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Delhi

January 18, 2023

"National Capital Territory" redirects here. For the generic term, see Capital districts and territories.
Not to be confused with New Delhi, the capital of India, entirely within the limits of Delhi.
For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation).

Delhi,[a] officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders with the state of Uttar Pradesh in the east and with the state of Haryana in the remaining directions. The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres (573 sq mi).[5] According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11 million,[6][14] while the NCT's population was about 16.8 million.[7] Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida in an area known as the National Capital Region (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28 million, making it the largest metropolitan area in India and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo).[8]

Delhi
Union territory
National Capital Territory of Delhi
From top, left to right: Humayun's Tomb; Qutub Minar; Jama Masjid; Red Fort's Lahori gate; India Gate; Digambar Jain Mandir with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; St. James' Church; Hyderabad House; Lotus Temple, a Baháʼí House of Worship
Interactive map of Delhi
Coordinates: 28°36′36″N 77°13′48″E / 28.61000°N 77.23000°E / 28.61000; 77.23000Coordinates: 28°36′36″N 77°13′48″E / 28.61000°N 77.23000°E / 28.61000; 77.23000
CountryIndia
Capital, Delhi Sultanate1214
Capital, Mughal Empire1526, intermittently with Agra
Capital, Indian Empire1911
New Delhi, capital, Dominion of India1947
New Delhi, capital, Republic of India26 January 1950
Union Territory[1][2]1956
National Capital Territory[3]1 February 1992
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Delhi
 • Lt. GovernorVinai Kumar Saxena[4]
 • Chief MinisterArvind Kejriwal (AAP)
 • Deputy Chief MinisterManish Sisodia (AAP)
 • LegislatureUnicameral (70 seats)
 • Parliamentary constituency
Area
[5]
 • Union territory1,484 km2 (573 sq mi)
 • Water18 km2 (6.9 sq mi)
Elevation
200–250 m (650–820 ft)
Population
 (2011)[6]
 • Union territory16,787,941
 • Density11,312/km2 (29,298/sq mi)
 • Urban
[7]
16,349,831 (2nd)
 • Megacity
[6]
11,034,555 (2nd)
 • Metro (includes part of NCR (2018)
[8]
28,514,000 (1st)
Languages
 • Official
 • Additional official
Time zoneUTC+5.30 (IST)
Literacy (2011)86.21%[10]
Sex ratio (2011)868 ♀/1000 ♂[10]
Websiteportal.delhi.gov.in

The topography of the medieval fort Purana Qila on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel Indraprastha in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment. From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the Delhi sultanate and the Mughal Empire, which covered large parts of South Asia. All three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the city, the Qutub Minar, Humayun's Tomb, and the Red Fort, belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of Sufism and Qawwali music. The names of Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusrau are prominently associated with it. The Khariboli dialect of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of the Urdu language and then of Modern Standard Hindi. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include Mir Taqi Mir and Mirza Ghalib. Delhi was a major centre of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. In 1911, New Delhi, a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the British Indian Empire. During the Partition of India in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by arriving Hindu refugees from western Punjab.[15] After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the Dominion of India, and after 1950 of the Republic of India.

Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index.[16] Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India (after Goa).[17] Although a union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of India, with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal government of India and the local government of Delhi, and serves as the capital of the nation as well as the NCT of Delhi. Delhi is also the centre of the National Capital Region, which is an "interstate regional planning" area created in 1985.[18][19] Delhi hosted the inaugural 1951 Asian Games, the 1982 Asian Games, the 1983 Non-Aligned Movement summit, the 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup, the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and the 2012 BRICS summit and was one of the major host cities of the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

Toponym

There are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi. One of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king who built a city at this location in 50 BCE and named it after himself.[20][21][22] Another legend holds that the name of the city is based on the Hindi/Prakrit word dhili (loose) and that it was used by the Tomaras to refer to the city because the iron pillar of Delhi had a weak foundation and had to be moved.[22] According to Panjab Notes and Queries, the name of the city at the time of King Prithviraj was dilpat, and that dilpat and dilli are probably derived from the old Hindi word dil meaning "eminence". The former director of the Archaeological Survey of India, Alexander Cunningham, mentioned that dilli later became dihli/dehli.[23] Some suggest the coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal.[24] According to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern-day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali.[25] Some historians believe that Dhilli or Dhillika is the original name for the city while others believe the name could be a corruption of the Hindustani words dehleez or dehali—both terms meaning "threshold" or "gateway"—and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain.[26][27]

The people of Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dilliwalas.[28] The city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo-Aryan languages. Examples include:

  • Abhī Dillī dūr hai (अभी दिल्ली दूर है / ابھی دلی دور ہے) or its Persian version, Hanuz Dehli dur ast (هنوز دهلی دور است), literally meaning "Delhi is still far away", which is generically said about a task or journey still far from completion.[29][30]
  • Ās-pās barse, Dillī pānī tarse (आस-पास बरसे, दिल्ली पानी तरसे \ آس پاس برسے، دلی پانی ترسے), literally meaning "It pours all around, while Delhi lies parched". An allusion to the sometimes semi-arid climate of Delhi, it idiomatically refers to situations of deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty.[30]

The form Delhi, used in Latin script and strangely with an h following an l, originated under colonial rule and is a corrupt spelling based on the Urdu name of the city (دہلی, Dehli).[31]

History

Main articles: History of Delhi and Old Delhi

Ancient and Early Medieval Periods

 
The walls of the 16th-century Purana Qila built on a mound matching ancient literary descriptions.[32]

Traditionally seven cities have been associated with the region of Delhi. The earliest, Indraprastha, is part of a literary description in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata (composed c. 400 BCE to 200 CE but describing an earlier time) which situates a city on a knoll on the banks of the river Yamuna. According to art historian Catherine B. Asher, the topographical description of the Mahabharata matches the area of Purana Qila, a 14th-century CE fort of the Delhi sultanate, but the analogy does not go much further. Whereas the Mahabharata speaks of a beautifully decorated city with surrounding fortification, the excavations have yielded "uneven findings of painted grey pottery characteristic of the eleventh century BCE; no signs of a built environment, much fewer fortifications, have been revealed."[32]

The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period (c. 300 BCE); in 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273–235 BCE) was discovered near Srinivaspuri. Remains of several major cities can be found in Delhi. The first of these was in the southern part of present-day Delhi. King Anang Pal of the Tomara dynasty built Lal Kot and several temples in 1052 CE. Vigraharaj Chauhan conquered Lal Kot in the mid-12th century and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.

Late Medieval Period

See also: Delhi Sultanate
 
The Qutub Minar, Delhi.

Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori in the second battle of Tarain. Qutb-ud-din Aibak, was given the responsibility of governing the conquered territories of India until Ghori returned to his capital, Ghor. When Ghori died without an heir in 1206 CE, Qutb-ud-din assumed control of Ghori's Indian possessions, and laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mamluk dynasty. He began construction of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat-al-Islam (Might of Islam) mosque, the earliest extant mosque in India. It was his successor, Iltutmish (1211–1236), who consolidated the Turkic conquest of northern India.[20][33] At 72.5 m (238 ft), the Qutb Minar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi,[34] was completed during the reign of Sultan Illtutmish in the 13th century. Although its style has some similarities with the Jarkurgan minaret, it is more closely related to the Ghaznavid and Ghurid minarets of Central Asia[35] Razia, daughter of Iltutmish, became the Sultana of Delhi upon the former's death.

For the next three hundred years, Delhi was ruled by a succession of Turkic and an Afghan, Lodi dynasty. They built several forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi.[36] Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during this period.[37] The Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) was overthrown in 1290 by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (1290–1320). Under the second Khalji ruler, Ala-ud-din Khalji, the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the Narmada River in the Deccan. The Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351). In an attempt to bring the whole of the Deccan under control, he moved his capital to Daulatabad, Maharashtra in central India. However, by moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi to restore order. The southern provinces then broke away. In the years following the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388), the Delhi Sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces. Delhi was captured and sacked by Timur in 1398,[38] who massacred 100,000 captive civilian.[39] Delhi's decline continued under the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), until the sultanate was reduced to Delhi and its hinterland. Under the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526), the Delhi sultanate recovered control of Punjab and the Gangetic plain to once again achieve domination over Northern India. However, the recovery was short-lived and the sultanate was destroyed in 1526 by Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty.

Early Modern Period

See also: Mughal Empire
 
Red Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was the main residence of the Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years.

In 1526, Babur a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, from the Fergana Valley in modern-day Uzbekistan invaded India, defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra.[20] The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556.[40] Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name Shahjahanabad, which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638 and is today known as the Old City or Old Delhi.[41]

After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire from Deccan Plateau rose to prominence.[42] In 1737, Maratha forces led by Baji Rao I sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but militarily superior Persian army led by Nader Shah of Persia. After his invasion, he completely sacked and looted Delhi, carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. The Mughals, severely further weakened, could never overcome this crushing defeat and humiliation which also left the way open for more invaders to come, including eventually the British.[43][44][45] Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury.[46] A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in Delhi.[47] The city was sacked again in 1757 by the forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani, although it was not annexed by the Afghan Empire and being its vassal state under the Mughal emperor. Then the Marathas battled and won control of Delhi from the Mughals.[48] By the end of the century, Delhi had also come under control of the Bharatpur State and the Sikh Empire.

Colonial Period

See also: British Raj
 
British India stamps, inauguration, New Delhi, February 1931

In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi.[49] During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi fell to the forces of East India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi. The city came under the direct control of the British Government in 1858. It was made a district province of the Punjab.[20] In 1911, it was announced that the capital of British-held territories in India was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi.[50] This formally transferred on 12 December 1911.[51]

The name "New Delhi" was given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931. New Delhi was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gained independence on 15 August 1947.[52] It has expanded since; the small part of it that was constructed during the British period has come to be informally known as Lutyens' Delhi.[53]

Partition and post-independence

 
Khan Market in New Delhi, now a high-end shopping district, was established in 1951 to help refugees of the Partition of India, especially those from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). It honours Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan, Chief Minister of NWFP during the Partition.[54][55]

During the partition of India, around five lakh Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi, while around three lakh Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan.[56][57] Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly Hindi-speaking Punjabi Hindus.[58][59][60] Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues (as of 2013), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.[61]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi.[1][2] The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[3] The Act gave Delhi its legislative assembly along Civil lines, though with limited powers.[3]

Delhi was the primary site in the nationwide anti-Sikh pogroms of 1984, which resulted in the death of around 2,800 people in the city according to government figures, though independent estimates of the number of people killed tend to be higher. The riots were set off by the assassination of Indira Gandhi—the Prime Minister of India at the time—by her Sikh bodyguards.[62]

In 2001, the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed Islamic militants, killing six security personnel.[63] India suspected Pakistan-based Jihadist militant groups were behind the attack, which caused a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries.[64] There were further terrorist attacks in Delhi in 2005 and 2008, resulting in a total of 92 deaths.[65][66] The 2020 Delhi riots, Delhi's worst communal violence in decades, was caused mainly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims.[67][68] Of the 53 people killed, two-thirds were Muslims,[69][70][71] and the rest Hindus.[70]

Geography

Main article: Environment of Delhi
 
Aerial view of Delhi in April 2016 with river Yamuna in top-right.

