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Hindustan

March 08, 2023

For other uses, see Hindustan (disambiguation).

Hindūstān (pronunciation (help·info)), along with its shortened form Hind,[1] is the Persian-language name for India, broadly the Indian subcontinent, that later became commonly used by its inhabitants in Hindi–Urdu.[2][3][4][5] Since the Partition of India in 1947, Hindustan continues to be used to the present day as a historic name for the Republic of India.[6][7][8]

Hindustan was the Persian word for India, but when introduced to the subjects under Persianate rule, the subsequent culture which resulted from these events gave it another specific meaning that of the cultural region between the river Sutlej (end of Northwestern India) and the city Varanasi (start of Eastern India). As the area where Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb and the Hindustani language traces its origins, it corresponds to the plains where the river Yamuna flows or the regions/states encompassing Haryana, Delhi, Harit Pradesh, and Awadh.

Other toponyms for the subcontinent include Jambudvīpa and Bharata Khanda. Since the Partition of India in 1947, although limitedly, Hindustan continues to be used to the present day as a historic name for the Republic of India.

Etymology

Hindustan is derived from the Persian word Hindū cognate with the Sanskrit Sindhu.[9] The Proto-Iranian sound change *s > h occurred between 850 and 600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola.[10] Hence, the Rigvedic sapta sindhava (the land of seven rivers) became hapta hindu in the Avesta. It was said to be the "fifteenth domain" created by Ahura Mazda, apparently a land of 'abnormal heat'.[11] In 515 BCE, Darius I annexed the Indus Valley including Sindhu, the present day Sindh, which was called Hindu in Persian.[12] During the time of Xerxes, the term "Hindu" was also applied to the lands to the east of Indus.[9]

In middle Persian, probably from the first century CE, the suffix -stān was added, indicative of a country or region, forming the present word Hindūstān.[13] Thus, Sindh was referred to as Hindūstān in the Naqsh-e-Rustam inscription of Shapur I in c. 262 CE.[14][15]

Historian B. N. Mukherjee states that from the lower Indus basin, the term Hindūstān got gradually extended to "more or less the whole of the subcontinent". The Greco-Roman name "India" and the Chinese name Shen-tu also followed a similar evolution.[14][16]

The Arabic term Hind, derived from Persian Hindu, was previously used by the Arabs to refer to the much wider Indianised region from the Makran coast to the Indonesian archipelago.[17] But eventually it too became identified with the Indian subcontinent.

In the time of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal empire, the ruling elite and its Persian historiographers made a further distinction between "Hindustan" and "Hind". Hindustan referred to the territories of Northern India in the Miyan-Doab and adjacent regions under Muslim political control, while "Hind" referred to the rest of India. For example, the army of Ghiyas ud din Balban was referred to as "Hindustani" troops, who were attacked by the "Hindus".[18]

Current usage

Republic of India

"Hindustan" is often used to refer to the modern-day Republic of India.[7][8][19] Slogans involving the term are commonly heard at sports events and other public programmes involving teams or entities representing the modern nation-state of India. In marketing, it is also commonly used as an indicator of national origin in advertising campaigns and is present in many company names. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and his party the Muslim League, insisted on calling the modern-day Republic of India "Hindustan" in reference to its Hindu-majority population.[20]

People

The term 'Hindustani' refers to an Indian, irrespective of religious affiliation. Among non-Hindustani speakers e.g. Bengali-speakers, "Hindustani" is used to describe persons who are from the Yamuna-Ganges belt; also regardless of religious affiliation, but rather as a geographic term.

Hindustani is sometimes used as an ethnic term applied to South Asia (e.g., a Mauritian or Surinamese man with roots in South Asia might describe his ethnicity by saying he is Hindustani). For example, Hindoestanen is a Dutch word used to describe people of South Asian origin, in the Netherlands and Suriname.

Language

Main article: Hindustani language

The Hindustani language is the language of Hindustan and the lingua franca of the northern Indian subcontinent.[21] Hindustani derives from the Old Hindi dialect of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi areas. Its literary standard forms—Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu—use different scripts. The Hindi register itself derives its name from shortened form, Hind (India).[22]

Historical usages

Babur Nama

The country of Hindustan is extensive, full of men and full of produce. On the east, south and even on the west it ends at its great enclosing ocean (muḥiṭ-daryā-sī-gha). On the north it has mountains that connect with those of Hindu-Kush, Kafiristan and Kashmir. North-west of it lies Kabul, Ghazni and Qandahar. Dihlī is held (aīrīmīsh) to be the capital of the whole of Hindustan...

