversed its decision on December 7, 2018, and ruled that the logo contained enough creativity to merit copyright protection.[101]

Aircraft livery

American's early liveries varied widely, but a common livery was adopted in the 1930s, featuring an eagle painted on the fuselage.[102] The eagle became a symbol of the company and inspired the name of American Eagle Airlines. Propeller aircraft featured an international orange lightning bolt running down the length of the fuselage, which was replaced by a simpler orange stripe with the introduction of jets.[103]

In the late 1960s, American commissioned designer Massimo Vignelli to develop a new livery. The original design called for a red, white, and blue stripe on the fuselage, and a simple "AA" logo, without an eagle, on the tail; instead, Vignelli created a highly stylized eagle, which remained the company's logo until January 16, 2013.[104]

 
American's previous livery on an MD-83

On January 17, 2013, American unveiled a new livery.[105] Before then, American had been the only major U.S. airline to leave most of its aircraft surfaces unpainted. This was because C. R. Smith would not say he liked painted aircraft and refused to use any liveries that involved painting the entire plane. Robert "Bob" Crandall later justified the distinctive natural metal finish by noting that less paint reduced the aircraft's weight, thus saving on fuel costs.[106]

In January 2013, American launched a new rebranding and marketing campaign dubbed, "The New American". In addition to a new logo, American Airlines introduced a new livery for its fleet. The airline calls the new livery and branding "a clean and modern update".[107] The current design features an abstract American flag on the tail, along with a silver-painted fuselage, as a throw-back to the old livery. The new design was painted by Leading Edge Aviation Services in California.[108] Doug Parker, the incoming CEO indicated that the new livery could be short-lived, stating that "maybe we need to do something slightly different than that ... The only reason this is an issue now is that they just did it right in the middle, which kind of makes it confusing, so that gives us an opportunity, actually, to decide if we are going to do something different because we have so many airplanes to paint".[109] The current logo and livery have had mixed criticism, with Design Shack editor Joshua Johnson writing that they "boldly and proudly communicate the concepts of American pride and freedom wrapped into a shape that instantly makes you think about an airplane",[110] and AskThePilot.com author Patrick Smith describing the logo as 'a linoleum knife poking through a shower curtain'.[111] Later in January 2013, Bloomberg asked the designer of the 1968 American Airlines logo (Massimo Vignelli) on his opinion over the rebranding.[112]

In the end, American let their employees decide the new livery's fate. On an internal website for employees, American posted two options, one the new livery and one a modified version of the old livery. All of the American Airlines Group employees (including US Airways and other affiliates) were able to vote.[113] American ultimately decided to keep the new look. Parker announced that American would keep a US Airways and America West heritage aircraft in the fleet, with plans to add a heritage TWA aircraft and a heritage American plane with the old livery.[114] As of September 2019, American has heritage aircraft for Piedmont, PSA, America West, US Airways, Reno Air, TWA, and AirCal in their fleet.[115] They also have two AA branded heritage 737-800 aircraft, an AstroJet N905NN,[116] and the polished aluminum livery used from 1967 to 2013, N921NN.[117]

Worker relations

The main representatives of key groups of employees are:

Concerns and conflicts

Environmental violations

Between October 1993 to July 1998, American Airlines was repeatedly cited for using high-sulfur fuel in motor vehicles at 10 major airports around the country, a violation of the Clean Air Act.[124]

Lifetime AAirpass

Since 1981, as a means of creating revenue in a period of loss-making, American Airlines had offered a lifetime pass of unlimited travel, for the initial cost of $250,000.[125] This entitled the pass holder to fly anywhere in the world. Twenty-eight were sold. However, after some time, the airline realized they were making losses on the tickets, with the ticketholders costing them up to $1 million each. Ticketholders were booking large numbers of flights with some ticketholders flying interstate for lunch or flying to London multiple times a month. AA raised the cost of the lifetime pass to $3 million, and then finally stopped offering it in 2003. AA then used litigation to cancel two of the lifetime offers, saying the passes "had been terminated due to fraudulent activity".[126]

Cabin fume events

  • In 1988, on American Airlines Flight 132's approach into Nashville, flight attendants notified the cockpit that there was smoke in the cabin. The flight crew in the cockpit ignored the warning, as on a prior flight, a fume event had occurred due to a problem with the auxiliary power unit. However, the smoke on Flight 132 was caused by improperly packaged hazardous materials. According to the NTSB inquiry, the cockpit crew persistently refused to acknowledge that there was a serious threat to the aircraft or the passengers, even after they were told that the floor was becoming soft and passengers had to be reseated. As a result, the aircraft was not evacuated immediately on landing, exposing the crew and passengers to the threat of smoke and fire longer than necessary.[127][128]
  • On April 11, 2007, toxic smoke and oil fumes leaked into the aircraft cabin as American Airlines Flight 843 taxied to the gate. A flight attendant who was present in the cabin subsequently filed a lawsuit against Boeing, stating that she was diagnosed with neurotoxic disorder due to her exposure to the fumes, which caused her to experience memory loss, tremors, and severe headaches. She settled with the company in 2011.[129]
  • In 2009, Mike Holland, deputy chairman for radiation and environmental issues at the Allied Pilots Association and an American Airlines pilot, said that the pilot union had started alerting pilots of the danger of contaminated bleed air, including contacting crew members that the union thinks were exposed to contamination based on maintenance records and pilot logs.[130]
  • In a January 2017 incident on American Airlines Flight 1896, seven flight attendants were hospitalized after a strange odor was detected in the cabin. The Airbus A330 involved subsequently underwent a "thorough maintenance inspection", having been involved in three fume events in three months.[131][132]
  • In August 2018, American Airlines flight attendants picketed in front of the Fort Worth company headquarters over a change in sick day policy, complaining that exposure to ill passengers, toxic uniforms, toxic cabin air, radiation exposure, and other issues were causing them to be sick.[133][134]
  • In January 2019, two pilots and three flight attendants on Flight 1897 from Philadelphia to Fort Lauderdale were hospitalized following complaints of a strange odor.[135][136]

Discrimination complaints

On October 24, 2017, the NAACP issued a travel advisory for American Airlines urging African Americans to "exercise caution" when traveling with the airline. The NAACP issued the advisory after four incidents. In one incident, a black woman was moved from first class to coach while her white traveling companion was allowed to remain in first class. In another incident, a black man was forced to give up his seats after being confronted by two unruly white passengers.[137] According to the NAACP, while they did receive complaints on other airlines, most of their complaints in the year before their advisory were on American Airlines.[138] In July 2018, the NAACP lifted their travel advisory saying that American has made improvements to mitigate discrimination and unsafe treatment of African Americans.[139]