Delhi is located in Northern India, at 28°37′N 77°14′E / 28.61°N 77.23°E / 28.61; 77.23. The city is bordered on its northern, western, and southern sides by the state of Haryana and to the east by that of Uttar Pradesh (UP). Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge. The Yamuna River was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west, northeast, and northwest parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318 m (1,043 ft) and is a dominant feature of the region.[72] In addition to the wetlands formed by the Yamuna river, Delhi continues to retain over 500 ponds (wetlands < 5 ha), that in turn support considerable number of bird species.[73] Delhi's ponds, despite experiencing ecological deterioration due to garbage dumping and concretization, supports the largest number of bird species known to be using ponds anywhere in the world.[74] Existing policy in Delhi prevents the conversion of wetlands and, quite inadvertently, has led to the city's ponds becoming invaluable refugia for birds.[73][74]

The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1,483 km2 (573 sq mi), of which 783 km2 (302 sq mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) urban therefore making it the largest city in terms of area in the country. It has a length of 51.9 km (32 mi) and a width of 48.48 km (30 mi).[citation needed]

Delhi is included in India's seismic zone-IV, indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes.[75]

Climate

See also: Climate of Delhi

Delhi features a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). The warm season lasts from 21 March to 15 June with an average daily high temperature above 39 °C (102 °F). The hottest day of the year is 22 May, with an average high of 40 °C (104 °F) and low of 28 °C (82 °F).[76] The cold season lasts from 26 November to 9 February with an average daily high temperature below 20 °C (68 °F). The coldest day of the year is 4 January, with an average low of 2 °C (36 °F) and high of 14 °C (57 °F).[76] In early March, the wind direction changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October the weather is hot. The monsoon arrives at the end of June, along with an increase in humidity.[77] The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.[78]

Temperatures in Delhi usually range from 2 to 47 °C (35.6 to 116.6 °F), with the lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded being −2.2 and 49.2 °C (28.0 and 120.6 °F), respectively.[79] However, 49.2 °C (120.6 °F) was recorded at Mungeshpur on 15 May 2022 whereas one of the main weathering station, that is, Airport station recorded all time high of 48.4 °C (119.1 °F) on 26 May 1998. The lowest ever temperature ever recorded is −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) at airport on 11 January 1967. The highest temperature ever recorded in Safdarjung is 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) on 29 May 1944 & lowest recorded is −0.6 °C (30.9 °F) on 16 January 1935. On January 8 2006 Delhi recorded minimum temperature of 0.2 °C (32.4 °F), the coldest in 70 years.[80] On December 30 2019 Delhi recorded lowest maximum temp ever at 9.4 °C (48.9 °F) at Safdarjung & 7.7 °C (45.9 °F) at Mungeshpur.[81] On January 1 2021 Delhi recorded temperature of 1.1 °C (34.0 °F), the coldest in 15 years.[82] The annual mean temperature is 25 °C (77 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 °C (55 to 90 °F). The highest temperature recorded in July in Safdarjung, Palam, Ayanagar & Delhi Ridge are 45 °C (113 °F) on 1 July 1931, 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) on 5 July 1987, 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) on 11 July 1982 & 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) on 7 July 2009 respectively.[83][84] The average annual rainfall is approximately 779 mm (30.7 in) according to 1961-2010 Long Period Average, most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August. But it was revised to 774.4 mm (30.49 in) according to 1971-2020 Long Period Average.[20] The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi was 29 June but it was revised to 27 June in 2020.[85]

Climate data for New Delhi (Safdarjung) 1971–2020, extremes 1901–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.5
(90.5) 		34.1
(93.4) 		40.6
(105.1) 		45.6
(114.1) 		47.2
(117.0) 		46.7
(116.1) 		45.0
(113.0) 		42.0
(107.6) 		40.6
(105.1) 		39.4
(102.9) 		36.1
(97.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		47.2
(117.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 25.8
(78.4) 		29.5
(85.1) 		35.8
(96.4) 		41.4
(106.5) 		44.3
(111.7) 		43.7
(110.7) 		40.4
(104.7) 		37.4
(99.3) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.1
(97.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		44.8
(112.6)
Average high °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		29.9
(85.8) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.9
(103.8) 		39.0
(102.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.2
(93.6) 		34.1
(93.4) 		33.0
(91.4) 		28.4
(83.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		31.4
(88.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		29.1
(84.4) 		32.7
(90.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.4
(86.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		25.3
(77.5)
Average low °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		10.6
(51.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		25.8
(78.4) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.5
(81.5) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		18.9
(66.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 3.5
(38.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		4.5
(40.1) 		3.1
(37.6)
Record low °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.7
(69.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−0.6
(30.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 19.1
(0.75) 		21.3
(0.84) 		17.4
(0.69) 		16.3
(0.64) 		30.7
(1.21) 		74.1
(2.92) 		209.7
(8.26) 		233.1
(9.18) 		123.5
(4.86) 		15.1
(0.59) 		6.0
(0.24) 		8.1
(0.32) 		774.4
(30.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3mm) 2.9 3.1 3.6 2.6 4.6 7.5 13.1 14.4 7.6 1.6 0.9 0.9 62.9
Average rainy days 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.0 2.7 4.8 9.7 10.2 5.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 40.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 57 46 37 25 28 43 63 68 60 47 52 59 49
Average dew point °C (°F) 8
(46) 		11
(52) 		14
(57) 		14
(57) 		18
(64) 		22
(72) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		23
(73) 		18
(64) 		14
(57) 		10
(50) 		17
(62)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 223.2 248.0 276.0 285.2 219.0 179.8 176.7 219.0 260.4 246.0 220.1 2,773.5
Mean daily sunshine hours 7.1 7.9 8.0 9.2 9.2 7.3 5.8 5.7 7.3 8.4 8.2 7.1 7.6
Mean daily daylight hours 10.6 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.6 13.9 13.8 13.1 12.3 11.5 10.7 10.3 12.2
Percent possible sunshine 67 71 67 71 68 53 42 44 59 73 77 69 63
Average ultraviolet index 3 5 6 8 9 9 8 7 6 6 5 3 6
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000);[86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95]Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)[96]Revised Rainfall data[97]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);[98]Weather Atlas (UV Index)[99](Daylight)[100]

Air pollution

See also: Environmental issues in Delhi and Air pollution in Delhi
 
A dense toxic smog in New Delhi blocks out the sun. In November 2017, Delhi's chief minister described the city as a "gas chamber".[101]

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Delhi was the most polluted[102] city in the world in 2014. In 2016 WHO downgraded Delhi to eleventh-worst in the urban air quality database.[103] According to one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year.[104][105][106] Air quality index of Delhi is generally moderate (101–200) level between January to September, and then it drastically deteriorates to Very Poor (301–400), Severe (401–500) or Hazardous (500+) levels in three months between October to December, due to various factors including stubble burning, fire crackers burning during Diwali and cold weather.[107][108][109] During 2013–14, peak levels of fine particulate matter (PM) in Delhi increased by about 44%, primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions, construction work and crop burning in adjoining states.[104][110][111][112] It has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter, PM2.5 considered most harmful to health, with 153 micrograms.[113]

Rising air pollution level has significantly increased lung-related ailments (especially asthma and lung cancer) among Delhi's children and women.[114][115] The dense smog and haze in Delhi during winter results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.[116] According to Indian meteorologists, the average maximum temperature in Delhi during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution.[117]

India's Ministry of Earth Sciences published a research paper in October 2018 attributing almost 41% of PM2.5 air pollution in Delhi to vehicular emissions, 21.5% to dust/fire and 18% to industries.[118] The director of Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) alleged that the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) is lobbying "against the report" because it is "inconvenient" to the automobile industry.[119] Environmentalists have also criticised the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues.[105] In 2014, an environmental panel appealed to India's Supreme Court to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars, but till date no action has been taken to penalise the automobile industry.[120]

Most of Delhi's residents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with it.[111][112] In 2020, annual average PM2.5 in the Delhi, stood at 107.6 µg/m³, which is almost 21.5 times the World Health Organization PM2.5 Guideline (5 µg/m³: set in September, 2021).[121] These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the Life Expectancy of an average person living in Delhi by almost 10.1 years.[122]

However, as of 2015, awareness, particularly among the foreign diplomatic community and high-income Indians, was noticeably increasing.[123] Since the mid-1990s, Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution—Delhi has the third-highest quantity of trees among Indian cities[124] and the Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world's largest fleet of environmentally friendly compressed natural gas (CNG) buses.[125] In 1996, the CSE started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the United States Department of Energy's first 'Clean Cities International Partner of the Year' award for its "bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives".[125] The Delhi Metro has also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the city.[126]

However, according to several authors, most of these gains have been lost, especially due to stubble burning, a rise in the market share of diesel cars and a considerable decline in bus ridership.[127][128] According to CSE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of smog over Delhi.[129][130]

Civic administration

See also: Neighbourhoods of Delhi, Districts of Delhi, and List of towns in National Capital Territory of Delhi
 
Districts of Delhi

Currently, the National Capital Territory of Delhi is made up of one division, 11 districts, 33 subdivisions, 59 census towns, and 300 villages.[131]

The National Capital Territory of Delhi is divided into three municipalities, Delhi Municipality, New Delhi and Delhi Cantonment, each with their own governance apparatus. The Municipality of Delhi is administered by Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) which occupies an area of 1397.3 km2 and is sub-divided into 12 zones, that is, Centre, South, West, Najafgarh, Rohini, Civil Lines, Karol Bagh, SP-City, Keshavpuram, Narela, Shahdara North and Shahdara South.[132] Municipal services in New Delhi, which occupies an area of 42.7 km2, are provided by the New Delhi Municipal Council and Delhi Cantonment is administered by a Cantonment board.

Between 2011 and 22 May 2022 Delhi Municipality was divided into three municipal corporations:[133]

  1. South Delhi had jurisdiction over South and West Delhi areas including Mahipalpur, Rajouri Garden, Badarpur, Jaitpur, Janakpuri, Hari Nagar, Tilak Nagar, Dwarka, Jungpura, Greater Kailash, R K Puram, Malviya Nagar, Kalkaji, Ambedkar Nagar and Pul pehladpur.
  2. North Delhi had jurisdiction over areas such as Badli, Rithala, Bawana, Kirari, Mangolpuri, Tri Nagar, Model Town, Sadar Bazar, Chandni Chowk, Matia Mahal, Karol Bagh, Moti Nagar
  3. East Delhi had jurisdiction over areas such as Patparganj, Kondli, Laxmi Nagar, Seemapuri, Gonda, Karawal Nagar, Babarpur and Shahadra.[134]

Delhi is home to the High Court of Delhi. The High Court of Delhi is the highest in the Delhi before Supreme Court. The High Court of Delhi just like the apex court and other High Courts in India is the Court of record. Delhi is also home to various District Court according to jurisdictions. Delhi have Currently seven District Courts namely Tis Hazari Court Complex, Karkardooma Court Complex, Patiala House Court Complex, Rohini Court Complex, Dwarka Courts Complex, Saket Court Complex, and Rouse Avenue Court Apart from the District Courts Delhi also have Consumer Courts, CBI Courts, Labour Courts, Revenue Courts, Army tribunals, electricity tribunals, Railway Tribunals, and other various tribunals situated according to appropriate jurisdictions.[135][136]

For policing purposes Delhi is divided into fifteen police districts which are further subdivided into 95 local police station zones. Delhi currently has 180 police stations.[137][138]

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Delhi and Government of India
 
Arvind Kejriwal is the seventh and current Chief Minister of Delhi, first elected in February 2015.
 
Delhi Legislative Assembly

As a first-level administrative division, the National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, the council of ministers, and Chief Minister. Members of the legislative assembly are directly elected from territorial constituencies in the NCT. The legislative assembly was abolished in 1956, after which direct federal control was implemented until it was re-established in 1993. The Municipal corporation handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act. The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New Delhi, where both bodies are located. The Parliament of India, the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace), Cabinet Secretariat, and the Supreme Court of India are located in the municipal district of New Delhi. There are 70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha (Indian parliament's lower house) constituencies in Delhi.[139][140] The Indian National Congress (Congress) formed all the governments in Delhi until the 1990s, when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Madan Lal Khurana, came to power.[141] In 1998, the Congress returned to power under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit, who was subsequently re-elected for 3 consecutive terms. But in 2013, the Congress was ousted from power by the newly formed Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) led by Arvind Kejriwal forming the government with outside support from the Congress.[142] However, that government was short-lived, collapsing only after 49 days.[143] Delhi was then under President's rule until February 2015.[144] On 10 February 2015, the Aam Aadmi Party returned to power after a landslide victory, winning 67 out of the 70 seats in the Delhi Legislative Assembly.[145]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Delhi
 
The Khari Baoli market in Old Delhi is one of the oldest and busiest in the city.
 