– Babur Nama, A. S. Beveridge, trans., vol. 1, sec. iii: 'Hindustan'[23]

Early Persian scholars had limited knowledge of the extent of India. After the advent of Islam and the Muslim conquests, the meaning of Hindustan interacted with its Arabic variant Hind, which was derived from Persian as well, and almost became synonymous with it. The Arabs, engaging in oceanic trade, included all the lands from Tis in western Balochistan (near modern Chabahar) to the Indonesian archipelago, in their idea of Hind, especially when used in its expansive form as "Al-Hind". Hindustan did not acquire this elaborate meaning. According to André Wink, it also did not acquire the distinction, which faded away, between Sind (roughly what is now western Pakistan) and Hind (the lands to the east of the Indus River);[4][17][24] other sources state that Sind and Hind were used synonymously from early times,[25] and that after the arrival of Islamic rule in India, "the variants Hind and Sind were used, as synonyms, for the entire subcontinent."[26] The 10th century text Hudud al-Alam defined Hindustan as roughly the Indian subcontinent, with its western limit formed by the river Indus, southern limit going up to the Great Sea and the eastern limit at Kamarupa, the present day Assam.[16] For the next ten centuries, both Hind and Hindustan were used within the subcontinent with exactly this meaning, along with their adjectives Hindawi, Hindustani and Hindi.[27][28][29] Indeed, in 1220 CE, historian Hasan Nizami described Hind as being "from Peshawar to the shores of the [Indian] Ocean, and in the other direction from Siwistan to the hills of Chin."[30]

North India

With the Turko-Persian conquests starting in the 11th century, a narrower meaning of Hindustan also took shape. The conquerors were liable to call the lands under their control Hindustan, ignoring the rest of the subcontinent.[31] In the early 11th century a satellite state of the Ghaznavids in the Punjab with its capital at Lahore was called "Hindustan".[32] After the Delhi Sultanate was established, north India, especially the Gangetic plains and the Punjab, came to be called "Hindustan".[31][33][34][35] Scholar Bratindra Nath Mukherjee states that this narrow meaning of Hindustan existed side by side with the wider meaning, and some of the authors used both of them simultaneously.[36]

The Delhi Sultanate established differences between "Hindustan" and "Hind", where Hindustan referred to the territories of Northern India in the Miyan-Doab and adjacent regions under Muslim political control, while "Hind" referred to the rest of India. For example, the army of Delhi Sultanate was referred to as "Hindustani" troops, who were attacked by the "Hindus".[37]

The Mughal Empire (1526–1857) called its lands 'Hindustan'. The term 'Mughal' itself was never used to refer to the land. As the empire expanded, so too did 'Hindustan'. At the same time, the meaning of 'Hindustan' as the entire Indian subcontinent is also found in Baburnama and Ain-i-Akbari.[38] The Mughals made a further distinction between "Hindustani" and "Hindu". In Mughal sources, Hindustani commonly referred to Muslims in Hindustan, while non-Muslim Indians were referred to as Hindus.[39]

Kingdom of Nepal usage

The last Gorkhali King Prithvi Narayan Shah self proclaimed the newly unified Kingdom of Nepal as Asal Hindustan (Real Hindustan) due to North India being ruled by the Islamic Mughal rulers. The self proclamation was done to enforce Hindu social code Dharmashastra over his reign and refer to his country as being inhabitable for Hindus. He also referred Northern India as Mughlan (Country of Mughals) and called the region infiltrated by Muslim foreigners.[40]

Colonial Indian usage

These dual meanings persisted with the arrival of Europeans. Rennel produced an atlas titled the Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan or the Mogul Empire in 1792, which was in fact a map of the Indian subcontinent. Rennel thus conflated the three notions, 'India', 'Hindustan' and the Mughal Empire.[41][42] J. Bernoulli, to whom Hindustan meant the Mughal Empire, called his French translation La Carte générale de l'Inde (General Map of India).[43] This 'Hindustan' of British reckoning was divided into British-ruled territories (sometimes referred to as 'India') and the territories ruled by native rulers.[44] The British officials and writers, however, thought that the Indians used 'Hindustan' to refer to only North India.[45][35] An Anglo-Indian Dictionary published in 1886 states that, while Hindustan means India, in the "nativa parlance" it had come to represent the region north of Narmada River excluding Bihar and Bengal.[34]

During the independence movement, the Indians referred to their land by all three names: 'India', 'Hindustan' and 'Bharat'.[46] Mohammad Iqbal's poem Tarānah-e-Hindī ("Anthem of the People of Hind") was a popular patriotic song among Indian independence activists.[47]

Sāre jahāṉ se acchā Hindustān hamārā
(the best of all lands is our Hindustan)

Partition of India

Main article: Partition of India
 
Jai Hind postmark, which was issued on 15 August 1947.