Accidents and incidents

Main article: List of American Airlines accidents and incidents

As of March 2019, the airline has had almost sixty aircraft hull losses, beginning with the crash of an American Airways Ford 5-AT-C Trimotor in August 1931.[140][141] Of these most were propeller driven aircraft, including three Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop aircraft (of which one, the crash in 1959 of Flight 320, resulted in fatalities).[141] The two accidents with the highest fatalities in both the airline's and U.S. aviation history were Flight 191 in 1979 and Flight 587 in 2001.[142]

Out of the 17 hijackings of American Airlines flights, two aircraft were hijacked and destroyed in the September 11 attacks: Flight 11 crashed into the north facade of the North Tower of the World Trade Center, and Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon; both were bound for LAX from Boston Logan International Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport respectively.[143] Other accidents include the Flight 383 engine failure and fire in 2016. There were two training flight accidents in which the crew were killed and six that resulted in no fatalities.[141] Another four jet aircraft have been written off due to incidents while they were parked between flights or while undergoing maintenance.[141]

Carbon footprint

American Airlines reported total CO2e emissions (direct and indirect) for the twelve months ending December 31, 2020, at 20,092 Kt (-21,347 /-51.5% y-o-y).[144] The company aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.[145]

American Airlines's annual total CO2e emissions - Location-based scope 1 + scope 2 (in kilotonnes)
Dec 2016 Dec 2017 Dec 2018 Dec 2019 Dec 2020
39,254[146] 39,388[147] 40,604[148] 41,439[149] 20,092[144]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
References
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  12. ^ Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas DC-3 Survivors, Volume 1. Bourne End, Bucks, UK: Aston Publications, 1987. ISBN 0-946627-13-4, p. 17
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  14. ^ Waddington 2000, pp. 6–18.
  15. ^ Endres 1998, p. 16.
  16. ^ "American Orders 25 'Airbus' Jets". November 4, 2021, at the Wayback Machine St. Petersburg Times, September 14, 2011.
  17. ^ Endres 1998, pp. 25–26.
  18. ^ Endres 1998, p. 28.
  19. ^ Endres 1998, p. 52.
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Further reading

  • Bedwell, Don (1999). Silverbird: the American Airlines story. Sandpoint, Idaho: Airways International. ISBN 0-9653993-6-2. OCLC 43762553. from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  • Capozzi, John M. (2001). A spirit of greatness: stories from the employees of American Airlines (1st ed.). Fairfield, Conn.: JMC Pub. Services. ISBN 0-9656410-3-1. OCLC 40986912. from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  • Casey, Albert V. (1997). Casey's law: if something can go right, it should (1st ed.). New York: Arcade Pub. ISBN 1-55970-307-5. OCLC 32430679. from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  • Endres, Günter (1998). McDonnell Douglas DC-10. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-0617-6.
  • Forty, Simon (1997). American Airlines. Vergennes, VT: Plymouth Press. ISBN 1-882663-21-7. OCLC 39542166. from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  • Hieger, Linda H. (2010). With wings of silver and gold: the history and uniforms of American Airlines stewardesses/flight attendants. United States. ISBN 978-1-60458-271-0. OCLC 682191394. from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  • Reed, Dan (1993). The American eagle: the ascent of Bob Crandall and American Airlines (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-08696-2. OCLC 27173065. from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  • Serling, Robert J. (1985). Eagle: the story of American Airlines (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's/Marek. ISBN 0-312-22453-2. OCLC 12107802. from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  • Waddington, Terry (2000). McDonnell Douglas DC-10. Miami, Florida: World Transport Press. ISBN 1-892437-04-X.
  • International directory of company histories. Vol. 27. Detroit, Mich.: St. James Press. 1999. ISBN 978-1-55862-668-3. OCLC 769042340. from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2021.

