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Wikipedia

Iowa

January 14, 2023

This article is about the U.S. state. For the river, see Iowa River. For the indigenous people, see Iowa people. For other uses, see Iowa (disambiguation).

Iowa (/ˈaɪəwə/ (listen))[6][7][8] is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to the east and southeast, Missouri to the south, Nebraska to the west, South Dakota to the northwest, and Minnesota to the north.

Iowa
State
State of Iowa
Flag
Seal
Nickname: 
The Hawkeye State[1]
Motto(s): 
Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain.
Anthem: "The Song of Iowa"
Map of the United States with Iowa highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodAmerican Indians of Iowa
Iowa Territory
Admitted to the UnionDecember 28, 1846 (29th)
Capital
(and largest city)		Des Moines
Largest metro and urban areasDes Moines[a]
Government
 • GovernorKim Reynolds (R)
 • Lieutenant GovernorAdam Gregg (R)
LegislatureIowa General Assembly
 • Upper houseSenate
 • Lower houseHouse of Representatives
JudiciaryIowa Supreme Court
U.S. senatorsChuck Grassley (R)
Joni Ernst (R)
U.S. House delegation1: Ashley Hinson (R)
2: Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R)
3: Zach Nunn (R)
4: Randy Feenstra (R) (list)
Area
[2]
 • Total55,857.1 sq mi (144,669.2 km2)
 • Rank26th
Dimensions
 • Length310 mi (499 km)
 • Width240 mi (322 km)
Elevation
1,100 ft (340 m)
Highest elevation
(Hawkeye Point[3][b])
1,671 ft (509 m)
Lowest elevation
(Confluence of Mississippi River and Des Moines River[3][b])
480 ft (146 m)
Population
 (2022)
 • Total3,190,369[4]
 • Rank31st
 • Density57.1/sq mi (22.0/km2)
  • Rank36th
 • Median household income
$61,691[5]
 • Income rank
30th
DemonymIowan
Language
 • Official languageEnglish
Time zoneUTC−06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (CDT)
USPS abbreviation
IA
ISO 3166 codeUS-IA
Latitude40° 23′ N to 43° 30′ N
Longitude90° 8′ W to 96° 38′ W
Websitewww.iowa.gov

During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt.[9] In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, information technology, biotechnology, and green energy production.[10][11]

Iowa is the 26th most extensive in total area and the 31st most populous of the 50 U.S. states, with a population of 3,190,369,[12] according to the 2020 census. The state's capital, most populous city, and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines. A portion of the larger Omaha, Nebraska, metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa.[13] Iowa has been listed as one of the safest U.S. states to live in.[14]

Etymology

Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, a Chiwere-speaking Siouan Nation who were once part of the Ho-Chunk Confederation that inhabited the area now corresponding to several Midwest states. The Ioway were one of the many Native American nations whose territory comprised the future state of Iowa before the time of European colonization.[15]

History

Main article: History of Iowa

Prehistory

Main articles: Iowa archaeology and Indians of Iowa
 
Excavation of the 3,800-year-old Edgewater Park Site

When American Indians first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago, they were hunters and gatherers living in a Pleistocene glacial landscape. By the time European explorers and traders visited Iowa, American Indians were largely settled farmers with complex economic, social, and political systems. This transformation happened gradually. During the Archaic period (10,500 to 2,800 years ago), American Indians adapted to local environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased.[16]

More than 3,000 years ago, during the Late Archaic period, American Indians in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants. The subsequent Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity, with increased use of mounds, ceramics, and specialized subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD 900) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements.[16]

The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders. There were numerous Indian tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration. Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric Oneota include the Dakota, Ho-Chunk, Ioway, and Otoe. Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the Illiniwek, Meskwaki, Omaha, and Sauk.[16]

Early colonization and trade, 1673–1808

Main articles: New France, Louisiana (New France), French and Indian War, Treaty of Paris (1763), New Spain, Louisiana (New Spain), Treaty of Aranjuez (1801), Louisiana Purchase, District of Louisiana, and Louisiana Territory
 
