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Wikipedia

Chinese Americans

January 26, 2023

Chinese Americans are Americans of Han Chinese ancestry. Chinese Americans constitute a subgroup of East Asian Americans which also constitute a subgroup of Asian Americans. Many Chinese Americans along with their ancestors trace lineage from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan,[4] as well as other regions which are inhabited by large populations of the Chinese diaspora, especially Southeast Asia and some other countries such as Australia, Canada, France, South Africa, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Chinese-Americans include Chinese from the Chinese circle and around the world who became naturalized U.S. citizens and their natural-born descendants in the United States.

Chinese Americans
美國華人 / 美国华人
Percentage of Chinese Americans per state as of the 2010 United States Census
Total population
5,399,000[1]
1.5% of the total U.S. population (2019)
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups
Chinese Americans
Traditional Chinese美國華人
Simplified Chinese美国华人
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinMěiguó Huárén
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationMéihgwok Wàyàn
JyutpingMei5gwok3 Wa4jan4

About half or more of the Chinese ethnic people in the US at the time of 1980s had roots in Taishan, Guangdong, a city in southern China near the major city of Guangzhou. In general, much of the Chinese population before the 1990s consisted of Cantonese or Taishanese speaking people from southern China, predominately from Guangdong province. During the 1980s, more Mandarin-speaking immigrants from Northern China and Taiwan. The Chinese population in much of the 1800s and 1990s was almost entirely contained to the Western US, especially California and Nevada, as well as New York City. Chinese immigrants and their descendants generally lived in Chinatowns (especially the ones in San Francisco and New York), or Chinese populated districts in downtowns of major cities.

The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside Asia. It is also the third largest community in the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand and Malaysia. The 2016 Community Survey of the US Census estimates a population of Chinese Americans of one or more races to be 5,081,682.[5] According to the 2010 census, the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million.[6] In 2010, half of Chinese-born people living in the United States resided in the states of California and New York.[7]

History

 
Chinese-American miners in the Colorado School of Mines' Edgar Experimental Mine near Idaho Springs, Colorado, c. 1920
Main article: History of Chinese Americans
See also: Chinese immigration to Hawaii and Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico
 
Chinese American Shell Peedlers (1918)

Early arrivals, cause for migration

The first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820, according to U.S. government records. 325 men are known to have arrived before the 1849 California Gold Rush,[8] which drew the first significant number of laborers from China who mined for gold and performed menial labor.[9][10][11] There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the West Coast. They formed over a tenth of California's population. Nearly all of the early Chinese immigrants were young males with varied educational levels from rural villages of Toisan as well as the eight districts in Guangdong Province.[12]

The Guangdong province especially Toisan experienced extreme floods and famine in the mid-nineteenth century. The instability caused by these events led to mass political unrest in the province such as the Red Turban unrest. Other provinces were similarly afflicted by natural disasters, which prompted many people to migrate to the U.S. The vast majority of the 19th century Chinese immigrants to the U.S. came from a small area of eight districts on the west side of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province. The eight districts consist of three subgroups—the four districts of Sze Yup, the district of Chung Shan, and the three districts of Sam Yup—each subgroup speaking a distinct dialect of Cantonese.[11]: 19  In the U.S., people from Sze Yup generally worked as laborers; Chung Shan people specialized in agriculture; and Sam Yup people worked as entrepreneurs.[13]

 
Chinese Americans on Humboldt Bay (1915)

These Chinese immigrants were predominantly men. By 1900, only 4,522 of the 89,837 Chinese migrants that lived in the U.S. were women. The lack of women migrants was largely due to the passage of U.S. anti-immigration laws. For example, the Page Law of 1875 prevented the immigration of all women prostitutes from China. This law was used to limit the immigration of all Chinese women, not just prostitutes. Upon arrival to the U.S. Chinese men and women were separated from each other as they awaited hearings on their immigration status, which often took weeks. During this time the women were subjected to lengthy questioning that focused on their family life and origins. Their responses were then cross examined with others from their village, and any discrepancies were used to justify denial of entry. The stress of being separated from family caused many women to fall ill while they waited for a hearing. Some even committed suicide as they feared being denied access to the country. Once they were approved and allowed into the country, Chinese women migrants faced additional challenges. Many were coerced into prostitution, with over 60% of the adult Chinese women living in California in 1870 working in the trade. Some women were lured to the U.S. with the promise of marriage only to become sex slaves. Despite these challenges Chinese women were often drawn to the U.S. in order to reunite with their families. Ninety percent of the Chinese women who immigrated to the US between 1898 and 1908 did so to join their husband or father who already resided in the U.S. Chinese women migrants, similarly to men, immigrated for economic opportunities as well.[14]

In the 1850s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry. Chinese immigrants were particularly instrumental in building railroads in the U.S. west, and as Chinese laborers grew successful in the United States, a number of them became entrepreneurs in their own right. As the numbers of Chinese laborers increased, so did the strength of anti-Chinese attitude among other workers in the U.S. economy. This finally resulted in legislation that aimed to limit future immigration of Chinese workers to the United States, and threatened to sour diplomatic relations between the United States and China through the Chinese Exclusion Act.[15]

California Gold Rush, Central Pacific Railroad construction

The Chinese came to California in large numbers during the California Gold Rush, with 40,400 being recorded as arriving from 1851 to 1860, and again in the 1860s, when the Central Pacific Railroad recruited large labor gangs, many on five-year contracts, to build its portion of the Transcontinental Railroad. The Chinese laborers worked out well and thousands more were recruited until the railroad's completion in 1869. Chinese labor provided the massive workforce needed to build the majority of the Central Pacific's difficult route through the Sierra Nevada mountains and across Nevada. By 1869, the ethnic Chinese population in the U.S. numbered at least 100,000.[16]

Objections to Chinese immigration, 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

See also: Chinese Exclusion Act

Nativist objections to Chinese immigration to the U.S. took many forms, and generally stemmed from economic and cultural tensions, as well as ethnic discrimination. Most Chinese laborers who came to the United States did so in order to send money back to China to support their families there. At the same time, they also had to repay loans to the Chinese merchants who paid their passage to North America. These financial pressures left them little choice but to work for whatever wages they could. Non-Chinese laborers often required much higher wages to support their wives and children in the United States, and also generally had a stronger political standing to bargain for higher wages. Therefore, many of the non-Chinese workers in the United States came to resent the Chinese laborers, who might squeeze them out of their jobs. Furthermore, as with most immigrant communities, many Chinese settled in their own neighborhoods, and tales spread of Chinatowns as places where large numbers of Chinese men congregated to visit prostitutes, smoke tobacco, or gamble. Some advocates of anti-Chinese legislation therefore argued that admitting Chinese into the United States lowered the cultural and moral standards of American society. Others used a more overtly racist argument for limiting immigration from East Asia, and expressed concern about the integrity of American racial composition.[15]

To address these rising social tensions, from the 1850s through the 1870s the California state government passed a series of measures aimed at Chinese residents, ranging from requiring special licenses for Chinese businesses or workers to preventing naturalization. Because anti-Chinese discrimination and efforts to stop Chinese immigration violated the 1868 Burlingame-Seward Treaty with China, the federal government was able to negate much of this legislation.[15]

The Chinese population rose from 2,716 in 1851 to 63,000 by 1871. In the decade 1861–70, 64,301 were recorded as arriving, followed by 123,201 in 1871–80 and 61,711 in 1881–1890. 77% were located in California, with the rest scattered across the American West, the South, and New England.[17] Most came from Toisan looking for a better life to escape a starvation and economic hardships.

 
Communist China in 1952 art

In 1879, advocates of immigration restriction succeeded in introducing and passing legislation in Congress to limit the number of Chinese arriving to fifteen per ship or vessel. Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed the bill because it violated U.S. treaty agreements with China. Nevertheless, it was still an important victory for advocates of exclusion. Democrats, led by supporters in the West, advocated for all-out exclusion of Chinese immigrants. Although Republicans were largely sympathetic to western concerns, they were committed to a platform of free immigration. In order to placate the western states without offending China, President Hayes sought a revision of the Burlingame-Seward Treaty in which China agreed to limit immigration to the United States.[15]

In 1880, the Hayes Administration appointed U.S. diplomat James B. Angell to negotiate a new treaty with China. The resulting Angell Treaty permitted the United States to restrict, but not completely prohibit, Chinese immigration. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which, per the terms of the Angell Treaty, suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers (skilled or unskilled) for a period of 10 years. The Act also required every Chinese person traveling in or out of the country to carry a certificate identifying his or her status as a laborer, scholar, diplomat, or merchant. The 1882 Act was the first in American history to place broad restrictions on immigration.[15]

 
Chinese American fisherman 1917

For American presidents and Congressmen addressing the question of Chinese exclusion, the challenge was to balance domestic attitudes and politics, which dictated an anti-Chinese policy, while maintaining good diplomatic relations with China, where exclusion would be seen as an affront and a violation of treaty promises. The domestic factors ultimately trumped international concerns. In 1888, Congress took exclusion even further and passed the Scott Act, which made reentry to the United States after a visit to China impossible, even for long-term legal residents. The Chinese Government considered this act a direct insult, but was unable to prevent its passage. In 1892, Congress voted to renew exclusion for ten years in the Geary Act, and in 1902, the prohibition was expanded to cover Hawaii and the Philippines, all over strong objections from the Chinese Government and people. Congress later extended the Exclusion Act indefinitely.[15]

The initial immigration group may have been as high as 90% male due to the Chinese Exclusion act, resulting in most immigrants coming with the thought of earning money, and then returning to China to start a family. Those that stayed in America faced the lack of suitable Chinese brides, because Chinese women were not allowed to immigrate to the US in significant numbers after 1872. As a result, many isolated mostly-bachelor communities slowly aged in place with very low Chinese birth rates. Later, as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment and the 1898 United States v. Wong Kim Ark Supreme Court decision, ethnic Chinese born in the United States became American citizens.

The Chinese Exclusion Acts were not repealed until 1943, and then only in the interests of aiding the morale of a wartime ally during World War II. With relations already complicated by the Treaties of Wangxia and Tianjian, the increasingly harsh restrictions on Chinese immigration, combined with the rising discrimination against Chinese living in the United States in the 1870s-early 1900s, placed additional strain on the diplomatic relationship between the United States and China.[15]

Integration, interracial marriage

In the mid-1850s, 70 to 150 Chinese were living in New York City and 11 of them married Irish women. In 1906, The New York Times reported that 300 white women (Irish Americans) were married to Chinese men in New York,[18] with many more cohabited. In 1900, based on Liang research, of the 120,000 men in more than 20 Chinese communities in the United States, he estimated that one out of every twenty Chinese (Cantonese) men was married to white women.[19] In the 1960s census showed 3500 Chinese men married to white women and 2900 Chinese women married to white men.[20] Originally at the start of the 20th century there was a 55% rate of Chinese men in New York engaging in interracial marriage which was maintained in the 1920s but in the 1930s it slid to 20%.[21]

During and after World War II, severe immigration restrictions were eased as the United States allied with China against Japanese expansionism. Later reforms in the 1960s placed increasing value on family unification, allowing relatives of U.S. citizens to receive preference in immigration.

Museums

There are a number of museums in the United States specifically focusing on and documenting the Chinese American experience including the Museum of Chinese in America in Manhattan's Chinatown established in 1980, the Chinese American Museum in Los Angeles, the Chinese American Museum of Chicago, the Chinese Historical Society of America in San Francisco, and the Chinese American Museum in Washington, D.C.

 
Chinese American Museum in Downtown Los Angeles

.

