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Indian people

January 06, 2023

This article is about Indian people from India. For other uses, see Indian (disambiguation). For the ethno-religious Indian Christian group also referred to as East Indian, see East Indians.

Indians or Indian people are the citizens and nationals of India. In 2022, the population of India stood at over 1.4 billion people, making it the world's second-most populous country, containing 17.7 percent of the global population.[23] In addition to the Indian population, the Indian overseas diaspora also boasts large numbers, particularly in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and the Western world.[9] While the demonym "Indian" applies to people originating from the present-day Republic of India, it was also formerly used as the identifying term for people originating from Pakistan and Bangladesh during British colonial era until 1947.[24][25]

Indians
Total population
c. 1.4 billion
Regions with significant populations
Indian diaspora:
c. 17.9 million[1]
 United States4,506,308 [2]
 United Arab Emirates3,500,000[3]
 Saudi Arabia2,500,000[4][5]
 Malaysia2,012,600[6]
 Canada1,858,755[a]
 United Kingdom1,451,862[7]
 South Africa1,274,867[8]
 Mauritius994,500[9]
 Sri Lanka839,504[10]
 Oman796,001[9]
 Australia700,000[11]
 Kuwait700,000[12]
 Qatar650,000[13]
   Nepal600,000[14]
 Germany161,000-1,000,000+[15][9]
 Trinidad and Tobago468,524[9]
 Thailand465,000[9]
 Bahrain400,000[9]
 Guyana327,000[9]
 Fiji315,000[9]
 Singapore250,300[16]
 Netherlands240,000[9]
 Italy197,301[9]
 New Zealand155,178[17]
 Suriname148,000[9]
 Indonesia120,000[9]
 France109,000[9]
 Israel85,000[18]
 Portugal24,550+[19]
 Brazil23,254[20]
 Ireland20,000+[21]
 Cayman Islands1,218[22]
Languages
Languages of India, including:
Religion
Majority:
Minorities:

Particularly in North America, the terms "Asian Indian" and "East Indian" are sometimes used to differentiate Indians from the indigenous peoples of the Americas; although the misidentification of indigenous Americans as Indians occurred during the European colonization of the Americas, the term "Indian" is still used as an identifier for indigenous populations in North America and the Caribbean, but very rarely now and are called indigenous, Amerindian, and specifically First Nations in Canada, and Native American in the United States, including in official discourse and in law.

Ethnonym

Main article: Names for India

The name Bhārata has been used as a self-ascribed name by people of the Indian subcontinent and the Republic of India since 1949.[26] The designation "Bhārata" appears in the official Sanskrit name of the country, Bhārata Gaṇarājya. The name is derived from the ancient Vedic and Puranas, which refer to the land that comprises India as "Bhārata varṣam" and uses this term to distinguish it from other varṣas or continents.[27] The Bhāratas were a vedic tribe mentioned in the Rigveda, notably participating in the Battle of the Ten Kings.[28] India is named after legendary Emperor Bharata who was a descendant of the Bhāratas tribe, scion of Kuru Dynasty who unified the Indian Subcontinent under one realm.[29]

उत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम् ।
वर्षं तद् भारतं नाम भारती यत्र संततिः ।।
"The country (varṣam) that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bhāratam; there dwell the descendants of Bharata."[30][31]

In early Vedic literature, the term Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त) was in popular use before Bhārata. The Manusmṛti (2.22) gives the name Āryāvarta to "the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern (Bay of Bengal) to the Western Sea (Arabian Sea)".[32][33]

While the word Indian and India is derived from Greek Ἰνδία (Indía), via Latin India. Indía in Koine Greek denoted the region beyond the Indus (Ἰνδός) river, since Herodotus (5th century BC) ἡ Ἰνδική χώρη, hē Indikē chōrē; "the Indian land", Ἰνδός, Indos, "an Indian", from Old Persian Hinduš and medieval term Hindustani.[34] The name is derived ultimately from Sindhu, the Sanskrit name of the river Indus, but also meaning "river" generically.[35]

History

Main articles: History of India and Greater India
 
Priest-King, Indus Valley civilisation
 
Map of the Mauryan Empire 3rd century BC
 
Buddhist rock-cut architecture, 2nd century BC
 
Ashoka pillar, erected by Emperor Ashoka in about 250 BC. It has been adopted as emblem of India.

The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of sixteen oligarchic republics known as Mahajanapadas; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement; the birth of Jainism and Buddhism in the 6th century BCE,[36] and the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of British India; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.

The Indian people established during the ancient and medieval periods to the early eighteenth century some of the greatest empires and dynasties in South Asian history like the Maurya Empire, Satavahana dynasty, Gupta Empire, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Chalukya Empire, Chola Empire, Karkota Empire, Pala Empire, Vijayanagara Empire, Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Maratha Empire and Sikh Empire. The first great empire of the Indian people was the Maurya Empire having Patliputra(currently Patna, Bihar) as its capital, conquered the major part of South Asia in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC during the reign of the Indian Emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka alongside their senior advisor, Acharya Chanakya, the world's pioneer of the fields of political science and economics. The next great ancient empire of the Indian people was the Gupta Empire. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or "Golden Age of India". During this period, aspects of Indian civilisation, administration, culture, and Hinduism and Buddhism spread to much of Asia, while the Chola Empire in the south had flourishing maritime trade links with the Roman Empire during this period. The ancient Indian mathematicians Aryabhata, Bhāskara I and Brahmagupta invented the concept of zero and the Hindu–Arabic numeral system decimal system during this period.[37] During this period Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia.[38]

 
Maratha Empire: Territory under Maratha control in 1760 (yellow), without its vassals

During the early medieval period the great Rashtrakuta dynasty governed most of the Indian subcontinent from the 8th to 10th centuries and the Indian Emperor Amoghavarsha of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty was described by the Arab traveller Sulaiman as one of the four great kings of the world.[39] The medieval south Indian mathematician Mahāvīra lived in the Rashtrakuta dynasty and was the first Indian mathematician who separated astrology from mathematics and who wrote the earliest Indian text entirely devoted to mathematics.[40] The greatest maritime empire of the medieval Indians was the Chola dynasty. Under the great Indian Emperors Rajaraja Chola I and his successor Rajendra Chola I the Chola dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia.[41][42] The power of the Chola empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China.[43]

During the late medieval period the great Vijayanagara Empire ruled most of southern India from the 14th to 16th centuries and reached its peak during the reign of the south Indian Emperor Sri Krishnadevaraya[44] The medieval Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics flourished during this period under such well known south Indian mathematicians as Madhava (c. 1340–1425), who made important contributions to Trigonometry and Calculus, and Nilakhanta (c. 1444–1545), who postulated on the orbitals of planets.[45]

The Mughal Empire consolidated much of the Indian sub-continent under a single realm. Under the Mughals, India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture, greatly influencing Indian society.[46] The Mughal Empire balanced and pacified local societies through new administrative practices[47][48] and had diverse and inclusive ruling elites,[49] leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.[50] Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pathans, the Jats and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.[51][52][53][54]

The Marathas and Sikhs emerged in the 17th century and established the Maratha Empire and Sikh Empire, which became the dominant powers in India in the 18th century.[55] The Maratha Empire is credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India.[56][57][58][59] The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south, to Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the north[60] and Bengal and the Andaman Islands in the east.[61]