Iowa in 1718 with the modern state area highlighted

The first known European explorers to document Iowa were Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet who traveled the Mississippi River in 1673 documenting several Indigenous villages on the Iowa side.[17][18] The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763. The French, before their impending defeat in the French and Indian War, transferred ownership to their ally, Spain.[19] Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region, granting trading licenses to French and British traders, who established trading posts along the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers.[17]

Iowa was part of a territory known as La Louisiane or Louisiana, and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indigenous people. The Sauk and Meskwaki effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Among the early traders on the Mississippi were Julien Dubuque, Robert de la Salle, and Paul Marin.[17] Along the Missouri River at least five French and English trading houses were built before 1808.[20] In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte took control of Louisiana from Spain in a treaty.[21]

After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two parts—the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana, with present-day Iowa falling in the latter. The Indiana Territory was created in 1800 to exercise jurisdiction over this portion of the District; William Henry Harrison was its first governor. Much of Iowa was mapped by Zebulon Pike in 1805,[22] but it was not until the construction of Fort Madison in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region.[23]

War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control

Main article: Missouri Territory

Fort Madison was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi, but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Fox, many of whom allied with the British, who had not abandoned claims to the territory.[23][24] Fort Madison was defeated by British-supported Indigenous people in 1813 during the War of 1812, and Fort Shelby in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, also fell to the British. Black Hawk took part in the siege of Fort Madison.[25][26] Another small military outpost was established along the Mississippi River in present-day Bellevue. This poorly situated stockade was similarly attacked by hundreds of Indigenous people in 1813, but was successfully defended and later abandoned until settlers returned to the area in the mid-1830s.[27]

After the war, the U.S. re-established control of the region through the construction of Fort Armstrong, Fort Snelling in Minnesota, and Fort Atkinson in Nebraska.[28]

Indian removal, 1814–1832

See also: Indian removal

The United States encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west.[29] A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison (then governor of the Indiana Territory) that surrendered much of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War.[30]

The Sauk and Meskwaki sold their land in the Mississippi Valley during 1832 in the Black Hawk Purchase[31] and sold their remaining land in Iowa in 1842, most of them moving to a reservation in Kansas.[30] Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near Tama, Iowa; the Meskwaki Settlement remains to this day. In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land.[32] However, in contrast to the unprecedented act of the Iowa Legislature, the United States Federal Government, through the use of Treaties, forced the Ho-Chunk from Iowa in 1848,[33] and forced the Dakota from Iowa by 1858.[34] Western Iowa around modern Council Bluffs was used as an Indian Reservation for members of the Council of Three Fires.[35]

U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832–1860

Main articles: Michigan Territory, Wisconsin Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, Iowa Territory, Admission to the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
 
Bellevue along the Mississippi, 1848

The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833.[36] Primarily, they were families from Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Indiana, Kentucky, and Virginia who settled along the western banks of the Mississippi River, founding the modern day cities of Dubuque and Bellevue.[36][37] On July 4, 1838, the U.S. Congress established the Territory of Iowa. President Martin Van Buren appointed Robert Lucas governor of the territory, which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242.[38]

Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose for statehood. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President James K. Polk signed Iowa's admission bill into law. Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved, and most of its land purchased from Natives, Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine citizens, free and open society, and good government.[39]

Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs. The first and second Iowa State Fairs were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at Fairfield. The first fair was held October 25–27, 1854, at a cost of around $323. Thereafter, the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines. The State Fair has been held annually since then, except for a few exceptions: 1898 due to the Spanish–American War and the World's Fair being held in nearby Omaha, Nebraska; from 1942 to 1945, due to World War II, as the fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot; and in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[40][41]

Civil War, 1861–1865

Main article: Iowa in the American Civil War

Iowa supported the Union during the Civil War, voting heavily for Abraham Lincoln, though there was an antiwar "Copperhead" movement in the state, caused partially by a drop in crop prices caused by the war.[42] There were no battles in the state, although the Battle of Athens, Missouri, 1861, was fought just across the Des Moines River from Croton, Iowa, and shots from the battle landed in Iowa. Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities.[43]