Demographics

Main article: List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese American populations
See also: Demographics of the United States and list of common Chinese American surnames

Population

The chart on the right shows the total number of ethnic Chinese in the United States since 1850.[22][23]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1850758—    
186034,933+4508.6%
187063,199+80.9%
1880105,465+66.9%
1890107,488+1.9%
190089,863−16.4%
191071,531−20.4%
192061,639−13.8%
193074,954+21.6%
194077,504+3.4%
1950117,629+51.8%
1960237,292+101.7%
1970435,062+83.3%
1980806,040+85.3%
19901,645,472+104.1%
20002,432,585+47.8%
20103,347,229+37.6%
20175,025,817+50.1%
 
Percentage of Chinese population in the United States, 2000

States with the largest estimated Chinese American populations

The states with the largest estimated Chinese American populations, according to the 2010 Census, were California (1,253,100; 3.4%), New York (577,000; 3.0%), Texas (157,000; 0.6%), New Jersey (134,500; 1.5%), Massachusetts (123,000; 1.9%), Illinois (104,200; 0.8%), Washington (94,200; 1.4%), Pennsylvania (85,000; 0.7%), Maryland (69,400; 1.2%), Virginia (59,800; 0.7%), and Ohio (51,033; 0.5%). The state of Hawaii has the highest concentration of Chinese Americans at 4.0%, or 55,000 people.

Population centers of Chinese Americans

According to the 2012 Census estimates,[25] the three metropolitan areas with the largest Chinese American populations were the Greater New York Combined Statistical Area at 735,019 people, the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area at 629,243 people, and the Los Angeles Area Combined Statistical Area at about 566,968 people. New York City contains by far the highest ethnic Chinese population of any individual city outside Asia, estimated at 628,763 as of 2017.[26] The Los Angeles County city of Monterey Park has the highest percentage of Chinese Americans of any municipality, at 43.7% of its population, or 24,758 people.

The New York metropolitan area, consisting of New York City, Long Island, and nearby areas within the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania, is home to the largest Chinese American population of any metropolitan area within the United States and the largest Chinese population outside of China, enumerating an estimated 893,697 in 2017[27] and including at least 12 Chinatowns. Continuing significant immigration from Mainland China, both legal[28][29] and illegal[30] in origin, has spurred the ongoing rise of the Chinese American population in the New York metropolitan area; this immigration continues to be fueled by New York's status as an alpha global city, its high population density, its extensive mass transit system, and the New York metropolitan area's enormous economic marketplace. The Manhattan Chinatown contains the largest concentration of ethnic Chinese in the Western hemisphere;[31] while the Flushing Chinatown in Queens has become the world's largest Chinatown.

Also on the East Coast, Greater Boston and the Philadelphia metropolitan area have significant Chinese American communities, with Chinatowns in Boston and Philadelphia hosting important and diverse cultural centers. Significant populations can also be found in the Washington metropolitan area, with Montgomery County, Maryland and Fairfax County, Virginia, being 3.9% and 2.4% Chinese American, respectively. Boston's Chinatown is the only historical Chinese neighborhood within New England. The Boston suburb of Quincy also has a prominent Chinese American population, especially within the North Quincy area.[32]

San Francisco, California has the highest per capita concentration of Chinese Americans of any major city in the United States, at an estimated 21.4%, or 172,181 people, and contains the second-largest total number of Chinese Americans of any U.S. city. San Francisco's Chinatown was established in the 1840s, making it the oldest Chinatown in North America and one of the largest neighborhoods of Chinese people outside of Asia,[33][34] composed in large part by immigrants hailing from Guangdong province and also many from Hong Kong. The San Francisco neighborhoods of Sunset District and Richmond District also contain significant Chinese populations.

In addition to the big cities, smaller pockets of Chinese Americans are also dispersed in rural towns, often university-college towns, throughout the United States. For example, the number of Chinese Americans, including college professors, doctors, professionals, and students, has increased over 200% from 2005 to 2010 in Providence, Rhode Island, a small city with a large number of colleges.

Income and social status

Income and social status of these Chinese-American locations vary widely. As of 2012 about 333,333 people living in the United States with a Chinese background are not United States citizens.[35] Although many Chinese Americans in Chinatowns of large cities are often members of an impoverished working class, others are well-educated upper-class people living in affluent suburbs. The upper and lower-class Chinese are also widely separated by social status and class discrimination. In California's San Gabriel Valley, for example, the cities of Monterey Park and San Marino are both Chinese American communities lying geographically close to each other but they are separated by a large socioeconomic gap.

Cultural centers

 
New York City is home to the largest Chinese American population of any city proper, over 600,000 as of 2017.[26] Multiple large Chinatowns in Manhattan, Brooklyn (above), and Queens are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, as large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York,[36][37][38][39][30] with the largest metropolitan Chinese population outside Asia,[40][41] comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017.[42]
 
San Francisco is home to the second largest Chinese community in the United States in number and the largest in percentage.

A list of large cities (250,000+ residents) with a Chinese-American population in excess of 1% of the general population in 2010.[6]

Rank City State Chinese-Americans Percentage
1 San Francisco California 172,181 21.4
2 Honolulu Hawaii 38,330 10.2
3 Oakland California 34,083 8.7
4 San Jose California 63,434 6.7
5 New York City New York 486,463 6.0
6 Plano Texas 13,592 5.2
7 Sacramento California 20,307 4.4
8 Seattle Washington 27,216 4.1
9 Boston Massachusetts 24,910 4.0
10 San Diego California 35,661 2.7
11 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 30,069 2.0
12 Stockton California 5,188 1.8
13 Los Angeles California 66,782 1.8
14 Portland Oregon 9,113 1.7
15 Chicago Illinois 43,228 1.6
16 Anaheim California 4,738 1.4
17 Houston Texas 29,429 1.3
18 Austin Texas 8,886 1.2
19 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 3,402 1.1
20 Riverside California 2,985 1.0

Social status and assimilation

Some noteworthy historical Chinese contributions include building the western half of the Transcontinental Railroad, and levees in the Sacramento River Delta; the popularization of Chinese American food; deep oil extraction in Texas; and the introduction of Chinese and East Asian culture to America, such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Kung fu.

Chinese immigrants to the United States brought many of their ideas and values with them. Some of these have continued to influence later generations. Among them are Confucian respect for elders.[43] Similarly, education and the civil service were the most important path for upward social mobility in China.[43][44] The first Broadway show about Asian Americans was Flower Drum Song which premiered on Broadway in 1958;[45] the hit Chinglish premiered on Broadway in 2011.[46]

In most American cities with significant Chinese populations, the new year is celebrated with cultural festivals and other celebrations. In Seattle, the Chinese Culture and Arts Festival is held every year. Other important festivals include the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Discrimination, prejudice, depression and suicide

Main articles: Xenophobia and Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
See also: Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States and Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic § United States
 
17 to 20 Chinese immigrants were murdered during the Chinese massacre of 1871 in Los Angeles.
 
An illustration of the Rock Springs massacre of 1885, in which at least 28 Chinese immigrants were killed
 
Chinatown LA Metro

Perceptions and stereotypes

Analysis indicated that most non-Asian Americans do not differentiate between Chinese Americans and East Asian Americans generally, and perceptions of both groups are nearly identical.[47] A 2001 survey of Americans' attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that one fourth of the respondents had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general.[48] However, the study did also find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans: strong family values (91%); honesty as entrepreneurs (77%); high value on education (67%).[47]

Anti-Chinese violence in the United States

Further information: Anti-Chinese violence in California, Anti-Chinese violence in Oregon, and Anti-Chinese violence in Washington

Early Chinese Americans struggled to survive in the United States because of prejudice, discrimination, and violence. In 1871, 17–20 Chinese immigrants were murdered in Los Angeles by a mob of around 500 men. This racially motivated massacre was one of the largest mass-lynchings in the United States, and it took place after the accidental killing of Robert Thompson, a local rancher.

The Rock Springs massacre occurred in 1885, in which at least 28 Chinese immigrants were killed and 15 other Chinese were injured. Many enraged white miners in Sweetwater County felt threatened by the Chinese and they also blamed them for their unemployment. As a result of competition for jobs, white miners expressed their frustration by committing acts of physical violence in which they robbed, shot, and stabbed Chinese in Chinatown. The Chinese quickly tried to flee but in doing so, many of them ended up being burned alive in their homes, starving to death in hiding places, or being exposed to animal predators which lived in the mountains; some of them were successfully rescued by a passing train. A total of 78 homes were burned.

During the Hells Canyon massacre of 1887, at least 34 Chinese miners were killed. An accurate account of the event is still unavailable, but it is speculated that the Chinese miners were killed by gunshot during a robbery by a gang of seven armed horse thieves.

Other acts of violence which were committed against Chinese immigrants include the San Francisco riot of 1877, the Issaquah and Tacoma riot of 1885, the attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers in 1885, the Seattle riot of 1886, and the Pacific Coast race riots of 1907. With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is believed to have started in the city of Wuhan, China, numerous incidents of xenophobia and racism against Chinese people and people who are perceived to be Chinese have been reported.

Depression and suicide

In 2008, researchers Georg Hsu and Yu Mui Wan published a paper citing severe stigma of mental illness in the Chinese-American community as a barrier to diagnosis and treatment.[49] In a 1998 study of 29 diagnosed depressive Chinese American immigrants, more than half of respondents avoided labeling their symptoms as depression.[50] While patients were able to accurately identify and report depressive symptoms such as "irritability" and "rumination," patients were more likely to attribute their depression to somatic and physical symptoms than as a psychological state.[50]

Among Asian-American youth in 1980, suicide accounted for 20.8% of Chinese-American female deaths.[51] Among males, it constituted 15.1% of deaths.[51] The study also reported that suicide rates among Chinese-American elderly were higher than that of the national suicide rate for African-American, Hispanic, and Native-American.

A study published in the Journal of Aging and Health, stated that 18% to 29.4% of older Chinese adults in North America had at least a mild level of depression which was higher than other ethnic groups.[52] Further, the study reported that these depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults "tend to remain untreated."[52]

Languages

Main article: Chinese language and varieties in the United States
See also: Language and overseas Chinese communities § North America

According to the United States Census Bureau, the various varieties of Chinese, collectively referred to as just Chinese, is the third most-spoken language in the United States. It is almost completely spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California.[53] In 2002, over 2 million Americans speak some variety or dialect of Chinese, with Standard Chinese (Mandarin) becoming increasingly common due to immigration from China and supplanting the previous widespread Cantonese and Taishanese.[53]

In New York City at least, although Standard Chinese (Mandarin) was spoken as a native language among only 10% of American-born Chinese speakers, it is used as a secondary dialect to English.[54] In addition, the immigration from Fuzhou, Fujian brings in a significant[weasel words] populace of Fuzhou people (Eastern Min), particularly Changle dialect speakers to major cities like New York City, San Francisco, and Boston.[citation needed] People who comes from Fujian (Minnan region), Chaoshan, Taiwan and Southeast Asia mainly use Southern Min dialect (Hokkien and Teochew) as their mother tongue. Varieties of Wu Chinese, particularly Shanghainese and the mutually unintelligible Wenzhounese, are now spoken by a minority of recent Chinese immigrants hailing from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai.[when?][citation needed]

Although Chinese Americans grow up learning English, some teach their children to speak Chinese for a variety of reasons: preservation of an ancient civilization, preservation of a group identity, preservation of their cultural ancestry, desire for easy communication with each other and their relatives, and the perception that Chinese is a very useful language, regardless of China's economic strength. The official standard for United States public notices and signage is Traditional Chinese.[55]

Religion

Religions of Chinese Americans (2012)[3][56]

  Not declared (52%)
  Christianity (30%)
  Buddhism (15%)
  Chinese Folk Religion (3%)

The Chinese American community is different from the rest of the population in that the majority of Chinese Americans do not report a religious affiliation. 43% of Chinese Americans switched to a different religion and 54% stayed within their childhood religion within their lifetime. According to the Pew Research Center's 2012 Asian-American Survey, 52% of Chinese Americans aged 15 and over said that they did not have any religious affiliation. This is also compared with the religious affiliation of Asian American average of 26% and a national average of 19%.

Of the survey respondents, 15% were Buddhist, 8% were Catholic, and 22% belonged to a Protestant denomination. Fully half of Chinese Americans (52%)—including 55% of those born in the U.S. and 51% of those born overseas—describe themselves as religiously unaffiliated. Because Chinese Americans are the largest subgroup of Asian Americans, nearly half of all religiously unaffiliated Asians in the U.S. are of Chinese descent (49%).[3][56]

There are also many Chinese who identify as Jewish due to intermarriage with Jews.[57][58] Some posit that Judaism has similar habits to Confucianism[59] such as the emphasis on scholarship.