External links

  • Official website  
  • Official American Airlines Vacations website

April 08, 2023
american, airlines, this, article, about, specific, based, airline, named, parent, company, group, full, list, based, airlines, list, airlines, united, states, major, based, airline, headquartered, fort, worth, texas, within, dallas, fort, worth, metroplex, la. This article is about the one specific US based airline named American Airlines For its parent company see American Airlines Group For a full list of all US based airlines see List of airlines of the United States American Airlines is a major US based airline headquartered in Fort Worth Texas within the Dallas Fort Worth metroplex It is the largest airline in the world when measured by fleet size scheduled passengers carried and revenue passenger mile American together with its regional partners and affiliates operates an extensive international and domestic network with almost 6 800 flights per day to nearly 350 destinations in more than 50 countries 8 American Airlines is a founding member of the Oneworld alliance the third largest airline alliance in the world Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the brand name American Eagle 9 American Airlines Inc IATA ICAO CallsignAA 1 AAL 1 AMERICAN 2 FoundedApril 15 1926 96 years ago 1926 04 15 as American Airways Inc 3 Commenced operationsJune 25 1936 86 years ago 1936 06 25 AOC AALA025A 4 HubsCharlotteChicago O HareDallas Fort WorthLos AngelesMiamiNew York JFKNew York LaGuardiaPhiladelphiaPhoenix Sky HarborWashington NationalFrequent flyer programAAdvantageAllianceOneworldFleet size937 mainline Destinations350 5 Parent companyAmerican Airlines GroupHeadquartersFort Worth Texas U S 6 Key peopleRobert Isom CEO Doug Parker Chairman Devon May CFO Employees123 400 2021 7 Websiteaa wbr comAmerican Airlines and American Eagle operate out of 10 hubs with Dallas Fort Worth DFW being its largest The airline handles more than 200 million passengers annually with an average of more than 500 000 passengers daily As of 2021 the company employs 123 400 staff members 7 Contents 1 History 2 Destinations and hubs 2 1 Destinations 2 2 Hubs 2 3 Alliance and codeshare agreements 2 4 Joint ventures 3 Fleet 4 Cabins 5 Reward programs 5 1 AAdvantage 5 2 Admirals Club 5 3 Flagship Lounge 6 Corporate affairs 6 1 Ownership and structure 6 2 Headquarters 6 3 Corporate identity 6 3 1 Logo 6 3 2 Aircraft livery 6 4 Worker relations 7 Concerns and conflicts 7 1 Environmental violations 7 2 Lifetime AAirpass 7 3 Cabin fume events 7 4 Discrimination complaints 8 Accidents and incidents 9 Carbon footprint 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External linksHistory EditMain article History of American Airlines DC 3 Flagship American s chief aircraft type during the World War II period Think of her as your mother an American Airlines advertisement of flight attendants from 1968 American Airlines was started in 1930 via a union of more than eighty small airlines 10 The two organizations from which American Airlines was originated were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport The former was first created in Missouri in 1921 with both being merged in 1929 into holding company The Aviation Corporation This in turn was made in 1930 into an operating company and rebranded as American Airways In 1934 when new laws and attrition of mail contracts forced many airlines to reorganize the corporation redid its routes into a connected system and was renamed American Airlines Between 1970 and 2000 the company grew into being an international carrier purchasing Trans World Airlines in 2001 11 American had a direct role in the development of the DC 3 which resulted from a marathon telephone call from American Airlines CEO C R Smith to Douglas Aircraft Company founder Donald Wills Douglas Sr when Smith persuaded a reluctant Douglas to design a sleeper aircraft based on the DC 2 to replace American s Curtiss Condor II biplanes The existing DC 2 s cabin was 66 inches 1 7 m wide too narrow for side by side berths Douglas agreed to go ahead with development only after Smith informed him of American s intention to purchase 20 aircraft The prototype DST Douglas Sleeper Transport first flew on December 17 1935 the 32nd anniversary of the Wright Brothers flight at Kitty Hawk Its cabin was 92 in 2 3 m wide and a version with 21 seats instead of the 14 16 sleeping berths of the DST was given the designation DC 3 There was no prototype DC 3 the first DC 3 built followed seven DSTs off the production line and was delivered to American Airlines 12 American Airlines inaugurated passenger service on June 26 1936 with simultaneous flights from Newark New Jersey and Chicago Illinois 13 Passengers exiting plane at the El Paso Airport in 1957American also had a direct role in the development of the DC 10 which resulted from a specification from American Airlines to manufacturers in 1966 to offer a widebody aircraft that was smaller than the Boeing 747 but capable of flying similar long range routes from airports with shorter runways McDonnell Douglas responded with the DC 10 trijet shortly after the two companies merger 14 On February 19 1968 the president of American Airlines George A Spater and James S McDonnell of McDonnell Douglas announced American s intention to acquire the DC 10 American Airlines ordered 25 DC 10s in its first order 15 16 The DC 10 made its first flight on August 29 1970 17 and received its type certificate from the FAA on July 29 1971 18 On August 5 1971 the DC 10 entered commercial service with American Airlines on a round trip flight between Los Angeles and Chicago 19 In 2011 due to a downturn in the airline industry American Airlines parent company AMR Corporation filed for bankruptcy protection In 2013 American Airlines merged with US Airways but kept the American Airlines name as it was the better recognized brand internationally the combination of the two airlines resulted in the creation of the largest airline in the United States and ultimately the world 20 Destinations and hubs EditDestinations Edit Main article List of American Airlines destinations As of July 2022 American Airlines flies to 269 domestic destinations and 81 international destinations in 48 countries as of January 2022 in five continents 21 Hubs Edit American operates its largest hub at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport American currently operates ten hubs 22 Charlotte American s hub for the southeastern United States and secondary Caribbean gateway Its operations in Concourse E are the largest regional flight operation in the world 23 American has about 91 of the market share at CLT making it the largest carrier at the airport 23 Former US Airways hub Chicago O Hare American s hub for the Midwest 24 American has about 35 of the market share at O Hare making it the airport s second largest airline after United 24 Dallas Fort Worth American s hub for the southern United States and largest hub overall 25 American currently has about 87 of the market share at DFW making it the largest carrier at the airport 25 American s corporate headquarters are also in Fort Worth near the airport 25 DFW serves as American s primary Transpacific hub primary gateway to Mexico and secondary gateway to Latin America 25 Los Angeles American s hub for the West Coast and secondary transpacific gateway 26 Though American has increasingly reduced its network out of Los Angeles citing many long haul international routes as unprofitable it still maintains a handful of transatlantic and transpacific flights 27 Miami American s primary Latin American and Caribbean hub 28 American has about 68 of the market share at Miami International making it the largest airline at the airport 28 New York JFK American s primary transatlantic hub 29 Mostly serves destinations with a lot of business traffic 30 American has about 12 of the market share at JFK making it the third largest carrier at the airport behind Delta and JetBlue 30 New York LaGuardia American s second New York hub 31 Philadelphia American s primary Northeast domestic hub and secondary transatlantic hub primarily for London