The decline of Mughal Empire and Maratha Empire from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century lead to large areas of India being annexed by the British East India Company of the British Empire and witnessed a period of rapid development of infrastructure, economic decline and major famines.[62][63] During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for Indian independence movement was launched, the Indian subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.[64][65][66]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of India and Greater India

India is one of the world's oldest civilisations.[67] The Indian culture, often labelled as an amalgamation of several various cultures, spans across the Indian subcontinent and has been influenced and shaped by a history that is several thousand years old.[68][69] Throughout the history of India, Indian culture has been heavily influenced by Dharmic religions.[70] They have been credited with shaping much of Indian philosophy, literature, architecture, art and music.[71] Greater India was the historical extent of Indian culture beyond the Indian subcontinent. This particularly concerns the spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, architecture, administration and writing system from India to other parts of Asia through the Silk Road by the travellers and maritime traders during the early centuries of the Common Era.[72][73] To the west, Greater India overlaps with Greater Persia in the Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains.[74] During medieval period, Islam played a significant role in shaping Indian cultural heritage.[75] Over the centuries, there has been significant integration of Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs with Muslims across India.[76][77]

Religion

Main articles: Religion in India, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Irreligion in India
 
Goddess Lakshmi on gold coinage issued under Gupta Empire, c. 380 AD
 
Diwali is a major Indian festival, which is known as festival of lights.

India is the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, collectively known as Indian religions.[70] Indian religions, also known as Dharmic religions, are a major form of world religions along with Abrahamic ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's third- and fourth-largest religions respectively, with over 1 billion followers altogether,[78][79][80] and possibly as many as 1.5 or 1.6 billion followers.[78][81] Throughout India's history, religion has been an important part of the country's culture. Religious diversity and religious tolerance are both established in the country by the law and by custom; the Constitution of India has declared the right to freedom of religion to be a fundamental right.[82]

Atheism and agnosticism have a long history in India and flourished within Śramaṇa movement.[83] The Cārvāka school originated in India around the 6th century BCE and is one of the earliest form of materialistic and atheistic movement in ancient India.[84][85][86] Sramana, Buddhism, Jainism, Ājīvika and some schools of Hinduism like Samkhya consider atheism to be valid and reject the concept of creator deity, ritualism and supernaturalism.[87][88][89] India has produced some notable atheist politicians and social reformers.[90][91]

Although approximately 80% of the citizens of India are Hindus, the country has a substantial population of Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and adherents of tribal faiths.[92] Zoroastrianism and Judaism each has several thousands of Indian adherents, and also have an ancient history in India.[93] India has the largest population of people adhering to Zoroastrianism and Baháʼí Faith in the world, even though these two religions are not native to India.[94] Many other world religions also have a relationship with Indian spirituality, such as the Baháʼí Faith which recognises Buddha and Krishna as manifestations of the God Almighty.[95] Despite the strong role of religion in Indian life, atheism and agnostics also have visible influence along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other people. According to the 2012 WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report, 81% of Indians were religious, 13% were not religious, 3% were convinced atheists, and 3% were unsure or did not respond.[96]

Traditionally, Indian society is grouped according to their caste. It is a system in which social stratification within various social sections defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups are often termed jāti or castes. Within a jāti, there exists exogamous groups known as gotras, the lineage or clan of an individuals.[97] Caste barriers have mostly broken down in cities but still exists in some form in rural areas.[98]

Most Indian states are majority Hindu. However, Kashmir and Lakshadweep are majority Muslim; Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya are majority Christian and Punjab is majority Sikh. Although participants in the Indian census may choose to not declare their religion, there is no mechanism for a person to indicate that he/she does not adhere to any religion. Due to this limitation in the Indian census process, the data for persons not affiliated with any religion may not be accurate. India contains the majority of the world's Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Zoroastrians and Baháʼí. Christianity is widespread in Northeast India, parts of southern India, particularly in Kerala and among various populations of Central India. Muslims are the largest religious minority. India is also home to the third-largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia and Pakistan.[99][100][101]

Family

 
Indian Groom in traditional wedding attire

Historically, India had a prevailing tradition of the joint family system or undivided family. Joint family system is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent, particularly in India.[102] The family is headed by a patriarch, the oldest male, who makes decisions on economic and social matters on behalf of the entire family. The patriarch's wife generally exerts control over the household, minor religious practices and often wields considerable influence in domestic matters. A patrilineal joint family consists of an older man and his wife, his sons and unmarried daughters, his sons' wives and children. Family income flows into a common pool, from which resources are drawn to meet the needs of all members, which are regulated by the heads of the family.[103] However, with modernisation and economic development, India has witnessed a break up of traditional joint family into more nuclear families and the traditional joint family in India accounted for a small percent of Indian households.[104][105]

Arranged marriages have been the tradition in Indian society. Marriage is considered a union of the two families rather than just the individuals, the process involved in an arranged marriage can be different depending on the communities and families. Recent survey study found that fewer marriages are purely arranged without consent and that the majority of surveyed Indian marriages are arranged with consent.[106] The study also suggested that Indian culture is trending away from traditional arranged marriages, they find that the marriage trends in India are similar to trends observed over last 40 years where arranged marriages were previously common, particularly in China and Japan.[106]

Dress

India's clothing styles have continuously evolved over the course of history. Cotton was first cultivated in Indian subcontinent around the 5th millennium BC.[107] Dyes used during this period are still in use, particularly indigo, red madder, lac and turmeric.[108] Silk was woven around 2450 BC and 2000 BC.[109][110] In the 11th century BC Rig-veda mentions dyed and embroidered garments known as paridhan and pesas respectively and thus highlights the development of sophisticated garment manufacturing techniques during this period.[111] In the 5th century BCE, Greek historian Herodotus describes the richness of the quality of Indian textiles.[112] By the 2nd century AD, cotton, muslins and silk textiles manufactured in India were imported by the Roman Empire and was one of the major exports of ancient India to other parts of the world along with Indian spices and Wootz steel.[113] Traditional Indian clothing greatly varies across different parts of the country and is influenced by local culture, geography and climate. Women traditionally wear Sari, Gagra Choli, Angarkha, Phiran, Shalwar Kameez, Gharara and Bandi with Dupatta or Ghoonghat worn over head or shoulder to complete the outfit.[114] Men traditionally wear Angarkha, Achkan, Kurta, Kameez, Phiran, Sherwani and Koti for upper garment, lower garment includes Dhoti, Churidar, Shalwar, and Lungi. Pagri is usually worn around head to complete the outfit.[115] In urban centres, people often wear western clothing and variety of other contemporary fashion.[116]

Cuisine

Main article: Indian cuisine
 
Vegetarian thali with naan, daal, raita and papad

Indian food varies from region to region. Staple foods of Indian cuisine include a variety of lentils (dal), whole-wheat flour (aṭṭa), rice and pearl millet (bājra), which has been cultivated in Indian subcontinent since 6200 BCE.[117][118] Over time, segments of the population embraced vegetarianism during Śramaṇa movement[119][120] while an equitable climate permitted a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains to be grown throughout the year. A food classification system that categorised any item as saatvic, raajsic or taamsic developed in Yoga tradition.[121][122] The Bhagavad Gita prescribed certain dietary practices. During this period, consumption of various types of meat became taboo, due to being considered sacred or impure.[123][124] Indian cuisines use numerous ingredients, deploy a wide range of food preparation styles, cooking techniques and culinary presentation depending on geographical location.[125]