Connaught Place in New Delhi is an important economic hub of the National Capital Region

Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India. As of 2016 recent estimates of the economy of the Delhi urban area have been around $370 billion (PPP metro GDP) ranking it either the most or second-most productive metro area of India.[146] The nominal GSDP of the NCT of Delhi for 2016–17 was estimated at ₹6,224 billion (US$78 billion), 13% higher than in 2015–16.[147][148] As per the Economic survey of Delhi (2005–2006), the tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 25.20% and 3.85% contributions, respectively.[149] Delhi's workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population, and increased by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[150] Delhi's unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to 4.63% in 2003.[150] In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi.[150]

In 2001 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi-government sector was 620,000, and the private sector employed 219,000.[150] Key service industries are information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.[151] Construction, power, health and community services and real estate are also important to the city's economy. Delhi has one of India's largest and fastest growing retail industries.[152] Manufacturing also grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city. Delhi's large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has also attracted foreign investment. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers and the city had 129,000 industrial units.[153]

Utility services

See also: Bhalswa landfill

Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). As of June 2005, it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD.[154] The shortfall is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. Delhi's groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage.[154] Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.[155]
In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 tonnes which is dumped at three landfill locations by MCD.[156] The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.[157] A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river.[157]

The city's electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher.[158] In Delhi power distribution is managed by TPDDL and BSES Yamuna & BSES Rajdhani since 2002. The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.[159] The state-owned BSNL and private enterprises such as Airtel, Vi, Jio, and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city. Cellular coverage is available in GSM, CDMA, 3G, 4G and 4G+.[citation needed]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Delhi

Air

 
Indira Gandhi International Airport's immigration counter in Terminal 3.[160]

Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the south-west of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2015–16, the airport handled more than 48 million passengers,[161] making it the busiest airport in India and South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.2 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.[162] In 2010, IGIA was conferred the 4th best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, by Airports Council International. The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International. Delhi Airport was awarded The Best Airport in Central Asia and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.[163][164] Hindon Domestic Airport in Ghaziabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the second airport for the Delhi-NCR Region on 8 March 2019.[165] A second international airport open for commercial flights has been suggested either by expansion of Meerut Airport or construction of a new airport in Greater Noida.[166] The Taj International Airport project in Jewar has been approved by the Uttar Pradesh government.[167]

The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.[168] The airport functioned until 2001; however, in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.[168][169]

Road

 
Compressed natural gas red- and green buses have low floors; orange has standard. [b]
 
The cycle rickshaw and the auto rickshaw are commonly used in Delhi for travelling short distances.

Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km/100 km2 in India.[171] It is connected to other parts of India by five National Highways: NH 1, NH 2, NH 8, NH 10 and NH 24. The Delhi–Mumbai and Delhi–Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral start from the city. The city's road network is maintained by MCD, NDMC, Delhi Cantonment Board, Public Works Department (PWD) and Delhi Development Authority.[172]

Buses are the most popular means of road transport catering to about 60% of Delhi's total demand.[173] Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. In 1998, the Supreme Court of India ruled that all public transport vehicles in Delhi must be fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG) to tackle increasing vehicular pollution.[174] The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus service provider which operates the world's largest fleet of CNG-fuelled buses.[175][176] In addition, cluster scheme buses are operated by Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System (DIMTS) with the participation of private concessionaires and DTC.[177][178] In December 2017, the DTC and cluster buses carried over 4.19 million passengers per day.[179] Kashmiri Gate ISBT, Anand Vihar ISBT and Sarai Kale Khan ISBT are the main bus terminals for outstation buses plying to neighbouring states. Delhi's rapid rate of economic development and population growth has resulted in an increasing demand for transport, creating excessive pressure on the city's transport infrastructure. To meet the transport demand, the State and Union government constructed a mass rapid transit system, including the Delhi Metro.[180] Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate.

Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on Delhi roads. As of 2007, private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport.[180] Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India.[181] Taxis, auto rickshaws, and cycle rickshaws also ply on Delhi roads in large numbers. As of 2008, the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region, Delhi NCR, was 11.2 million (11.2 million).[182] In 2008, there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1,000 of its residents.[183] In 2017, the number of vehicles in Delhi city alone crossed the ten million mark with the transport department of Delhi Government putting the total number of registered vehicles at 10,567,712 until 25 May of the year.[184]

Railway

 
A passenger train at the New Delhi railway station. Freight awaits pick up or transportation to other destinations.

Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The main railway stations are New Delhi, Old Delhi, Hazrat Nizamuddin, Anand Vihar, Delhi Sarai Rohilla and Delhi Cantt.[180] The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.[185] As of December 2021, the metro consists of ten operational lines with a total length of 348.12 km (216.31 mi) and 254 stations, and several other lines are under construction.[186] The Phase-I was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional ₹216 billion (US$2.7 billion).[187] Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010.[188] Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day.[189] In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[190]

Metro

 
Delhi Metro is widely used in the NCR.

The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's tenth-largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's second modern public transportation system. The network consists of 10 colour-coded lines[191] serving 255 stations[c] with a total length of 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi).[d] The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge. All stations have escalators, lifts, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. There are 18 designated parking sites at Metro stations to further encourage the use of the system. In March 2010, DMRC partnered with Google India (through Google Transit) to provide train schedule and route information to mobile devices with Google Maps. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi–ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi–ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. The Phase-I of Delhi Metro was built for US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional ₹216 billion (US$2.7 billion).[187] Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010.[188] Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day.[189]

Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organization is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides the construction and operation of the Delhi Metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail, and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned from DMRC taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse, which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.[194]

Demographics

See also: Ethnic groups in Delhi

According to the 2011 census of India, the population of the NCT of Delhi is 16,753,235.[195] The corresponding population density was 11,297 persons per km2 with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of 86.34%. In 2004, the birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate per 1000 population were 20.03, 5.59 and 13.08, respectively.[196] In 2001, the population of Delhi increased by 285,000 as a result of migration and by 215,000 as a result of natural population growth,[196] which made Delhi one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. Dwarka Sub City, Asia's largest planned residential area, is located within the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[197] Urban expansion has resulted in Delhi's urban area now being considered as extending beyond the NCT boundaries to incorporate the towns and cities of neighbouring states including Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana, and Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, the total population of which is estimated by the United Nations to be over 28 million. According to the UN this makes Delhi urban area the world's second-largest urban area after Tokyo,[8] although Demographia declares the Jakarta urban area to be the second-largest.[198] The 2011 census provided two figures for urban area population: 16,314,838 within the NCT boundary,[199] and 21,753,486 for the Extended Urban Area.[200] The 2021 regional plan released by the Government of India renamed the Extended Urban Area from Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA) as defined by the 2001 plan,[201] to Central National Capital Region (CNCR).[201][202] Around 49% of the population of Delhi lives in slums and unauthorized colonies without any civic amenities.[203] The majority of these slums have inadequate provisions to the basic facilities and according to a DUSIB report, almost 22% of the people do open defecation.[204]

Religions in Delhi (2011)

  Hinduism (81.68%)
  Islam (12.86%)
  Sikhism (3.40%)
  Jainism (0.99%)
  Christianity (0.87%)
  Buddhism (0.11%)
  Others (0.09%)

Hinduism is Delhi's predominant religious faith, with 81.68% of Delhi's population, followed by Islam (12.86%), Sikhism (3.40%), Jainism (0.99%), Christianity (0.87%), and Buddhism (0.11%).[205] Other minority religions include Zoroastrianism, Baháʼísm and Judaism.[206]

Religious groups in Delhi (1891−2011)[e]
Religious
group 		1891[209]: 68  1901[210]: 44  1911[207]: 20  1921[211]: 30  1931[212]: 119  1941[208]: 80  2011[205]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Hinduism   108,058 56.11% 114,417 54.86% 121,735 52.28% 325,551 66.65% 400,302[f] 62.92% 567,264[f] 61.8% 13,712,100 81.68%
Islam   79,238 41.15% 88,460 42.41% 102,476 44.01% 141,758 29.02% 206,960 32.53% 304,971 33.22% 2,158,684 12.86%
Jainism   3,256 1.69% 3,266 1.57% 3,531 1.52% 4,698 0.96% 5,345 0.84% 11,287 1.23% 166,231 0.99%
Christianity   1,700 0.88% 2,164 1.04% 3,075 1.32% 13,320 2.73% 16,989 2.67% 17,475 1.9% 146,093 0.87%
Sikhism   289 0.15% 229 0.11% 1,939 0.83% 2,764 0.57% 6,437 1.01% 16,157 1.76% 570,581 3.4%
Zoroastrianism   31 0.02% 35 0.02% 74 0.03% 72 0.01% 126 0.02% 284 0.03% N/A N/A
Judaism   6 0% N/A N/A 7 0% 17 0% 11 0% 55 0.01% N/A N/A
Buddhism   0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 6 0% 76 0.01% 150 0.02% 18,449 0.11%
Others 1 0% 4 0% 0 0% 2 0% 0 0% 296 0.03% 15,803 0.09%
Total population 192,579 100% 208,575 100% 232,837 100% 488,452 100% 636,246 100% 917,939 100% 16,787,941 100%

According to the 50th report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India, which was submitted in 2014, Hindi is Delhi's most spoken language, with 80.94% speakers, followed by Punjabi (7.14%), Urdu (6.31%) and Bengali (1.50%). 4.11% of Delhites speak other languages.[213] Hindi is also the official language of Delhi while Urdu and Punjabi have been declared as additional official languages.[213]

Culture

See also: Culture of India
 
Traditional pottery on display in Dilli Haat
 
Pragati Maidan hosts the World Book Fair biennially

Delhi's culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India. Although a strong Punjabi Influence can be seen in language, Dress and Cuisine brought by the large number of refugees who came following the partition in 1947 the recent migration from other parts of India has made it a melting pot. This is exemplified by many significant monuments in the city. The Archaeological Survey of India recognises 1,200 heritage buildings[214] and 175 monuments as national heritage sites.[215]

In the Old City, the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architecturally significant buildings, such as the Jama Masjid—India's largest mosque[216] built in 1656[217] and the Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites—the Red Fort, Qutub Minar and Humayun's Tomb—are located in Delhi.[218] Other monuments include the India Gate, the Jantar Mantar—an 18th-century astronomical observatory—and the Purana Qila—a 16th-century fortress. The Laxminarayan Temple, Akshardham temple, Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, the Baháʼí Faith's Lotus Temple and the ISKCON temple are examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities. New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of British colonial architecture, including the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung's Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style. Some regal havelis (palatial residences) are in the Old City.[219] Lotus Temple is a Baháʼí House of Worship completed in 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it serves as the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the city. The National Museum and National Gallery of Modern Art are some of the largest museums in the country. Other museums in Delhi include the National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum and National Philatelic Museum.

Chandni Chowk, a 17th-century market, is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris.[220] Delhi's arts and crafts include, Zardozi[221]—an embroidery done with gold thread[222]—and Meenakari[223]—the art of enamelling.