Paris and leisure destinations in Western and Southern Europe 32 American has about 70 of the market share at PHL making it the airport s largest airline Former US Airways hub 32 Phoenix Sky Harbor American s Rocky Mountain hub 33 Currently American has about 33 of the market share at PHX making it the airport s second largest airline Former US Airways hub 34 Washington Reagan American s hub for the capital of the United States American has about 49 of the market share at DCA making it the largest carrier at the airport Former US Airways hub 35 Alliance and codeshare agreements Edit American Airlines is a member of the Oneworld alliance and has codeshares with the following airlines 36 Aer Lingus 37 Air Tahiti Nui Alaska Airlines Cape Air Cathay Pacific China Southern Airlines El Al 38 Fiji Airways Gol Transportes Aereos 39 Hawaiian Airlines IndiGo 40 JetBlue 41 JetSmart 42 Jetstar Airways Jetstar Japan LEVEL 43 Malaysia Airlines Qatar Airways 44 Royal Air Maroc Royal Jordanian Seaborne Airlines Silver Airways SriLankan Airlines 45 Vueling 46 Joint ventures Edit In addition to the above codeshares American Airlines has entered into joint ventures 47 with the following airlines British Airways Finnair Iberia Japan Airlines 48 Qantas 49 Fleet EditMain article American Airlines fleet American operates 20 of its flagship aircraft the Boeing 777 300ER As of January 2023 American Airlines operates the largest commercial fleet in the world comprising 933 aircraft from both Boeing and Airbus with an additional 161 planned or on order 50 Over 80 of American s aircraft are narrow bodies mainly Airbus A320 series and the Boeing 737 800 It is the largest A320 series aircraft operator in the world as well as the largest operator of the A319 and A321 variants It is the fourth largest operator of 737 family aircraft and second largest operator of the 737 800 variant American s wide body aircraft are all Boeing airliners It is the third largest operator of the Boeing 787 series and the sixth largest operator of the Boeing 777 series American exclusively ordered Boeing aircraft throughout the 2000s 51 This strategy shifted on July 20 2011 when American announced the largest combined aircraft order in history for 460 narrow body jets including 260 aircraft from the Airbus A320 series 52 Additional Airbus aircraft joined the fleet in 2013 during the US Airways merger which operated a nearly all Airbus fleet 53 On August 16 2022 American announced that a deal had been confirmed with Boom Supersonic to purchase at least 20 of their Overture supersonic airliners and potentially up to 60 in total 54 American Airlines operates aircraft maintenance and repair bases at the Charlotte Chicago O Hare Dallas Fort Worth Pittsburgh where all its Airbus narrowbody aircraft are maintained and Tulsa airports 55 Cabins Edit Flagship First and Business seats on an Airbus A321 top and bottom respectively Flagship FirstFlagship First is American s international and transcontinental first class product It is offered only on Boeing 777 300ERs and select Airbus A321s which American designates A321T The seats are fully lie flat and offer direct aisle access with only one on each side of the aisle in each row 56 As with the airline s other premium cabins Flagship First offers wider food and beverage options larger seats and lounge access at certain airports 57 American offers domestic Flagship First service on transcontinental routes between New York JFK and Los Angeles New York JFK and San Francisco New York JFK and Santa Ana Boston and Los Angeles and Miami and Los Angeles as well as on the standard domestic route between New York JFK and Boston 58 The airline will debut new Flagship Suite premium seats and a revamped aircraft interior for its long haul fleet with fresh deliveries of its Airbus A321XLR and Boeing 787 9 aircraft beginning in 2024 59 Flagship BusinessFlagship Business is American s international and transcontinental business class product It is offered on all Boeing 777 200ERs Boeing 777 300ERs Boeing 787 8s and Boeing 787 9s as well as select Airbus A321s All Flagship Business seats are fully lie flat 60 First class and main cabin seats on a Boeing 737 MAX 8 top and bottom respectively Domestic first classFirst class is offered on all domestically configured aircraft Seats range from 19 21 inches 48 53 cm in width and have 37 42 inches 94 107 cm of pitch 60 Dining options include complementary alcoholic and non alcoholic beverages on all flights as well as standard economy snack offerings enhanced snack basket selections on flights over 500 miles 800 km and meals on flights 900 miles 1 400 km or longer 61 Premium EconomyPremium Economy is American s economy plus product It is offered on all widebody aircraft The cabin debuted on the airline s Boeing 787 9s in late 2016 62 and is also available on Boeing 777 200s and 300s and Boeing 787 8s Premium Economy seats are wider than seats in the main cabin American s economy cabin and provide more amenities Premium Economy customers get two free checked bags priority boarding and enhanced food and drink service including free alcohol This product made American Airlines the first U S carrier to offer a four cabin aircraft 60 Main Cabin ExtraMain Cabin Extra is American s enhanced economy product It is available on all of the mainline fleet and American Eagle aircraft 60 Main Cabin Extra seats include greater pitch than is available in main cabin along with free alcoholic beverages and boarding one group ahead of main cabin 63 American retained Main Cabin Extra when the new Premium Economy product entered service in late 2016 62 Main CabinMain Cabin economy class is American s economy product and is found on all mainline and regional aircraft in its fleet Seats range from 17 18 5 inches 43 47 cm in width and have 30 32 inches 76 81 cm of pitch American markets a number of rows within the main cabin immediately behind Main Cabin Extra as Main Cabin Preferred which require an extra charge to select for those without status 60 American Airlines marketed increased legroom in economy class as More Room Throughout Coach also referred to as MRTC starting in February 2000 Two rows of economy class seats were removed on domestic narrowbody aircraft resulting in more than half of all standard economy seats having a pitch of 34 inches 86 cm or more 64 Amid financial losses this scheme was discontinued in 2004 65 On many routes American also offers Basic Economy the airline s lowest main cabin fare Basic Economy consists of a Main Cabin ticket with numerous restrictions including waiting until check in for a seat assignment no upgrades or refunds and boarding in the last group 66 Originally Basic Economy passengers could only carry a personal item but American later revised their Basic Economy policies to allow for a carry on bag 67 In May 2017 American announced it would be adding more seats to some of its Boeing 737 MAX 8 jets and reducing overall legroom in the basic economy class The last three rows were to lose 2 inches 5 1 cm going from the current 31 to 29 inches 79 to 74 cm The remainder of the main cabin was to have 30 inches 76 cm of legroom This Project Oasis seating configuration has since been expanded to all 737 MAX 8s as well as standard Boeing 737 800 and non transcontinental Airbus A321 jets New Airbus A321neo jets have been delivered with the same configuration 68 Reward programs EditAAdvantage Edit Main article AAdvantage AAdvantage is the frequent flyer program for American Airlines It was launched on May 1 1981 and it remains the largest frequent flyer program with over 115 million members as of 2021 69 Miles accumulated in the program allow members to redeem tickets upgrade service class or obtain free or discounted car rentals hotel stays merchandise or other products and services through partners The most active members based on the amount and price of travel booked are designated AAdvantage Gold AAdvantage Platinum AAdvantage Platinum Pro and AAdvantage Executive Platinum elite members with privileges such as separate check in priority upgrade and standby processing or free upgrades They also receive similar privileges