Performing arts

Main articles: Music of India and Dance in India

The oldest preserved examples of Indian music are the melodies of the Samaveda (1000 BC) that are still sung in certain Śrauta sacrifices; this is the earliest account of Indian musical hymns.[126] The Samaveda, and other Hindu texts, heavily influenced India's classical music tradition, which is known today in two distinct styles: Hindustani music and Carnatic music. Both the Hindustani and Carnatic music systems are based on the melodic base known as Rāga, sung to a rhythmic cycle known as Tāla. These principles were refined in the nātyaśāstra (200 BC) and the dattilam (300 AD).[127]

The nātyaśāstrais an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance and music. It was written during the period between 200 BCE and 200 CE in classical India and is traditionally attributed to the Sage Bharata.[128] Natya Shastra is incredibly wide in its scope. While it primarily deals with stagecraft, it has come to influence music, classical dance, and literature as well. It covers stage design, music, dance, makeup, and virtually every other aspect of stagecraft.

Indian drama and theatre has a long history alongside its music and dance. One of the earliest known theatre play is Mṛcchakatika composed by Śudraka. Followed by Aśvaghoṣa's Śāriputraprakaraṇa and Bhāsa's Swapnavāsavadatta and Pancharātra. Most notable works are Kālidāsa's Abhijñānaśākuntala, Vikramorvaśīya and Mālavikāgnimitra. Harsha's Ratnavali, Priyadarsika, and Naganandam, other notable ancient dramatists include Bhatta Narayana, Bhavabhuti, Vishakhadatta, Thirayattam[129] and Viswanatha Kaviraja.[130]

Notable fable story-plays Panchatantra, Baital Pachisi, Kathasaritsagara, Brihatkatha and Jataka tales were performed in folk theatres since ancient period.[131] Jataka tales has become part of Southeast and East Asian folklore with the spread of Buddhism. These literature's were also influential in development of One Thousand and One Nights during medieval period.[132]

Contribution and discoveries

Main articles: List of Indian inventions and discoveries and history of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent

Indian people have played a major role in the development of the philosophy, sciences, mathematics, arts, architecture and astronomy throughout history. During the ancient period, notable mathematics accomplishment of India included Hindu–Arabic numeral system with decimal place-value and a symbol for zero, interpolation formula, Fibonacci's identity, theorem, the first complete arithmetic solution (including zero and negative solutions) to quadratic equations.[133] Chakravala method, sign convention, madhava series, and the sine and cosine in trigonometric functions can be traced to the jyā and koti-jyā.[134] Notable military inventions include war elephants, crucible steel weapons popularly known as Damascus steel and Mysorean rockets.[135] Other notable inventions during ancient period include chess, cotton, sugar, fired bricks, carbon pigment ink, ruler, lac, lacquer, stepwell, indigo dye, snake and ladder, muslin, ludo, calico, Wootz steel, incense clock, shampoo, palampore, chintz, and prefabricated homes.

Indian cultural aspects, religions, philosophy, arts and architecture have developed over several millennia and have spread through much of Asia in peaceful manner.[73] Many architectural structures of India such as Sanchi Stupa, Taj Mahal and Mahabodhi Temple are UNESCO World Heritage sites today.[136]

In modern times, Indian people have continued to contribute to mathematics, sciences and astrophysics. Among them are Satyendra Nath Bose, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Meghnad Saha, Homi J. Bhabha, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, and notable Nobel Prize recipients C. V. Raman, Har Gobind Khorana, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar who is notable for currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars, including black holes.[137]

National personification

Bharat Mata (Hindi, from Sanskrit भारत माता, Bhārata Mātā), Mother India, or Bhāratāmbā (from अंबा ambā 'mother') is the national personification of India as a mother goddess.

The image of Bharat Mata formed with the Indian independence movement of the late 19th century. A play by Kiran Chandra Bandyopadhyay, Bhārat Mātā, was first performed in 1873. She is usually depicted as a woman clad in an orange or saffron sari holding a flag and sometimes accompanied by a lion.[138]

Sports

Main article: Sport in India

Sports in India are mainly in two categories traditional sports and global sports. Traditional sports like gilli danda, kho kho, kabaddi are quite popular. On the other hand, Indians are highly enthusiastic about the game of cricket that it is treated as a religion in itself.[139] Sports like hockey, volleyball, football are quite popular while polo, golf and tennis are preferred sports for affluent sections of the society. In recent times with government support Olympic sports like shooting, archery, wrestling, javelin throw, swimming, badminton have gained prominence in the Indian society.[140]

Indian diaspora

Further information: Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India
 
A world map showing the estimated distribution and concentration of people of Indian descent or ancestry by country.
Little India
 
People of Indian origin have achieved a high demographic profile in metropolitan areas worldwide, including India Square, in the heart of Bombay, Jersey City, New Jersey, US,[141] home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere[142] and one of at least 24 enclaves characterized as a Little India which have emerged within the New York City Metropolitan Area, with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside Asia, as large-scale immigration from India continues into New York.[143][144][145][146]

Although, population groups originating in different parts of the Indian subcontinent and within the international borders of the modern country of India had been migrating to Southeast Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, and even along Europe's Mediterranean coast, the Indian diaspora generally socio-politically or historically refers to those whose families or themselves migrated to other parts of the world after the British Empire established itself in India. Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million-person diaspora.[147][148]

United Kingdom

Main article: British Indians

The British Indian community had grown to number over one million. According to the 2001 UK Census, 1,053,411 Britons had full Indian ancestry (representing 1.8% of the UK's population). An overwhelming majority of 99.3% resided in England (in 2008 the figure is thought to be around 97.0%). In the seven-year period between 2001 and 2009, the number of Indian-born people in the UK increased in size by 38% from 467,634 to around 647,000 (an increase of approximately 180,000).[149]

Canada

Main article: Indo-Canadians

There are approximately 1.86 million people of Indian origin or ancestry in Canada, the majority of which live in Greater Toronto and Vancouver, with growing communities in Alberta and Quebec.[a] Roughly 5.1% of the total Canadian population is of Indian ancestry, a figure higher than both the United States and Britain.[a] According to Statistics Canada, Indo-Canadians are one of the fastest-growing visible minority groups in Canada, making up the second-largest group of non-European descent in the country after Chinese Canadians.

The Indo-Canadian community can trace its history in Canada back 120 years to 1897 when a contingent of Sikh soldiers visited the western coast of Canada, primarily British Columbia which at the time was very sparsely populated and the Canadian government wanted to settle in order to prevent a takeover of the territory by the United States.

South Africa

Main article: Indian South Africans

More than a million people of South Asian descent live in South Africa, with their ancestors having left colonial India mostly as indentured labourers, and with smaller numbers emigrating later as "Passenger Indians", in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They are concentrated around the city of Durban. They were classified as members of an "Indian" race under the country's defunct Apartheid system.[151]

Tanzania

Main article: Indians in Tanzania

About 40,000 people of Indian origin live in Tanzania mostly in the urban areas.