Much of Iowa's support for the Union can be attributed to Samuel J. Kirkwood, its first wartime governor. Of a total population of 675,000, about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty. Iowa contributed proportionately more soldiers to Civil War military service than did any other state, north or south, sending more than 75,000 volunteers to the armed forces, over one-sixth of whom were killed before the Confederates surrendered at Appomattox.[43]

Most fought in the great campaigns in the Mississippi Valley and in the South.[44] Iowa troops fought at Wilson's Creek in Missouri, Pea Ridge in Arkansas, Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg, Iuka, and Corinth. They served with the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and fought under Union General Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley. Many died and were buried at Andersonville. They marched on General Nathaniel Banks' ill-starred expedition to the Red River. Twenty-seven Iowans have been awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government, which was first awarded in the Civil War.[45]

Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals—Grenville Mellen Dodge, Samuel R. Curtis, Francis J. Herron, and Frederick Steele—and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war.[43]

Agricultural expansion, 1865–1930

Following the Civil War, Iowa's population continued to grow dramatically, from 674,913 people in 1860[46] to 1,624,615 in 1880.[47] The American Civil War briefly brought higher profits.[48]

In 1917, the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy. For farmers, the change was significant. Since the beginning of the war in 1914, Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity, which lasted until the end of the war.[48] In the economic sector, Iowa also has undergone considerable change. Beginning with the first industries developed in the 1830s,[49] which were mainly for processing materials grown in the area,[50] Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations.

Depression, World War II and manufacturing, 1930–1985

The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly. The Great Depression and World War II accelerated the shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms, and began a trend of urbanization. The period after World War II witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations.[51]

In 1975, Governor Robert D. Ray petitioned President Ford to allow Iowa to accept and resettle Tai Dam refugees fleeing the Indochina War.[52] An exception was required for this resettlement as State Dept policy at the time forbid resettlement of large groups of refugees in concentrated communities; an exception was ultimately granted and 1200 Tai Dam were resettled in Iowa. Since then Iowa has accepted thousands of refugees from Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Bhutan, and Burma.[53]

The farm crisis of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa, causing poverty not seen since the Depression.[54] The crisis spurred a major, decade-long population decline.[55]

Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985–present

After bottoming out in the 1980s, Iowa's economy began to reduce its dependence on agriculture. By the early 21st century, it was characterized by a mix of manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services.[56] The population of Iowa has increased at a slower rate than the U.S. as a whole since at least the 1900 census,[57] though Iowa now has a predominantly urban population.[58] The Iowa Economic Development Authority, created in 2011 has replaced the Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a source of economic information.[59]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Iowa

Boundaries

See also: List of counties in Iowa
 
Topography of Iowa, with counties and major streams

Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east along with the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. The northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude.[60][c] The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa (1849) after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.[61][62]

Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed almost entirely by rivers.[63] Carter Lake, Iowa, is the only city in the state located west of the Missouri River.[64]

Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two. The state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County.[65]

Geology and terrain

Iowa's bedrock geology generally decreases in age from east to west. In northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old; in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c. 500 million years ago.[66] The oldest radiometrically dated bedrock in the state is the 2.9 billion year old Otter Creek Layered Mafic Complex. Precambrian rock is exposed only in the northwest of the state.[67]

Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, and river drainage.[68] Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick.[69] Northeast Iowa along the Upper Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Area, consisting of steep hills and valleys which appear as mountainous.[70]

Several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa (see Iowa Great Lakes). To the east lies Clear Lake. Man-made lakes include Lake Odessa,[71] Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. Before European settlement, 4 to 6 million acres of the state was covered with wetlands, about 95% of these wetlands have been drained.[72]

Ecology and environment

Main article: Environment of Iowa
 
Landforms of Iowa

Iowa's natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in upland areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys, and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas.[68] Most of Iowa is used for agriculture; crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands (mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland) cover 30%, and forests cover 7%; urban areas and water cover another 1% each.[73]

The southern part of Iowa is categorized as the Central forest-grasslands transition ecoregion.[74] The Northern, drier part of Iowa is categorized as part of the Central tall grasslands.[75]