The 1940 Lahore Resolution of the All-India Muslim League demanded sovereignty for the Muslim-majority areas in the northwest and northeast of British India, which came to be called 'Pakistan' in popular parlance and the remaining India came to be called 'Hindustan'.[48] The British officials too picked up the two terms and started using them officially.[19]

However, this naming did not meet the approval of Indian leaders due to the implied meaning of 'Hindustan' as the land of Hindus. They insisted that the new Dominion of India should be called 'India', not 'Hindustan'.[49] Probably for the same reason, the name 'Hindustan' did not receive official sanction of the Constituent Assembly of India, whereas 'Bharat' was adopted as an official name.[50] It was recognised however that 'Hindustan' would continue to be used unofficially.[51]

The Indian Armed Forces use the salutary version of the name, "Jai Hind" as a battle cry.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kapur, Anu (2019). Mapping Place Names of India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-61421-7.
  2. ^ Goel, Koeli Moitra (2 March 2018). "In Other Spaces: Contestations of National Identity in "New" India's Globalized Mediascapes". Journalism & Communication Monographs. 20 (1): 4–73. doi:10.1177/1522637917750131. "Hindustan," or the land of the Hindus, is another Hindi name for India.
  3. ^ Śivaprasāda, Rājā (1874). A History of Hindustan. Medical Hall Press. p. 15. The Persians called the tract lying on the left bank of the Sindhu (Indus) Hind, which is but a corruption of the word Sindh.
  4. ^ a b Ahmad, S. Maqbul (1986), "Hind: The Geography of India according to the Medieaeval Muslim Geographers", in B. Lewis; V. L. Ménage; Ch. Pellat; J. Schacht (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume III (H–IRAM) (Second ed.), Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2
  5. ^ Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 46: "They used the name Hindustan for India Intra Gangem or taking the latter expression rather loosely for the Indian subcontinent proper. The term Hindustan, which in the "Naqsh-i-Rustam" inscription of Shapur I denoted India on the lower Indus, and which later gradually began to denote more or less the whole of the subcontinent, was used by some of the European authors concerned as a part of bigger India. Hindustan was of course a well-known name for the subcontinent used in India and outside in medieval times."
  6. ^ , Shaikh Ayaz International Conference – Language & Literature, archived from the original on 20 October 2007
  7. ^ a b Sarina Singh (2009). Lonely Planet India (13, illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 276. ISBN 9781741791518.
  8. ^ a b Christine Everaer (2010). Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories (annotated ed.). BRILL. p. 82. ISBN 9789004177314.
  9. ^ a b Sharma, On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva (2002), p. 3.
  10. ^ Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism (2015), Chapter 9.
  11. ^ Sharma, On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva (2002), p. 2.
  12. ^ Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism (2015), Chapter 1.
  13. ^ Habib, Hindi/Hindwi in Medieval Times (2011), p. 105.
  14. ^ a b Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 46.
  15. ^ Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization (2000), p. 553.
  16. ^ a b Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization (2000), p. 555.
  17. ^ a b Wink, Al-Hind, Volume 1 (2002), p. 5: "The Arabs, like the Greeks, adopted a pre-existing Persian term, but they were the first to extend its application to the entire Indianized region from Sind and Makran to the Indonesian Archipelago and mainland Southeast Asia."
  18. ^ Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate:A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press.
  19. ^ a b White-Spunner, Barney (2017), Partition: The story of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Simon & Schuster UK, p. 5, ISBN 978-1-4711-4802-6
  20. ^ Pande, Aparna (2011). Explaining Pakistan's foreign policy: escaping India. New York: Routledge. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0415599009. At partition, the Muslim League tried, unsuccessfully, to convince the British that the two independent countries should be called Hindustan and Pakistan but neither the British nor the Congress gave in to this demand. It is important to note that Jinnah and the majority of the Pakistani policy-makers have often referred to independent India as "Hindustan," as an affirmation of the two nation theory.
  21. ^ Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 579. The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.
  22. ^ Beg, Mirzā K̲h̲alīl (1996). Sociolinguistic perspective of Hindi and Urdu in India. Bahri Publications. p. 37. The word Hind meaning 'India', comes from the Persian language, and the suffix -i which is transcribed in the Persian alphabet as ya-i-ma'ruf is a grammatical marker meaning 'relating to'. The word Hindi, thus, meant 'relating/belonging to India' or the 'Indian native'.