United States

Main articles: Indian Americans and Indians in the New York City metropolitan area
 
Little India on 74th Street in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City, has developed into a pan-South Asian business district.

According to the American Community Survey of the United States Census Bureau, the Indian American population in the United States grew from almost 1.67 million in 2000 to 3.1 million in 2010 which is the third-largest Asian American community in the United States after Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans.

Caribbean

Main articles: Indo-Caribbeans, Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian, Indo-Guyanese, Indo-Surinamese, Indo-Caribbean Americans, British Indo-Caribbean people, Indo-Canadians § Indians from the Caribbean, Indians in the Netherlands, and Indians in France
See also: Hinduism in the West Indies, Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago, Hinduism in Guyana, Hinduism in Suriname, Caribbean Hindustani, and Indo-Caribbean music

After slavery was abolished in the European colonies, Indians were hired under the Indian indenture system to become indentured laborers to fill the need for cheap labor and for their skills in agriculture. In the English-speaking Caribbean and Suriname, Indians primarily came from the Hindi Belt, especially the Awadh region in central and eastern Uttar Pradesh and the Bhojpur region of eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar, and northwestern Jharkhand, along with a significant minority who came from South India, and a smaller minority who came from other parts of India. They arrived from the late 1830s to the early 1920s as indentured laborers to work primarily on sugarcane estates, as well as on cocoa, rice, banana, coconut, and coffee estates after indentureship. After the first wave of migration of indentured laborers, more Indians from Gujarat, Sindh, Kutch, Punjab, Bengal, and South India came to the Caribbean for business and professional occupations from the 1930s till present-day. There are more than a million Indo-Caribbeans. In Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname they are the largest ethnic groups. The Indians from the Bhojpuri and Awadhi-speaking areas of the Hindi Belt made up the majority of Indians in the Anglo-Caribbean and Suriname. Hence, their dialect of Hindustani, known as Caribbean Hindustani collectively, is based mostly on Bhojpuri and Awadhi, and it became the lingua franca of the early Indians. Also, since they formed the largest group of Indians, the traditions and culture from the Bhojpur and Awadh regions became the dominant culture for the Indians in those countries. France sent southern Indians to its colonies in the Caribbean as indentured laborers, hence there are also many residents of Indian descent in Guadeloupe, Martinique, and French Guiana, mostly of southern Indian descent. Many Indo-Caribbeans have migrated to the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands, and France, and few of them have even seasonally migrated to the neighboring Latin American and other Caribbean countries as migrant workers. A majority of Indo-Caribbean are Hindus, while there is significant minority of Christians and Muslims, along with smaller numbers of recently arrived Indian Jains, Sikhs, Buddhist, and Baháʼís. Indo-Caribbeans are known as the descendants of the jahajis or girmityas.[152][153][154][155][156]

Genetics

Main article: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

Recent genome studies appear to show that South Asians are a mixture of two major ancestral components, one component restricted to South Asia and the other component shared with Central Asia, West Asia, and Europe.[157][158]

See also

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  1. ^ a b c 2021 census: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Anglo-Indian" (3,340), "Bengali" (26,675), "Goan" (9,700), "Gujarati" (36,970), "Indian" (1,347,715), "Jatt" (22,785), "Kashmiri" (6,165), "Maharashtrian" (4,125), "Malayali" (12,490), "Punjabi" (279,950), "Tamil" (102,170), and "Telugu" (6,670).[150]