There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa; less than 1% of the tallgrass prairie that once covered most of Iowa remains intact; only about 5% of the state's prairie pothole wetlands remain, and most of the original forest has been lost.[76] As of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U.S. states in public land holdings.[77] Threatened or endangered animals in Iowa include the interior least tern, piping plover, Indiana bat, pallid sturgeon, the Iowa Pleistocene land snail, Higgins' eye pearly mussel, and the Topeka shiner.[78] Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Mead's milkweed, prairie bush clover, and northern wild monkshood.[79]

The explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality.[80]

Other factors negatively affecting Iowa's environment include the extensive use of older coal-fired power plants,[81] fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production,[82] and diminishment of the Jordan Aquifer.[83]

Climate

Further information: Climate change in Iowa
 
Köppen climate types of Iowa, using 1991–2020 climate normals.
 
Iowa annual rainfall, in inches

Iowa has a humid continental climate throughout the state (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with extremes of both heat and cold. The average annual temperature at Des Moines is 50 °F (10 °C); for some locations in the north, such as Mason City, the figure is about 45 °F (7 °C), while Keokuk, on the Mississippi River, averages 52 °F (11 °C).[84] Snowfall is common, with Des Moines getting about 26 days of snowfall a year, and other places, such as Shenandoah getting about 11 days of snowfall in a year.[85]

Spring ushers in the beginning of the severe weather season. Iowa averages about 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year.[86] The 30-year annual average of tornadoes in Iowa is 47.[87] In 2008, twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa, making it the deadliest year since 1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105, matching the total from 2001.[88]

Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity, with daytime temperatures sometimes near 90 °F (32 °C) and occasionally exceeding 100 °F (38 °C). Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing, even dropping below −18 °F (−28 °C). Iowa's all-time hottest temperature of 118 °F (48 °C) was recorded at Keokuk on July 20, 1934, during a nationwide heat wave;[89] the all-time lowest temperature of −47 °F (−44 °C) was recorded in Washta on January 12, 1912.[90]

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Iowa cities (°F)[91]
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Davenport[92] 30/13 36/19 48/29 61/41 72/52 81/63 85/68 83/66 76/57 65/45 48/32 35/20
Des Moines[93] 31/14 36/19 49/30 62/41 72/52 82/62 86/67 84/65 76/55 63/43 48/31 34/18
Keokuk[94] 34/17 39/21 50/30 63/42 73/52 83/62 87/67 85/65 78/56 66/44 51/33 33/21
Mason City[95] 24/6 29/12 41/23 57/35 69/46 79/57 82/61 80/58 73/49 60/37 43/25 28/11
Sioux City[96] 31/10 35/15 47/26 62/37 73/49 82/59 86/63 83/63 76/51 63/38 46/25 32/13

Iowa has a relatively smooth gradient of varying precipitation across the state, with areas in the southeast of the state receiving an average of over 38 inches (97 cm) of rain annually, and the northwest of the state receiving less than 28 inches (71 cm).[97] The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal, with more rain falling in the summer months. Virtually statewide, the driest month is January or February, and the wettest month is June, owing to frequent showers and thunderstorms, some of which produce hail, damaging winds and/or tornadoes. In Des Moines, roughly in the center of the state, over two-thirds of the 34.72 inches (88.2 cm) of rain falls from April through September, and about half the average annual precipitation falls from May through August, peaking in June.[98]

Settlements

 
Percent population changes by counties in Iowa, 2000–2009. Dark green counties have gains of more than 5%.[99]

Iowa's population is more urban than rural, with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000, a trend that began in the early 20th century.[58] Urban counties in Iowa grew 8.5% from 2000 to 2008, while rural counties declined by 4.2%.[100] The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as Dallas, Johnson, Linn, Polk, and Scott, at the expense of more rural counties.[101]

Iowa, in common with other Midwestern states (especially Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), is feeling the brunt of rural flight, although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990. Some smaller communities, such as Denison and Storm Lake, have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers.[102]

Another demographic problem for Iowa is the brain drain, in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment. During the 1990s, Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single, educated young adults, second only to North Dakota.[103]