from AA s partner airlines particularly those in oneworld 70 better source needed AAdvantage co branded credit cards are also available and offer other benefits The cards are issued by CitiCards a subsidiary of Citigroup Barclaycard and Bilt card in the United States 71 by several banks including Butterfield Bank and Scotiabank in the Caribbean 72 73 and by Banco Santander in Brazil 74 AAdvantage allows one way redemption starting at 7 500 miles 75 Admirals Club Edit The Admirals Club was conceived by AA president C R Smith as a marketing promotion shortly after he was made an honorary Texas Ranger Inspired by the Kentucky colonels and other honorary title designations Smith decided to make particularly valued passengers admirals of the Flagship fleet AA called its aircraft Flagships at the time 76 better source needed The list of admirals included many celebrities politicians and other VIPs as well as more ordinary customers who had been particularly loyal to the airline citation needed There was no physical Admirals Club until shortly after the opening of LaGuardia Airport During the airport s construction New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia had an upper level lounge set aside for press conferences and business meetings At one such press conference he noted that the entire terminal was being offered for lease to airline tenants after a reporter asked whether the lounge would be leased as well LaGuardia replied that it would and a vice president of AA immediately offered to lease the premises The airline then procured a liquor license and began operating the lounge as the Admirals Club in 1939 77 The second Admirals Club opened at Washington National Airport Because it was illegal to sell alcohol in Virginia at the time the club contained refrigerators for the use of its members so they could store their liquor at the airport citation needed For many years membership in the Admirals Club and most other airline lounges was by the airline s invitation After a passenger sued for discrimination 78 the club switched to a paid membership program in 1974 79 80 Flagship Lounge Edit Though affiliated with the Admirals Club and staffed by many of the same employees the Flagship Lounge is a separate lounge specifically designed for customers flying in first class and business class on international flights and transcontinental domestic flights as well as AAdvantage Concierge Key Executive Platinum Platinum Pro and Platinum as well as Oneworld Emerald and Sapphire frequent flyers As of May 2019 Flagship Lounges are located at five airports New York JFK 81 Chicago O Hare 82 Miami International 83 Los Angeles 84 and Dallas Fort Worth 85 Flagship Lounges are planned for London Heathrow and Philadelphia 81 Corporate affairs EditOwnership and structure Edit American Airlines Inc is publicly traded through its parent company American Airlines Group Inc under NASDAQ AAL Nasdaq AAL with a market capitalization of about 12 billion as of 2019 and is included in the S amp P 500 index 8 American Eagle is a network of six regional carriers that operate under a codeshare and service agreement with American operating flights to destinations in the United States Canada the Caribbean and Mexico Three of these carriers are independent and three are subsidiaries of American Airlines Group Envoy Air Inc Piedmont Airlines Inc and PSA Airlines Inc 8 Headquarters Edit Image of the signs of the former headquarters American Airlines is headquartered across several buildings in Fort Worth Texas that it calls the Robert L Crandall Campus in honor of former president and CEO Robert Crandall The 1 700 000 square foot 160 000 m2 square foot five building office complex called was designed by Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects 86 The campus is located on 300 acres adjacent to Dallas Fort Worth International Airport American s fortress hub 87 Before it was headquartered in Texas American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan New York City 88 89 In 1979 American moved its headquarters to a site at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport which affected up to 1 300 jobs Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described the move as a betrayal of New York City 90 American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie Texas 91 On January 17 1983 the airline finished moving into a 150 million 408 000 000 when adjusted for inflation 550 000 square foot 51 000 m2 facility in Fort Worth 147 million about 400 000 000 when adjusted for inflation in Dallas Fort Worth International Airport bonds financed the headquarters The airline began leasing the facility from the airport which owns the facility 91 Following the merger of US Airways and American Airlines the new company consolidated its corporate headquarters in Fort Worth abandoning the US Airways headquarters in Phoenix AZ As of 2015 American Airlines is the corporation with the largest presence in Fort Worth 92 In 2015 American announced that it would build a new headquarters in Fort Worth Groundbreaking began in the spring of 2016 and occupancy completed in September 2019 93 The airline plans to house 5 000 new workers in the building 92 It will be located on a 41 acre 17 ha property adjacent to the airline s flight academy and conference and training center west of Texas State Highway 360 2 miles 3 2 km 93 west from the current headquarters The airline will lease a total of 300 acres 120 ha from Dallas Fort Worth International Airport and this area will include the headquarters 92 Construction of the new headquarters began after the demolition of the Sabre facility previously on the site 93 The airline considered developing a new headquarters in Irving Texas on the old Texas Stadium site before deciding to keep the headquarters in Fort Worth 92 Corporate identity Edit American Airlines fourth logo used from 1967 to January 17 2013 Logo Edit In 1931 Goodrich Murphy an American employee designed the AA logo as an entry in a logo contest The eagle in the logo was copied from a Scottish hotel brochure 94 The logo was redesigned by Massimo Vignelli in 1967 95 96 Thirty years later in 1997 American Airlines was able to make its logo Internet compatible by buying the domain AA com AA is also American s two letter IATA airline designator 97 On January 17 2013 American launched a new rebranding and marketing campaign with FutureBrand dubbed A New American This included a new logo which includes elements of the 1967 logo 98 American Airlines faced difficulty obtaining copyright registration for their 2013 logo On June 3 2016 American Airlines sought to register it with the United States Copyright Office 99 but in October of that year the Copyright Office ruled that the logo was ineligible for copyright protection as it did not pass the threshold of originality and was thus in the public domain 99 American requested that the Copyright Office reconsider but on January 8 2018 the Copyright Office affirmed its initial determination 99 100 After American Airlines submitted additional materials the Copyright Office reversed its decision on December 7 2018 and ruled that the logo contained enough creativity to merit copyright protection 101 Aircraft livery Edit American s early liveries varied widely but a common livery was adopted in the 1930s featuring an eagle painted on the fuselage 102 The eagle became a symbol of the company and inspired the name of American Eagle Airlines Propeller aircraft featured an international orange lightning bolt running down the length of the fuselage which was replaced by a simpler orange stripe with the introduction of jets 103 In the late 1960s American commissioned designer Massimo Vignelli to develop a new livery The original design called for a red white and blue stripe on the fuselage and a simple AA logo without an eagle on the tail instead Vignelli created a highly stylized eagle which remained the company s logo until January 16 2013 104 American s previous livery on an MD 83 On January 17 2013 American unveiled a new livery 105 Before then American had been the only major U S airline to leave most of its aircraft