Festivals

 
More than a quarter of the immigrants in Delhi are from Bihar and neighboring states. Chhath, a festival of rural Bihar is now popular in Delhi.[224]
 
On Basant Panchmi eve, qawwali singers wearing yellow headbands gather at the dargah of Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya to sing verses from Amir Khusrau.[225]

Delhi's association and geographic proximity to the capital, New Delhi, has amplified the importance of national events and holidays like Republic Day, Independence Day (15 August) and Gandhi Jayanti. On Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from the Red Fort. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military strength.[226][227] Over the centuries, Delhi has become known for its composite culture, and a festival that symbolises this is the Phool Walon Ki Sair, which takes place in September. Flowers and pankhe—fans embroidered with flowers—are offered to the shrine of the 13th-century Sufi saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki and the Yogmaya Temple, both situated in Mehrauli.[228]

Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of lights), Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak's Birthday, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Chauth, Krishna Janmastami, Maha Shivratri, Eid ul-Fitr, Moharram and Buddha Jayanti.[227] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as a backdrop.[229] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The Auto Expo, Asia's largest auto show,[230] is held in Delhi biennially. The New Delhi World Book Fair, held biennially at the Pragati Maidan, is the second-largest exhibition of books in the world.[231] Delhi is often regarded as the "Book Capital" of India because of high readership.[232] India International Trade Fair (IITF), organised by ITPO is the biggest cultural and shopping fair of Delhi which takes place in November each year and is visited by more than 1.5 million people.[233]

Cuisine

Main article: Indian cuisine
 
Kitchen, Karim's, Old Delhi, a historic restaurant, estab. 1913.[234]

As India's national capital and centuries old Mughal capital, Delhi influenced the food habits of its residents and is where Mughlai cuisine originated. Along with Indian cuisine, a variety of international cuisines are popular among the residents.[235] The dearth of food habits among the city's residents created a unique style of cooking which became popular throughout the world, with dishes such as Kebab, biryani, tandoori. The city's classic dishes include butter chicken, dal makhani, shahi paneer, aloo chaat, chaat, dahi bhalla, kachori, gol gappe, samosa, chole bhature, chole kulche, gulab jamun, jalebi and lassi.[235][236]: 40–50, 189–196 

The fast living habits of Delhi's people has motivated the growth of street food outlets.[236]: 41  A trend of dining at local dhabas is popular among the residents. High-profile restaurants have gained popularity in recent years, among the popular restaurants are the Karim Hotel, the Punjab Grill and Bukhara.[237] The Gali Paranthe Wali (the street of fried bread) is a street in Chandni Chowk particularly for food eateries since the 1870s. Almost the entire street is occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors. It has nearly become a tradition that almost every prime minister of India has visited the street to eat paratha at least once. Other Indian cuisines are also available in this area even though the street specialises in north Indian food.[236]: 40–50 [238]

Education

Main articles: Education in Delhi and List of schools in Delhi
 
Lady Hardinge Medical College pharmacy,1921.
 
Indraprastha College for Women, established in 1924.
 
Jamia Millia Islamia est. 1920 by M. A. Ansari and Zakir Hussain.
 
University of Delhi was founded in 1922. Sir Maurice Gwyer served as its first vice-chancellor.
 
Dormitory of Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School, founded 1696, reorganized 1828.
 
A Delhi government school student writing down the names of fruits and vegetables.

Private schools in Delhi—which use either English or Hindi as the language of instruction—are affiliated to one of three administering bodies, the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)[239] or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In 2004–05, approximately 1,529,000 students were enrolled in primary schools, 822,000 in middle schools and 669,000 in secondary schools across Delhi.[240] Female students represented 49% of the total enrolment. The same year, the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.[240]

Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education, the NCT government or private organisations. In 2006, Delhi had 165 colleges, five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges,[240] seven major universities and nine deemed universities.[240]

The premier management colleges of Delhi such as Faculty of Management Studies (Delhi) and Indian Institute of Foreign Trade rank the best in India. All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi is a premier medical school for treatment and research. National Law University, Delhi is a prominent law school and is affiliated with the Bar Council of India. The Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi situated in Hauz Khas is a premier engineering college of India and ranks as one of the top institutes in South Asia.[241][242]

Delhi Technological University (formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women (formerly Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology), Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and National Law University, Delhi are the only state universities.[243][244] University of Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru University and Jamia Millia Islamia are the central universities, and Indira Gandhi National Open University is for distance education.[245] As of 2008, about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree.[246]

According to the Directorate of Education and GNCTD the following languages are taught in schools in Delhi under the three-language formula:[247]

Media

See also: Media of India
 
Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts to Delhi

As the capital of India, Delhi is the focus of political reportage, including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions. Many national media agencies, including the state-owned Press Trust of India, Media Trust of India and Doordarshan, are based in the city. Television programming includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English, and regional-language cable channels offered by multi system operators. Satellite television has yet to gain a large number of subscribers in the city.[248]

Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi. The city's Hindi newspapers include Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Punjab Kesari, Pavitra Bharat, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Amar Ujala and Dainik Desbandhu. Amongst the English language newspapers, the Hindustan Times, with a daily circulation of over a million copies, is the single largest daily.[249] Other major English newspapers include The Times of India, The Hindu, The Indian Express, Business Standard, The Pioneer, The Statesman, and The Asian Age. Regional language newspapers include the Malayalam daily Malayala Manorama and the Tamil dailies Dinamalar and Dinakaran.

Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi, although FM radio has gained popularity[250] since the inauguration of several new stations in 2006.[251] A number of state-owned and private radio stations broadcast from Delhi.[252][253]

Sports

Main articles: Sports in Delhi, 1951 Asian Games, 1982 Asian Games, and 2010 Commonwealth Games
See also: Culture of India
 
Indian athletes marching into the National Stadium during the opening ceremony of the 1951 Asian Games.
 
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on the night of the 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony

Delhi hosted the first Asian Games in 1951 from 4 to 11 March. A total of 489 athletes representing 11 Asian National Olympic Committees participated in 57 events from eight sports and discipline. The Games was the successor of the Far Eastern Games and the revival of the Western Asiatic Games. On 13 February 1949, the Asian Games Federation was formally established in Delhi, with Delhi unanimously announced as the first host city of the Asian Games. National Stadium was the venue for all events.[254] Over 40,000 spectators watched the opening ceremony of the Games in National Stadium.[255]

Delhi hosted the ninth Asian Games for the second time in 1982 from 19 November to 4 December. This was the second time the city has hosted the Asian Games and was also the first Asian Games to be held under the aegis of the Olympic Council of Asia. A total of 3,411 athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees participated in these games, competing in 196 events in 21 sports and 23 disciplines. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, which has a capacity of 60,000 people, was built purposely for the event and hosted its opening ceremony.[256]

Delhi hosted the Nineteenth Commonwealth Games in 2010, which ran from 3 to 14 October and was the largest sporting event held in India.[257][258] The opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event, in New Delhi at 7:00 pm Indian Standard Time on 3 October 2010.[259] The ceremony featured over 8,000 performers and lasted for two and a half hours.[260] It is estimated that ₹3.5 billion (US$44 million) were spent to produce the ceremony.[261] Events took place at 12 competition venues. 20 training venues were used in the Games, including seven venues within Delhi University.[262] The rugby stadium in Delhi University North Campus hosted rugby games for Commonwealth Games.[262]

Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Delhi.[263] There are several cricket grounds, or maidans, located across the city. The Arun Jaitley Stadium (known commonly as the Kotla) is one of the oldest cricket grounds in India and is a venue for international cricket matches. It is the home ground of the Delhi cricket team, which represents the city in the Ranji Trophy, the premier Indian domestic first-class cricket championship.[264] The Delhi cricket team has produced several world-class international cricketers such as Virender Sehwag, Virat Kohli,[265] Gautam Gambhir, Madan Lal, Chetan Chauhan, Shikhar Dhawan, Ishant Sharma, Manoj Prabhakar and Bishan Singh Bedi to name a few. The Railways and Services cricket teams in the Ranji Trophy also play their home matches in Delhi, in the Karnail Singh Stadium and the Harbax Singh Stadium, respectively.[citation needed] The city is also home to the Indian Premier League team Delhi Capitals, who play their home matches at the Kotla.[citation needed]

Ambedkar Stadium, a football stadium in Delhi which holds 21,000 people, was the venue for the Indian football team's World Cup qualifier against UAE on 28 July 2012.[266] Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup in 2007[267] and 2009, in both of which India defeated Syria 1–0.[268] In the Elite Football League of India, Delhi's first professional American football franchise, the Delhi Defenders played its first season in Pune.[269] Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, a suburb of Delhi, formerly hosted the Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix.[270]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ (/ˈdɛli/; Hindi pronunciation: [ˈdɪlːiː] dillī; Punjabi pronunciation: [ˈdɪlːiː] dillī; Urdu pronunciation: [ˈdeɦliː] dêhlī, informally [ˈdɪlːiː] dillī),[11][12][13]
  2. ^ The elevated Delhi metro is seen above in Azadpur.[125][170]
  3. ^ Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. Ashok Park Main station, where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted. If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted, the result will be 286 stations[192][191][193]
  4. ^ The total length of Delhi Metro is 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi). The operations & maintenance of Gurgaon Metro and Noida Metro is currently undertaken by DMRC, so the total length operated by DMRC is 390.14 kilometres (242.42 mi).[192][193]
  5. ^ 1891-1911: Data for the entirety of the town of Delhi, which included Delhi Municipality, Delhi Cantonment, Sonepat, Ballabgarh, and Faridabad.[207]: 20 

    1921-1941: Data for the entirety of Delhi Province, which included Delhi Municipality, New Delhi Municipality, New Delhi Cantonment, Delhi Civil Lines, Shahdara, Narela, Mehrauli, Najafgargh, Delhi Cantonment Fort, and rural outlying areas.[208]: 14 

    2011: Data for the entirety of the Delhi Union Territory.
  6. ^ a b 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