Works cited

January 06, 2023
indian, people, this, article, about, from, india, other, uses, indian, disambiguation, ethno, religious, indian, christian, group, also, referred, east, indian, east, indians, indians, citizens, nationals, india, 2022, population, india, stood, over, billion,. This article is about Indian people from India For other uses see Indian disambiguation For the ethno religious Indian Christian group also referred to as East Indian see East Indians Indians or Indian people are the citizens and nationals of India In 2022 the population of India stood at over 1 4 billion people making it the world s second most populous country containing 17 7 percent of the global population 23 In addition to the Indian population the Indian overseas diaspora also boasts large numbers particularly in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and the Western world 9 While the demonym Indian applies to people originating from the present day Republic of India it was also formerly used as the identifying term for people originating from Pakistan and Bangladesh during British colonial era until 1947 24 25 IndiansFlag of IndiaTotal populationc 1 4 billionRegions with significant populationsIndian diaspora c 17 9 million 1 United States4 506 308 2 United Arab Emirates3 500 000 3 Saudi Arabia2 500 000 4 5 Malaysia2 012 600 6 Canada1 858 755 a United Kingdom1 451 862 7 South Africa1 274 867 8 Mauritius994 500 9 Sri Lanka839 504 10 Oman796 001 9 Australia700 000 11 Kuwait700 000 12 Qatar650 000 13 Nepal600 000 14 Germany161 000 1 000 000 15 9 Trinidad and Tobago468 524 9 Thailand465 000 9 Bahrain400 000 9 Guyana327 000 9 Fiji315 000 9 Singapore250 300 16 Netherlands240 000 9 Italy197 301 9 New Zealand155 178 17 Suriname148 000 9 Indonesia120 000 9 France109 000 9 Israel85 000 18 Portugal24 550 19 Brazil23 254 20 Ireland20 000 21 Cayman Islands1 218 22 LanguagesLanguages of India including AssameseAwadhiBengaliBhojpuriBodoDogriEnglishGujaratiHindiKashmiriKannadaKonkaniLadakhiMaithiliMalayalamManipuriMarathiNepaliOdiaPunjabiSanskritSanthaliSindhiTamilTeluguTripuriTuluUrduReligionMajority Hinduism Minorities IslamChristianitySikhismBuddhismJainismZoroastrianismJudaismBahaʼiIrreligionOthersParticularly in North America the terms Asian Indian and East Indian are sometimes used to differentiate Indians from the indigenous peoples of the Americas although the misidentification of indigenous Americans as Indians occurred during the European colonization of the Americas the term Indian is still used as an identifier for indigenous populations in North America and the Caribbean but very rarely now and are called indigenous Amerindian and specifically First Nations in Canada and Native American in the United States including in official discourse and in law Contents 1 Ethnonym 2 History 3 Culture 3 1 Religion 3 2 Family 3 3 Dress 3 4 Cuisine 3 5 Performing arts 3 6 Contribution and discoveries 3 7 National personification 3 8 Sports 4 Indian diaspora 4 1 United Kingdom 4 2 Canada 4 3 South Africa 4 4 Tanzania 4 5 United States 4 6 Caribbean 5 Genetics 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Works citedEthnonymMain article Names for India The name Bharata has been used as a self ascribed name by people of the Indian subcontinent and the Republic of India since 1949 26 The designation Bharata appears in the official Sanskrit name of the country Bharata Gaṇarajya The name is derived from the ancient Vedic and Puranas which refer to the land that comprises India as Bharata varṣam and uses this term to distinguish it from other varṣas or continents 27 The Bharatas were a vedic tribe mentioned in the Rigveda notably participating in the Battle of the Ten Kings 28 India is named after legendary Emperor Bharata who was a descendant of the Bharatas tribe scion of Kuru Dynasty who unified the Indian Subcontinent under one realm 29 उत तर यत सम द रस य ह म द र श च व दक ष णम वर ष तद भ रत न म भ रत यत र स तत The country varṣam that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bharatam there dwell the descendants of Bharata 30 31 In early Vedic literature the term Aryavarta Sanskrit आर य वर त was in popular use before Bharata The Manusmṛti 2 22 gives the name Aryavarta to the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges from the Eastern Bay of Bengal to the Western Sea Arabian Sea 32 33 While the word Indian and India is derived from Greek Ἰndia India via Latin India India in Koine Greek denoted the region beyond the Indus Ἰndos river since Herodotus 5th century BC ἡ Ἰndikh xwrh he Indike chōre the Indian land Ἰndos Indos an Indian from Old Persian Hindus and medieval term Hindustani 34 The name is derived ultimately from Sindhu the Sanskrit name of the river Indus but also meaning river generically 35 HistoryMain articles History of India and Greater India Priest King Indus Valley civilisation Map of the Mauryan Empire 3rd century BC Buddhist rock cut architecture 2nd century BC Ashoka pillar erected by Emperor Ashoka in about 250 BC It has been adopted as emblem of India The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent the blending of the Indus Valley civilization and Indo Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions the rise of sixteen oligarchic republics known as Mahajanapadas the rise of the Sramaṇa movement the birth of Jainism and Buddhism in the 6th century BCE 36 and the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of British India and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India The Indian people established during the ancient and medieval periods to the early eighteenth century some of the greatest empires and dynasties in South Asian history like the Maurya Empire Satavahana dynasty Gupta Empire Rashtrakuta dynasty Chalukya Empire Chola Empire Karkota Empire Pala Empire Vijayanagara Empire Delhi Sultanate Mughal Empire Maratha Empire and Sikh Empire The first great empire of the Indian people was the Maurya Empire having Patliputra currently Patna Bihar as its capital conquered the major part of South Asia in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC during the reign of the Indian Emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka alongside their senior advisor Acharya Chanakya the world s pioneer of the fields of political science and economics The next great ancient empire of the Indian people was the Gupta Empire This period witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence is known as the classical or Golden Age of India During this period aspects of Indian civilisation administration culture and Hinduism and Buddhism spread to much of Asia while the Chola Empire in the south had flourishing maritime trade links with the Roman Empire during this period The ancient Indian mathematicians Aryabhata Bhaskara I and Brahmagupta invented the concept of zero and the Hindu Arabic numeral system decimal system during this period 37 During this period Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia 38 Maratha Empire Territory under Maratha control in 1760 yellow without its vassals During the early medieval period the great Rashtrakuta dynasty governed most of the Indian subcontinent from the 8th to 10th centuries and the Indian Emperor Amoghavarsha of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty was described by the Arab traveller Sulaiman as one of the four great kings of the world 39 The medieval south Indian mathematician Mahavira lived in the Rashtrakuta dynasty and was the first Indian mathematician who separated astrology from mathematics and who wrote the earliest Indian text entirely devoted to mathematics 40 The greatest maritime empire of the medieval Indians was the Chola dynasty Under the great Indian Emperors Rajaraja Chola I and his successor Rajendra Chola I the Chola dynasty became a military economic and cultural power in South Asia and South East Asia 41 42 The power of the Chola empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia as well as by the repeated embassies to China 43 During the late medieval period the great Vijayanagara Empire ruled most of southern India from the 14th to 16th centuries and reached its peak during the reign of the south Indian Emperor Sri Krishnadevaraya 44 The medieval Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics flourished during this period under such well known south Indian mathematicians as Madhava c 1340 1425 who made important contributions to Trigonometry and Calculus and Nilakhanta c 1444 1545 who postulated on the orbitals of planets 45 The Mughal Empire consolidated much of the Indian sub continent under a single realm Under the Mughals India developed a strong and stable economy leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture greatly influencing Indian society 46 The Mughal Empire balanced and pacified local societies through new administrative practices 47 48 and had diverse and inclusive ruling elites 49 leading to more systematic centralised and uniform rule 50 Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India such as the Marathas the Rajputs the Pathans the Jats and the Sikhs gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule which through collaboration or adversity gave them both recognition and military experience 51 52 53 54 The Marathas and Sikhs emerged in the 17th century and established the Maratha Empire and Sikh Empire which became the dominant powers in India in the 18th century 55 The Maratha Empire is credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India 56 57 58 59 The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south to Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the north 60 and Bengal and the Andaman Islands in the east 61 The decline of Mughal Empire and Maratha Empire from the late 18th century to the mid 19th century lead to large areas of India being annexed by the British East India Company of the British Empire and witnessed a period of rapid development of infrastructure economic decline