See also: List of cities in Iowa and List of largest Iowa cities by population
Iowa's largest cities and their surrounding areas
Recorded by the United States Census Bureau
Rank City 2020 city population[104] 2010 city population[105] Change Metropolitan Statistical Area 2020 metro population[106] 2010 metro population 2020 metro change
1 Des Moines 214,133 203,433 +5.26% Des Moines–West Des Moines 707,915 606,475 +16.73%
2 Cedar Rapids 137,710 126,326 +9.01% Cedar Rapids 273,885 257,940 +6.18%
3 Davenport 101,724 99,685 +2.05% Quad Cities 382,268 379,690 +0.68%
4 Sioux City 85,797 82,684 +3.76% Sioux City 144,996 143,577 +0.99%
5 Iowa City 74,828 67,862 +10.26% Iowa City 175,732 152,586 +15.17%
6 West Des Moines 68,723 56,609 +21.40% Des Moines–West Des Moines
7 Ankeny 67,887 45,582 +48.93% Des Moines–West Des Moines
8 Waterloo 67,314 68,406 −1.60% Waterloo–Cedar Falls 168,314 167,819 +0.29%
9 Ames 66,427 58,965 +12.65% Ames 124,514 115,848 +7.48%
10 Council Bluffs 62,799 62,230 +0.91% Omaha–Council Bluffs 954,270 865,350 +10.28%
11 Dubuque 59,667 57,637 +3.52% Dubuque 97,590 93,653 +4.20%
12 Urbandale 45,580 39,463 +15.50% Des Moines–West Des Moines
13 Marion 41,535 34,768 +19.46% Cedar Rapids
14 Cedar Falls 40,713 39,260 +3.70% Waterloo–Cedar Falls
15 Bettendorf 39,102 33,217 +17.72% Quad Cities

Demographics

Population

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
184043,112—
1850192,214345.8%
1860674,913251.1%
18701,194,02076.9%
18801,624,61536.1%
18901,912,29717.7%
19002,231,85316.7%
19102,224,771−0.3%
19202,404,0218.1%
19302,470,9392.8%
19402,538,2682.7%
19502,621,0733.3%
19602,757,5375.2%
19702,824,3762.4%
19802,913,8083.2%
19902,776,755−4.7%
20002,926,3245.4%
20103,046,3554.1%
20203,190,3694.7%
Source: 1910–2020[57]

The United States Census Bureau determined the population of Iowa was 3,190,369 on April 1, 2020, a 4.73% increase since the 2010 United States census.[107]

Of the residents of Iowa, 70.8% were born in Iowa, 23.6% were born in a different U.S. state, 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5% were foreign born.[108]

Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 29,386 people, while migration within the country produced a net loss of 41,140 people. 6.5% of Iowa's population were reported as under the age of five, 22.6% under 18, and 14.7% were 65 or older. Males made up approximately 49.6% of the population.[109] The population density of the state is 52.7 people per square mile.[110] As of the 2010 census, the center of population of Iowa is in Marshall County, near Melbourne.[111]

As of the 2010 census, the population of Iowa was 3,046,355. The gender makeup of the state was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 23.9% of the population were under the age of 18; 61.2% were between the ages of 18 and 64; and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older.[112]

Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and Ethnicity[113] Alone Total
White (non-Hispanic) 82.7% 82.7
 
 85.9% 85.9
 
Hispanic or Latino[d] — 6.8% 6.8
 
African American (non-Hispanic) 4.1% 4.1
 
 5.2% 5.2
 
Asian 2.4% 2.4
 
 3.0% 3
 
Native American 0.3% 0.3
 
 1.4% 1.4
 
Pacific Islander 0.2% 0.2
 
 0.3% 0.3
 
Other 0.3% 0.3
 
 1.0% 1
 
 
Map of counties in Iowa by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
Non-Hispanic White
Iowa historical racial composition
Racial composition 1990[114] 2000[115] 2010[116]
White 96.6% 93.9% 91.3%
Black or African American 1.7% 2.1% 2.9%
American Indian and Alaska Native 0.3% 0.3% 0.4%
Asian 0.9% 1.3% 1.7%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander — — 0.1%
Other race 0.5% 1.3% 1.8%
Two or more races — 1.1% 1.8%
 