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January 18, 2023
delhi, national, capital, territory, redirects, here, generic, term, capital, districts, territories, confused, with, capital, india, entirely, within, limits, other, uses, disambiguation, officially, national, capital, territory, city, union, territory, india. National Capital Territory redirects here For the generic term see Capital districts and territories Not to be confused with New Delhi the capital of India entirely within the limits of Delhi For other uses see Delhi disambiguation Delhi a officially the National Capital Territory NCT of Delhi is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi the capital of India Straddling the Yamuna river primarily its western or right bank Delhi shares borders with the state of Uttar Pradesh in the east and with the state of Haryana in the remaining directions The NCT covers an area of 1 484 square kilometres 573 sq mi 5 According to the 2011 census Delhi s city proper population was over 11 million 6 14 while the NCT s population was about 16 8 million 7 Delhi s urban agglomeration which includes the satellite cities Ghaziabad Faridabad Gurgaon and Noida in an area known as the National Capital Region NCR has an estimated population of over 28 million making it the largest metropolitan area in India and the second largest in the world after Tokyo 8 DelhiUnion territoryNational Capital Territory of DelhiFrom top left to right Humayun s Tomb Qutub Minar Jama Masjid Red Fort s Lahori gate India Gate Digambar Jain Mandir with Gauri Shankar temple in the background St James Church Hyderabad House Lotus Temple a Bahaʼi House of WorshipInteractive map of DelhiCoordinates 28 36 36 N 77 13 48 E 28 61000 N 77 23000 E 28 61000 77 23000 Coordinates 28 36 36 N 77 13 48 E 28 61000 N 77 23000 E 28 61000 77 23000CountryIndiaCapital Delhi Sultanate1214Capital Mughal Empire1526 intermittently with AgraCapital Indian Empire1911New Delhi capital Dominion of India1947New Delhi capital Republic of India26 January 1950Union Territory 1 2 1956National Capital Territory 3 1 February 1992Government BodyGovernment of Delhi Lt GovernorVinai Kumar Saxena 4 Chief MinisterArvind Kejriwal AAP Deputy Chief MinisterManish Sisodia AAP LegislatureUnicameral 70 seats Parliamentary constituencyLok Sabha 7 seats Rajya Sabha 3 seats Area 5 Union territory1 484 km2 573 sq mi Water18 km2 6 9 sq mi Elevation200 250 m 650 820 ft Population 2011 6 Union territory16 787 941 Density11 312 km2 29 298 sq mi Urban 7 16 349 831 2nd Megacity 6 11 034 555 2nd Metro includes part of NCR 2018 8 28 514 000 1st Languages OfficialHindiEnglish 9 Additional officialPunjabiUrdu 9 Time zoneUTC 5 30 IST Literacy 2011 86 21 10 Sex ratio 2011 868 1000 10 Websiteportal wbr delhi wbr gov wbr inThe topography of the medieval fort Purana Qila on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel Indraprastha in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata however excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment From the early 13th century until the mid 19th century Delhi was the capital of two major empires the Delhi sultanate and the Mughal Empire which covered large parts of South Asia All three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the city the Qutub Minar Humayun s Tomb and the Red Fort belong to this period Delhi was the early centre of Sufism and Qawwali music The names of Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusrau are prominently associated with it The Khariboli dialect of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of the Urdu language and then of Modern Standard Hindi Major Urdu poets from Delhi include Mir Taqi Mir and Mirza Ghalib Delhi was a major centre of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 In 1911 New Delhi a southern region within Delhi became the capital of the British Indian Empire During the Partition of India in 1947 Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one losing two thirds of its Muslim residents in part due to the pressure brought to bear by arriving Hindu refugees from western Punjab 15 After independence in 1947 New Delhi continued as the capital of the Dominion of India and after 1950 of the Republic of India Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index 16 Delhi has the second highest GDP per capita in India after Goa 17 Although a union territory the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of India with its own legislature high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal government of India and the local government of Delhi and serves as the capital of the nation as well as the NCT of Delhi Delhi is also the centre of the National Capital Region which is an interstate regional planning area created in 1985 18 19 Delhi hosted the inaugural 1951 Asian Games the 1982 Asian Games the 1983 Non Aligned Movement summit the 2010 Men s Hockey World Cup the 2010 Commonwealth Games and the 2012 BRICS summit and was one of the major host cities of the 2011 Cricket World Cup Contents 1 Toponym 2 History 2 1 Ancient and Early Medieval Periods 2 2 Late Medieval Period 2 3 Early Modern Period 2 4 Colonial Period 2 5 Partition and post independence 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Air pollution 4 Civic administration 5 Government and politics 6 Economy 7 Utility services 8 Transport 8 1 Air 8 2 Road 8 3 Railway 8 4 Metro 9 Demographics 10 Culture 10 1 Festivals 10 2 Cuisine 11 Education 12 Media 13 Sports 14 See also 15 Explanatory notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links 18 1 Government 18 2 General informationToponymThere are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi One of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu a king who built a city at this location in 50 BCE and named it after himself 20 21 22 Another legend holds that the name of the city is based on the Hindi Prakrit word dhili loose and that it was used by the Tomaras to refer to the city because the iron pillar of Delhi had a weak foundation and had to be moved 22 According to Panjab Notes and Queries the name of the city at the time of King Prithviraj was dilpat and that dilpat and dilli are probably derived from the old Hindi word dil meaning eminence The former director of the Archaeological Survey of India Alexander Cunningham mentioned that dilli later became dihli dehli 23 Some suggest the coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal 24 According to the Bhavishya Purana King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali 25 Some historians believe that Dhilli or Dhillika is the original name for the city while others believe the name could be a corruption of the Hindustani words dehleez or dehali both terms meaning threshold or gateway and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain 26 27 The people of Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dilliwalas 28 The city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo Aryan languages Examples include Abhi Dilli dur hai अभ द ल ल द र ह ابھی دلی دور ہے or its Persian version Hanuz Dehli dur ast هنوز دهلی دور است literally meaning Delhi is still far away which is generically said about a task or journey still far from completion 29 30 As pas barse Dilli pani tarse आस प स बरस द ल ल प न तरस آس پاس برسے دلی پانی ترسے literally meaning It pours all around while Delhi lies parched An allusion to the sometimes semi arid climate of Delhi it idiomatically refers to situations of deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty 30 The form Delhi used in Latin script and strangely with an h following an l originated under colonial rule and is a corrupt spelling based on the Urdu name of the city دہلی Dehli 31 HistoryMain articles History of Delhi and Old Delhi Ancient and Early Medieval Periods The walls of the 16th century Purana Qila built on a mound matching ancient literary descriptions 32 Traditionally seven cities have been associated with the region of Delhi The earliest Indraprastha is part of a literary description in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata composed c 400 BCE to 200 CE but describing an earlier time which situates a city on a knoll on the banks of the river Yamuna According to art historian Catherine B Asher the topographical description of the Mahabharata matches the area of Purana Qila a 14th century CE fort of the Delhi sultanate but the analogy does not go much further Whereas the Mahabharata speaks of a beautifully decorated city with surrounding fortification the excavations have yielded uneven findings of painted grey pottery characteristic of the eleventh century BCE no signs of a built environment much fewer fortifications have been revealed 32 The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period c 300 BCE in 1966 an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka 273 235 BCE was discovered near Srinivaspuri Remains of several major cities can be found in Delhi The first of these was in the southern part of present day Delhi King Anang Pal of the Tomara dynasty built Lal Kot and several temples in 1052 CE Vigraharaj Chauhan conquered Lal Kot in the mid 12th century and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora Late Medieval Period See also Delhi Sultanate The Qutub Minar Delhi Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori in the second battle of Tarain Qutb ud din Aibak was given the responsibility of governing the conquered territories of India until Ghori returned to his capital Ghor When Ghori died without an heir in 1206 CE Qutb ud din assumed control of Ghori s Indian possessions and laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mamluk dynasty He began construction of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat al Islam Might of Islam mosque the earliest extant mosque in India It was his successor Iltutmish 1211 1236 who consolidated the Turkic conquest of northern India 20 33 At 72 5 m 238 ft the Qutb Minar a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi 34 was completed during the reign of Sultan Illtutmish in the 13th century Although its style has some similarities with the Jarkurgan minaret it is more closely related to the Ghaznavid and Ghurid minarets of Central Asia 35 Razia daughter of Iltutmish became the Sultana of Delhi upon the former s death For the next three hundred years Delhi was ruled by a succession of Turkic and an Afghan Lodi dynasty They built several forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi 36 Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during this period 37 The Mamluk Sultanate Delhi was overthrown in 1290 by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji 1290 1320 Under the second Khalji ruler Ala ud din Khalji the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the Narmada River in the Deccan The Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq 1325 1351 In an attempt to bring the whole of the Deccan under control he moved his capital to Daulatabad Maharashtra in central India However by moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi to restore order The southern provinces then broke away In the years following the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq 1351 1388 the Delhi Sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces Delhi was captured and sacked by Timur in 1398 38 who massacred 100 000 captive civilian 39 Delhi s decline continued under the Sayyid dynasty 1414 1451 until the sultanate was reduced to Delhi and its hinterland Under the Afghan Lodi dynasty 1451 1526 the Delhi sultanate recovered control of Punjab and the Gangetic plain to once again achieve domination over Northern India However the recovery was short lived and the sultanate was destroyed in 1526 by Babur founder of the Mughal dynasty Early Modern Period See also Mughal Empire Red Fort a UNESCO World Heritage Site was the main residence of the Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years In 1526 Babur a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur from the Fergana Valley in modern day Uzbekistan invaded India defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra 20 The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries with a sixteen year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556 40 Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name Shahjahanabad which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638 and is today known as the Old City or Old Delhi 41 After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 the Mughal Empire s influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire from Deccan Plateau rose to prominence 42 In 1737 Maratha forces led by Baji Rao I sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi In 1739 the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but militarily superior Persian army led by Nader Shah of Persia After his invasion he completely sacked and looted Delhi carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne the Daria i Noor and Koh i Noor The Mughals severely further weakened could never overcome this crushing defeat and humiliation which also left the way open for more invaders to come including eventually the British 43 44 45 Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury 46 A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in Delhi 47 The city was sacked again in 1757 by the forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani although it was not annexed by the Afghan Empire and being its vassal state under the Mughal emperor Then the Marathas battled and won control of Delhi from the Mughals 48 By the end of the century Delhi had also come under control of the Bharatpur State and the Sikh Empire Colonial Period See also British Raj British India stamps inauguration New Delhi February 1931 In 1803 during the Second Anglo Maratha War the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi 49 During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 Delhi fell to the forces of East India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi The city came under the direct control of the British Government in 1858 It was made a district province of the Punjab 20 In 1911 it was announced that the capital of British held territories in India was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi 50 This formally transferred on 12 December 1911 51 The name New Delhi was given in 1927 and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931 New Delhi was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gained independence on 15 August 1947 52 It has expanded since the small part of it that was constructed during the British period has come to be informally known as Lutyens Delhi 53 Partition and post independence Khan Market in New Delhi now a high end shopping district was established in 1951 to help refugees of the Partition of India especially those from the North West Frontier Province NWFP It honours Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan Chief Minister of NWFP during the Partition 54 55 During the partition of India around five lakh Hindu and Sikh refugees mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi while around three lakh Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan 56 57 Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40 of Delhi s total population and are predominantly Hindi speaking Punjabi Hindus 58 59 60 Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues as of 2013 update contributing more to the rise of Delhi s population than the birth rate which is declining 61 The States Reorganisation Act 1956 created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor the Chief Commissioner s Province of Delhi 1 2 The Constitution Sixty ninth Amendment Act 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi 3 The Act gave Delhi its legislative assembly along Civil lines though with limited powers 3 Delhi was the primary site in the nationwide anti Sikh pogroms of 1984 which resulted in the death of around 2 800 people in the city according to government figures though independent estimates