and major famines 62 63 During the first half of the 20th century a nationwide struggle for Indian independence movement was launched the Indian subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states 64 65 66 CultureMain articles Culture of India and Greater India India is one of the world s oldest civilisations 67 The Indian culture often labelled as an amalgamation of several various cultures spans across the Indian subcontinent and has been influenced and shaped by a history that is several thousand years old 68 69 Throughout the history of India Indian culture has been heavily influenced by Dharmic religions 70 They have been credited with shaping much of Indian philosophy literature architecture art and music 71 Greater India was the historical extent of Indian culture beyond the Indian subcontinent This particularly concerns the spread of Hinduism Buddhism architecture administration and writing system from India to other parts of Asia through the Silk Road by the travellers and maritime traders during the early centuries of the Common Era 72 73 To the west Greater India overlaps with Greater Persia in the Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains 74 During medieval period Islam played a significant role in shaping Indian cultural heritage 75 Over the centuries there has been significant integration of Hindus Jains and Sikhs with Muslims across India 76 77 Religion Main articles Religion in India Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Islam Christianity and Irreligion in India Goddess Lakshmi on gold coinage issued under Gupta Empire c 380 AD Diwali is a major Indian festival which is known as festival of lights India is the birthplace of Hinduism Buddhism Jainism and Sikhism collectively known as Indian religions 70 Indian religions also known as Dharmic religions are a major form of world religions along with Abrahamic ones Today Hinduism and Buddhism are the world s third and fourth largest religions respectively with over 1 billion followers altogether 78 79 80 and possibly as many as 1 5 or 1 6 billion followers 78 81 Throughout India s history religion has been an important part of the country s culture Religious diversity and religious tolerance are both established in the country by the law and by custom the Constitution of India has declared the right to freedom of religion to be a fundamental right 82 Atheism and agnosticism have a long history in India and flourished within Sramaṇa movement 83 The Carvaka school originated in India around the 6th century BCE and is one of the earliest form of materialistic and atheistic movement in ancient India 84 85 86 Sramana Buddhism Jainism Ajivika and some schools of Hinduism like Samkhya consider atheism to be valid and reject the concept of creator deity ritualism and supernaturalism 87 88 89 India has produced some notable atheist politicians and social reformers 90 91 Although approximately 80 of the citizens of India are Hindus the country has a substantial population of Muslims Christians Sikhs Buddhists Jains Parsis and adherents of tribal faiths 92 Zoroastrianism and Judaism each has several thousands of Indian adherents and also have an ancient history in India 93 India has the largest population of people adhering to Zoroastrianism and Bahaʼi Faith in the world even though these two religions are not native to India 94 Many other world religions also have a relationship with Indian spirituality such as the Bahaʼi Faith which recognises Buddha and Krishna as manifestations of the God Almighty 95 Despite the strong role of religion in Indian life atheism and agnostics also have visible influence along with a self ascribed tolerance to other people According to the 2012 WIN Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report 81 of Indians were religious 13 were not religious 3 were convinced atheists and 3 were unsure or did not respond 96 Traditionally Indian society is grouped according to their caste It is a system in which social stratification within various social sections defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups are often termed jati or castes Within a jati there exists exogamous groups known as gotras the lineage or clan of an individuals 97 Caste barriers have mostly broken down in cities but still exists in some form in rural areas 98 Most Indian states are majority Hindu However Kashmir and Lakshadweep are majority Muslim Nagaland Mizoram and Meghalaya are majority Christian and Punjab is majority Sikh Although participants in the Indian census may choose to not declare their religion there is no mechanism for a person to indicate that he she does not adhere to any religion Due to this limitation in the Indian census process the data for persons not affiliated with any religion may not be accurate India contains the majority of the world s Hindus Jains Sikhs Zoroastrians and Bahaʼi Christianity is widespread in Northeast India parts of southern India particularly in Kerala and among various populations of Central India Muslims are the largest religious minority India is also home to the third largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia and Pakistan 99 100 101 Family Indian Groom in traditional wedding attire Historically India had a prevailing tradition of the joint family system or undivided family Joint family system is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent particularly in India 102 The family is headed by a patriarch the oldest male who makes decisions on economic and social matters on behalf of the entire family The patriarch s wife generally exerts control over the household minor religious practices and often wields considerable influence in domestic matters A patrilineal joint family consists of an older man and his wife his sons and unmarried daughters his sons wives and children Family income flows into a common pool from which resources are drawn to meet the needs of all members which are regulated by the heads of the family 103 However with modernisation and economic development India has witnessed a break up of traditional joint family into more nuclear families and the traditional joint family in India accounted for a small percent of Indian households 104 105 Arranged marriages have been the tradition in Indian society Marriage is considered a union of the two families rather than just the individuals the process involved in an arranged marriage can be different depending on the communities and families Recent survey study found that fewer marriages are purely arranged without consent and that the majority of surveyed Indian marriages are arranged with consent 106 The study also suggested that Indian culture is trending away from traditional arranged marriages they find that the marriage trends in India are similar to trends observed over last 40 years where arranged marriages were previously common particularly in China and Japan 106 Dress India s clothing styles have continuously evolved over the course of history Cotton was first cultivated in Indian subcontinent around the 5th millennium BC 107 Dyes used during this period are still in use particularly indigo red madder lac and turmeric 108 Silk was woven around 2450 BC and 2000 BC 109 110 In the 11th century BC Rig veda mentions dyed and embroidered garments known as paridhan and pesas respectively and thus highlights the development of sophisticated garment manufacturing techniques during this period 111 In the 5th century BCE Greek historian Herodotus describes the richness of the quality of Indian textiles 112 By the 2nd century AD cotton muslins and silk textiles manufactured in India were imported by the Roman Empire and was one of the major exports of ancient India to other parts of the world along with Indian spices and Wootz steel 113 Traditional Indian clothing greatly varies across different parts of the country and is influenced by local culture geography and climate Women traditionally wear Sari Gagra Choli Angarkha Phiran Shalwar Kameez Gharara and Bandi with Dupatta or Ghoonghat worn over head or shoulder to complete the outfit 114 Men traditionally wear Angarkha Achkan Kurta Kameez Phiran Sherwani and Koti for upper garment lower garment includes Dhoti Churidar Shalwar and Lungi Pagri is usually worn around head to complete the outfit 115 In urban centres people often wear western clothing and variety of other contemporary fashion 116 Cuisine Main article Indian cuisine Vegetarian thali with naan daal raita and papad Indian food varies from region to region Staple foods of Indian cuisine include a variety of lentils dal whole wheat flour aṭṭa rice and pearl millet bajra which has been cultivated in Indian subcontinent since 6200 BCE 117 118 Over time segments of the population embraced vegetarianism during Sramaṇa movement 119 120 while an equitable climate permitted a variety of fruits vegetables and grains to be grown throughout the year A food classification system that categorised any item as saatvic raajsic or taamsic developed in Yoga tradition 121 122 The Bhagavad Gita prescribed certain dietary practices During this period consumption of various types of meat became taboo due to being considered sacred or impure 123 124 Indian cuisines use numerous ingredients deploy a wide range of food preparation styles cooking techniques and culinary presentation depending on geographical location 125 Performing arts Main articles Music of India and Dance in India The oldest preserved examples of Indian music are the melodies of the Samaveda 1000 BC that are still sung in certain Srauta sacrifices this is the earliest account of Indian musical hymns 126 The Samaveda and other Hindu texts heavily influenced India s classical music tradition which is known today in two distinct styles Hindustani music and Carnatic music Both the Hindustani and Carnatic music systems are based on the melodic base known as Raga sung to a rhythmic cycle known as Tala These principles were refined in the natyasastra 200 