surfaces unpainted This was because C R Smith would not say he liked painted aircraft and refused to use any liveries that involved painting the entire plane Robert Bob Crandall later justified the distinctive natural metal finish by noting that less paint reduced the aircraft s weight thus saving on fuel costs 106 In January 2013 American launched a new rebranding and marketing campaign dubbed The New American In addition to a new logo American Airlines introduced a new livery for its fleet The airline calls the new livery and branding a clean and modern update 107 The current design features an abstract American flag on the tail along with a silver painted fuselage as a throw back to the old livery The new design was painted by Leading Edge Aviation Services in California 108 Doug Parker the incoming CEO indicated that the new livery could be short lived stating that maybe we need to do something slightly different than that The only reason this is an issue now is that they just did it right in the middle which kind of makes it confusing so that gives us an opportunity actually to decide if we are going to do something different because we have so many airplanes to paint 109 The current logo and livery have had mixed criticism with Design Shack editor Joshua Johnson writing that they boldly and proudly communicate the concepts of American pride and freedom wrapped into a shape that instantly makes you think about an airplane 110 and AskThePilot com author Patrick Smith describing the logo as a linoleum knife poking through a shower curtain 111 Later in January 2013 Bloomberg asked the designer of the 1968 American Airlines logo Massimo Vignelli on his opinion over the rebranding 112 In the end American let their employees decide the new livery s fate On an internal website for employees American posted two options one the new livery and one a modified version of the old livery All of the American Airlines Group employees including US Airways and other affiliates were able to vote 113 American ultimately decided to keep the new look Parker announced that American would keep a US Airways and America West heritage aircraft in the fleet with plans to add a heritage TWA aircraft and a heritage American plane with the old livery 114 As of September 2019 American has heritage aircraft for Piedmont PSA America West US Airways Reno Air TWA and AirCal in their fleet 115 They also have two AA branded heritage 737 800 aircraft an AstroJet N905NN 116 and the polished aluminum livery used from 1967 to 2013 N921NN 117 Worker relations Edit The main representatives of key groups of employees are The Allied Pilots Association is an in house union which represents the nearly 15 000 American Airlines pilots it was created in 1963 after the pilots left the Air Line Pilots Association ALPA 118 However the majority of American Eagle pilots are ALPA members 119 The Association of Professional Flight Attendants represents American Airlines flight attendants including former USAirways flight attendants 120 Flight attendants at wholly owned regional carriers Envoy Piedmont and PSA are all represented by Association of Flight Attendants Communications Workers of America AFA CWA US Airways flight attendants were active members of AFA CWA before the merger and they are honorary lifetime members AFA CWA is the largest flight attendant union in the industry 121 The Transport Workers Union International Association of Machinists alliance TWU IAM represents the majority of American Airlines employed fleet service agents mechanics and other ground workers 122 American s customer service and gate employees belong to the Communications Workers of America International Brotherhood of Teamsters Passenger Service Association 123 Concerns and conflicts EditEnvironmental violations Edit Between October 1993 to July 1998 American Airlines was repeatedly cited for using high sulfur fuel in motor vehicles at 10 major airports around the country a violation of the Clean Air Act 124 Lifetime AAirpass Edit Since 1981 as a means of creating revenue in a period of loss making American Airlines had offered a lifetime pass of unlimited travel for the initial cost of 250 000 125 This entitled the pass holder to fly anywhere in the world Twenty eight were sold However after some time the airline realized they were making losses on the tickets with the ticketholders costing them up to 1 million each Ticketholders were booking large numbers of flights with some ticketholders flying interstate for lunch or flying to London multiple times a month AA raised the cost of the lifetime pass to 3 million and then finally stopped offering it in 2003 AA then used litigation to cancel two of the lifetime offers saying the passes had been terminated due to fraudulent activity 126 Cabin fume events Edit In 1988 on American Airlines Flight 132 s approach into Nashville flight attendants notified the cockpit that there was smoke in the cabin The flight crew in the cockpit ignored the warning as on a prior flight a fume event had occurred due to a problem with the auxiliary power unit However the smoke on Flight 132 was caused by improperly packaged hazardous materials According to the NTSB inquiry the cockpit crew persistently refused to acknowledge that there was a serious threat to the aircraft or the passengers even after they were told that the floor was becoming soft and passengers had to be reseated As a result the aircraft was not evacuated immediately on landing exposing the crew and passengers to the threat of smoke and fire longer than necessary 127 128 On April 11 2007 toxic smoke and oil fumes leaked into the aircraft cabin as American Airlines Flight 843 taxied to the gate A flight attendant who was present in the cabin subsequently filed a lawsuit against Boeing stating that she was diagnosed with neurotoxic disorder due to her exposure to the fumes which caused her to experience memory loss tremors and severe headaches She settled with the company in 2011 129 In 2009 Mike Holland deputy chairman for radiation and environmental issues at the Allied Pilots Association and an American Airlines pilot said that the pilot union had started alerting pilots of the danger of contaminated bleed air including contacting crew members that the union thinks were exposed to contamination based on maintenance records and pilot logs 130 In a January 2017 incident on American Airlines Flight 1896 seven flight attendants were hospitalized after a strange odor was detected in the cabin The Airbus A330 involved subsequently underwent a thorough maintenance inspection having been involved in three fume events in three months 131 132 In August 2018 American Airlines flight attendants picketed in front of the Fort Worth company headquarters over a change in sick day policy complaining that exposure to ill passengers toxic uniforms toxic cabin air radiation exposure and other issues were causing them to be sick 133 134 In January 2019 two pilots and three flight attendants on Flight 1897 from Philadelphia to Fort Lauderdale were hospitalized following complaints of a strange odor 135 136 Discrimination complaints Edit On October 24 2017 the NAACP issued a travel advisory for American Airlines urging African Americans to exercise caution when traveling with the airline The NAACP issued the advisory after four incidents In one incident a black woman was moved from first class to coach while her white traveling companion was allowed to remain in first class In another incident a black man was forced to give up his seats after being confronted by two unruly white passengers 137 According to the NAACP while they did receive complaints on other airlines most of their complaints in the year before their advisory were on American Airlines 138 In July 2018 the NAACP lifted their travel advisory saying that American has made improvements to mitigate discrimination and unsafe treatment of African Americans 139 Accidents and incidents EditMain article List of American Airlines accidents and incidents As of March 2019 the airline has had almost sixty aircraft hull losses beginning with the crash of an American Airways Ford 5 AT C Trimotor