of the number of people killed tend to be higher The riots were set off by the assassination of Indira Gandhi the Prime Minister of India at the time by her Sikh bodyguards 62 In 2001 the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed Islamic militants killing six security personnel 63 India suspected Pakistan based Jihadist militant groups were behind the attack which caused a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries 64 There were further terrorist attacks in Delhi in 2005 and 2008 resulting in a total of 92 deaths 65 66 The 2020 Delhi riots Delhi s worst communal violence in decades was caused mainly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims 67 68 Of the 53 people killed two thirds were Muslims 69 70 71 and the rest Hindus 70 GeographyMain article Environment of Delhi Aerial view of Delhi in April 2016 with river Yamuna in top right Delhi is located in Northern India at 28 37 N 77 14 E 28 61 N 77 23 E 28 61 77 23 The city is bordered on its northern western and southern sides by the state of Haryana and to the east by that of Uttar Pradesh UP Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge The Yamuna River was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods The Yamuna a sacred river in Hinduism is the only major river flowing through Delhi The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west northeast and northwest parts of the city It reaches a height of 318 m 1 043 ft and is a dominant feature of the region 72 In addition to the wetlands formed by the Yamuna river Delhi continues to retain over 500 ponds wetlands lt 5 ha that in turn support considerable number of bird species 73 Delhi s ponds despite experiencing ecological deterioration due to garbage dumping and concretization supports the largest number of bird species known to be using ponds anywhere in the world 74 Existing policy in Delhi prevents the conversion of wetlands and quite inadvertently has led to the city s ponds becoming invaluable refugia for birds 73 74 The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1 483 km2 573 sq mi of which 783 km2 302 sq mi is designated rural and 700 km2 270 sq mi urban therefore making it the largest city in terms of area in the country It has a length of 51 9 km 32 mi and a width of 48 48 km 30 mi citation needed Delhi is included in India s seismic zone IV indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes 75 Climate See also Climate of Delhi Delhi features a dry winter humid subtropical climate Koppen Cwa bordering a hot semi arid climate Koppen BSh The warm season lasts from 21 March to 15 June with an average daily high temperature above 39 C 102 F The hottest day of the year is 22 May with an average high of 40 C 104 F and low of 28 C 82 F 76 The cold season lasts from 26 November to 9 February with an average daily high temperature below 20 C 68 F The coldest day of the year is 4 January with an average low of 2 C 36 F and high of 14 C 57 F 76 In early March the wind direction changes from north westerly to south westerly From April to October the weather is hot The monsoon arrives at the end of June along with an increase in humidity 77 The brief mild winter starts in late November peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs 78 Temperatures in Delhi usually range from 2 to 47 C 35 6 to 116 6 F with the lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded being 2 2 and 49 2 C 28 0 and 120 6 F respectively 79 However 49 2 C 120 6 F was recorded at Mungeshpur on 15 May 2022 whereas one of the main weathering station that is Airport station recorded all time high of 48 4 C 119 1 F on 26 May 1998 The lowest ever temperature ever recorded is 2 2 C 28 0 F at airport on 11 January 1967 The highest temperature ever recorded in Safdarjung is 47 2 C 117 0 F on 29 May 1944 amp lowest recorded is 0 6 C 30 9 F on 16 January 1935 On January 8 2006 Delhi recorded minimum temperature of 0 2 C 32 4 F the coldest in 70 years 80 On December 30 2019 Delhi recorded lowest maximum temp ever at 9 4 C 48 9 F at Safdarjung amp 7 7 C 45 9 F at Mungeshpur 81 On January 1 2021 Delhi recorded temperature of 1 1 C 34 0 F the coldest in 15 years 82 The annual mean temperature is 25 C 77 F monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 C 55 to 90 F The highest temperature recorded in July in Safdarjung Palam Ayanagar amp Delhi Ridge are 45 C 113 F on 1 July 1931 45 7 C 114 3 F on 5 July 1987 44 8 C 112 6 F on 11 July 1982 amp 42 5 C 108 5 F on 7 July 2009 respectively 83 84 The average annual rainfall is approximately 779 mm 30 7 in according to 1961 2010 Long Period Average most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August But it was revised to 774 4 mm 30 49 in according to 1971 2020 Long Period Average 20 The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi was 29 June but it was revised to 27 June in 2020 85 vteClimate data for New Delhi Safdarjung 1971 2020 extremes 1901 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 32 5 90 5 34 1 93 4 40 6 105 1 45 6 114 1 47 2 117 0 46 7 116 1 45 0 113 0 42 0 107 6 40 6 105 1 39 4 102 9 36 1 97 0 30 0 86 0 47 2 117 0 Mean maximum C F 25 8 78 4 29 5 85 1 35 8 96 4 41 4 106 5 44 3 111 7 43 7 110 7 40 4 104 7 37 4 99 3 37 1 98 8 36 1 97 0 32 2 90 0 27 3 81 1 44 8 112 6 Average high C F 20 1 68 2 24 2 75 6 29 9 85 8 36 5 97 7 39 9 103 8 39 0 102 2 35 6 96 1 34 2 93 6 34 1 93 4 33 0 91 4 28 4 83 1 22 8 73 0 31 4 88 5 Daily mean C F 13 9 57 0 17 6 63 7 22 9 73 2 29 1 84 4 32 7 90 9 33 3 91 9 31 5 88 7 30 4 86 7 29 6 85 3 26 2 79 2 20 5 68 9 15 6 60 1 25 3 77 5 Average low C F 7 5 45 5 10 6 51 1 15 6 60 1 21 3 70 3 25 8 78 4 27 7 81 9 27 5 81 5 26 7 80 1 25 0 77 0 19 5 67 1 13 0 55 4 8 4 47 1 18 9 66 0 Mean minimum C F 3 5 38 3 6 0 42 8 10 7 51 3 16 3 61 3 20 5 68 9 22 2 72 0 24 3 75 7 23 7 74 7 21 9 71 4 15 0 59 0 8 8 47 8 4 5 40 1 3 1 37 6 Record low C F 0 6 30 9 1 6 34 9 4 4 39 9 10 7 51 3 15 2 59 4 17 6 63 7 20 3 68 5 20 7 69 3 17 3 63 1 9 4 48 9 3 9 39 0 0 0 32 0 0 6 30 9 Average rainfall mm inches 19 1 0 75 21 3 0 84 17 4 0 69 16 3 0 64 30 7 1 21 74 1 2 92 209 7 8 26 233 1 9 18 123 5 4 86 15 1 0 59 6 0 0 24 8 1 0 32 774 4 30 5 Average precipitation days 0 3mm 2 9 3 1 3 6 2 6 4 6 7 5 13 1 14 4 7 6 1 6 0 9 0 9 62 9Average rainy days 1 7 1 5 1 7 1 0 2 7 4 8 9 7 10 2 5 5 0 8 0 4 0 6 40 6Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 57 46 37 25 28 43 63 68 60 47 52 59 49Average dew point C F 8 46 11 52 14 57 14 57 18 64 22 72 26 79 25 77 23 73 18 64 14 57 10 50 17 62 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220 1 223 2 248 0 276 0 285 2 219 0 179 8 176 7 219 0 260 4 246 0 220 1 2 773 5Mean daily sunshine hours 7 1 7 9 8 0 9 2 9 2 7 3 5 8 5 7 7 3 8 4 8 2 7 1 7 6Mean daily daylight hours 10 6 11 2 12 0 12 9 13 6 13 9 13 8 13 1 12 3 11 5 10 7 10 3 12 2Percent possible sunshine 67 71 67 71 68 53 42 44 59 73 77 69 63Average ultraviolet index 3 5 6 8 9 9 8 7 6 6 5 3 6Source 1 India Meteorological Department sun 1971 2000 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 96 Revised Rainfall data 97 Source 2 Tokyo Climate Center mean temperatures 1991 2020 98 Weather Atlas UV Index 99 Daylight 100 Air pollution See also Environmental issues in Delhi and Air pollution in Delhi A dense toxic smog in New Delhi blocks out the sun In November 2017 Delhi s chief minister described the city as a gas chamber 101 According to the World Health Organization WHO Delhi was the most polluted 102 city in the world in 2014 In 2016 WHO downgraded Delhi to eleventh worst in the urban air quality database 103 According to one estimate air pollution causes the death of about 10 500 people in Delhi every year 104 105 106 Air quality index of Delhi is generally moderate 101 200 level between January to September and then it drastically deteriorates to Very Poor 301 400 Severe 401 500 or Hazardous 500 levels in three months between October to December due to various factors including stubble burning fire crackers burning during Diwali and cold weather 107 108 109 During 2013 14 peak levels of fine particulate matter PM in Delhi increased by about 44 primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions construction work and crop burning in adjoining states 104 110 111 112 It has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter PM2 5 considered most harmful to health with 153 micrograms 113 Rising air pollution level has significantly increased lung related ailments especially asthma and lung cancer among Delhi s children and women 114 115 The dense smog and haze in Delhi during winter results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year 116 According to Indian meteorologists the average maximum temperature in Delhi during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution 117 India s Ministry of Earth Sciences published a research paper in October 2018 attributing almost 41 of PM2 5 air pollution in Delhi to vehicular emissions 21 5 to dust fire and 18 to industries 118 The director of Centre for Science and Environment CSE alleged that the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers SIAM is lobbying against the report because it is inconvenient to the automobile industry 119 Environmentalists have also criticised the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues 105 In 2014 an environmental panel appealed to India s Supreme Court to impose a 30 cess on diesel cars but till date no action has been taken to penalise the automobile industry 120 Most of Delhi s residents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with it 111 112 In 2020 annual average PM2 5 in the Delhi stood at 107 6 µg m which is almost 21 5 times the World Health Organization PM2 5 Guideline 5 µg m set in September 2021 121 These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the Life Expectancy of an average person living in Delhi by almost 10 1 years 122 However as of 2015 update awareness particularly among the foreign diplomatic community and high income Indians was noticeably increasing 123 Since the mid 1990s Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution Delhi has the third highest quantity of trees among Indian cities 124 and the Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world s largest fleet of environmentally friendly compressed natural gas CNG buses 125 In 1996 the CSE started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi s fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998 In 2003 Delhi won the United States Department of Energy s first Clean Cities International Partner of the Year award for its bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives 125 The Delhi Metro has also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the city 126 However according to several authors most of these gains have been lost especially due to stubble burning a rise in the market share of diesel cars and a considerable decline in bus ridership 127 128 According to CSE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research SAFAR burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of smog over Delhi 129 130 Civic administrationSee also Neighbourhoods of Delhi Districts of Delhi and List of towns in National Capital Territory of Delhi Districts of Delhi Currently the National Capital Territory of Delhi is made up of one division 11 districts 33 subdivisions 59 census towns and 300 villages 131 The National Capital Territory of Delhi is divided into three municipalities Delhi Municipality New Delhi and Delhi Cantonment each with their own governance apparatus The Municipality of Delhi is administered by Municipal Corporation of Delhi MCD which occupies an area of 1397 3 km2 and is sub divided into 12 zones that is Centre South West Najafgarh Rohini Civil Lines Karol Bagh SP City Keshavpuram Narela Shahdara North and Shahdara South 132 Municipal services in New Delhi which occupies an area of 42 7 km2 are provided by the New Delhi Municipal Council and Delhi Cantonment is administered by a Cantonment board Between 2011 and 22 May 2022 Delhi Municipality was divided into three municipal corporations 133 South Delhi had jurisdiction over South and West Delhi areas including Mahipalpur Rajouri Garden Badarpur Jaitpur Janakpuri Hari Nagar Tilak Nagar Dwarka Jungpura Greater Kailash R K Puram Malviya Nagar Kalkaji Ambedkar Nagar and Pul pehladpur North Delhi had jurisdiction over areas such as Badli Rithala Bawana Kirari Mangolpuri Tri Nagar Model Town Sadar Bazar Chandni Chowk Matia Mahal Karol Bagh Moti Nagar East Delhi had jurisdiction over areas such as Patparganj Kondli Laxmi Nagar Seemapuri Gonda Karawal Nagar Babarpur and Shahadra 134 Delhi is home to the High Court of Delhi The High Court of Delhi is the highest in the Delhi before Supreme Court The High Court of Delhi just like the apex court and other High Courts in India is the Court of record Delhi is also home to various District Court according to jurisdictions Delhi have Currently seven District Courts namely Tis Hazari Court Complex Karkardooma Court Complex Patiala House Court Complex Rohini Court Complex Dwarka Courts Complex Saket Court Complex and Rouse Avenue Court Apart from the District Courts Delhi also have Consumer Courts CBI Courts Labour Courts Revenue Courts Army tribunals electricity tribunals Railway Tribunals and other various tribunals situated according to appropriate jurisdictions 135 136 For policing purposes Delhi is divided into fifteen police districts which are further subdivided into 95 local police station zones Delhi currently has 180 police stations 137 138 Government and politicsMain articles Government of Delhi and Government of India Arvind Kejriwal is the seventh and current Chief Minister of Delhi first elected in February 2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly As a first level administrative division the National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly Lieutenant Governor the council of ministers and Chief Minister Members of the legislative assembly are directly elected from territorial constituencies in the NCT The legislative assembly was abolished in 1956 after which direct federal control was implemented until it was re established in 1993 The Municipal corporation handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New Delhi where both bodies are located The Parliament of India the Rashtrapati Bhavan Presidential Palace Cabinet Secretariat and the Supreme Court of India are located in the municipal district of New Delhi There are 70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha Indian parliament s lower house constituencies in Delhi 139 140 The Indian National Congress Congress formed all the governments in Delhi until the 1990s when the Bharatiya Janata Party BJP led by Madan Lal Khurana came to power 141 In 1998 the Congress returned to power under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit who was subsequently re elected for 3 consecutive terms But in 2013 the Congress was ousted from power by the newly formed Aam Aadmi Party AAP led by Arvind Kejriwal forming the government with outside support from the Congress 142 However that government was short lived collapsing only after 49 days 143 Delhi was then under President s rule until February 2015 144 On 10 February 2015 the Aam Aadmi Party returned to power after a landslide victory winning 67 out of the 70 seats in the Delhi Legislative Assembly 145 EconomyMain article Economy of Delhi The Khari Baoli market in Old Delhi is one of the oldest and busiest in the city Connaught Place in New Delhi is an important economic hub of the National Capital Region Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India As of 2016 update recent estimates of the economy of the Delhi urban area have been around 370 billion PPP metro GDP ranking it either the most or second most productive metro area of India 146 The nominal GSDP of the NCT of Delhi for 2016 17 was estimated at 6 224 billion US 78 billion 13 higher than in 2015 16 147 148 As per the Economic survey of Delhi 2005 2006 the tertiary sector contributes 70 95 of Delhi s gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 