There is a significantly higher percentage of Chinese Christians in the United States than there is in China, as a large amount of Chinese Christians fled and are still fleeing to the United States under Communist persecution.[60][61]

List of Chinese temples in the United States

Politics

 
Judy Chu (D‑CA 27th), the first female Chinese American elected to Congress

Chinese Americans are divided among many subgroups based on factors such as age, nativity, and socioeconomic status and politics between China and the United States, or about Chinese nationalism. Different subgroups of Chinese Americans also have radically different and sometimes very conflicting political priorities and goals.

In 2013, Chinese Americans were the least likely Asian American ethnicity to be affiliated with a political party.[62]

Nonetheless, Chinese Americans are clustered in majority-Democratic states and have increasingly voted Democratic in recent presidential elections, following the trend for Asian Americans in general, excluding the Vietnamese Americans.[63] Polling just before the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election found John Kerry was favored by 58% of Chinese Americans and George W. Bush by only 23%,[64] as compared with a 54/44 split in California, a 58/40 split in New York, and a 48/51 split in America as a whole on Election Day itself. In the 2012 presidential election, 81% of Chinese American voters selected Barack Obama over Mitt Romney.[65]

Immigration

Economic growth in the People's Republic of China has given mainland Chinese more opportunities to emigrate. A 2011 survey showed that 60% of Chinese millionaires were planning to emigrate, with 40% of Chinese millionaires selecting the United States as the top destination for immigration.[66][67][68][69][70] The EB-5 Investment Visa allows many Chinese to seek U.S. citizenship. It has a yearly quota of around 10,000 applicants or families, and recent reports show that 75% of applicants for this visa in 2011 were Chinese.[71][72] Under this program, applicants, together with their spouses and unmarried children under 21 years old will be eligible to apply for US permanent residency as a group. Because the EB-5 program allows applicants to apply as a family, it has been reported to be a significant method for Chinese students to obtain authorization to work in the United States. Chinese multimillionaires benefited most from the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program in the U.S. Now,[when?] as long as one has at least US$500,000 to invest in projects listed by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), where it is possible to get an EB-5 green card that comes with permanent U.S. residency rights, but only in states specified by the pilot project.[73][74] The H-1B visa is also becoming one of the main immigration pathways for the Chinese with 9% of the approved petitions in 2016.[75]

Illegal immigration

Further information: Scott Act (1888) and Geary Act

Before 1882, there were no limits on immigration to the United States, but with the Chinese Exclusion Act, for the first time in American history immigration was deemed illegal. This legislation was partially repealed in 1943 with the Magnuson Act, and only fully repealed in 1965. The history of illegal immigration of Chinese people to the United States go back to the 19th century.[76] Smuggling of immigrants without authorization increased during 1990s following policy changes by the American government, but by the 21st century some have returned to China due to its growing economy.[77] By 2017, it is estimated that more than a quarter million immigrants reside in the United States without authorization from China.[78] In 2015, there were about 39,000 Chinese nationals who were supposed to be deported; however, the People's Republic of China government had not provided paperwork to verify their citizenship.[79] In 2017, China was described as having become one of the leading sources of new immigrants without authorization.[80]

Socioeconomics

See also: Model minority

Educational attainment

Overall, as a demographic group, Chinese Americans have a higher educational attainment, have a higher percentage of people working in select white collar and professional occupations, and earn higher median household incomes when compared to other demographic groups in the United States.[81] Educational achievements of Chinese in the United States are one of the highest among Asian Americans and also among all ethnic groups in the United States.[82] Chinese Americans often have some of the highest averages in tests such as SAT, ACT, GRE etc. in the United States. Although verbal scores lag somewhat due to the influx of new immigrants, combined SAT scores have also been higher than for most Americans.[83] With their above average SAT and ACT scores as well as GPA's, Chinese Americans are more likely to apply to competitively elite higher education institutions.[84][85][86][87]

China sends the most international students to the U.S., with Chinese students accounting for 33.2% of the international student population. In the 2017–2018 school year, there were close to 363,000 enrolled students in higher education.[88] Chinese students also make up 32.2% of the undergraduate students and 48.8% of the graduate students.

International students

International students studying at various higher education institutions around the United States account for a significant percentage of the international student body. According to a Brookings Institution report analyzing foreign student visa approvals from 2008 to 2012, Michigan State University has the highest enrollment of Chinese international students in the United States, with roughly 4,700 Chinese citizens enrolled during the period of the study making up 62 percent of the 7,568 international students enrolled at MSU.[89] International undergraduates, who make up 38 percent of Purdue's undergraduate body, come from China more than any other country.[90] International Chinese students make up 49.8 percent of all international students at the University of Southern California.[91] International Chinese students are also 60 percent of the 6039 international students enrolled at Ohio State University.[92] Mainland China is the top sending country of international students to the United States.[93][note 1] After the 1970s, the globalization and Chinese Reform and Opening-Up Act resulted in a growing economy, more middle-class families from China are able to afford American college tuition, bringing an influx of Chinese students to study abroad in the United States. With a more diverse educational background and higher level of English proficiency, international Chinese students also value American degrees, as it gives them a notable advantage over their college-educated counterparts in China by the time they return to their native country to seek employment.[94]

Choice of institution

Due to cultural factors, many Chinese international students are brand name conscious, choosing nationally ranked elite higher education institutes throughout the United States as their target schools.[95][96][97] International Chinese students are also widely found at many elite liberal arts colleges such as Barnard College and Mount Holyoke College.[98][99] Students from China gravitate towards Americans colleges and universities for their high quality and the style of education which stresses interdisciplinary approaches, creativity, student participation and critical thinking.[97]

Subject choice

Chinese international students tend to gravitate towards technical and scientific majors that involve heavy use of mathematics, engineering and the natural sciences. 27.5% of international Chinese students study business management, finance, or economics, 19.2% study engineering, 11.5% study the life sciences and 10.6% study math or computer science.[100]

Largely driven by educational immigration, among American PhD recipients in fields related to science and engineering, 25% of the recipients are ethnic Chinese.[101]

Level of education

According to the 2017 U.S. Census Bureau of Labor Statistics, 55.3% of all Chinese Americans have attained at least a bachelor's degree, compared with 32.0% nationally and 53.8% for all Asian American groups. The Census reports that 57.8% of Chinese American men attained a bachelor's degree and 53.2% of Chinese American women attained a bachelor's degree. In addition, 28.4% of all Chinese Americans in the United States possess a master's, doctorate or other professional degree, compared to 23.6% for all Asian Americans, and is roughly two times above the national average of 12.3%.[32]

Bachelor's Degree or Higher Educational Attainment[32]
Ethnicity Percent of Population
Chinese 55.3%
Korean 56.3%
Non-Hispanic White 33.4%
Total US Population 32.0%

Employment

 
Technology conglomerates such as eBay located within technology centers across the United States, including California's Silicon Valley, are attractive employers for Chinese Americans and foreign-born Chinese entrepreneurs.[102]

Perceptions and change

There has been a significant change in the perceptions about Chinese Americans. In as little as 100 years of American history, stereotypes of Chinese Americans have changed to portraying a hard working and educated minority. Most Chinese Americans work as white collar professionals, many of whom are highly educated, salaried professionals whose work is largely self-directed in management, professional, and related occupations such as engineering, medicine, investment banking, law, and academia. 56.2% of Chinese Americans work in white collar professions compared with 52.1% for all Asian Americans and a national average of 38.2%.[when?][32] Chinese Americans also make up a third of the Asian American high tech professional workforce and a tenth of the entire Silicon Valley workforce.[103] Chinese Americans also hold lower unemployment rates than the population average with a figure of 4.7% compared to a national rate of 5.9% in 2010.[32]

Medicine

Between 2008 and 2017, the number of Chinese-educated physicians practicing in the United States rose by 38.1%, and the total number of Chinese-educated physicians actively practicing in the United States was about 0.6% of the active physician workforce in 2017.[104]

Technology sector

Many Chinese Americans have turned to the high tech center to jump-start potential computer science and programming startups to capitalize on the region's wealth of venture capital, business expertise, and cultural and financial incentives for innovation. Ethnic Chinese have been successful in starting new firms in technology centers across the United States, including California's Silicon Valley. Chinese Americans have been disproportionately successful in high technology sectors, as evidenced by the 2010 Goldsea 100 Compilation of America's Most Successful Asian Entrepreneurs.[105] Chinese Americans accounted for 4% of people listed in the 1998 Forbes Hi Tech 100 List.[106]

Annalee Saxenian, a UC Berkeley professor, whose research interests include the contribution of Chinese immigrants on America's technology concludes that in Silicon Valley, carried out a study that showed that since 1998, one out of five high tech start-ups in Silicon Valley were led by Chinese Americans. During the same year, 5 of the 8 fastest growing companies had Chinese American CEOs, except for Yahoo, whose Jerry Yang was a founder but not a CEO. In Silicon Valley there are at least 2 to 3 dozen Chinese American organizations according to professional interests each with at least 100 members, one prominent organization of which is the Committee of 100.[107] Immigrants from mainland China and Taiwan were key founders in 12.8% of all Silicon Valley start-ups between 1995 and 2005.[108] Almost 6% of the immigrants who founded companies in the innovation/manufacturing-related services field are from China.[109]

Research funded by the Public Policy Institute of California indicates that in 1996, 1,786 Silicon Valley technology companies with $12.5 billion in sales and 46,000 employees were run by Indian or Chinese executives. Moreover, the pace of entrepreneurship among local immigrants is increasing rapidly. While Chinese or Indian executives are at the helm of 13% of the Silicon Valley technology businesses started between 1980 and 1985, they are running 27% of the more than 4,000 businesses started between 1991 and 1996.[110] Start-up firms remain a primary source for new ideas and innovation for Chinese American internet entrepreneurs. Many of them are employed or directly engaged in new start-up activities. The proportional share of start-up firms by ethnic Chinese in Silicon Valley skyrocketed from 9% in 1980–1984 to about 20% between 1995 and 1998.[111] By 2006, Chinese American internet entrepreneurs continued to start 20% of all Silicon Valley start-up firms, leading 2000 Silicon Valley companies, and employing 58,000 workers.[101] They still continue to own about 20% of all information technology companies that were founded in Silicon Valley since 1980.