  23. ^ Ray & Chattopadhyaya, A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization (2000), p. 17.
  24. ^ Wink, Al-Hind, Volume 1 (2002), p. 145: "The Arabic literature often conflates 'Sind' with 'Hind' into a single term but also refers to 'Sind and Hind' to distinguish the two. Sind, in point of fact, while vaguely defined territorially, overlaps rather well with what is currently Pakistan. It definitely did extend beyond the present province of Sind and Makran; the whole of Baluchistan was included, a part of the Panjab, and the North-West Frontier Province."
  25. ^ Fatiḥpūrī, Dildār ʻAlī Farmān (1987). Pakistan movement and Hindi-Urdu conflict. Sang-e-Meel Publications. There are examples to show that "Hind" and "Sind", have been used as synonyms.
  26. ^ Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain (1965). The Struggle for Pakistan. University of Karachi. p. 1. It was after the Arab conquest that the name Sind came to be applied to territories much beyond modern Sind and gradually it came to pass that the variants Hind and Sind were used, as synonyms, for the entire subcontinent.
  27. ^ Ali, M. Athar (January 1996), "The Evolution of the Perception of India: Akbar and Abu'l Fazl", Social Scientist, 24 (1/3): 80–88, doi:10.2307/3520120, JSTOR 3520120
  28. ^ Ahmad, Imtiaz (2005), "Concepts of India: Expanding Horizons in Early Medieval Arabic and Persian Writing", in Ifran Habib (ed.), India — Studies in the History of an Idea, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, pp. 98–99, ISBN 978-81-215-1152-0
  29. ^ Habib, Irfan (July 1997), "The Formation of India: Notes on the History of an Idea", Social Scientist, 25 (7/8): 3–10, doi:10.2307/3517600, JSTOR 3517600
  30. ^ The Indian Magazine, Issues 193-204. National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress and Education in India. 1887. p. 292. Again Hasan Nizami of Nisha-pur, about A.D. 1220, writes: "The whole of Hind, from Peshawar to the shores of the Ocean, and in the other direction from Siwistan to the hills of Chin."
  31. ^ a b Shoaib Daniyal, Land of Hindus? Mohan Bhagwat, Narendra Modi and the Sangh Parivar are using 'Hindustan' all wrong, Scroll.in, 30 October 2017.
  32. ^ J. T. P. de Bruijn, art. HINDU at Encyclopædia Iranica Vol. XII, Fasc. 3, pp. 311-312, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hindu, Retrieved 6 May 2016
  33. ^ "Hindustan". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2007.
  34. ^ a b Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1996) [first published 1886], Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Editions, ISBN 978-1-85326-363-7: "Hindostan, n.p. Pers. Hindūstan. (a) 'The country of Hindūs', India. In modern native parlance the word indicates distinctively (b) India north of the Nerbudda, and exclusive of Bengal and Behar. The latter provinces are regarded as pūrb (see Poorub), and all south of the Nerbudda as Dakhan (see Deccan). But the word is used in older Mahommedan authors just as it is used in English school-books and atlases, viz., as (a) the equivalent of India Proper. Thus Babur says of Hindustan: 'On the East, the South and the West it is bounded by the Ocean'"
  35. ^ a b Macdonnell, Arthur A. (1968) [first published 1900]. A History of Sanskrit Literature. Haskell House Publishers. p. 141. GGKEY:N230TU9P9E1.
  36. ^ Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 132.
  37. ^ Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate:A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press.
  38. ^ Vanina, Eugenia (2012). Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man. Primus Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-93-80607-19-1 – via Google Books.
  39. ^ Chandra, Satish (1959). Parties And Politics At The Mughal Court.
  40. ^ Naraharinath, Yogi; Acharya, Baburam (2014). Badamaharaj Prithivi Narayan Shah ko Divya Upadesh (2014 Reprint ed.). Kathmandu: Shree Krishna Acharya. pp. 4, 5. ISBN 978-99933-912-1-0.
  41. ^ Edney, Matthew H. (2009), Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843, University of Chicago Press, p. 11, ISBN 978-0-226-18486-9
  42. ^ Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat (2014), paragraph 3.
  43. ^ Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 71.
  44. ^ Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 48.
  45. ^ Mukherjee, The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent (1989), p. 133.
  46. ^ Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat (2014), paragraph 1.
  47. ^ Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat (2014), paragraph 26.
  48. ^ Dhulipala, Creating a New Medina (2015), pp. 17–18, 22.
  49. ^ Sabharwal, Gopa (2007), India Since 1947: The Independent Years, Penguin Books Limited, p. 12, ISBN 978-93-5214-089-3 – via Google Books
  50. ^ Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat (2014), paragraph 39.
  51. ^ Clémentin-Ojha, India, that is Bharat (2014), paragraphs 42–45.