Iowa 2020 Population Density map

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 5.6% of Iowa's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (4.3%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.0%).[117] The five largest ancestry groups were: German (35.1%), Irish (13.5%), English (8.2%), American (5.8%), and Norwegian (5.0%).[118]

Birth data

 
Population age comparison between rural Pocahontas County and urban Polk County, illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban centers in Iowa[119]

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race 2013[120] 2014[121] 2015[122] 2016[123] 2017[124] 2018[125] 2019[126] 2020[127]
non-Hispanic White 32,302 (82.6%) 32,423 (81.7%) 32,028 (81.1%) 31,376 (79.6%) 30,010 (78.1%) 29,327 (77.6%) 29,050 (77.2%) 27,542 (76.3%)
Black 2,232 (5.7%) 2,467 (6.2%) 2,597 (6.6%) 2,467 (6.3%) 2,657 (6.9%) 2,615 (6.9%) 2,827 (7.5%) 2,685 (7.4%)
Asian 1,353 (3.5%) 1,408 (3.5%) 1,364 (3.4%) 1,270 (3.2%) 1,321 (3.4%) 1,176 (3.1%) 1,106 (2.9%) 1,067 (2.9%)
American Indian 269 (0.7%) 284 (0.7%) 242 (0.6%) 147 (0.4%) 311 (0.8%) 152 (0.4%) 308 (0.8%) 143 (0.4%)
Hispanic (of any race) 3,175 (8.1%) 3,315 (8.3%) 3,418 (8.6%) 3,473 (8.8%) 3,527 (9.2%) 3,694 (9.8%) 3,695 (9.8%) 3,725 (10.3%)
Total Iowa 39,094 (100%) 39,687 (100%) 39,482 (100%) 39,403 (100%) 38,430 (100%) 37,785 (100%) 37,649 (100%) 36,114 (%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion

 
Amana Colonies were founded by German Pietists.
Religion in Iowa (2014)[128]
religion percent
Protestant
 
 60%
No religion
 
 21%
Catholic
 
 18%
Muslim
 
 1%
No answer
 
 1%

A 2014 survey by Pew Research Center found 60% of Iowans are Protestant, while 18% are Catholic, and 1% are of non-Christian religions. 21% responded with non-religious, and 1% did not answer.[128][129] A survey from the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) in 2010 found that the largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with 235,190 adherents and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 229,557. The largest non-Protestant religion was Catholicism with 503,080 adherents. The state has a great number of Calvinist denominations. The Presbyterian Church (USA) had almost 290 congregations and 51,380 members followed by the Reformed Church in America with 80 churches and 40,000 members, and the United Church of Christ had 180 churches and 39,000 members.[130]

The study Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000[131] found in the southernmost two tiers of Iowa counties and in other counties in the center of the state, the largest religious group was the United Methodist Church; in the northeast part of the state, including Dubuque and Linn counties (where Cedar Rapids is located), the Catholic Church was the largest; and in ten counties, including three in the northern tier, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was the largest. The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations. Dubuque is home to the Archdiocese of Dubuque, which serves as the ecclesiastical province for all three other dioceses in the state and for all the Catholics in the entire state of Iowa.

Historically, religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa, such as the Amish and Mennonite near Kalona and in other parts of eastern Iowa such as Davis County and Buchanan County.[132] Other religious sects and orders living apart include Quakers around West Branch and Le Grand, German Pietists who founded the Amana Colonies, followers of Transcendental Meditation who founded Maharishi Vedic City, and Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance monks and nuns at the New Melleray and Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbies near Dubuque.