Numerous professional organizations in perspective in the 1990s as a support network for fellow Chinese American high tech start-ups in the valley.[112] Between 1980 and 1999, 17% of the 11,443 high-tech firms in Silicon Valley – including some 40 publicly traded firms were controlled by ethnic Chinese. In 1990, Chinese Americans made up a third of the Asian American high tech professional workforce or 11% of the entire Silicon Valley professional workforce. In 1998, Chinese Americans managed 2001 firms, employing 41,684 workers, and ran up 13.2 billion in sales. They also account for 17% of all Silicon Valley firm owners, 10% of the professional workforce in the Valley, and 13.5% of the total sales accounting for less than 1% of the U.S. population at the time.[113]

Self-employment and entrepreneurship

Chinese Americans are also noted for their high rates of self-employment, as they have an extensive history of self-employment dating back to the California Gold Rush in the 1880s.[114] However, as more Chinese Americans seek higher education to elevate themselves socioeconomically, rates of self-employment are generally lower than population average.[115] In 2007, there were over 109,614 Chinese-owned employer firms, employing more than 780,000 workers, and generating more than $128 billion in revenue.[116]

Among Chinese-owned U.S. firms, 40% were in the professional, scientific, and technical services sector, the accommodation and food services sector, and the repair, maintenance, personal, and laundry services sector. Chinese-owned U.S. firms were 2% of all U.S. businesses in these sectors. Wholesale trade and accommodation and food services accounted for 50.4% of Chinese-owned business revenue. 66,505 or 15.7% of Chinese-owned firms had receipts of $250,000 or more compared with 2% for all U.S. businesses.[116][117][118][119][120][121]

Economics

With their above average educational attainment rates, Chinese Americans from all socioeconomic backgrounds have achieved significant advances in their educational levels, income, life expectancy, and other social indicators as the financial and socioeconomic opportunities offered by the United States have lifted many Chinese Americans out of poverty, bringing them into the ranks of America's middle class, upper middle class, as well as the enjoyment of substantial well being.[122] However, Chinese-American wealth vary greatly by region: For instance, in New York City, 22% of Chinese-Americans live in poverty.[123]

Chinese Americans are more likely to own homes than the general American population. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 65% of Chinese Americans owned a home, higher than the total population's rate of 54%.[124][125] In 2003, real estate economist Gary Painter of the University of Southern California Lusk Center for Real Estate Research found out that when comparing homeowners with similar income levels Los Angeles, the Chinese-American home-ownership rate is 20% higher than Whites; in San Francisco, 23% higher; and in the New York metropolitan area, 18% higher.[126] A 2008 Asian Real Estate Association of America report released on behalf of the American community survey, Chinese Americans living in the states of Texas, New York, and California all had high home ownership rates that were significantly near or above the general population average.[127]

According to the 2017 U.S. Census, Chinese American men had a full-time median income of $71,096 and Chinese American women had a median income of $60,157. Chinese Americans also have one of the highest median household incomes among most demographic groups in the United States, which is almost 30% higher than the national average but is slightly lower compared with the Asian American population.[32]

Median household income: 2017[32]
Ethnicity Household income
Filipino Americans $100,273
Taiwanese $99,257
Asian $67,022
Chinese from mainland $77,136
Non-Hispanic White $63,704
Korean $67,870
Total US population $60,336

Despite positive economic indicators, a number of economic deterrents have been noted to afflict the Chinese American community including institutionalized discrimination against STEM researchers and scientists. While median income remains above some ethnic groups in the United States, studies in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis revealed that Asian men have the highest rate of persistent long-term unemployment.[128] In addition, studies have shown that Asian Americans have been discriminated in companies with lower pay grades; even in larger corporate settings such as Google.[129]

Genetics

Studies on the genetics of Chinese Americans

A research on the whole genome patterns of common DNA variation in different human populations (African-American, Asian-American and European American) finds some common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these three populations with diverse ancestry.[130] In the samples of Han Chinese in America, 74% of the total SNPs have two alleles, and majority of the segregating SNPs have a minor allele frequency (MAF) greater than 10%. Another noticeable point is that MAFs show similar distributions in European-American and Han Chinese populations. Besides, rarer haplotype is found to be absent in the samples of Han Chinese, and they also possess a high level of redundancy.[citation needed]

A study analyzing East Asian Genetic Substructure using genome-wide SNP arrays is carried out with greater than 200,000 genotypes from people of East Asian ancestry.[131] The continental populations are from the Human Genome Diversity Panel (Cambodian, Yi, Daur, Mongolian, Lahu, Dai, Hezhen, Miaozu, Naxi, Oroqen, She, Tu, Tujia, Naxi, Xibo, and Yakut), HapMap (Han Chinese and Japanese), as well as East Asian or East Asian American subjects of Vietnamese, Korean, Filipino and Chinese ancestry. A clear understanding of the genetic substructure of any population helps in the studies of complex diseases, as well as the design and execution of association tests. Results of this study have identified markers that can not only reduce type 1 errors in future genetic disease studies, but also identify homogeneous groups and hence make this study more powerful.

The group of Chinese Americans in the same study consists of subjects with origins from North China, South China and Taiwan. This group is paired with Han Chinese from Beijing, and results indicate that the population differentiation values was small (<0.0025). There is substantially less genetic substructure between Han Chinese and Chinese American, compared with that between Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean groups, yet there is still a substructure in principal component, according to the split half reliability test.

Another study aiming to estimate cardiometabolic risk profile of Chinese adults with diabetes is also useful to reveal the personal genomics of Chinese Americans.[132] In this study, all subjects are over 18 years old and non-institutionalized. Results derived from a complex, multistage, probability sampling design show that 12,607 out of 98,658 Chinese adults are suffering from diabetes, based on the criteria of 2010 American Diabetes Association. In addition, the study reaches a conclusion that for those Chinese adults defined with diabetes, cardiometabolic risk factors are highly prevalent, including metabolic syndrome, systolic blood pressure that is higher than 140mmHg, low fruit and vegetable intake, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol that is higher than 110 mg/dL.

Diabetes

The circumstance of Asian American population is informative in a way that some knowledge about Chinese American can be inferred from it. The statistics of diabetes in Asian American population reveals that approximately 10% of the entire population are diabetic, and in which 90–95% are type 2 diabetes.[133] The current situation is that there are some challenges in diagnosing diabetes in many Asian Americans. The main obstacle is that many clinical features along with risks factors associated with diabetes are obtained from studies that focus on Caucasian populations, which might result in misdiagnoses between type 1 and type 2 diabetes for Asian Americans. In fact, the reason why classic features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in America might not apply to Asian American population is about shared absence of common HLA DR-DQ genotype, low prevalence of positive anti-islet antibodies and low BMI in both types of diabetes.[134]

Some other studies have pointed out that for people of Asian descent and without diabetes, their insulin resistance levels are higher than non-diabetic people of Caucasian descent. Thus, Asian Americans are relatively more predisposed to develop type 2 diabetes. This suggests that insulin resistance, rather than body mass index (BMI) should be targeted while making diagnoses. A potential biomarker to identify diabetes in young Asian American population is adipocyte fatty acid binding protein that has a strong association with insulin resistance but is independent of adiposity. Nevertheless, more research studies should be carried out in order to confirm such finding. With further applying the above outcome on the population of Chinese Americans, it is rational that there is a higher tendency for type 2 diabetes among this group of people, who also face the challenge of correct diagnosis in America.

Mental illness

 
Chinese-American psychiatric patient, 1915

Genetic mental illness is stigmatized in China. A study compares the attitude of Chinese American towards mental illness with genetic causes and that of European American. It finds out that there is a perception of eugenics existing among Chinese Americans.[135] Consequently, in order to reduce the stigma in the society, more efforts should be devoted to this population.

Stigma and eugenics

The journal launched by the above study highlights the idea of genetic essentialism, namely, genes are largely deterministic of individual characteristics and behavior. There is a separation between the normal and the deviant, which drives the process of stigma labeling. On the other hand, since genetic diseases can be passed on from one generation to another, some mental illnesses are shared in a family, stigmatizing all members involved. Another viewpoint relevant to genetic essentialism is that, since genes are perceived by the common people as difficult to modify, genetic mental illness is likely to persist, and so is the stigma. As a result, the mindset of many Chinese Americans is formulated as diseases with genetic causes being more serious than those without.

The same journal also delivers some hypotheses made on the basis of the long history of eugenics in China. First, Chinese Americans are more in favor of eugenic policies than European Americans. Secondly, more stigma would be generated towards genetic attributions of any diseases in Chinese American population. China used to implement restrictions on marriage licenses to people with genetic illnesses, which has made the attitude of Chinese American towards premarital genetic screening more supportive, especially when facing a chance of genetic defects. Moreover, from the perspective of this group of people, knowing whether a marriage partner has family history of mental illness with genetic basis is fairly important.

Notable Chinese Americans

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Chinese Americans.
  • Iris Chang (28 March 1968 – 9 November 2004), a historian, her publishings included: Thread of the Silkworm (1995), The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War Two (1997)
  • Charles Kuen Kao, physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009 for the work on fiber optics, using laser to transmit digital data through glass fiber.
  • Bruce Lee, martial artist and actor, founder of Jeet Kune Do.
  • Tsung-Dao Lee, physicist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1957) with Yang Chen-Ning for their work on the violation of the parity law in weak interactions.
  • Jeremy Shu-How Lin, professional basketball player, played in NBA for several years and a Harvard graduate.
  • Gary Locke, politician and diplomat, the 10th United States ambassador to China (2011–2014), 21st Governor of Washington (1997–2005) and served in the Obama administration as United States Secretary of Commerce (2009–11).
  • Amy Ruth Tan, writer, author of The Joy Luck Club.
  • Samuel Chao Chung Ting, physicist, one of the two winners of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976 for the work on the discovery of J/ψ meson.
  • Daniel Chee Tsui, physicist, one of the winners of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998 for the work on the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
  • Donnie Yen actor, martial artist, former Wushu tournament champion, film director, producer, action director, and fight choreographer. Yen is one of Hong Kong's top action stars.
  • Charles B. Wang, businessman, a co-founder and CEO of Computer Associates International, Inc. (later renamed to CA Technologies).
  • Chien-Shiung Wu, physicist who was called by scientists, "The First Lady of Physics" for her experimental discovery of parity violation in weak interaction proposed by Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, both of whom won Nobel Prize. She also made the crucial study that showed the problem with Xenon in nuclear reactors for the Manhattan Project. Her work was not publicly recognized except by top scientists until 1978 when she was given the Wolf Prize.
  • Michelle Wu First Asian American mayor of Boston, Michelle born in USA, her grandparents were from mainland China.
  • Andrew Yang, entrepreneur, politician, lawyer, and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate.
  • Shing-Tung Yau, mathematician, who won the Fields Medal in 1982 before becoming an American citizen in 1990.
  • Eric Yuan, billionaire businessman and founder of Zoom Video Communications.

Media

The World Journal is the most famous Chinese newspapers in the North America.

Newspapers

Television

Radio

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The number of students studying in the US is rising even faster than China's GDP. During the 2010–11 academic year, 157,588 Chinese students were studying in the US – an increase of 23% from the previous year, according to the Institute of International Education.

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Bibliography

  • Brooks, Charlotte. American Exodus: Second-Generation Chinese Americans in China, 1901–1949 (University of California Press, 2019) online review 14 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Chang, Gordon H. Ghosts of Gold Mountain: The Epic Story of the Chinese Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019.
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  • Chen, Shehong. Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese American Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2002) ISBN 0-252-02736-1
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  • Ling, Huping, and Allan W. Austin, eds. Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia (Routledge, 2015)
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  • Wang, Ling-chi. "Chinese Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 491–506. online 26 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese diaspora in the United States.
  • Factfinder Chinese Americans 2005 American Community Survey
  • Museum of Chinese in the Americas
  • Chinese Culture Center & Chinese Culture Foundation of San Francisco
  • Organization of Chinese Americans 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  • Chinese Historical Society of America
  • Becoming American: The Chinese Experience a PBS Bill Moyers special. Thomas F. Lennon, Series Producer.
  • Chinese American Contribution to Transcontinental Railroad – Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
  • Comprehensive list of famous Chinese Americans organized by professions. Includes short biographical notes and Chinese names.
  • Chinese Information and Networking Association (CINA)
  • hosts the memoir of the first Chinese American graduate of an American university (Yale 1854).
  • Documentary about the Golden Venture tragedy
  • Americans and Chinese : purpose and fulfillment in great civilizations 18 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine

January 26, 2023
chinese, americans, americans, chinese, ancestry, constitute, subgroup, east, asian, americans, which, also, constitute, subgroup, asian, americans, many, along, with, their, ancestors, trace, lineage, from, mainland, china, hong, kong, macau, malaysia, singap. Chinese Americans are Americans of Han Chinese ancestry Chinese Americans constitute a subgroup of East Asian Americans which also constitute a subgroup of Asian Americans Many Chinese Americans along with their ancestors trace lineage from mainland China Hong Kong Macau Malaysia Singapore Taiwan 4 as well as other regions which are inhabited by large populations of the Chinese diaspora especially Southeast Asia and some other countries such as Australia Canada France South Africa New Zealand and the United Kingdom Chinese Americans include Chinese from the Chinese circle and around the world who became naturalized U S citizens and their natural born descendants in the United States Chinese Americans美國華人 美国华人Percentage of Chinese Americans per state as of the 2010 United States CensusTotal population5 399 000 1 1 5 of the total U S population 2019 Regions with significant populationsNew YorkGreater Los AngelesSan Francisco Bay AreaGreater BostonChicago metropolitan areaBaltimore Washington metropolitan areaSeattle metropolitan areaGreater HoustonDFW MetroplexDelaware ValleyLas Vegas Valley 2 LanguagesEnglishStandard ChineseTaishaneseCantoneseFuzhouneseHokkienReligion52 Irreligion22 Protestantism15 Buddhism8 Catholicism3 Taoism1 Others 3 Related ethnic groupsHong Kong AmericansMacanese AmericansTaiwanese AmericansChinese CanadiansOverseas ChineseChinese AmericansTraditional Chinese美國華人Simplified Chinese美国华人TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinMeiguo HuarenYue CantoneseYale RomanizationMeihgwok WayanJyutpingMei5gwok3 Wa4jan4About half or more of the Chinese ethnic people in the US at the time of 1980s had roots in Taishan Guangdong a city in southern China near the major city of Guangzhou In general much of the Chinese population before the 1990s consisted of Cantonese or Taishanese speaking people from southern China predominately from Guangdong province During the 1980s more Mandarin speaking immigrants from Northern China and Taiwan The Chinese population in much of the 1800s and 1990s was almost entirely contained to the Western US especially California and Nevada as well as New York City Chinese immigrants and their descendants generally lived in Chinatowns especially the ones in San Francisco and New York or Chinese populated districts in downtowns of major cities The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside Asia It is also the third largest community in the Chinese diaspora behind the Chinese communities in Thailand and Malaysia The 2016 Community Survey of the US Census estimates a population of Chinese Americans of one or more races to be 5 081 682 5 According to the 2010 census the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3 8 million 6 In 2010 half of Chinese born people living in the United States resided in the states of California and New York 7 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early arrivals cause for migration 1 2 California Gold Rush Central Pacific Railroad construction 1 3 Objections to Chinese immigration 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act 1 4 Integration interracial marriage 2 Museums 3 Demographics 3 1 Population 3 2 States with the largest estimated Chinese American populations 3 3 Population centers of Chinese Americans 3 4 Income and social status 3 5 Cultural centers 4 Social status and assimilation 5 Discrimination prejudice depression and suicide 5 1 Perceptions and stereotypes 5 2 Anti Chinese violence in the United States 5 3 Depression and suicide 6 Languages 7 Religion 7 1 List of Chinese temples in the United States 8 Politics 9 Immigration 9 1 Illegal immigration 10 Socioeconomics 10 1 Educational attainment 10 2 International students 10 3 Choice of institution 10 4 Subject choice 10 5 Level of education 10 6 Employment 10 7 Economics 11 Genetics 11 1 Studies on the genetics of Chinese Americans 11 2 Diabetes 11 3 Mental illness 11 4 Stigma and eugenics 12 Notable Chinese Americans 13 Media 13 1 Newspapers 13 2 Television 13 3 Radio 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 External linksHistory Edit Chinese American miners in the Colorado School of Mines Edgar Experimental Mine near Idaho Springs Colorado c 1920 Main article History of Chinese Americans See also Chinese immigration to Hawaii and Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico Chinese American Shell Peedlers 1918 Early arrivals cause for migration Edit The first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820 according to U S government records 325 men are known to have arrived before the 1849 California Gold Rush 8 which drew the first significant number of laborers from China who mined for gold and performed menial labor 9 10 11 There were 25 000 immigrants by 1852 and 105 465 by 1880 most of whom lived on the West Coast They formed over a tenth of California s population Nearly all of the early Chinese immigrants were young males with varied educational levels from rural villages of Toisan as well as the eight districts in Guangdong Province 12 The Guangdong province especially Toisan experienced extreme floods and famine in the mid nineteenth century The instability caused by these events led to mass political unrest in the province such as the Red Turban unrest Other provinces were similarly afflicted by natural disasters which prompted many people to migrate to the U S The vast majority of the 19th century Chinese immigrants to the U S came from a small area of eight districts on the west side of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province The eight districts consist of three subgroups the four districts of Sze Yup the district of Chung Shan and the three districts of Sam Yup each subgroup speaking a distinct dialect of Cantonese 11 19 In the U S people from Sze Yup generally worked as laborers Chung Shan people specialized in agriculture and Sam Yup people worked as entrepreneurs 13 Chinese Americans on Humboldt Bay 1915 These Chinese immigrants were predominantly men By 1900 only 4 522 of the 89 837 Chinese migrants that lived in the U S were women The lack of women migrants was largely due to the passage of U S anti immigration laws For example the Page Law of 1875 prevented the immigration of all women prostitutes from China This law was used to limit the immigration of all Chinese women not just prostitutes Upon arrival to the U S Chinese men and women were separated from each other as they awaited hearings on their immigration status which often took weeks During this time the women were subjected to lengthy questioning that focused on their family life and origins Their responses were then cross examined with others from their village and any discrepancies were used to justify denial of entry The stress of being separated from family caused many women to fall ill while they waited for a hearing Some even committed suicide as they feared being denied access to the country Once they were approved and allowed into the country Chinese women migrants faced additional challenges Many were coerced into prostitution with over 60 of the adult Chinese women living in California in 1870 working in the trade Some women were lured to the U S with the promise of marriage only to become sex slaves Despite these challenges Chinese women were often drawn to the U S in order to reunite with their families Ninety percent of the Chinese women who immigrated to the US between 1898 and 1908 did so to join their husband or father who already resided in the U S Chinese women migrants similarly to men immigrated for economic opportunities as well 14 In the 1850s Chinese workers migrated to the United States first to work in the gold mines but also to take agricultural jobs and factory work especially in the garment industry Chinese immigrants were particularly instrumental in building railroads in the U S west and as Chinese laborers grew successful in the United States a number of them became entrepreneurs in their own right As the numbers of Chinese laborers increased so did the strength of anti Chinese attitude among other workers in the U S economy This finally resulted in legislation that aimed to limit future immigration of Chinese workers to the United States and threatened to sour diplomatic relations between the United States and China through the Chinese Exclusion Act 15 California Gold Rush Central Pacific Railroad construction Edit The Chinese came to California in large numbers during the California Gold Rush with 40 400 being recorded as arriving from 1851 to 1860 and again in the 1860s when the Central Pacific Railroad recruited large labor gangs many on five year contracts to build its portion of the Transcontinental Railroad The Chinese laborers worked out well and thousands more were recruited until the railroad s completion in 1869 Chinese labor provided the massive workforce needed to build the majority of the Central Pacific s difficult route through the Sierra Nevada mountains and across Nevada By 1869 the ethnic Chinese population in the U S numbered at least 100 000 16 Objections to Chinese immigration 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act Edit See also Chinese Exclusion Act Nativist objections to Chinese immigration to the U S took many forms and generally stemmed from economic and cultural tensions as well as ethnic discrimination Most Chinese laborers who came to the United States did so in order to send money back to China to support their families there At the same time they also had to repay loans to the Chinese merchants who paid their passage to North America These financial pressures left them little choice but to work for whatever wages they could Non Chinese laborers often required much higher wages to support their wives and children in the United States and also generally had a stronger political standing to bargain for higher wages Therefore many of the non Chinese workers in the United States came to resent the Chinese laborers who might squeeze them out of their jobs Furthermore as with most immigrant communities many Chinese settled in their own neighborhoods and tales spread of Chinatowns as places where large numbers of Chinese men congregated to visit prostitutes smoke tobacco or gamble Some advocates of anti Chinese legislation therefore argued that admitting Chinese into the United States lowered the cultural and moral standards of American society Others used a more overtly racist argument for limiting immigration from East Asia and expressed concern about the integrity of American racial composition 15 To address these rising social tensions from the 1850s through the 1870s the California state government passed a series of measures aimed at Chinese residents ranging from requiring special licenses for Chinese businesses or workers to preventing naturalization Because anti Chinese discrimination and efforts to stop Chinese immigration violated the 1868 Burlingame Seward Treaty with China the federal government was able to negate much of this legislation 15 The Chinese population rose from 2 716 in 1851 to 63 000 by 1871 In the decade 1861 70 64 301 were recorded as arriving followed by 123 201 in 1871 80 and 61 711 in 1881 1890 77 were located in California with the rest scattered across the American West the South and New England 17 Most came from Toisan looking for a better life to escape a starvation and economic hardships Communist China in 1952 art In 1879 advocates of immigration restriction succeeded in introducing and passing legislation in Congress to limit the number of Chinese arriving to fifteen per ship or vessel Republican President Rutherford B Hayes vetoed the bill because it violated U S treaty agreements with China Nevertheless it was still an important victory for advocates of exclusion Democrats led by supporters in the West advocated for all out exclusion of Chinese immigrants Although Republicans were largely sympathetic to western concerns they were committed to a platform of free immigration In order to placate the western states without offending China President Hayes sought a revision of the Burlingame Seward Treaty in which China agreed to limit immigration to the United States 15 In 1880 the Hayes Administration appointed U S diplomat James B Angell to negotiate a new treaty with China The resulting Angell Treaty permitted the United States to restrict but not completely prohibit Chinese immigration In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which per the terms of the Angell Treaty suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers skilled or unskilled for a period of 10 years The Act also required every Chinese person traveling in or out of the country to carry a certificate identifying his or her status as a laborer scholar diplomat or merchant The 1882 Act was the first in American history to place broad restrictions on immigration 15 Chinese American fisherman 1917For American presidents and Congressmen addressing the question of Chinese exclusion the challenge was to balance domestic attitudes and politics which dictated an anti Chinese policy while maintaining good diplomatic relations with China where exclusion would be seen as an affront and a violation of treaty promises The domestic factors ultimately trumped international concerns In 1888 Congress took exclusion even further and passed the Scott Act which made reentry to the United States after a visit to China impossible even for long term legal residents The Chinese Government considered this act a direct insult but was unable to prevent its passage In 1892 Congress voted to renew exclusion for ten years in the Geary Act and in 1902 the prohibition was expanded to cover Hawaii and the Philippines all over strong objections from the Chinese Government and people Congress later extended the Exclusion Act indefinitely 15 The initial immigration group may have been as high as 90 male due to the Chinese Exclusion act resulting in most immigrants coming with the thought of earning money and then returning to China to start a family Those that stayed in America faced the lack of suitable Chinese brides because Chinese women were not allowed to immigrate to the US in significant numbers after 1872 As a result many isolated mostly bachelor communities slowly aged in place with very low Chinese birth rates Later as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment and the 1898 United States v Wong Kim Ark Supreme Court decision ethnic Chinese born in the United States became American citizens The Chinese Exclusion Acts were not repealed until 1943 and then only in the interests of aiding the morale of a wartime ally during World War II With relations already complicated by the Treaties of Wangxia and Tianjian the increasingly harsh restrictions on Chinese immigration combined with the rising discrimination against Chinese living in the United States in the 1870s early 1900s placed additional strain on the diplomatic relationship between the United States and China 15 Integration interracial marriage Edit In the mid 1850s 70 to 150 Chinese were living in New York City and 11 of them married Irish women In 1906 The New York Times reported that 300 white women Irish Americans were married to Chinese men in New York 18 with many more cohabited In 1900 based on Liang research of the 120 000 men in more than 20 Chinese communities in the United States he estimated that one out of every twenty Chinese Cantonese men was married to white women 19 In the 1960s census showed 3500 Chinese men married to white women and 2900 