BC and the dattilam 300 AD 127 The natyasastrais an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts encompassing theatre dance and music It was written during the period between 200 BCE and 200 CE in classical India and is traditionally attributed to the Sage Bharata 128 Natya Shastra is incredibly wide in its scope While it primarily deals with stagecraft it has come to influence music classical dance and literature as well It covers stage design music dance makeup and virtually every other aspect of stagecraft Indian drama and theatre has a long history alongside its music and dance One of the earliest known theatre play is Mṛcchakatika composed by Sudraka Followed by Asvaghoṣa s Sariputraprakaraṇa and Bhasa s Swapnavasavadatta and Pancharatra Most notable works are Kalidasa s Abhijnanasakuntala Vikramorvasiya and Malavikagnimitra Harsha s Ratnavali Priyadarsika and Naganandam other notable ancient dramatists include Bhatta Narayana Bhavabhuti Vishakhadatta Thirayattam 129 and Viswanatha Kaviraja 130 Notable fable story plays Panchatantra Baital Pachisi Kathasaritsagara Brihatkatha and Jataka tales were performed in folk theatres since ancient period 131 Jataka tales has become part of Southeast and East Asian folklore with the spread of Buddhism These literature s were also influential in development of One Thousand and One Nights during medieval period 132 Contribution and discoveries Main articles List of Indian inventions and discoveries and history of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent Indian people have played a major role in the development of the philosophy sciences mathematics arts architecture and astronomy throughout history During the ancient period notable mathematics accomplishment of India included Hindu Arabic numeral system with decimal place value and a symbol for zero interpolation formula Fibonacci s identity theorem the first complete arithmetic solution including zero and negative solutions to quadratic equations 133 Chakravala method sign convention madhava series and the sine and cosine in trigonometric functions can be traced to the jya and koti jya 134 Notable military inventions include war elephants crucible steel weapons popularly known as Damascus steel and Mysorean rockets 135 Other notable inventions during ancient period include chess cotton sugar fired bricks carbon pigment ink ruler lac lacquer stepwell indigo dye snake and ladder muslin ludo calico Wootz steel incense clock shampoo palampore chintz and prefabricated homes Indian cultural aspects religions philosophy arts and architecture have developed over several millennia and have spread through much of Asia in peaceful manner 73 Many architectural structures of India such as Sanchi Stupa Taj Mahal and Mahabodhi Temple are UNESCO World Heritage sites today 136 In modern times Indian people have continued to contribute to mathematics sciences and astrophysics Among them are Satyendra Nath Bose Srinivasa Ramanujan Jagadish Chandra Bose Meghnad Saha Homi J Bhabha Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis and notable Nobel Prize recipients C V Raman Har Gobind Khorana Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar who is notable for currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars including black holes 137 National personification Bharat Mata Hindi from Sanskrit भ रत म त Bharata Mata Mother India or Bharatamba from अ ब amba mother is the national personification of India as a mother goddess The image of Bharat Mata formed with the Indian independence movement of the late 19th century A play by Kiran Chandra Bandyopadhyay Bharat Mata was first performed in 1873 She is usually depicted as a woman clad in an orange or saffron sari holding a flag and sometimes accompanied by a lion 138 Sports Main article Sport in India Sports in India are mainly in two categories traditional sports and global sports Traditional sports like gilli danda kho kho kabaddi are quite popular On the other hand Indians are highly enthusiastic about the game of cricket that it is treated as a religion in itself 139 Sports like hockey volleyball football are quite popular while polo golf and tennis are preferred sports for affluent sections of the society In recent times with government support Olympic sports like shooting archery wrestling javelin throw swimming badminton have gained prominence in the Indian society 140 Indian diasporaFurther information Non resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India A world map showing the estimated distribution and concentration of people of Indian descent or ancestry by country India 1 000 000 100 000 10 000 1 000 No data Little India People of Indian origin have achieved a high demographic profile in metropolitan areas worldwide including India Square in the heart of Bombay Jersey City New Jersey US 141 home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere 142 and one of at least 24 enclaves characterized as a Little India which have emerged within the New York City Metropolitan Area with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside Asia as large scale immigration from India continues into New York 143 144 145 146 Although population groups originating in different parts of the Indian subcontinent and within the international borders of the modern country of India had been migrating to Southeast Asia East Asia Central Asia North Africa and even along Europe s Mediterranean coast the Indian diaspora generally socio politically or historically refers to those whose families or themselves migrated to other parts of the world after the British Empire established itself in India Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million person diaspora 147 148 United Kingdom Main article British Indians The British Indian community had grown to number over one million According to the 2001 UK Census 1 053 411 Britons had full Indian ancestry representing 1 8 of the UK s population An overwhelming majority of 99 3 resided in England in 2008 the figure is thought to be around 97 0 In the seven year period between 2001 and 2009 the number of Indian born people in the UK increased in size by 38 from 467 634 to around 647 000 an increase of approximately 180 000 149 Canada Main article Indo Canadians There are approximately 1 86 million people of Indian origin or ancestry in Canada the majority of which live in Greater Toronto and Vancouver with growing communities in Alberta and Quebec a Roughly 5 1 of the total Canadian population is of Indian ancestry a figure higher than both the United States and Britain a According to Statistics Canada Indo Canadians are one of the fastest growing visible minority groups in Canada making up the second largest group of non European descent in the country after Chinese Canadians The Indo Canadian community can trace its history in Canada back 120 years to 1897 when a contingent of Sikh soldiers visited the western coast of Canada primarily British Columbia which at the time was very sparsely populated and the Canadian government wanted to settle in order to prevent a takeover of the territory by the United States South Africa Main article Indian South Africans More than a million people of South Asian descent live in South Africa with their ancestors having left colonial India mostly as indentured labourers and with smaller numbers emigrating later as Passenger Indians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries They are concentrated around the city of Durban They were classified as members of an Indian race under the country s defunct Apartheid system 151 Tanzania Main article Indians in Tanzania About 40 000 people of Indian origin live in Tanzania mostly in the urban areas United States Main articles Indian Americans and Indians in the New York City metropolitan area Little India on 74th Street in Jackson Heights Queens New York City has developed into a pan South Asian business district According to the American Community Survey of the United States Census Bureau the Indian American population in the United States grew from almost 1 67 million in 2000 to 3 1 million in 2010 which is the third largest Asian American community in the United States after Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans Caribbean Main articles Indo Caribbeans Indo Trinidadian and Tobagonian Indo Guyanese Indo Surinamese Indo Caribbean Americans British Indo Caribbean people Indo Canadians Indians from the Caribbean Indians in the Netherlands and Indians in France See also Hinduism in the West Indies Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago Hinduism in Guyana Hinduism in Suriname Caribbean Hindustani and Indo Caribbean music After slavery was abolished in the European colonies Indians were hired under the Indian indenture system to become indentured laborers to fill the need for cheap labor and for their skills in agriculture In the English speaking Caribbean and Suriname Indians primarily came from the Hindi Belt especially the Awadh region in central and eastern Uttar Pradesh and the Bhojpur region of eastern Uttar Pradesh western Bihar and northwestern Jharkhand along with a significant minority who came from South India and a smaller minority who came from other parts of India They arrived from the late 1830s to the early 1920s as indentured laborers to work primarily on sugarcane estates as well as on cocoa rice banana coconut and coffee estates after indentureship After the first wave of migration of indentured laborers more Indians from Gujarat Sindh Kutch Punjab Bengal and South India came to the Caribbean for business and professional occupations from the 1930s till present day There are more than a million Indo Caribbeans In Trinidad and Tobago Guyana and Suriname they are the largest ethnic groups The Indians from the Bhojpuri and Awadhi speaking areas of the Hindi Belt made up the majority of Indians in the Anglo Caribbean and Suriname Hence their dialect of Hindustani known as Caribbean Hindustani