General sources

Further reading

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Hindustan.
  • A Sketch of the History of Hindustan from the First Muslim Conquest to the Fall of the Mughal Empire by H. G. Keene. (Hindustan The English Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 5 (Jan. 1887), pp. 180–181.)
  • Story of India through the Ages; An Entertaining History of Hindustan, to the Suppression of the Mutiny, by Flora Annie Steel, 1909 E.P. Dutton and Co., New York. (as recommended by the New York Times; Flora Annie Steel Book Review, 20 February 1909, New York Times.)
  • The History of Hindustan: Post Classical and Modern, Ed. B.S. Danniya and Alexander Dow. 2003, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1993-4. (History of Hindustan (First published: 1770–1772). Dow had succeeded his father as the private secretary of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.)

Coordinates: 23°59′40″N 67°25′51″E / 23.99444°N 67.43083°E / 23.99444; 67.43083

March 08, 2023
hindustan, other, uses, disambiguation, hindūstān, pronunciation, help, info, along, with, shortened, form, hind, persian, language, name, india, broadly, indian, subcontinent, that, later, became, commonly, used, inhabitants, hindi, urdu, since, partition, in. For other uses see Hindustan disambiguation Hindustan pronunciation help info along with its shortened form Hind 1 is the Persian language name for India broadly the Indian subcontinent that later became commonly used by its inhabitants in Hindi Urdu 2 3 4 5 Since the Partition of India in 1947 Hindustan continues to be used to the present day as a historic name for the Republic of India 6 7 8 Alvin J Johnson s map of Hindostan or British India 1864 Hindustan was the Persian word for India but when introduced to the subjects under Persianate rule the subsequent culture which resulted from these events gave it another specific meaning that of the cultural region between the river Sutlej end of Northwestern India and the city Varanasi start of Eastern India As the area where Ganga Jamuni Tehzeeb and the Hindustani language traces its origins it corresponds to the plains where the river Yamuna flows or the regions states encompassing Haryana Delhi Harit Pradesh and Awadh Other toponyms for the subcontinent include Jambudvipa and Bharata Khanda Since the Partition of India in 1947 although limitedly Hindustan continues to be used to the present day as a historic name for the Republic of India Contents 1 Etymology 2 Current usage 2 1 Republic of India 2 2 People 2 3 Language 3 Historical usages 3 1 North India 3 2 Kingdom of Nepal usage 3 3 Colonial Indian usage 3 4 Partition of India 4 See also 5 References 6 General sources 7 Further readingEtymology EditHindustan is derived from the Persian word Hindu cognate with the Sanskrit Sindhu 9 The Proto Iranian sound change s gt h occurred between 850 and 600 BCE according to Asko Parpola 10 Hence the Rigvedic sapta sindhava the land of seven rivers became hapta hindu in the Avesta It was said to be the fifteenth domain created by Ahura Mazda apparently a land of abnormal heat 11 In 515 BCE Darius I annexed the Indus Valley including Sindhu the present day Sindh which was called Hindu in Persian 12 During the time of Xerxes the term Hindu was also applied to the lands to the east of Indus 9 In middle Persian probably from the first century CE the suffix stan was added indicative of a country or region forming the present word Hindustan 13 Thus Sindh was referred to as Hindustan in the Naqsh e Rustam inscription of Shapur I in c 262 CE 14 15 Historian B N Mukherjee states that from the lower Indus basin the term Hindustan got gradually extended to more or less the whole of the subcontinent The Greco Roman name India and the Chinese name Shen tu also followed a similar evolution 14 16 The Arabic term Hind derived from Persian Hindu was previously used by the Arabs to refer to the much wider Indianised region from the Makran coast to the Indonesian archipelago 17 But eventually it too became identified with the Indian subcontinent In the time of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal empire the ruling elite and its Persian historiographers made a further distinction between Hindustan and Hind Hindustan referred to the territories of Northern India in the Miyan Doab and adjacent regions under Muslim political control while Hind referred to the rest of India For example the army of Ghiyas ud din Balban was referred to as Hindustani troops who were attacked by the Hindus 18 Current usage EditRepublic of India Edit Hindustan is often used to refer to the modern day Republic of India 7 8 19 Slogans involving the term are commonly heard at sports events and other public programmes involving teams or entities representing the modern nation state of India In marketing it is also commonly used as an indicator of national origin in advertising campaigns and is present in many company names Muhammad Ali Jinnah the founder of Pakistan and his party the Muslim League insisted on calling the modern day Republic of India Hindustan in reference to its Hindu majority population 20 People Edit The term Hindustani refers to an Indian irrespective of religious affiliation Among non Hindustani speakers e g Bengali speakers Hindustani is used to describe persons who are from the Yamuna Ganges belt also regardless of religious affiliation but rather as a geographic term Hindustani is sometimes used as an ethnic term applied to South Asia e g a Mauritian or Surinamese man with roots in South Asia might describe his ethnicity by saying he is Hindustani For example Hindoestanen is a Dutch word used to describe people of South Asian origin in the Netherlands and Suriname Language Edit Main article Hindustani language The Hindustani language