Chinese women married to white men 20 Originally at the start of the 20th century there was a 55 rate of Chinese men in New York engaging in interracial marriage which was maintained in the 1920s but in the 1930s it slid to 20 21 During and after World War II severe immigration restrictions were eased as the United States allied with China against Japanese expansionism Later reforms in the 1960s placed increasing value on family unification allowing relatives of U S citizens to receive preference in immigration Museums EditThere are a number of museums in the United States specifically focusing on and documenting the Chinese American experience including the Museum of Chinese in America in Manhattan s Chinatown established in 1980 the Chinese American Museum in Los Angeles the Chinese American Museum of Chicago the Chinese Historical Society of America in San Francisco and the Chinese American Museum in Washington D C Chinese American Museum in Downtown Los Angeles Demographics EditMain article List of U S cities with significant Chinese American populations See also Demographics of the United States and list of common Chinese American surnames Population Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message The chart on the right shows the total number of ethnic Chinese in the United States since 1850 22 23 Historical populationYearPop 1850758 186034 933 4508 6 187063 199 80 9 1880105 465 66 9 1890107 488 1 9 190089 863 16 4 191071 531 20 4 192061 639 13 8 193074 954 21 6 194077 504 3 4 1950117 629 51 8 1960237 292 101 7 1970435 062 83 3 1980806 040 85 3 19901 645 472 104 1 20002 432 585 47 8 20103 347 229 37 6 20175 025 817 50 1 Percentage of Chinese population in the United States 2000 States with the largest estimated Chinese American populations Edit The states with the largest estimated Chinese American populations according to the 2010 Census were California 1 253 100 3 4 New York 577 000 3 0 Texas 157 000 0 6 New Jersey 134 500 1 5 Massachusetts 123 000 1 9 Illinois 104 200 0 8 Washington 94 200 1 4 Pennsylvania 85 000 0 7 Maryland 69 400 1 2 Virginia 59 800 0 7 and Ohio 51 033 0 5 The state of Hawaii has the highest concentration of Chinese Americans at 4 0 or 55 000 people Population centers of Chinese Americans Edit According to the 2012 Census estimates 25 the three metropolitan areas with the largest Chinese American populations were the Greater New York Combined Statistical Area at 735 019 people the San Jose San Francisco Oakland Combined Statistical Area at 629 243 people and the Los Angeles Area Combined Statistical Area at about 566 968 people New York City contains by far the highest ethnic Chinese population of any individual city outside Asia estimated at 628 763 as of 2017 26 The Los Angeles County city of Monterey Park has the highest percentage of Chinese Americans of any municipality at 43 7 of its population or 24 758 people The New York metropolitan area consisting of New York City Long Island and nearby areas within the states of New York New Jersey Connecticut and Pennsylvania is home to the largest Chinese American population of any metropolitan area within the United States and the largest Chinese population outside of China enumerating an estimated 893 697 in 2017 27 and including at least 12 Chinatowns Continuing significant immigration from Mainland China both legal 28 29 and illegal 30 in origin has spurred the ongoing rise of the Chinese American population in the New York metropolitan area this immigration continues to be fueled by New York s status as an alpha global city its high population density its extensive mass transit system and the New York metropolitan area s enormous economic marketplace The Manhattan Chinatown contains the largest concentration of ethnic Chinese in the Western hemisphere 31 while the Flushing Chinatown in Queens has become the world s largest Chinatown Also on the East Coast Greater Boston and the Philadelphia metropolitan area have significant Chinese American communities with Chinatowns in Boston and Philadelphia hosting important and diverse cultural centers Significant populations can also be found in the Washington metropolitan area with Montgomery County Maryland and Fairfax County Virginia being 3 9 and 2 4 Chinese American respectively Boston s Chinatown is the only historical Chinese neighborhood within New England The Boston suburb of Quincy also has a prominent Chinese American population especially within the North Quincy area 32 San Francisco California has the highest per capita concentration of Chinese Americans of any major city in the United States at an estimated 21 4 or 172 181 people and contains the second largest total number of Chinese Americans of any U S city San Francisco s Chinatown was established in the 1840s making it the oldest Chinatown in North America and one of the largest neighborhoods of Chinese people outside of Asia 33 34 composed in large part by immigrants hailing from Guangdong province and also many from Hong Kong The San Francisco neighborhoods of Sunset District and Richmond District also contain significant Chinese populations In addition to the big cities smaller pockets of Chinese Americans are also dispersed in rural towns often university college towns throughout the United States For example the number of Chinese Americans including college professors doctors professionals and students has increased over 200 from 2005 to 2010 in Providence Rhode Island a small city with a large number of colleges Income and social status Edit Income and social status of these Chinese American locations vary widely As of 2012 update about 333 333 people living in the United States with a Chinese background are not United States citizens 35 Although many Chinese Americans in Chinatowns of large cities are often members of an impoverished working class others are well educated upper class people living in affluent suburbs The upper and lower class Chinese are also widely separated by social status and class discrimination In California s San Gabriel Valley for example the cities of Monterey Park and San Marino are both Chinese American communities lying geographically close to each other but they are separated by a large socioeconomic gap Cultural centers Edit New York City is home to the largest Chinese American population of any city proper over 600 000 as of 2017 26 Multiple large Chinatowns in Manhattan Brooklyn above and Queens are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves as large scale Chinese immigration continues into New York 36 37 38 39 30 with the largest metropolitan Chinese population outside Asia 40 41 comprising an estimated 893 697 uniracial individuals as of 2017 42 San Francisco is home to the second largest Chinese community in the United States in number and the largest in percentage A list of large cities 250 000 residents with a Chinese American population in excess of 1 of the general population in 2010 6 Rank City State Chinese Americans Percentage1 San Francisco California 172 181 21 42 Honolulu Hawaii 38 330 10 23 Oakland California 34 083 8 74 San Jose California 63 434 6 75 New York City New York 486 463 6 06 Plano Texas 13 592 5 27 Sacramento California 20 307 4 48 Seattle Washington 27 216 4 19 Boston Massachusetts 24 910 4 010 San Diego California 35 661 2 711 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 30 069 2 012 Stockton California 5 188 1 813 Los Angeles California 66 782 1 814 Portland Oregon 9 113 1 715 Chicago Illinois 43 228 1 616 Anaheim California 4 738 1 417 Houston Texas 29 429 1 318 Austin Texas 8 886 1 219 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 3 402 1 120 Riverside California 2 985 1 0Social status and assimilation EditSome noteworthy historical Chinese contributions include building the western half of the Transcontinental Railroad and levees in the Sacramento River Delta the popularization of Chinese American food deep oil extraction in Texas and the introduction of Chinese and East Asian culture to America such as Buddhism Taoism and Kung fu Chinese immigrants to the United States brought many of their ideas and values with them Some of these have continued to influence later generations Among them are Confucian respect for elders 43 Similarly education and the civil service were the most important path for upward social mobility in China 43 44 The first Broadway show about Asian Americans was Flower Drum Song which premiered on Broadway in 1958 45 the hit Chinglish premiered on Broadway in 2011 46 In most American cities with significant Chinese populations the new year is celebrated with cultural festivals and other celebrations In Seattle the Chinese Culture and Arts Festival is held every year Other important festivals include the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid Autumn Festival Discrimination prejudice depression and suicide EditMain articles Xenophobia and Anti Chinese sentiment in the United States See also Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States and Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID 19 pandemic United States 17 to 20 Chinese immigrants were murdered during the Chinese massacre of 1871 in Los Angeles An illustration of the Rock Springs massacre of 1885 in which at least 28 Chinese immigrants were killed Chinatown LA Metro Perceptions and stereotypes Edit Analysis indicated that most non Asian Americans do not differentiate between Chinese Americans and East Asian Americans generally and perceptions of both groups are nearly identical 47 A 2001 survey of Americans attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that one fourth of the respondents had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general 48 However the study did also find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans strong family values 91 honesty as entrepreneurs 77 high value on education 67 47 Anti Chinese violence in the United States Edit Further information Anti Chinese violence in California Anti Chinese violence in Oregon and Anti Chinese violence in Washington Early Chinese Americans struggled to survive in the United States because of prejudice discrimination and violence In 1871 17 20 Chinese immigrants were murdered in Los Angeles by a mob of around 500 men This racially motivated massacre was one of the largest mass lynchings in the United States and it took place after the accidental killing of Robert Thompson a local rancher The Rock Springs massacre occurred in 1885 in which at least 28 Chinese immigrants were killed and 15 other Chinese were injured Many enraged white miners in Sweetwater County felt threatened by the Chinese and they also blamed them for their unemployment As a result of competition for jobs white miners expressed their frustration by committing acts of physical violence in which they robbed shot and stabbed Chinese in Chinatown The Chinese quickly tried to flee but in doing so many of them ended up being burned alive in their homes starving to death in hiding places or being exposed to animal predators which lived in the mountains some of them were successfully rescued by a passing train A total of 78 homes were burned During the Hells Canyon massacre of 1887 at least 34 Chinese miners were killed An accurate account of the event is still unavailable but it is speculated that the Chinese miners were killed by gunshot during a robbery by a gang of seven armed horse thieves Other acts of violence which were committed against Chinese immigrants include the San Francisco riot of 1877 the Issaquah and Tacoma riot of 1885 the attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers in 1885 the Seattle riot of 1886 and the Pacific Coast race riots of 1907 With the spread of the COVID 19 pandemic which is believed to have started in the city of Wuhan China numerous incidents of xenophobia and racism against Chinese people and people who are perceived to be Chinese have been reported Depression and suicide Edit In 2008 researchers Georg Hsu and Yu Mui Wan published a paper citing severe stigma of mental illness in the Chinese American community as a barrier to diagnosis and treatment 49 In a 1998 study of 29 diagnosed depressive Chinese American immigrants more than half of respondents avoided labeling their symptoms as depression 50 While patients were able to accurately identify and report depressive symptoms such as irritability and rumination patients were more likely to attribute their depression to somatic and physical symptoms than as a psychological state 50 Among Asian American youth in 1980 suicide accounted for 20 8 of Chinese American female deaths 51 Among males it constituted 15 1 of deaths 51 The study also reported that suicide rates among Chinese American elderly were higher than that of the national suicide rate for African American Hispanic and Native American A study published in the Journal of Aging and Health stated that 18 to 29 4 of older Chinese adults in North America had at least a mild level of depression which was higher than other ethnic groups 52 Further the study reported that these depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults tend to remain untreated 52 Languages EditMain article Chinese language and varieties in the United States See also Language and overseas Chinese communities North America According to the United States Census Bureau the various varieties of Chinese collectively referred to as just Chinese is the third most spoken language in the United States It is almost completely spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants especially in California 53 In 2002 over 2 million Americans speak some variety or dialect of Chinese with Standard Chinese Mandarin becoming increasingly common due to immigration from China and supplanting the previous widespread Cantonese and Taishanese 53 In New York City at least although Standard Chinese Mandarin was spoken as a native language among only 10 of American born Chinese speakers it is used as a secondary dialect to English 54 In addition the immigration from Fuzhou Fujian brings in a significant weasel words populace of Fuzhou people Eastern Min particularly Changle dialect speakers to major cities like New York City San Francisco and Boston citation needed People who comes from Fujian Minnan region Chaoshan Taiwan and Southeast Asia mainly use Southern Min dialect Hokkien and Teochew as their mother tongue Varieties of Wu Chinese particularly Shanghainese and the mutually unintelligible Wenzhounese are now spoken by a minority of recent Chinese immigrants hailing from Jiangsu Zhejiang and Shanghai when citation needed Although Chinese Americans grow up learning English some teach their children to speak Chinese for a variety of reasons preservation of an ancient civilization preservation of a group identity preservation of their cultural ancestry desire for easy communication with each other and their relatives and the perception that Chinese is a very useful language regardless of China s economic strength The official standard for United States public notices and signage is Traditional Chinese 55 Religion EditReligions of Chinese Americans 2012 3 56 Not declared 52 Christianity 30 Buddhism 15 Chinese Folk Religion 3 The Chinese American community is different from the rest of the population in that the majority of Chinese Americans do not report a religious affiliation 43 of Chinese Americans switched to a different religion and 54 stayed within their childhood religion within their lifetime According to the Pew Research Center s 2012 Asian American Survey 52 of Chinese Americans aged 15 and over said that they did not have any religious affiliation This is also compared with the religious affiliation of Asian American average of 26 and a national average of 19 Of the survey respondents 15 