As of 2016 about 6,000 Jews live in Iowa, with about 3,000 of them in Des Moines.[133]

Language

English is the most common language in Iowa, being the sole language spoken by 91.1% of the population. One of the less common languages spoken is sign language and indigenous speaking. The total amount of sign language spoken is about 2.5% of the general population as of 2017. With indigenous speaking, it is about 0.5% of the population.[134] William Labov and colleagues, in the monumental Atlas of North American English[135] found the English spoken in Iowa divides into multiple linguistic regions. Natives of northern Iowa—including Sioux City, Fort Dodge, and the Waterloo region—tend to speak the dialect linguists call North Central American English, which is also found in North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Natives of central and southern Iowa—including such cities as Council Bluffs, Davenport, Des Moines, and Iowa City—tend to speak the North Midland dialect also found in eastern Nebraska, central Illinois, and central Indiana.[136] Natives of East-Central Iowa—including cities such as Cedar Rapids, Dubuque, and Clinton tend to speak with the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, a dialect that extends from this area and east across the Great Lakes Region.[137]

After English, Spanish is the second-most-common language spoken in Iowa, with 120,000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin and 47,000 people born in Latin America.[138] The third-most-common language is German, spoken by 17,000 people in Iowa; two notable German dialects used in Iowa include Amana German spoken around the Amana Colonies, and Pennsylvania German, spoken among the Amish in Iowa. The Babel Proclamation of 1918 banned the speaking of German in public. Around Pella, residents of Dutch descent once spoke the Pella Dutch dialect.

Attractions

Central Iowa

 
The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at Iowa State University, Ames

Ames is the home of Iowa State University, the Iowa State Center, and Reiman Gardens.

Des Moines is the largest city and metropolitan area[a] in Iowa and the state's political and economic center. It is home to the Iowa State Capitol, the State Historical Society of Iowa Museum, Drake University, Des Moines Art Center, Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden, Principal Riverwalk, the Iowa State Fair, Terrace Hill, and the World Food Prize. Nearby attractions include Adventureland and Prairie Meadows Racetrack Casino in Altoona, Living History Farms in Urbandale, Trainland USA in Colfax, and the Iowa Speedway and Valle Drive-In in Newton.

 
Skyline of Des Moines, Iowa's capital and largest city

Boone hosts the biennial Farm Progress Show and is home to the Mamie Doud Eisenhower museum, the Boone & Scenic Valley Railroad, and Ledges State Park.

The Meskwaki Settlement west of Tama is the only American Indian settlement in Iowa and is host to a large annual Pow-wow.

Madison County is known for its covered bridges. Also in Madison County is the John Wayne Birthplace Museum is in Winterset.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Newton, Indianola, Pella, Knoxville, Marshalltown, Perry, and Story City.

Eastern Iowa

 
Old Capitol, Iowa City
 
Inside the Davenport Skybridge

Iowa City is home to the University of Iowa, which includes the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and the Old Capitol building. Because of the extraordinary history in the teaching and sponsoring of creative writing that emanated from the Iowa Writers' Workshop and related programs, Iowa City was the first American city designated by the United Nations as a "City of Literature" in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.[139]

The Herbert Hoover National Historic Site and Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum are in West Branch.

The Amana Colonies are a group of settlements of German Pietists comprising seven villages listed as National Historic Landmarks.

The Cedar Rapids Museum of Art has collections of paintings by Grant Wood and Marvin Cone. Cedar Rapids is also home to the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library and Iowa's only National Trust for Historic Preservation Site, Brucemore mansion.

Davenport boasts the Figge Art Museum, River Music Experience, Putnam Museum, Davenport Skybridge, Quad City Symphony Orchestra, Ballet Quad Cities, and plays host to the annual Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival, and the Quad City Air Show, which is the largest airshow in the state.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include West Liberty, Fairfield, Burlington, Mount Pleasant, Fort Madison, LeClaire, Mount Vernon, Ottumwa, Washington, and Wilton.

Along Interstate 80 near Walcott lies the world's largest truck stop, Iowa 80.

Western Iowa

Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique Loess Hills which are found along Iowa's western border.

 
Loess Hills east of Mondamin

Sioux City is the largest city in western Iowa and is found on the convergence of the Missouri, Floyd, and Big Sioux Rivers. The Sioux City Metropolitan Area encompasses areas in three states: Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Sioux City boasts a revitalized downtown and includes attractions such as the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, Sergeant Floyd Monument, Sergeant Floyd River Museum, the Tyson Events Center, Southern Hills Mall, the Orpheum Theater, and more. The historic downtown area is also filled with multiple restaurants, bars, and other entertainment venues. Sioux City is home to two higher education institutions, Morningside College and Briar Cliff University. Le Mars is in the northeastern part of the Sioux City Metropolitan Area and is the self-proclaimed "Ice Cream Capital of the World". Le Mars is home to Wells Enterprises, one of the largest ice cream manufacturers in the world. Attractions in Le Mars include the Wells Visitor Center and Ice Cream Parlor, Archie's Wayside (steak house), Bob's Drive Inn, Tonsfeldt Round Barn, Plymouth County Fairgrounds, Plymouth County Museum, and Plymouth County Courthouse. Le Mars hosts multiple ice cream-themed community events each year.