is the language of Hindustan and the lingua franca of the northern Indian subcontinent 21 Hindustani derives from the Old Hindi dialect of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi areas Its literary standard forms Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu use different scripts The Hindi register itself derives its name from shortened form Hind India 22 Historical usages EditBabur Nama The country of Hindustan is extensive full of men and full of produce On the east south and even on the west it ends at its great enclosing ocean muḥiṭ darya si gha On the north it has mountains that connect with those of Hindu Kush Kafiristan and Kashmir North west of it lies Kabul Ghazni and Qandahar Dihli is held airimish to be the capital of the whole of Hindustan Babur Nama A S Beveridge trans vol 1 sec iii Hindustan 23 Early Persian scholars had limited knowledge of the extent of India After the advent of Islam and the Muslim conquests the meaning of Hindustan interacted with its Arabic variant Hind which was derived from Persian as well and almost became synonymous with it The Arabs engaging in oceanic trade included all the lands from Tis in western Balochistan near modern Chabahar to the Indonesian archipelago in their idea of Hind especially when used in its expansive form as Al Hind Hindustan did not acquire this elaborate meaning According to Andre Wink it also did not acquire the distinction which faded away between Sind roughly what is now western Pakistan and Hind the lands to the east of the Indus River 4 17 24 other sources state that Sind and Hind were used synonymously from early times 25 and that after the arrival of Islamic rule in India the variants Hind and Sind were used as synonyms for the entire subcontinent 26 The 10th century text Hudud al Alam defined Hindustan as roughly the Indian subcontinent with its western limit formed by the river Indus southern limit going up to the Great Sea and the eastern limit at Kamarupa the present day Assam 16 For the next ten centuries both Hind and Hindustan were used within the subcontinent with exactly this meaning along with their adjectives Hindawi Hindustani and Hindi 27 28 29 Indeed in 1220 CE historian Hasan Nizami described Hind as being from Peshawar to the shores of the Indian Ocean and in the other direction from Siwistan to the hills of Chin 30 North India Edit With the Turko Persian conquests starting in the 11th century a narrower meaning of Hindustan also took shape The conquerors were liable to call the lands under their control Hindustan ignoring the rest of the subcontinent 31 In the early 11th century a satellite state of the Ghaznavids in the Punjab with its capital at Lahore was called Hindustan 32 After the Delhi Sultanate was established north India especially the Gangetic plains and the Punjab came to be called Hindustan 31 33 34 35 Scholar Bratindra Nath Mukherjee states that this narrow meaning of Hindustan existed side by side with the wider meaning and some of the authors used both of them simultaneously 36 The Delhi Sultanate established differences between Hindustan and Hind where Hindustan referred to the territories of Northern India in the Miyan Doab and adjacent regions under Muslim political control while Hind referred to the rest of India For example the army of Delhi Sultanate was referred to as Hindustani troops who were attacked by the Hindus 37 The Mughal Empire 1526 1857 called its lands Hindustan The term Mughal itself was never used to refer to the land As the empire expanded so too did Hindustan At the same time the meaning of Hindustan as the entire Indian subcontinent is also found in Baburnama and Ain i Akbari 38 The Mughals made a further distinction between Hindustani and Hindu In Mughal sources Hindustani commonly referred to Muslims in Hindustan while non Muslim Indians were referred to as Hindus 39 Kingdom of Nepal usage Edit The last Gorkhali King Prithvi Narayan Shah self proclaimed the newly unified Kingdom of Nepal as Asal Hindustan Real Hindustan due to North India being ruled by the Islamic Mughal rulers The self proclamation was done to enforce Hindu social code Dharmashastra over his reign and refer to his country as being inhabitable for Hindus He also referred Northern India as Mughlan Country of Mughals and called the region infiltrated by Muslim foreigners 40 Colonial Indian usage Edit These dual meanings persisted with the arrival of Europeans Rennel produced an atlas titled the Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan or the Mogul Empire in 1792 which was in fact a map of the Indian subcontinent Rennel thus conflated the three notions India Hindustan and the Mughal Empire 41 42 J Bernoulli to whom Hindustan meant the Mughal Empire called his French translation La Carte generale de l Inde General Map of India 43 This Hindustan of British reckoning was divided into British ruled territories sometimes referred to as India and the territories ruled by native rulers 44 The British officials and writers however thought that the Indians used Hindustan to refer to only North India 45 35 An Anglo Indian Dictionary published in 1886 states that while Hindustan means India in the nativa parlance it had come to represent the region north of Narmada River excluding Bihar and Bengal 34 During the independence movement the Indians referred to their land by all three names India Hindustan and Bharat 46 Mohammad Iqbal s poem Taranah e Hindi Anthem of the People of Hind was a popular patriotic song among Indian independence activists 47 Sare jahaṉ se accha Hindustan hamara the best of all lands is our Hindustan Partition of India Edit Main article Partition of India Jai Hind postmark which was issued on 15 August 1947 The 1940 Lahore Resolution of the All India Muslim League demanded