25 20 and 3 85 contributions respectively 149 Delhi s workforce constitutes 32 82 of the population and increased by 52 52 between 1991 and 2001 150 Delhi s unemployment rate decreased from 12 57 in 1999 2000 to 4 63 in 2003 150 In December 2004 636 000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi 150 In 2001 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi government sector was 620 000 and the private sector employed 219 000 150 Key service industries are information technology telecommunications hotels banking media and tourism 151 Construction power health and community services and real estate are also important to the city s economy Delhi has one of India s largest and fastest growing retail industries 152 Manufacturing also grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city Delhi s large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has also attracted foreign investment In 2001 the manufacturing sector employed 1 440 000 workers and the city had 129 000 industrial units 153 Utility servicesSee also Bhalswa landfill Delhi s municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi Jal Board DJB As of June 2005 update it supplied 650 million gallons per day MGD whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD 154 The shortfall is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps At 240 MGD the Bhakra storage is DJB s largest water source followed by the Yamuna and Ganges rivers Delhi s groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing so residents often encounter acute water shortage 154 Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city s water use is unofficial groundwater 155 In Delhi daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 tonnes which is dumped at three landfill locations by MCD 156 The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD 157 A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river 157 The city s electricity consumption is about 1 265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher 158 In Delhi power distribution is managed by TPDDL and BSES Yamuna amp BSES Rajdhani since 2002 The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15 000 fire and rescue calls per year 159 The state owned BSNL and private enterprises such as Airtel Vi Jio and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city Cellular coverage is available in GSM CDMA 3G 4G and 4G citation needed TransportMain article Transport in Delhi Air Indira Gandhi International Airport s immigration counter in Terminal 3 160 Indira Gandhi International Airport situated to the south west of Delhi is the main gateway for the city s domestic and international civilian air traffic In 2015 16 the airport handled more than 48 million passengers 161 making it the busiest airport in India and South Asia Terminal 3 which cost 96 8 billion US 1 2 billion to construct between 2007 and 2010 handles an additional 37 million passengers annually 162 In 2010 IGIA was conferred the 4th best airport award in the world in the 15 25 million category by Airports Council International The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25 40 million passengers category in 2015 by Airports Council International Delhi Airport was awarded The Best Airport in Central Asia and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015 163 164 Hindon Domestic Airport in Ghaziabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the second airport for the Delhi NCR Region on 8 March 2019 165 A second international airport open for commercial flights has been suggested either by expansion of Meerut Airport or construction of a new airport in Greater Noida 166 The Taj International Airport project in Jewar has been approved by the Uttar Pradesh government 167 The Delhi Flying Club established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929 when it was the Delhi s only airport and the second in India 168 The airport functioned until 2001 however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001 Since then the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister 168 169 Road Compressed natural gas red and green buses have low floors orange has standard b The cycle rickshaw and the auto rickshaw are commonly used in Delhi for travelling short distances Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km 100 km2 in India 171 It is connected to other parts of India by five National Highways NH 1 NH 2 NH 8 NH 10 and NH 24 The Delhi Mumbai and Delhi Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral start from the city The city s road network is maintained by MCD NDMC Delhi Cantonment Board Public Works Department PWD and Delhi Development Authority 172 Buses are the most popular means of road transport catering to about 60 of Delhi s total demand 173 Delhi has one of India s largest bus transport systems In 1998 the Supreme Court of India ruled that all public transport vehicles in Delhi must be fuelled by compressed natural gas CNG to tackle increasing vehicular pollution 174 The state owned Delhi Transport Corporation DTC is a major bus service provider which operates the world s largest fleet of CNG fuelled buses 175 176 In addition cluster scheme buses are operated by Delhi Integrated Multi Modal Transit System DIMTS with the participation of private concessionaires and DTC 177 178 In December 2017 the DTC and cluster buses carried over 4 19 million passengers per day 179 Kashmiri Gate ISBT Anand Vihar ISBT and Sarai Kale Khan ISBT are the main bus terminals for outstation buses plying to neighbouring states Delhi s rapid rate of economic development and population growth has resulted in an increasing demand for transport creating excessive pressure on the city s transport infrastructure To meet the transport demand the State and Union government constructed a mass rapid transit system including the Delhi Metro 180 Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on Delhi roads As of 2007 update private vehicles account for 30 of the total demand for transport 180 Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India 181 Taxis auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws also ply on Delhi roads in large numbers As of 2008 update the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region Delhi NCR was 11 2 million 11 2 million 182 In 2008 there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1 000 of its residents 183 In 2017 the number of vehicles in Delhi city alone crossed the ten million mark with the transport department of Delhi Government putting the total number of registered vehicles at 10 567 712 until 25 May of the year 184 Railway A passenger train at the New Delhi railway station Freight awaits pick up or transportation to other destinations Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway The main railway stations are New Delhi Old Delhi Hazrat Nizamuddin Anand Vihar Delhi Sarai Rohilla and Delhi Cantt 180 The Delhi Metro a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation DMRC serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Ghaziabad Faridabad Gurgaon and Noida 185 As of December 2021 update the metro consists of ten operational lines with a total length of 348 12 km 216 31 mi and 254 stations and several other lines are under construction 186 The Phase I was built at a cost of US 2 3 billion and the Phase II was expected to cost an additional 216 billion US 2 7 billion 187 Phase II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010 188 Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012 It carries millions of passengers every day 189 In addition to the Delhi Metro a suburban railway the Delhi Suburban Railway exists 190 Metro Delhi Metro is widely used in the NCR The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi Ghaziabad Faridabad Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India Delhi Metro is the world s tenth largest metro system in terms of length Delhi Metro was India s second modern public transportation system The network consists of 10 colour coded lines 191 serving 255 stations c with a total length of 348 12 kilometres 216 31 mi d The system has a mix of underground at grade and elevated stations using both broad gauge and standard gauge All stations have escalators lifts and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains There are 18 designated parking sites at Metro stations to further encourage the use of the system In March 2010 DMRC partnered with Google India through Google Transit to provide train schedule and route information to mobile devices with Google Maps It has a combination of elevated at grade and underground lines and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock Four types of rolling stock are used Mitsubishi ROTEM Broad gauge Bombardier MOVIA Mitsubishi ROTEM Standard gauge and CAF Beasain Standard gauge The Phase I of Delhi Metro was built for US 2 3 billion and the Phase II was expected to cost an additional 216 billion US 2 7 billion 187 Phase II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010 188 Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012 It carries millions of passengers every day 189 Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited DMRC a state owned company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi However the organization is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Urban Development Government of India Besides the construction and operation of the Delhi Metro DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail monorail and high speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E Sreedharan the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the Metro Man of India He famously resigned from DMRC taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse which took five lives Sreedharan was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro 194 DemographicsSee also Ethnic groups in Delhi According to the 2011 census of India the population of the NCT of Delhi is 16 753 235 195 The corresponding population density was 11 297 persons per km2 with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men and a literacy rate of 86 34 In 2004 the birth rate death rate and infant mortality rate per 1000 population were 20 03 5 59 and 13 08 respectively 196 In 2001 the population of Delhi increased by 285 000 as a result of migration and by 215 000 as a result of natural population growth 196 which made Delhi one of the fastest growing cities in the world Dwarka Sub City Asia s largest planned residential area is located within the National Capital Territory of Delhi 197 Urban expansion has resulted in Delhi s urban area now being considered as extending beyond the NCT boundaries to incorporate the towns and cities of neighbouring states including Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana and Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh the total population of which is estimated by the United Nations to be over 28 million According to the UN this makes Delhi urban area the world s second largest urban area after Tokyo 8 although Demographia declares the Jakarta urban area to be the second largest 198 The 2011 census provided two figures for urban area population 16 314 838 within the NCT boundary 199 and 21 753 486 for the Extended Urban Area 200 The 2021 regional plan released by the Government of India renamed the Extended Urban Area from Delhi Metropolitan Area DMA as defined by the 2001 plan 201 to Central National Capital Region CNCR 201 202 Around 49 of the population of Delhi lives in slums and unauthorized colonies without any civic amenities 203 The majority of these slums have inadequate provisions to the basic facilities and according to a DUSIB report almost 22 of the people do open defecation 204 Birla Mandir Delhi a Hindu temple was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1933 The Jama Masjid was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan between 1650 and 1656 The prayer hall of Sikh Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk Old Delhi which dates to 1783Religions in Delhi 2011 Hinduism 81 68 Islam 12 86 Sikhism 3 40 Jainism 0 99 Christianity 0 87 Buddhism 0 11 Others 0 09 Hinduism is Delhi s predominant religious faith with 81 68 of Delhi s population followed by Islam 12 86 Sikhism 3 40 Jainism 0 99 Christianity 0 87 and Buddhism 0 11 205 Other minority religions include Zoroastrianism Bahaʼism and Judaism 206 Religious groups in Delhi 1891 2011 e Religiousgroup 1891 209 68 1901 210 44 1911 207 20 1921 211 30 1931 212 119 1941 208 80 2011 205 Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Hinduism 108 058 56 11 114 417 54 86 121 735 52 28 325 551 66 65 400 302 f 62 92 567 264 f 61 8 13 712 100 81 68 Islam 79 238 41 15 88 460 42 41 102 476 44 01 141 758 29 02 206 960 32 53 304 971 33 22 2 158 684 12 86 Jainism 3 256 1 69 3 266 1 57 3 531 1 52 4 698 0 96 5 345 0 84 11 287 1 23 166 231 0 99 Christianity 1 700 0 88 2 164 1 04 3 075 1 32 13 320 2 73 16 989 2 67 17 475 1 9 146 093 0 87 Sikhism 289 0 15 229 0 11 1 939 0 83 2 764 0 57 6 437 1 01 16 157 1 76 570 581 3 4 Zoroastrianism 31 0 02 35 0 02 74 0 03 72 0 01 126 0 02 284 0 03 N A N AJudaism 6 0 N A N A 7 0 17 0 11 0 55 0 01 N A N ABuddhism 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 76 0 01 150 0 02 18 449 0 11 Others 1 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 296 0 03 15 803 0 09 Total population 192 579 100 208 575 100 232 837 100 488 452 100 636 246 100 917 939 100 16 787 941 100 According to the 50th report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India which was submitted in 2014 Hindi is Delhi s most spoken language with 80 94 speakers followed by Punjabi 7 14 Urdu 6 31 and Bengali 1 50 4 11 of Delhites speak other languages 213 Hindi is also the official language of Delhi while Urdu and Punjabi have been declared as additional official languages 213 CultureSee also Culture of India Traditional pottery on display in Dilli Haat Pragati Maidan hosts the World Book Fair biennially Delhi s culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India Although a strong Punjabi Influence can be seen in language Dress and Cuisine brought by the large number of refugees who came following the partition in 1947 the recent migration from other parts of India has made it a melting pot This is exemplified by many significant monuments in the city The Archaeological Survey of India recognises 1 200 heritage buildings 214 and 175 monuments as national heritage sites 215 In the Old City the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architecturally significant buildings such as the Jama Masjid India s largest mosque 216 built in 1656 217 and the Red Fort Three World Heritage Sites the Red Fort Qutub Minar and Humayun s Tomb are located in Delhi 218 Other monuments include the India Gate the Jantar Mantar an 18th century astronomical observatory and the Purana Qila a 16th century fortress The Laxminarayan Temple Akshardham temple Gurudwara Bangla Sahib the Bahaʼi Faith s Lotus Temple and the ISKCON temple are examples of modern architecture Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of British colonial architecture including the Rashtrapati Bhavan the Secretariat Rajpath the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk Safdarjung s Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style Some regal havelis palatial residences are in the Old City 219 Lotus Temple is a Bahaʼi House of Worship completed in 1986 Notable for its flowerlike shape it serves as the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the city The National Museum and National Gallery of Modern Art are some of the largest museums in the country Other museums in Delhi include the National Museum of Natural History National Rail Museum and National Philatelic Museum Chandni Chowk a 17th century market is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris 220 Delhi s arts and crafts include Zardozi 221 an embroidery done with gold thread 222 and Meenakari 223 the art of enamelling Festivals More than a quarter of the immigrants in Delhi are from Bihar and neighboring