in August 1931 140 141 Of these most were propeller driven aircraft including three Lockheed L 188 Electra turboprop aircraft of which one the crash in 1959 of Flight 320 resulted in fatalities 141 The two accidents with the highest fatalities in both the airline s and U S aviation history were Flight 191 in 1979 and Flight 587 in 2001 142 Out of the 17 hijackings of American Airlines flights two aircraft were hijacked and destroyed in the September 11 attacks Flight 11 crashed into the north facade of the North Tower of the World Trade Center and Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon both were bound for LAX from Boston Logan International Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport respectively 143 Other accidents include the Flight 383 engine failure and fire in 2016 There were two training flight accidents in which the crew were killed and six that resulted in no fatalities 141 Another four jet aircraft have been written off due to incidents while they were parked between flights or while undergoing maintenance 141 Carbon footprint EditAmerican Airlines reported total CO2e emissions direct and indirect for the twelve months ending December 31 2020 at 20 092 Kt 21 347 51 5 y o y 144 The company aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050 145 American Airlines s annual total CO2e emissions Location based scope 1 scope 2 in kilotonnes Dec 2016 Dec 2017 Dec 2018 Dec 2019 Dec 202039 254 146 39 388 147 40 604 148 41 439 149 20 092 144 See also EditAAirpass Air transportation in the United States List of airlines of the United States List of airports in the United States U S Airways which merged with American Airlines in 2013Notes and references EditNotes References a b American Airlines ch aviation Archived from the original on December 24 2016 Retrieved December 27 2016 7340 2F with Change 1 and Change 2 and Change 3 PDF Washington Federal Aviation Administration October 15 2015 pp 3 1 18 Archived PDF from the original on February 3 2017 Retrieved December 27 2016 History of American Airlines Fort Worth American Airlines Group 2015 Archived from the original on March 15 2017 Retrieved June 30 2015 Airline Certificate Information Detail View Washington Federal Aviation Administration May 12 2015 Archived from the original on July 13 2015 Retrieved May 15 2015 Certificate Number AALA025A About us American Airlines Archived from the original on August 1 2017 Retrieved November 29 2017 Corporate structure American Airlines Archived from the original on June 6 2016 Retrieved March 22 2022 Location 1 Skyview Drive Fort Worth TX 76155 a b American Airlines Group employees 2012 2021 Statista com Archived from the original on March 13 2022 Retrieved March 11 2022 a b c American Airlines Group About us American Airlines Aa com Archived from the original on August 1 2017 Retrieved February 22 2018 American Air signs deal to contract out some flying to SkyWest The Associated Yahoo News September 12 2012 Archived from the original on March 19 2013 Retrieved October 3 2012 Koenig David November 29 2011 American Airlines parent seeks Ch 11 protection Google News Associated Press Archived from the original on December 4 2011 Retrieved December 7 2011 TWA to be bought by American Jan 10 2001 money cnn com Archived from the original on December 5 2018 Retrieved November 14 2019 Pearcy Arthur Douglas DC 3 Survivors Volume 1 Bourne End Bucks UK Aston Publications 1987 ISBN 0 946627 13 4 p 17 Holden Henry DC 3 History Archived September 27 2010 at the Wayback 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Airline Directory Flight International March 20 1975 472 Archived December 3 2010 at the Wayback Machine Flatiron Gramercy Murray Hill Union Square Manhattan Neighborhood Map Archived November 23 2010 at the Wayback Machine About com Retrieved January 25 2009 Sterba James P American Will Shift Headquarters From Manhattan to Dallas Airport Big Economies Predicted Archived April 30 2018 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times Thursday November 16 1978 Page A1 Retrieved August 27 2009 a b American Airlines Finishes Moving into Headquarters Monday Archived September 7 2014 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press at Ocala Star Banner January 16 1983 6A Google News 4 of 62 Retrieved August 27 2009 a b c d Brown Steve American Airlines will build new headquarters in Fort Worth Archive The Dallas Morning News October 22 2015 Retrieved on October 27 2015 Robert Sturns Fort Worth s economic development director said the city was committed to keeping its largest corporate citizen a b c Owens Marjorie Jason Whitely and Jim Douglas American to build new headquarters in Fort Worth Archive WFAA October 22 2015 Retrieved on October 24 2015 Tales From an Era When Airlines Knew Good Design Wired Archived from the original on June 27 2018 Retrieved May 22 2015 Vignelli Associates About the AA Logo Vignelli com Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved December 2 2011 iconic logo designers logosdesigners com Archived from the original on January 24 2010 Retrieved April 3 2015 Current Airline Members Iata org Archived from the original on February 7 2019 Retrieved February 5 2019 Wilson Mark January 22 2013 American Airlines Rebrands Itself And America Along With It Fast Company Archived from the original on April 27 2021 Retrieved April 27 2021 a b c Zaller Rowland Catherine January 8 2018 Re Second Request for Reconsideration for Refusal to Register American Airlines Flight Symbol Correspondence ID 1 28H4ZFK SR 1 3537494381 PDF Copyright gov United States Copyright Office Archived PDF from the original on January 27 2018 Retrieved January 26 2018 US Copyright Office Says What We re All Thinking American Airlines Lacks Creativity One Mile at a Time One Mile at a Time January 25 2018 Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved June 9 2020 Re Registration Decision Regarding American Airlines Flight Symbol Correspondence ID 1 28H4ZFK SR 1 3537494381 PDF United States Copyright Office December 7 2018 Archived PDF from the original on April 28 2020 Retrieved June 23 2019 American Airlines Unveils New Logo and Livery Airlines and Destinations January 17 2013 Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved July 26 2017 Boeing 707 Jet Airliner Non Stop Service between New York City and Los Angeles Boeing Magazine 30 1958 66 Why Is American Airlines Changing Its Stripes Conde Nast Traveler January 17 2013 Archived from the original on October 28 2020 Retrieved May 15 2022 American Airlines unveils new logo livery Chicago Tribune January 17 2013 Archived from the original on February 17 2013 Retrieved January 17 2013 Delta Air Canada Among Carriers Weighing Benefit of Paint Stripping Industry bnet com October 8 2008 Archived from the original on December 12 2008 Retrieved December 2 2011 Becoming a new American American Airlines Archived from the original on October 8 2013 Retrieved March 6 2013 Ahles Andrea January 18 2013 American Airlines shows off new look for new era Fort Worth Star Telegram Archived from the original on March 10 2013 Retrieved January 29 2014 King Eric March 28 2013 American Airline s New Livery Soon Could Become Its Old Look NBC 5 Dallas Fort Worth Archived March 30 2013 at the Wayback Machine Nbcdfw com Retrieved on July 18 2013 Johnson Joshua January 23 2013 Check Out the New American Airlines Logo Design Shack Archived from the original on April 20 2016 Retrieved June 11 2019 Smith Patrick January 6 2014 The New American Airlines Livery AskThePilot com Archived from the original on July 7 2019 Retrieved June 11 2019 Mayo Keenan January 19 2013 Q amp A Original American Airlines Designer Massimo Vignelli on the Redesigned Logo Web Bloomberg com Bloomberg L P Archived from the original on August 7 2019 Retrieved August 7 2019 Maxon Terry December 2013 Doug Parker to let American Airlines employees decide whether to keep the new AA tail Dallas News Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved July 26 2017 Heinz Frank January 2 2014 American Airlines Employees Vote to Keep New Livery NBC Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved July 26 2017 PHOTOS Heritage Livery Flies Again in American Airlines Retro Rollout APEX Airline Passenger Experience December 3 2015 Archived from the original on August 5 2019 Retrieved September 30 2019 Ewing Ryan June 5 2017 Photos American Rolls out New AstroJet Themed Boeing 737 800 AirlineGeeks com Archived from the original on September 30 2019 Retrieved September 30 2019 Ewing Ryan December 14 2017 American Quietly Adds Polished Aluminum Retro Livery to a Boeing 737 800 AirlineGeeks com Archived from the original on July 9 2019 Retrieved September 30 2019 Airlines Pilot Association Archived from the original on April 12 2003 Retrieved February 5 2016 Envoy Air ALPA alpa org Archived from the original on October 26 2016 Retrieved October 26 2016 American Airlines flight attendants to get bigger pay raises after all Dallasnews com Archived from the original on April 20 2016 Retrieved September 17 2016 Josephs Leslie November 1 2019 Largest US flight attendant union targets Delta cabin crews CNBC Archived from the original on April 27 2021 Retrieved April 27 2021 American CEO says contract proposals to ground workers to have double digit pay increases Star telegram com Archived from the original on July 28 2016 Retrieved September 17 2016 Jean Sheryl American Airlines customer service and gate agents approve new labor contract Airline Biz Blog Archived from the original on April 20 2016 Retrieved April 10 2016 American Airlines Will Make Clean Air Improvements at Logan Airport Reports to EPA the Use of Illegal High Sulfur Fuel in Motor Vehicles United States Environmental Protection Agency July 19 1999 Archived from the original on July 7 2007 Retrieved January 25 2009 The men who took 10 000 flights The Hustle April 7 2018 Archived from the original on June 2 2022 Retrieved May 15 2022 Free quent flier has wings clipped after American Airlines takes away his unlimited pass New York Post May 13 2012 Archived from the original on September 27 2019 Retrieved October 20 2019 Chute Rebecca D Wiener Earl L 1996 Cockpit cabin communication II Shall we tell the pilots The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 6 3 211 231 doi 10 1207 s15327108ijap0603 1 PMID 11540138 S2CID 11191665 Cross Jamie 2012 Sources of friction PDF AeroSafety World pp 32 35 Archived PDF from the original on February 7 2019 Retrieved February 23 2019 via Flightsafety org Boeing suit settlement stirs jetliner air safety debate Archived February 11 2019 at the Wayback Machine NBC news October 6 2011 Nassauer Sarah July 30 2009 Up in the Air New Worries About Fume Events on Planes Archived April 12 2019 at the Wayback Machine The Wall Street Journal Fume event hospitalises American Airlines crew in latest incident concerning cabin air Archived February 7 2019 at the Wayback Machine Telegraph January 4 2017 American Airlines Jet Has 3rd Fume Incident in 3 Months 7 Flight Attendants Transported to Hospital and Released Archived February 7 2019 at the Wayback Machine ABC News January 3 2017 American Airlines flight attendants are gearing up for battle over the company s punitive new attendance policy Archived February 7 2019 at the Wayback Machine Business Insider August 31 2018 American Airlines flight attendants to picket headquarters Thursday Archived August 6 2020 at the Wayback Machine August 29 2018 Chicago Business Journal American Airlines pilots flight attendants fall ill on Philadelphia to Florida flight Archived January 25 2019 at the Wayback Machine USA Today January 11 2019 Five American Airlines staffers hospitalized after noticing odor on plane Archived January 25 2019 at the Wayback Machine Fox News January 10 2019 The NAACP issues travel advisory for American Airlines warning black passengers of disturbing incidents Archived January 25 2019 at the Wayback Machine PBS October 25 2017 NAACP Most complaints about American Airlines What can brands learn Archived January 25 2019 at the Wayback Machine USA Today October 25 2017 NAACP lifts travel advisory against American Airlines Archived January 25 2019 at the Wayback Machine PBS July 17 2018 American Airways safety occurrences Aviation Safety Network Flight Safety Foundation Archived from the original on January 4 2018 Retrieved January 3 2018 a b c d American Airlines safety occurrences Aviation Safety Network Flight Safety Foundation Archived from the original on January 4 2018 Retrieved January 3 2018 Ranter Harro Aviation Safety Network gt ASN Aviation Safety Database gt Geographical regions gt United States of America air safety profile aviation safety net Archived from the original on October 27 2019 Retrieved July 26 2019 Paul Joseph ed 2016 The SAGE Encyclopedia of War Social Science Perspectives SAGE Publications p 1533 ISBN 978 1 4833 5988 5 Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved January 29 2019 a b American Airlines Group Inc s ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4 PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 13 2021 Alt URL Archived November 13 2021 at the Wayback Machine Net zero carbon emissions by 2050 Archived from the original on November 13 2021 Retrieved November 13 2021 American Airlines Group Inc s ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4 PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 13 2021 Alt URL Archived November 13 2021 at the Wayback Machine American Airlines Group Inc s ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4 PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 13 2021 Alt URL Archived November 13 2021 at the Wayback Machine American Airlines Group Inc s ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4 PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 13 2021 Alt URL Archived November 13 2021 at the Wayback Machine American Airlines Group Inc s ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4 PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 13 2021 Alt URL Archived November 13 2021 at the Wayback MachineFurther reading EditBedwell Don 1999 Silverbird the American Airlines story Sandpoint Idaho Airways International ISBN 0 9653993 6 2 OCLC 43762553 Archived from the original on June 25 2022 Retrieved October 1 2021 Capozzi John M 2001 A spirit of greatness stories from the employees of American Airlines 1st ed Fairfield Conn JMC Pub Services ISBN 0 9656410 3 1 OCLC 40986912 Archived from the original on June 25 2022 Retrieved October 1 2021 Casey Albert V 1997 Casey s law if something can go right it should 1st ed New York Arcade Pub ISBN 1 55970 307 5 OCLC 32430679 Archived from the original on June 25 2022 Retrieved October 1 2021 Endres Gunter 1998 McDonnell Douglas DC 10 St Paul Minnesota MBI Publishing Company ISBN 0 7603 0617 6 Forty Simon 1997 American Airlines Vergennes VT Plymouth Press ISBN 1 882663 21 7 OCLC 39542166 Archived from the original on June 25 2022 Retrieved October 1 2021 Hieger Linda H 2010 With wings of silver and gold the history and uniforms of American Airlines stewardesses flight attendants United States ISBN 978 1 60458 271 0 OCLC 682191394 Archived from the original on June 25 2022 Retrieved October 1 2021 Reed Dan 1993 The American eagle the ascent of Bob Crandall and American Airlines 1st ed New York St Martin s Press ISBN 0 312 08696 2 OCLC 27173065 Archived from the original on June 25 2022 Retrieved October 1 2021 Serling Robert J 1985 Eagle the story of American Airlines 1st ed New York St Martin s Marek ISBN 0 312 22453 2 OCLC 12107802 Archived from the original on June 25 2022 Retrieved October 1 2021 Waddington Terry 2000 McDonnell Douglas DC 10 Miami Florida World Transport Press ISBN 1 892437 04 X International directory of company histories Vol 27 Detroit Mich St James Press 1999 ISBN 978 1 55862 668 3 OCLC 769042340 Archived from the original on June 25 2022 Retrieved October 1 2021 External links EditOfficial website Official American Airlines Vacations websitePortals United States Texas Companies AviationAmerican Airlines at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title American Airlines amp oldid 1148034083, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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