were Buddhist 8 were Catholic and 22 belonged to a Protestant denomination Fully half of Chinese Americans 52 including 55 of those born in the U S and 51 of those born overseas describe themselves as religiously unaffiliated Because Chinese Americans are the largest subgroup of Asian Americans nearly half of all religiously unaffiliated Asians in the U S are of Chinese descent 49 3 56 There are also many Chinese who identify as Jewish due to intermarriage with Jews 57 58 Some posit that Judaism has similar habits to Confucianism 59 such as the emphasis on scholarship There is a significantly higher percentage of Chinese Christians in the United States than there is in China as a large amount of Chinese Christians fled and are still fleeing to the United States under Communist persecution 60 61 List of Chinese temples in the United States Edit Temple of Kwan Tai 武帝廟 located in Mendocino California Bok Kai Temple 北溪廟 located in the city of Marysville California Kong Chow Temple 岡州古廟 located in San Francisco California Tin How Temple 天后古廟 located in San Francisco s Chinatown California Oroville Chinese Temple 列聖宮 located in Oroville California Ma Tsu Temple 美國舊金山媽祖廟朝聖宮 located in San Francisco s Chinatown California Weaverville Joss House 雲林廟 located in the center of the town of Weaverville California Pao Fa Temple 寶法寺 located in Irvine California Hsu Yun Temple 虛雲禪寺 located in Honolulu Hawaii Hsi Lai Temple 佛光山西來寺 located in northern Puente Hills Hacienda Heights California City of Ten Thousand Buddhas 萬佛聖城 located in Talmage California Chuang Yen Monastery 莊嚴寺 located in Kent Putnam County New YorkPolitics Edit Judy Chu D CA 27th the first female Chinese American elected to Congress Chinese Americans are divided among many subgroups based on factors such as age nativity and socioeconomic status and politics between China and the United States or about Chinese nationalism Different subgroups of Chinese Americans also have radically different and sometimes very conflicting political priorities and goals In 2013 Chinese Americans were the least likely Asian American ethnicity to be affiliated with a political party 62 Nonetheless Chinese Americans are clustered in majority Democratic states and have increasingly voted Democratic in recent presidential elections following the trend for Asian Americans in general excluding the Vietnamese Americans 63 Polling just before the 2004 U S Presidential Election found John Kerry was favored by 58 of Chinese Americans and George W Bush by only 23 64 as compared with a 54 44 split in California a 58 40 split in New York and a 48 51 split in America as a whole on Election Day itself In the 2012 presidential election 81 of Chinese American voters selected Barack Obama over Mitt Romney 65 Immigration EditEconomic growth in the People s Republic of China has given mainland Chinese more opportunities to emigrate A 2011 survey showed that 60 of Chinese millionaires were planning to emigrate with 40 of Chinese millionaires selecting the United States as the top destination for immigration 66 67 68 69 70 The EB 5 Investment Visa allows many Chinese to seek U S citizenship It has a yearly quota of around 10 000 applicants or families and recent reports show that 75 of applicants for this visa in 2011 were Chinese 71 72 Under this program applicants together with their spouses and unmarried children under 21 years old will be eligible to apply for US permanent residency as a group Because the EB 5 program allows applicants to apply as a family it has been reported to be a significant method for Chinese students to obtain authorization to work in the United States Chinese multimillionaires benefited most from the EB 5 Immigrant Investor Program in the U S Now when as long as one has at least US 500 000 to invest in projects listed by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services USCIS where it is possible to get an EB 5 green card that comes with permanent U S residency rights but only in states specified by the pilot project 73 74 The H 1B visa is also becoming one of the main immigration pathways for the Chinese with 9 of the approved petitions in 2016 75 Illegal immigration Edit Further information Scott Act 1888 and Geary Act Before 1882 there were no limits on immigration to the United States but with the Chinese Exclusion Act for the first time in American history immigration was deemed illegal This legislation was partially repealed in 1943 with the Magnuson Act and only fully repealed in 1965 The history of illegal immigration of Chinese people to the United States go back to the 19th century 76 Smuggling of immigrants without authorization increased during 1990s following policy changes by the American government but by the 21st century some have returned to China due to its growing economy 77 By 2017 it is estimated that more than a quarter million immigrants reside in the United States without authorization from China 78 In 2015 there were about 39 000 Chinese nationals who were supposed to be deported however the People s Republic of China government had not provided paperwork to verify their citizenship 79 In 2017 China was described as having become one of the leading sources of new immigrants without authorization 80 Socioeconomics EditSee also Model minority Educational attainment Edit Overall as a demographic group Chinese Americans have a higher educational attainment have a higher percentage of people working in select white collar and professional occupations and earn higher median household incomes when compared to other demographic groups in the United States 81 Educational achievements of Chinese in the United States are one of the highest among Asian Americans and also among all ethnic groups in the United States 82 Chinese Americans often have some of the highest averages in tests such as SAT ACT GRE etc in the United States Although verbal scores lag somewhat due to the influx of new immigrants combined SAT scores have also been higher than for most Americans 83 With their above average SAT and ACT scores as well as GPA s Chinese Americans are more likely to apply to competitively elite higher education institutions 84 85 86 87 China sends the most international students to the U S with Chinese students accounting for 33 2 of the international student population In the 2017 2018 school year there were close to 363 000 enrolled students in higher education 88 Chinese students also make up 32 2 of the undergraduate students and 48 8 of the graduate students International students Edit International students studying at various higher education institutions around the United States account for a significant percentage of the international student body According to a Brookings Institution report analyzing foreign student visa approvals from 2008 to 2012 Michigan State University has the highest enrollment of Chinese international students in the United States with roughly 4 700 Chinese citizens enrolled during the period of the study making up 62 percent of the 7 568 international students enrolled at MSU 89 International undergraduates who make up 38 percent of Purdue s undergraduate body come from China more than any other country 90 International Chinese students make up 49 8 percent of all international students at the University of Southern California 91 International Chinese students are also 60 percent of the 6039 international students enrolled at Ohio State University 92 Mainland China is the top sending country of international students to the United States 93 note 1 After the 1970s the globalization and Chinese Reform and Opening Up Act resulted in a growing economy more middle class families from China are able to afford American college tuition bringing an influx of Chinese students to study abroad in the United States With a more diverse educational background and higher level of English proficiency international Chinese students also value American degrees as it gives them a notable advantage over their college educated counterparts in China by the time they return to their native country to seek employment 94 Choice of institution Edit Due to cultural factors many Chinese international students are brand name conscious choosing nationally ranked elite higher education institutes throughout the United States as their target schools 95 96 97 International Chinese students are also widely found at many elite liberal arts colleges such as Barnard College and Mount Holyoke College 98 99 Students from China gravitate towards Americans colleges and universities for their high quality and the style of education which stresses interdisciplinary approaches creativity student participation and critical thinking 97 Subject choice Edit Chinese international students tend to gravitate towards technical and scientific majors that involve heavy use of mathematics engineering and the natural sciences 27 5 of international Chinese students study business management finance or economics 19 2 study engineering 11 5 study the life sciences and 10 6 study math or computer science 100 Largely driven by educational immigration among American PhD recipients in fields related to science and engineering 25 of the recipients are ethnic Chinese 101 Level of education Edit According to the 2017 U S Census Bureau of Labor Statistics 55 3 of all Chinese Americans have attained at least a bachelor s degree compared with 32 0 nationally and 53 8 for all Asian American groups The Census reports that 57 8 of Chinese American men attained a bachelor s degree and 53 2 of Chinese American women attained a bachelor s degree In addition 28 4 of all Chinese Americans in the United States possess a master s doctorate or other professional degree compared to 23 6 for all Asian Americans and is roughly two times above the national average of 12 3 32 Bachelor s Degree or Higher Educational Attainment 32 Ethnicity Percent of PopulationChinese 55 3 Korean 56 3 Non Hispanic White 33 4 Total US Population 32 0 Employment Edit Technology conglomerates such as eBay located within technology centers across the United States including California s Silicon Valley are attractive employers for Chinese Americans and foreign born Chinese entrepreneurs 102 Perceptions and changeThere has been a significant change in the perceptions about Chinese Americans In as little as 100 years of American history stereotypes of Chinese Americans have changed to portraying a hard working and educated minority Most Chinese Americans work as white collar professionals many of whom are highly educated salaried professionals whose work is largely self directed in management professional and related occupations such as engineering medicine investment banking law and academia 56 2 of Chinese Americans work in white collar professions compared with 52 1 for all Asian Americans and a national average of 38 2 when 32 Chinese Americans also make up a third of the Asian American high tech professional workforce and a tenth of the entire Silicon Valley workforce 103 Chinese Americans also hold lower unemployment rates than the population average with a figure of 4 7 compared to a national rate of 5 9 in 2010 32 MedicineBetween 2008 and 2017 the number of Chinese educated physicians practicing in the United States rose by 38 1 and the total number of Chinese educated physicians actively practicing in the United States was about 0 6 of the active physician workforce in 2017 104 Technology sectorMany Chinese Americans have turned to the high tech center to jump start potential computer science and programming startups to capitalize on the region s wealth of venture capital business expertise and cultural and financial incentives for innovation Ethnic Chinese have been successful in starting new firms in technology centers across the United States including California s Silicon Valley Chinese Americans have been disproportionately successful in high technology sectors as evidenced by the 2010 Goldsea 100 Compilation of America s Most Successful Asian Entrepreneurs 105 Chinese Americans accounted for 4 of people listed in the 1998 Forbes Hi Tech 100 List 106 Annalee Saxenian a UC Berkeley professor whose research interests include the contribution of Chinese immigrants on America s technology concludes that in Silicon Valley carried out a study that showed that since 1998 one out of five high tech start ups in Silicon Valley were led by Chinese Americans During the same year 5 of the 8 fastest growing companies had Chinese American CEOs except for Yahoo whose Jerry Yang was a founder but not a CEO In Silicon Valley there are at least 2 to 3 dozen Chinese American organizations according to professional interests each with at least 100 members one prominent organization of which is the Committee of 100 107 Immigrants from mainland China and Taiwan were key founders in 12 8 of all Silicon Valley start ups between 1995 and 2005 108 Almost 6 of the immigrants who founded companies in the innovation manufacturing related services field are from China 109 Research funded by the Public Policy Institute of California indicates that in 1996 1 786 Silicon Valley technology companies with 12 5 billion in sales and 46 000 employees were run by Indian or Chinese executives Moreover the pace of entrepreneurship among local immigrants is increasing rapidly While Chinese or Indian executives are at the helm of 13 of the Silicon Valley technology businesses started between 1980 and 1985 they are running 27 of the more than 4 000 businesses started between 1991 and 1996 110 Start up firms remain a primary source for new ideas and innovation for Chinese American internet entrepreneurs Many of them are employed or directly engaged in new start up activities The proportional share of start up firms by ethnic Chinese in Silicon Valley skyrocketed from 9 in 1980 1984 to about 20 between 1995 and 1998 111 By 2006 Chinese American internet entrepreneurs continued to start 20 of all Silicon Valley start up firms leading 2000 Silicon Valley companies and employing 58 000 workers 101 They still continue to own about 20 of all information technology companies that were founded in Silicon Valley since 1980 Numerous professional organizations in perspective in the 1990s as a support network for fellow Chinese American high tech start ups in the valley 112 Between 1980 and 1999 17 of the 11 443 high tech firms in Silicon Valley including some 40 publicly traded firms were controlled by ethnic Chinese In 1990 Chinese Americans made up a third of the Asian American high tech professional workforce or 11 of the entire Silicon Valley professional workforce In 1998 Chinese Americans managed 2001 firms employing 41 684 workers and ran up 13 2 billion in sales They also account for 17 of all Silicon Valley firm owners 10 of the professional workforce in the Valley and 13 5 of the total sales accounting for less than 1 of the U S population at the time 113 Self employment and entrepreneurshipChinese Americans are also noted for their high rates of self employment as they have an extensive history of self employment dating back to the California Gold Rush in the 1880s 114 However as more Chinese Americans seek higher education to elevate themselves socioeconomically rates of self employment are generally lower than population average 115 In 2007 there were over 109 614 Chinese owned employer firms employing more than 780 000 workers and generating more than 128 billion in revenue 116 Among Chinese owned U S firms 40 were in the professional scientific and technical services sector the accommodation and food services sector and the repair maintenance personal and laundry services sector Chinese owned U S firms were 2 of all U S businesses in these sectors Wholesale trade and accommodation and food services accounted for 50 4 of