sovereignty for the Muslim majority areas in the northwest and northeast of British India which came to be called Pakistan in popular parlance and the remaining India came to be called Hindustan 48 The British officials too picked up the two terms and started using them officially 19 However this naming did not meet the approval of Indian leaders due to the implied meaning of Hindustan as the land of Hindus They insisted that the new Dominion of India should be called India not Hindustan 49 Probably for the same reason the name Hindustan did not receive official sanction of the Constituent Assembly of India whereas Bharat was adopted as an official name 50 It was recognised however that Hindustan would continue to be used unofficially 51 The Indian Armed Forces use the salutary version of the name Jai Hind as a battle cry 1 See also Edit India portalNames for India Aryavarta Bharata Khanda stanReferences Edit a b Kapur Anu 2019 Mapping Place Names of India Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 429 61421 7 Goel Koeli Moitra 2 March 2018 In Other Spaces Contestations of National Identity in New India s Globalized Mediascapes Journalism amp Communication Monographs 20 1 4 73 doi 10 1177 1522637917750131 Hindustan or the land of the Hindus is another Hindi name for India Sivaprasada Raja 1874 A History of Hindustan Medical Hall Press p 15 The Persians called the tract lying on the left bank of the Sindhu Indus Hind which is but a corruption of the word Sindh a b Ahmad S Maqbul 1986 Hind The Geography of India according to the Medieaeval Muslim Geographers in B Lewis V L Menage Ch Pellat J Schacht eds The Encyclopedia of Islam Volume III H IRAM Second ed Brill ISBN 978 90 04 12756 2 Mukherjee The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent 1989 p 46 They used the name Hindustan for India Intra Gangem or taking the latter expression rather loosely for the Indian subcontinent proper The term Hindustan which in the Naqsh i Rustam inscription of Shapur I denoted India on the lower Indus and which later gradually began to denote more or less the whole of the subcontinent was used by some of the European authors concerned as a part of bigger India Hindustan was of course a well known name for the subcontinent used in India and outside in medieval times Sindh An Introduction Shaikh Ayaz International Conference Language amp Literature archived from the original on 20 October 2007 a b Sarina Singh 2009 Lonely Planet India 13 illustrated ed Lonely Planet p 276 ISBN 9781741791518 a b Christine Everaer 2010 Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories annotated ed BRILL p 82 ISBN 9789004177314 a b Sharma On Hindu Hindustan Hinduism and Hindutva 2002 p 3 Parpola The Roots of Hinduism 2015 Chapter 9 Sharma On Hindu Hindustan Hinduism and Hindutva 2002 p 2 Parpola The Roots of Hinduism 2015 Chapter 1 Habib Hindi Hindwi in Medieval Times 2011 p 105 a b Mukherjee The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent 1989 p 46 Ray amp Chattopadhyaya A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization 2000 p 553 a b Ray amp Chattopadhyaya A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization 2000 p 555 a b Wink Al Hind Volume 1 2002 p 5 The Arabs like the Greeks adopted a pre existing Persian term but they were the first to extend its application to the entire Indianized region from Sind and Makran to the Indonesian Archipelago and mainland Southeast Asia Peter Jackson 2003 The Delhi Sultanate A Political and Military History Cambridge University Press a b White Spunner Barney 2017 Partition The story of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947 Simon amp Schuster UK p 5 ISBN 978 1 4711 4802 6 Pande Aparna 2011 Explaining Pakistan s foreign policy escaping India New York Routledge pp 14 15 ISBN 978 0415599009 At partition the Muslim League tried unsuccessfully to convince the British that the two independent countries should be called Hindustan and Pakistan but neither the British nor the Congress gave in to this demand It is important to note that Jinnah and the majority of the Pakistani policy makers have often referred to independent India as Hindustan as an affirmation of the two nation theory Ashmore Harry S 1961 Encyclopaedia Britannica a new survey of universal knowledge Volume 11 Encyclopaedia Britannica p 579 The everyday speech of well over 50 000 000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language Hindustani Beg Mirza K h alil 1996 Sociolinguistic perspective of Hindi and Urdu in India Bahri Publications p 37 The word Hind meaning India comes from the Persian language and the suffix i which is transcribed in the Persian alphabet as ya i ma ruf is a grammatical marker meaning relating to The word Hindi thus meant relating belonging to India or the Indian native Ray amp Chattopadhyaya A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization 2000 p 17 Wink Al Hind Volume 1 2002 p 145 The Arabic literature often conflates Sind with Hind into a single term but also refers to Sind and Hind to distinguish the two Sind in point of fact while vaguely defined territorially overlaps rather well with what is currently Pakistan It definitely did extend beyond the present province of Sind and Makran the whole of Baluchistan was included a part of the Panjab and the North West Frontier Province Fatiḥpuri Dildar ʻAli Farman 1987 Pakistan movement and Hindi Urdu conflict Sang e Meel Publications There are examples to show that Hind and Sind have been used as synonyms Qureshi Ishtiaq Husain 1965 The Struggle for Pakistan University of Karachi p 1 It was after the Arab conquest that the name Sind came to be applied to territories much beyond modern Sind and gradually it came to pass that the variants Hind and Sind were used as synonyms for the entire subcontinent