collectively is based mostly on Bhojpuri and Awadhi and it became the lingua franca of the early Indians Also since they formed the largest group of Indians the traditions and culture from the Bhojpur and Awadh regions became the dominant culture for the Indians in those countries France sent southern Indians to its colonies in the Caribbean as indentured laborers hence there are also many residents of Indian descent in Guadeloupe Martinique and French Guiana mostly of southern Indian descent Many Indo Caribbeans have migrated to the United States United Kingdom Canada the Netherlands and France and few of them have even seasonally migrated to the neighboring Latin American and other Caribbean countries as migrant workers A majority of Indo Caribbean are Hindus while there is significant minority of Christians and Muslims along with smaller numbers of recently arrived Indian Jains Sikhs Buddhist and Bahaʼis Indo Caribbeans are known as the descendants of the jahajis or girmityas 152 153 154 155 156 GeneticsMain article Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Recent genome studies appear to show that South Asians are a mixture of two major ancestral components one component restricted to South Asia and the other component shared with Central Asia West Asia and Europe 157 158 See alsoLists of Indian people South Asian ethnic groups Ethnic groups in Asia Romani peopleReferences Singh Ruchi 7 March 2022 Origin of World s Largest Migrant Population India Seeks to Leverage Immigration migrationpolicy org Retrieved 5 November 2022 Bureau US Census Asian and Pacific Islander Population in the United States Census gov Retrieved 4 November 2022 India is a top source and destination for world s migrants Pew Research Center 3 March 2017 Retrieved 7 March 2017 How Saudi Arabia s Family Tax Is Forcing Indians To Return Home The Huffington Post 21 June 2017 Retrieved 21 June 2017 Indians brace for Saudi family tax Times of India Retrieved 21 June 2017 Population by States and Ethnic Group Department of Information Ministry of Communications and Multimedia Malaysia 2015 Archived from the original on 12 February 2016 2011 Census Ethnic group local authorities in the United Kingdom Office for National Statistics 11 October 2013 Retrieved 28 February 2015 Statistical Release P0302 Mid year population estimates 2011 PDF Statistics South Africa 27 July 2011 p 3 Retrieved 1 August 2011 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Population of Overseas Indians PDF Ministry of External Affairs India 31 December 2016 Retrieved 28 May 2016 Sri Lanka Census of Population and Housing 2011 Population by Ethnicity PDF Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka 20 April 2012 Indians are becoming visible in Australia like never before Lowy Institute 28 May 2021 Kuwait MP seeks five year cap on expat workers stay Gulf News 30 January 2014 Population of Qatar by nationality 2017 report Retrieved 7 February 2017 About India Nepal Relations Embassy of India Kathmandu Nepal February 2020 Immigration from outside Europe almost doubled Archived 9 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Federal Institute for Population Research Retrieved 1 March 2017 Population in Brief 2015 PDF Singapore Government September 2015 Archived from the original PDF on 16 February 2016 Retrieved 14 February 2016 Stats NZ stats govt nz Retrieved 11 December 2017 Indian Community in Israel indembassyisrael gov in Retrieved 13 March 2021 1 Archived 14 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Portugal signs agreement with India on labour recruitment of Indian citizens Observador with Lusa Agency in Portuguese Retrieved 14 12 2022 Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil www nepo unicamp br Retrieved 20 August 2021 Indian Community In Ireland irelandindiacouncil ie Ireland India Council Archived from the original on 20 January 2018 https www eso ky UserFiles right page docums files uploads chapter 10 labour force and employment xlsx Archived 7 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine bare URL spreadsheet file India population 2021 StatisticsTimes com statisticstimes com Retrieved 5 November 2022 Stern Robert W 2001 Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia Dominant Classes and Political Outcomes in India Pakistan and Bangladesh Greenwood Publishing Group p 6 ISBN 9780275970413 Henry Newman 1921 The Calcutta Review University of Calcutta p 252 I have also found that Bombay is India Satara is India Bangalore is India Madras is India Delhi Lahore the Khyber Lucknow Calcutta Cuttack Shillong etc are all India Article 1 of the English version of the Constitution of India India that is Bharat shall be a Union of States Pargiter F F 1922 Ancient Indian Historical Tradition Delhi Motilal Banarsidass p 131 Schmidt H P Notes on Rgveda 7 18 5 10 Indica Organ of the Heras Institute Bombay Vol 17 1980 41 47 National Council of Educational Research and Training History Text Book Part 1 India Visnu Purana Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 Retrieved 10 April 2008 Reading the Vedic Literature in Sanskrit PDF is1 mum edu Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 11 December 2017 Gopal Madan 1990 K S Gautam ed India through the ages Publication Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India p 70 Michael Cook 2014 Ancient Religions Modern Politics The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective Princeton University Press p 68 Aryavarta is defined by Manu as extending from the Himalayas in the north to the Vindhyas of Central India in the south and from the sea in the west to the sea in the east Hudson John C ed Goode s World Atlas 20th Edition Chicago 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Bowman p 270 History of Science and Philosophy of Science A Historical Perspective of the Evolution of Ideas in Science editor Pradip Kumar Sengupta author Subhash Kak 2010 p91 vol XIII part 6 Publisher Pearson Longman ISBN 978 81 317 1930 5 Zahir ud Din Mohammad 10 September 2002 Thackston Wheeler M ed The Baburnama Memoirs of Babur Prince and Emperor New York Modern Library p xlvi ISBN 978 0 375 76137 9 In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani after Temur s title Gurkan the Persianized form of the Mongolian kuragan son in law a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess Asher amp Talbot 2008 p 115 sfn error no target CITEREFAsherTalbot2008 help Robb 2001 pp 90 91 sfn error no target CITEREFRobb2001 help Metcalf amp Metcalf 2006 p 17 sfn error no target CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006 help Asher amp Talbot 2008 p 152 sfn error no target CITEREFAsherTalbot2008 help Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher Cynthia Talbot 2006 India before Europe Cambridge University Press p 265 ISBN 978 0 521 80904 7 Burjor Avari 2013 Islamic Civilization in South Asia A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent Routledge pp 131 ISBN 9780415580618 Erinn Banting 2003 Afghanistan The people ISBN 9780778793366 Metcalf amp Metcalf 2006 pp 23 24 sfn error no target CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006 help Western India in the Nineteenth Century A Study in the Social History by Ravinder Kumar p 5 Pearson M N February 1976 Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire The Journal of Asian Studies 35 2 221 235 doi 10 2307 2053980 JSTOR 2053980 S2CID 162482005 Capper John 11 December 2017 Delhi the Capital of India Asian Educational Services ISBN 9788120612822 Retrieved 11 December 2017 via Google Books Sailendra Nath Sen 2010 An Advanced History of Modern India p Introduction 14 ISBN 9780230328853 Retrieved 15 December 2017 The author says The victory at Bhopal in 1738 established Maratha dominance at the Mughal court Is the Pakistan army martial The Express Tribune tribune com pk 29 September 2012 Retrieved 11 December 2017 Sen Sailendra Nath 11 December 2017 An Advanced History of Modern India Macmillan India ISBN 9780230328853 Retrieved 11 December 2017 via Google Books Andaman amp Nicobar Origin Andaman amp Nicobar Island History Archived 15 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Andamanonline in Robb 2001 pp 151 152 sfn error no target CITEREFRobb2001 help Metcalf B Metcalf T R 2006 A Concise History of Modern India 2nd ed pp 94 99 Minahan James 2012 Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific An Encyclopedia An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 139 ISBN 978 1 59884 660 7 Indian Economy During British Rule yourarticlelibrary com 8 May 2014 Retrieved 6 January 2017 Ali Afsar 17 July 2017 Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims The Milli Gazette Kenoyer Jonathan Mark Heuston Kimberley May 2005 The Ancient South Asian World Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 517422 9 OCLC 56413341 Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 John Keay 2011 India A History 2nd Ed Revised and Updated Grove Press Harper Collins ISBN 978 0 8021 4558 1 see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11 Mohammada Malika 2007 The foundations of the composite culture in India Aakar Books ISBN 81 89833 18 9 a b Nikki Stafford Finding Lost ECW Press 2006 ISBN 1 55022 743 2 p 174 1 Cultural History of India New Age International Limited Publications 2005 p 3 ISBN 978 81 224 1587 2 Southeast Asia A Historical Encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor by Keat Gin Ooi p 642 a b Hindu Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia by Daigorō Chihara p 226 Lange Christian 10 July 2008 Justice Punishment and the Medieval Muslim Imagination Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 88782 3 permanent dead link Lange Greater Persia including Khwarazm Transoxania and Afghanistan Sharma Usha 2004 Cultural and Religious Heritage of India Mittal Publications 2004 ISBN 978 81 7099 960 7 E Dunn Ross 1986 The adventures of Ibn Battuta a 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