states Chhath a festival of rural Bihar is now popular in Delhi 224 On Basant Panchmi eve qawwali singers wearing yellow headbands gather at the dargah of Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya to sing verses from Amir Khusrau 225 Delhi s association and geographic proximity to the capital New Delhi has amplified the importance of national events and holidays like Republic Day Independence Day 15 August and Gandhi Jayanti On Independence Day the Prime Minister addresses the nation from the Red Fort The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India s cultural diversity and military strength 226 227 Over the centuries Delhi has become known for its composite culture and a festival that symbolises this is the Phool Walon Ki Sair which takes place in September Flowers and pankhe fans embroidered with flowers are offered to the shrine of the 13th century Sufi saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki and the Yogmaya Temple both situated in Mehrauli 228 Religious festivals include Diwali the festival of lights Mahavir Jayanti Guru Nanak s Birthday Raksha Bandhan Durga Puja Holi Lohri Chauth Krishna Janmastami Maha Shivratri Eid ul Fitr Moharram and Buddha Jayanti 227 The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night with the Qutub Minar as a backdrop 229 Other events such as Kite Flying Festival International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami the Spring Festival are held every year in Delhi The Auto Expo Asia s largest auto show 230 is held in Delhi biennially The New Delhi World Book Fair held biennially at the Pragati Maidan is the second largest exhibition of books in the world 231 Delhi is often regarded as the Book Capital of India because of high readership 232 India International Trade Fair IITF organised by ITPO is the biggest cultural and shopping fair of Delhi which takes place in November each year and is visited by more than 1 5 million people 233 Cuisine Main article Indian cuisine Kitchen Karim s Old Delhi a historic restaurant estab 1913 234 As India s national capital and centuries old Mughal capital Delhi influenced the food habits of its residents and is where Mughlai cuisine originated Along with Indian cuisine a variety of international cuisines are popular among the residents 235 The dearth of food habits among the city s residents created a unique style of cooking which became popular throughout the world with dishes such as Kebab biryani tandoori The city s classic dishes include butter chicken dal makhani shahi paneer aloo chaat chaat dahi bhalla kachori gol gappe samosa chole bhature chole kulche gulab jamun jalebi and lassi 235 236 40 50 189 196 The fast living habits of Delhi s people has motivated the growth of street food outlets 236 41 A trend of dining at local dhabas is popular among the residents High profile restaurants have gained popularity in recent years among the popular restaurants are the Karim Hotel the Punjab Grill and Bukhara 237 The Gali Paranthe Wali the street of fried bread is a street in Chandni Chowk particularly for food eateries since the 1870s Almost the entire street is occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors It has nearly become a tradition that almost every prime minister of India has visited the street to eat paratha at least once Other Indian cuisines are also available in this area even though the street specialises in north Indian food 236 40 50 238 EducationMain articles Education in Delhi and List of schools in Delhi Lady Hardinge Medical College pharmacy 1921 Indraprastha College for Women established in 1924 Jamia Millia Islamia est 1920 by M A Ansari and Zakir Hussain University of Delhi was founded in 1922 Sir Maurice Gwyer served as its first vice chancellor Dormitory of Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School founded 1696 reorganized 1828 A Delhi government school student writing down the names of fruits and vegetables Private schools in Delhi which use either English or Hindi as the language of instruction are affiliated to one of three administering bodies the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations CISCE the Central Board for Secondary Education CBSE 239 or the National Institute of Open Schooling NIOS In 2004 05 approximately 1 529 000 students were enrolled in primary schools 822 000 in middle schools and 669 000 in secondary schools across Delhi 240 Female students represented 49 of the total enrolment The same year the Delhi government spent between 1 58 and 1 95 of its gross state domestic product on education 240 Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education the NCT government or private organisations In 2006 Delhi had 165 colleges five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges 240 seven major universities and nine deemed universities 240 The premier management colleges of Delhi such as Faculty of Management Studies Delhi and Indian Institute of Foreign Trade rank the best in India All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi is a premier medical school for treatment and research National Law University Delhi is a prominent law school and is affiliated with the Bar Council of India The Indian Institute of Technology Delhi situated in Hauz Khas is a premier engineering college of India and ranks as one of the top institutes in South Asia 241 242 Delhi Technological University formerly Delhi College of Engineering Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women formerly Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Netaji Subhas University of Technology formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and National Law University Delhi are the only state universities 243 244 University of Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru University and Jamia Millia Islamia are the central universities and Indira Gandhi National Open University is for distance education 245 As of 2008 update about 16 of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree 246 According to the Directorate of Education and GNCTD the following languages are taught in schools in Delhi under the three language formula 247 First language Hindi Urdu English Second language English Third language Urdu Punjabi Bengali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Malayalam Kannada Gujarati Marathi Sanskrit Persian ArabicMediaSee also Media of India Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts to Delhi As the capital of India Delhi is the focus of political reportage including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions Many national media agencies including the state owned Press Trust of India Media Trust of India and Doordarshan are based in the city Television programming includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan and several Hindi English and regional language cable channels offered by multi system operators Satellite television has yet to gain a large number of subscribers in the city 248 Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi The city s Hindi newspapers include Navbharat Times Hindustan Dainik Punjab Kesari Pavitra Bharat Dainik Jagran Dainik Bhaskar Amar Ujala and Dainik Desbandhu Amongst the English language newspapers the Hindustan Times with a daily circulation of over a million copies is the single largest daily 249 Other major English newspapers include The Times of India The Hindu The Indian Express Business Standard The Pioneer The Statesman and The Asian Age Regional language newspapers include the Malayalam daily Malayala Manorama and the Tamil dailies Dinamalar and Dinakaran Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi although FM radio has gained popularity 250 since the inauguration of several new stations in 2006 251 A number of state owned and private radio stations broadcast from Delhi 252 253 SportsMain articles Sports in Delhi 1951 Asian Games 1982 Asian Games and 2010 Commonwealth Games See also Culture of India Indian athletes marching into the National Stadium during the opening ceremony of the 1951 Asian Games Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on the night of the 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony Delhi hosted the first Asian Games in 1951 from 4 to 11 March A total of 489 athletes representing 11 Asian National Olympic Committees participated in 57 events from eight sports and discipline The Games was the successor of the Far Eastern Games and the revival of the Western Asiatic Games On 13 February 1949 the Asian Games Federation was formally established in Delhi with Delhi unanimously announced as the first host city of the Asian Games National Stadium was the venue for all events 254 Over 40 000 spectators watched the opening ceremony of the Games in National Stadium 255 Delhi hosted the ninth Asian Games for the second time in 1982 from 19 November to 4 December This was the second time the city has hosted the Asian Games and was also the first Asian Games to be held under the aegis of the Olympic Council of Asia A total of 3 411 athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees participated in these games competing in 196 events in 21 sports and 23 disciplines The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium which has a capacity of 60 000 people was built purposely for the event and hosted its opening ceremony 256 Delhi hosted the Nineteenth Commonwealth Games in 2010 which ran from 3 to 14 October and was the largest sporting event held in India 257 258 The opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium the main stadium of the event in New Delhi at 7 00 pm Indian Standard Time on 3 October 2010 259 The ceremony featured over 8 000 performers and lasted for two and a half hours 260 It is estimated that 3 5 billion US 44 million were spent to produce the ceremony 261 Events took place at 12 competition venues 20 training venues were used in the Games including seven venues within Delhi University 262 The rugby stadium in Delhi University North Campus hosted rugby games for Commonwealth Games 262 Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Delhi 263 There are several cricket grounds or maidans located across the city The Arun Jaitley Stadium known commonly as the Kotla is one of the oldest cricket grounds in India and is a venue for international cricket matches It is the home ground of the Delhi cricket team which represents the city in the Ranji Trophy the premier Indian domestic first class cricket championship 264 The Delhi cricket team has produced several world class international cricketers such as Virender Sehwag Virat Kohli 265 Gautam Gambhir Madan Lal Chetan Chauhan Shikhar Dhawan Ishant Sharma Manoj Prabhakar and Bishan Singh Bedi to name a few The Railways and Services cricket teams in the Ranji Trophy also play their home matches in Delhi in the Karnail Singh Stadium and the Harbax Singh Stadium respectively citation needed The city is also home to the Indian Premier League team Delhi Capitals who play their home matches at the Kotla citation needed Ambedkar Stadium a football stadium in Delhi which holds 21 000 people was the venue for the Indian football team s World Cup qualifier against UAE on 28 July 2012 266 Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup in 2007 267 and 2009 in both of which India defeated Syria 1 0 268 In the Elite Football League of India Delhi s first professional American football franchise the Delhi Defenders played its first season in Pune 269 Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida a suburb of Delhi formerly hosted the Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix 270 See alsoDelhi metropolitan area List of people from Delhi List of twin towns and sister cities in IndiaExplanatory notes ˈ d ɛ l i Hindi pronunciation ˈdɪlːiː dilli Punjabi pronunciation ˈdɪlːiː dilli Urdu pronunciation ˈdeɦliː dehli informally ˈdɪlːiː dilli 11 12 13 The elevated Delhi metro is seen above in Azadpur 125 170 Transfer stations are counted more than once There are 24 transfer stations If transfer stations are counted only once the result will be 230 stations Ashok Park Main station where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks platforms is anyway counted as a single station Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted the result will be 286 stations 192 191 193 The total length of Delhi Metro is 348 12 kilometres 216 31 mi The operations amp maintenance of Gurgaon Metro and Noida Metro is currently undertaken by DMRC so the total length operated by DMRC is 390 14 kilometres 242 42 mi 192 193 1891 1911 Data for the entirety of the town of Delhi which included Delhi Municipality Delhi Cantonment Sonepat Ballabgarh and Faridabad 207 20 1921 1941 Data for the entirety of Delhi Province which included Delhi Municipality New Delhi Municipality New Delhi Cantonment Delhi Civil Lines Shahdara Narela Mehrauli Najafgargh Delhi Cantonment Fort and rural outlying areas 208 14 2011 Data for the entirety of the Delhi Union Territory a b 1931 1941 Including Ad DharmisReferences a b The Constitution Seventh Amendment Act 1956 Ministry of Law and Justice India 1956 Archived from the original on 1 May 2017 Retrieved 16 March 2017 a b The States Reorganisation Act 1956 PDF Ministry of Law and Justice India 1956 Archived from the original PDF on 17 March 2017 Retrieved 16 March 2017 a b c The Constitution Sixty Ninth Amendment Act 1991 Government of India National Informatics Centre Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Government of India Archived from the original on 21 August 2016 Retrieved 8 January 2007 Vinai Kumar Saxena appointed Delhi Lieutenant Governor after Anil Bajial s exit Hindustan Times 23 May 2022 Retrieved 23 May 2022 a b Delhi Info unccdcop14india gov in Archived from the original on 29 November 2020 Retrieved 24 November 2020 a b c Census of India Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 NCT of Delhi Census of India 2011 Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 Retrieved 12 February 2022 a b Delhi India Union Territory Major Agglomerations amp Towns Population Statistics in Maps and Charts City Population Archived from the original on 2 March 2017 Retrieved 28 February 2017 a b c The World s Cities in 2018 PDF United Nations Archived PDF from the original on 31 August 2021 Retrieved 2 September 2021 a b Official Language Act 2000 PDF Government of Delhi 2 July 2003 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 17 July 2015 a b Census 2011 Final Data Demographic details Literate Population Total Rural amp Urban PDF planningcommission gov in Planning Commission Government of India Archived from the original PDF on 27 January 2018 Retrieved 3 October 2018 Platts John Thompson 1960 First published 1884 A dictionary of Urdu classical Hindi and English London Oxford University Press p 546 ISBN 0 19 864309 8 OCLC 3201841 Archived from the original on 9 January 2022 Retrieved 12 November 2020 The Constitution Sixty Ninth Amendment Act 1991 Ministry of Law and 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squeezing out of Muslims Despite these exhortations two thirds of the city s Muslims were to eventually abandon India s capital Sub national HDI Area Database Global Data Lab Institute for Management Research Radboud University Archived from the original on 23 September 2018 Retrieved 25 September 2018 Gross State Domestic Product of Delhi PDF Planning Department Government of Delhi p 16 Archived PDF from the original on 1 July 2020 Retrieved 12 February 2022 Rationale ncrpb nic in NCR Planning Board Archived from the original on 16 December 2012 Retrieved 5 March 2017 The National Capital Region NCR in India was constituted under the NCRPB Act 1985 Census 2011 PDF National Capital Region Planning Board National Informatics Centre p 3 Archived PDF from the original on 6 April 2016 Retrieved 26 March 2016 a b c d e Chapter 1 Introduction PDF Economic Survey of Delhi 2005 2006 Planning Department Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi pp 1 7 Archived from the original PDF on 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