Ali M Athar January 1996 The Evolution of the Perception of India Akbar and Abu l Fazl Social Scientist 24 1 3 80 88 doi 10 2307 3520120 JSTOR 3520120 Ahmad Imtiaz 2005 Concepts of India Expanding Horizons in Early Medieval Arabic and Persian Writing in Ifran Habib ed India Studies in the History of an Idea Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers pp 98 99 ISBN 978 81 215 1152 0 Habib Irfan July 1997 The Formation of India Notes on the History of an Idea Social Scientist 25 7 8 3 10 doi 10 2307 3517600 JSTOR 3517600 The Indian Magazine Issues 193 204 National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress and Education in India 1887 p 292 Again Hasan Nizami of Nisha pur about A D 1220 writes The whole of Hind from Peshawar to the shores of the Ocean and in the other direction from Siwistan to the hills of Chin a b Shoaib Daniyal Land of Hindus Mohan Bhagwat Narendra Modi and the Sangh Parivar are using Hindustan all wrong Scroll in 30 October 2017 J T P de Bruijn art HINDU at Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol XII Fasc 3 pp 311 312 available online at http www iranicaonline org articles hindu Retrieved 6 May 2016 Hindustan Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 2007 Retrieved 2 May 2007 a b Yule Henry Burnell Arthur Coke 1996 first published 1886 Hobson Jobson The Anglo Indian Dictionary Wordsworth Editions ISBN 978 1 85326 363 7 Hindostan n p Pers Hindustan a The country of Hindus India In modern native parlance the word indicates distinctively b India north of the Nerbudda and exclusive of Bengal and Behar The latter provinces are regarded as purb see Poorub and all south of the Nerbudda as Dakhan see Deccan But the word is used in older Mahommedan authors just as it is used in English school books and atlases viz as a the equivalent of India Proper Thus Babur says of Hindustan On the East the South and the West it is bounded by the Ocean a b Macdonnell Arthur A 1968 first published 1900 A History of Sanskrit Literature Haskell House Publishers p 141 GGKEY N230TU9P9E1 Mukherjee The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent 1989 p 132 Peter Jackson 2003 The Delhi Sultanate A Political and Military History Cambridge University Press Vanina Eugenia 2012 Medieval Indian Mindscapes Space Time Society Man Primus Books p 47 ISBN 978 93 80607 19 1 via Google Books Chandra Satish 1959 Parties And Politics At The Mughal Court Naraharinath Yogi Acharya Baburam 2014 Badamaharaj Prithivi Narayan Shah ko Divya Upadesh 2014 Reprint ed Kathmandu Shree Krishna Acharya pp 4 5 ISBN 978 99933 912 1 0 Edney Matthew H 2009 Mapping an Empire The Geographical Construction of British India 1765 1843 University of Chicago Press p 11 ISBN 978 0 226 18486 9 Clementin Ojha India that is Bharat 2014 paragraph 3 Mukherjee The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent 1989 p 71 Mukherjee The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent 1989 p 48 Mukherjee The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent 1989 p 133 Clementin Ojha India that is Bharat 2014 paragraph 1 Clementin Ojha India that is Bharat 2014 paragraph 26 Dhulipala Creating a New Medina 2015 pp 17 18 22 Sabharwal Gopa 2007 India Since 1947 The Independent Years Penguin Books Limited p 12 ISBN 978 93 5214 089 3 via Google Books Clementin Ojha India that is Bharat 2014 paragraph 39 Clementin Ojha India that is Bharat 2014 paragraphs 42 45 General sources EditClementin Ojha Catherine 2014 India that is Bharat One Country Two Names South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 10 Dhulipala Venkat 2015 Creating a New Medina Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 05212 3 Habib Irfan 2011 Hindi Hindwi in Medieval Times Aspects of Evolution and Recognition of a Language In Ishrat Alam Syed Ejaz Hussain eds The Varied Facets of History Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray Primus Books pp 105 124 ISBN 978 93 80607 16 0 via Google Books Lipner Julius 1998 Hindus Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Routledge ISBN 0415051827 Parpola Asko 2015 The Roots of Hinduism The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0190226923 Mukherjee Bratindra Nath 1989 The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent Place Names Society of India via Google Books Ray Niharranjan Chattopadhyaya Brajadulal eds 2000 A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization Orient Blackswan ISBN 978 81 250 1871 1 Sharma Arvind 2002 On Hindu Hindustan Hinduism and Hindutva Numen 49 1 1 36 doi 10 1163 15685270252772759 JSTOR 3270470 Wink Andre 2002 first published 1990 Al Hind The Making of the Indo Islamic World Third ed Brill ISBN 0391041738 via Google Books Further reading Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Hindustan A Sketch of the History of Hindustan from the First Muslim Conquest to the Fall of the Mughal Empire by H G Keene Hindustan The English Historical Review Vol 2 No 5 Jan 1887 pp 180 181 Story of India through the Ages An Entertaining History of Hindustan to the Suppression of the Mutiny by Flora Annie Steel 1909 E P Dutton and Co New York as recommended by the New York Times Flora Annie Steel Book Review 20 February 1909 New York Times The History of Hindustan Post Classical and Modern Ed B S Danniya and Alexander Dow 2003 Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 1993 4 History of Hindustan First published 1770 1772 Dow had succeeded his father as the private secretary of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb Coordinates 23 59 40 N 67 25 51 E 23 99444 N 67 43083 E 23 99444 67 43083 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hindustan amp oldid 1142311271, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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