Chinese owned business revenue 66 505 or 15 7 of Chinese owned firms had receipts of 250 000 or more compared with 2 for all U S businesses 116 117 118 119 120 121 Economics Edit With their above average educational attainment rates Chinese Americans from all socioeconomic backgrounds have achieved significant advances in their educational levels income life expectancy and other social indicators as the financial and socioeconomic opportunities offered by the United States have lifted many Chinese Americans out of poverty bringing them into the ranks of America s middle class upper middle class as well as the enjoyment of substantial well being 122 However Chinese American wealth vary greatly by region For instance in New York City 22 of Chinese Americans live in poverty 123 Chinese Americans are more likely to own homes than the general American population According to the 2000 U S Census 65 of Chinese Americans owned a home higher than the total population s rate of 54 124 125 In 2003 real estate economist Gary Painter of the University of Southern California Lusk Center for Real Estate Research found out that when comparing homeowners with similar income levels Los Angeles the Chinese American home ownership rate is 20 higher than Whites in San Francisco 23 higher and in the New York metropolitan area 18 higher 126 A 2008 Asian Real Estate Association of America report released on behalf of the American community survey Chinese Americans living in the states of Texas New York and California all had high home ownership rates that were significantly near or above the general population average 127 According to the 2017 U S Census Chinese American men had a full time median income of 71 096 and Chinese American women had a median income of 60 157 Chinese Americans also have one of the highest median household incomes among most demographic groups in the United States which is almost 30 higher than the national average but is slightly lower compared with the Asian American population 32 Median household income 2017 32 Ethnicity Household incomeFilipino Americans 100 273Taiwanese 99 257Asian 67 022Chinese from mainland 77 136Non Hispanic White 63 704Korean 67 870Total US population 60 336Despite positive economic indicators a number of economic deterrents have been noted to afflict the Chinese American community including institutionalized discrimination against STEM researchers and scientists While median income remains above some ethnic groups in the United States studies in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis revealed that Asian men have the highest rate of persistent long term unemployment 128 In addition studies have shown that Asian Americans have been discriminated in companies with lower pay grades even in larger corporate settings such as Google 129 Genetics EditStudies on the genetics of Chinese Americans Edit A research on the whole genome patterns of common DNA variation in different human populations African American Asian American and European American finds some common single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs in these three populations with diverse ancestry 130 In the samples of Han Chinese in America 74 of the total SNPs have two alleles and majority of the segregating SNPs have a minor allele frequency MAF greater than 10 Another noticeable point is that MAFs show similar distributions in European American and Han Chinese populations Besides rarer haplotype is found to be absent in the samples of Han Chinese and they also possess a high level of redundancy citation needed A study analyzing East Asian Genetic Substructure using genome wide SNP arrays is carried out with greater than 200 000 genotypes from people of East Asian ancestry 131 The continental populations are from the Human Genome Diversity Panel Cambodian Yi Daur Mongolian Lahu Dai Hezhen Miaozu Naxi Oroqen She Tu Tujia Naxi Xibo and Yakut HapMap Han Chinese and Japanese as well as East Asian or East Asian American subjects of Vietnamese Korean Filipino and Chinese ancestry A clear understanding of the genetic substructure of any population helps in the studies of complex diseases as well as the design and execution of association tests Results of this study have identified markers that can not only reduce type 1 errors in future genetic disease studies but also identify homogeneous groups and hence make this study more powerful The group of Chinese Americans in the same study consists of subjects with origins from North China South China and Taiwan This group is paired with Han Chinese from Beijing and results indicate that the population differentiation values was small lt 0 0025 There is substantially less genetic substructure between Han Chinese and Chinese American compared with that between Han Chinese Japanese and Korean groups yet there is still a substructure in principal component according to the split half reliability test Another study aiming to estimate cardiometabolic risk profile of Chinese adults with diabetes is also useful to reveal the personal genomics of Chinese Americans 132 In this study all subjects are over 18 years old and non institutionalized Results derived from a complex multistage probability sampling design show that 12 607 out of 98 658 Chinese adults are suffering from diabetes based on the criteria of 2010 American Diabetes Association In addition the study reaches a conclusion that for those Chinese adults defined with diabetes cardiometabolic risk factors are highly prevalent including metabolic syndrome systolic blood pressure that is higher than 140mmHg low fruit and vegetable intake low density lipoprotein cholesterol that is higher than 110 mg dL Diabetes Edit The circumstance of Asian American population is informative in a way that some knowledge about Chinese American can be inferred from it The statistics of diabetes in Asian American population reveals that approximately 10 of the entire population are diabetic and in which 90 95 are type 2 diabetes 133 The current situation is that there are some challenges in diagnosing diabetes in many Asian Americans The main obstacle is that many clinical features along with risks factors associated with diabetes are obtained from studies that focus on Caucasian populations which might result in misdiagnoses between type 1 and type 2 diabetes for Asian Americans In fact the reason why classic features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in America might not apply to Asian American population is about shared absence of common HLA DR DQ genotype low prevalence of positive anti islet antibodies and low BMI in both types of diabetes 134 Some other studies have pointed out that for people of Asian descent and without diabetes their insulin resistance levels are higher than non diabetic people of Caucasian descent Thus Asian Americans are relatively more predisposed to develop type 2 diabetes This suggests that insulin resistance rather than body mass index BMI should be targeted while making diagnoses A potential biomarker to identify diabetes in young Asian American population is adipocyte fatty acid binding protein that has a strong association with insulin resistance but is independent of adiposity Nevertheless more research studies should be carried out in order to confirm such finding With further applying the above outcome on the population of Chinese Americans it is rational that there is a higher tendency for type 2 diabetes among this group of people who also face the challenge of correct diagnosis in America Mental illness Edit Chinese American psychiatric patient 1915 Genetic mental illness is stigmatized in China A study compares the attitude of Chinese American towards mental illness with genetic causes and that of European American It finds out that there is a perception of eugenics existing among Chinese Americans 135 Consequently in order to reduce the stigma in the society more efforts should be devoted to this population Stigma and eugenics Edit The journal launched by the above study highlights the idea of genetic essentialism namely genes are largely deterministic of individual characteristics and behavior There is a separation between the normal and the deviant which drives the process of stigma labeling On the other hand since genetic diseases can be passed on from one generation to another some mental illnesses are shared in a family stigmatizing all members involved Another viewpoint relevant to genetic essentialism is that since genes are perceived by the common people as difficult to modify genetic mental illness is likely to persist and so is the stigma As a result the mindset of many Chinese Americans is formulated as diseases with genetic causes being more serious than those without The same journal also delivers some hypotheses made on the basis of the long history of eugenics in China First Chinese Americans are more in favor of eugenic policies than European Americans Secondly more stigma would be generated towards genetic attributions of any diseases in Chinese American population China used to implement restrictions on marriage licenses to people with genetic illnesses which has made the attitude of Chinese American towards premarital genetic screening more supportive especially when facing a chance of genetic defects Moreover from the perspective of this group of people knowing whether a marriage partner has family history of mental illness with genetic basis is fairly important Notable Chinese Americans EditFor a more comprehensive list see List of Chinese Americans Iris Chang 28 March 1968 9 November 2004 a historian her publishings included Thread of the Silkworm 1995 The Rape of Nanking The Forgotten Holocaust of World War Two 1997 Charles Kuen Kao physicist winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009 for the work on fiber optics using laser to transmit digital data through glass fiber Bruce Lee martial artist and actor founder of Jeet Kune Do Tsung Dao Lee physicist won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 with Yang Chen Ning for their work on the violation of the parity law in weak interactions Jeremy Shu How Lin professional basketball player played in NBA for several years and a Harvard graduate Gary Locke politician and diplomat the 10th United States ambassador to China 2011 2014 21st Governor of Washington 1997 2005 and served in the Obama administration as United States Secretary of Commerce 2009 11 Amy Ruth Tan writer author of The Joy Luck Club Samuel Chao Chung Ting physicist one of the two winners of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976 for the work on the discovery of J ps meson Daniel Chee Tsui physicist one of the winners of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998 for the work on the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations Donnie Yen actor martial artist former Wushu tournament champion film director producer action director and fight choreographer Yen is one of Hong Kong s top action stars Charles B Wang businessman a co founder and CEO of Computer Associates International Inc later renamed to CA Technologies Chien Shiung Wu physicist who was called by scientists The First Lady of Physics for her experimental discovery of parity violation in weak interaction proposed by Chen Ning Yang and Tsung Dao Lee both of whom won Nobel Prize She also made the crucial study that showed the problem with Xenon in nuclear reactors for the Manhattan Project Her work was not publicly recognized except by top scientists until 1978 when she was given the Wolf Prize Michelle Wu First Asian American mayor of Boston Michelle born in USA her grandparents were from mainland China Andrew Yang entrepreneur politician lawyer and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Shing Tung Yau mathematician who won the Fields Medal in 1982 before becoming an American citizen in 1990 Eric Yuan billionaire businessman and founder of Zoom Video Communications Shiing Shen Chern Wolf Prize winner considered one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century Steven Chu Nobel prize winner in physics 1997 and former United States Secretary of Energy Terence Tao child prodigy won Fields medal 2006 Ching W Tang inventor of the organic light emitting diode OLED and the hetero junction organic photovoltaic cell OPV winner of the 2011 Wolf Prize in Chemistry Roger Y Tsien Nobel prize winner in chemistry 2009 Chien Shiung Wu pioneer of particle physics and paved the way for the Standard Model Bruce Lee famed actor director and martial artist I M Pei architect behind the pyramid of the Louvre which is its main attraction also designed the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame museumMedia EditThe World Journal is the most famous Chinese newspapers in the North America Newspapers Edit World Journal Sing Tao Daily Ming PaoTelevision Edit SinoVision ETTV America Voice of America Chinese Epoch Times New Tang Dynasty Television Phoenix Television Television Broadcasts Limited TVB USA Asia TelevisionRadio Edit Chinese Radio Seattle M T 9 00pm 12 00am Fri Sun 7 00pm 12 1 m AM1150 KKNW HD 3 FM 98 9 Mobile App Chinese Radio Seattle Studio in Bellevue WA China Radio International can be heard in the following cities Washington DC on WUST AM 1120 kHz between 9 a m 11 a m Chinese American Voice 136 heard over a SCA subcarrier of WACD FM in the New York New Jersey Connecticut tri state area Chinese American Voice heard in New York City 24 hours on the 92 kHz subcarrier of WQCD FM 101 9 MHz Chinese Radio Network 7 on WGBB AM 1240 kHz and the 67 kHz subcarrier of WCBS FM 101 1 MHz Flushing New York broadcasts in Mandarin Chung Wah Chinese Broadcasting Company 8 heard in New York City 24 hours on the 92 kHz subcarrier of WSKQ FM 97 9 MHz Multicultural Radio Broadcasting Inc s Chinese Media Group broadcasts Chinese programming in the following cities KAHZ Los Angeles is a Mandarin dialect station KAZN Los Angeles is a Mandarin dialect station KTWR Guam 9 is a shortwave radio station that broadcasts in Mandarin and other languages to the Asia Pacific region KMRB Los Angeles is a Cantonese dialect station Sinocast Radio national Chinese network heard in New York City on the 67 kHz subcarrier of WXRK FM 92 3 MHz WKDM New York New Jersey Connecticut tri state area is a Mandarin dialect station on AM 1380 kHz WZRC New York New Jersey Connecticut tri state area is a Cantonese dialect station on AM 1480 kHz Radio Taiwan International is broadcast on WYFR from Okeechobee Florida on shortwave 5950 kHz in the United States sometime after 5 p m 6 p m until early morning This broadcast can be received virtually through the entire United States using a short wave radio KVTO Sing Tao on 1400AM in San Francisco KEST San Francisco is a Cantonese dialect station KSQQ San Francisco is a Mandarin dialect station See also Edit China portal United States portalChinese Consolidated Benevolent Association CCBA Lin Sing Association Chinese Progressive Association Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance Chinatowns in the United States Chinese Americans in Boston China United States relations Committee of 100 United States History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles American Chinese cuisineNotes Edit The number of students studying in the US is rising even faster than China s GDP During the 2010 11 academic year 157 588 Chinese students were studying in the US an increase of 23 from the previous year according to the Institute of International Education References Edit Chinese in the U S Fact Sheet ABBY BUDIMAN April 2021 Archived from the original on 4 December 2020 Retrieved 20 March 2020 ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2012 American Community Survey 1 Year Estimates New York 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