Council Bluffs, part of the Omaha (Nebr.) Metropolitan Area and a hub of southwest Iowa sits at the base of the Loess Hills National Scenic Byway. With three casino resorts, the city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills Trails Center, Union Pacific Railroad Museum, the Grenville M. Dodge House, The Black Angel, and the Lewis and Clark Monument, with clear views of the Downtown Omaha skyline found throughout the city.

 
The Iowa Great Lakes located primarily in Dickinson County, in the northwestern section of Iowa near the Minnesota border.

The Iowa Great Lakes is made up of multiple small towns, such as Spirit Lake, Arnolds Park, Milford, and Okoboji. Multiple resorts and other tourist attractions are found in and around these towns surrounding the popular lakes. Arnolds Park, one of the oldest amusement parks in the country, is located on Lake Okoboji in Arnolds Park.

 
View of Grotto of the Redemption's Lower Arcade: Small Stations of the Cross, West Bend

The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in Cherokee, Grotto of the Redemption in West Bend, The Danish Immigrant Museum in Elk Horn, and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in Fort Dodge are other regional destinations.

Every year in early May, the city of Orange City holds the annual Tulip Festival, a celebration of the strong Dutch heritage in the region.[140]

Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of wind turbine farms in the world. Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Storm Lake, Spencer, Glenwood, Carroll, Harlan, Atlantic, Red Oak, Denison, Creston, Mount Ayr, Sac City, and Walnut.

Northeast and Northern Iowa

"Northern Iowa" redirects here. For the University of Northern Iowa, see University of Northern Iowa.
 
Ruins of historic Fort Atkinson
 
Wood-heated floating sauna on the farm pond

The Driftless Area of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys, checkered with forest and terraced fields. Effigy Mounds National Monument in Allamakee and Clayton Counties has the largest assemblage of animal-shaped prehistoric mounds in the world.

Waterloo is home of the Grout Museum and Lost Island Theme Park and is headquarters of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area. Cedar Falls is home of the University of Northern Iowa.

Dubuque is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium and the Port of Dubuque.

Dyersville is home to the famed Field of Dreams baseball diamond. Maquoketa Caves State Park, near Maquoketa, contains more caves than any other state park.

Fort Atkinson State Preserve in Fort Atkinson has the remains of an original 1840s Dragoon fortification.

Fort Dodge is home of The Fort historical museum and the Blanden Art Museum, and host Frontiers Days which celebrate the town history.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Decorah, McGregor, Mason City, Elkader, Bellevue, Guttenberg, Algona, Spillville, Charles City, and Independence.

Statewide

Iowa Historic Bike Ride RAGBRAI, the Register's Annual Great Bicycle Ride Across Iowa, attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel. It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973. Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries,[141] and hosts five regional wine tasting trails.[142] Many Iowa communities hold farmers' markets during warmer months; these are typically weekly events, but larger cities can host multiple markets.[143]

Economy

See also: Iowa locations by per capita income
 
Iowa gross state products by industry, 2009[144]
  • In 2016,[145] the total employment of the state's population was 1,354,487, and the total number of employer establishments was 81,563.

CNBC's list of "Top States for Business in 2010" has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation. Scored in 10 individual categories, Iowa was ranked first when it came to the "Cost of Doing Business"; this includes all taxes, utility costs, and other costs associated with doing business. Iowa was also ranked 10th in "Economy", 12th in "Business Friendliness", 16th in "Education", 17th in both "Cost of Living" and "Quality of Life", 20th in "Workforce", 29th in "Technology and Innovation", 32nd in "Transportation" and the lowest ranking was 36th in "Access to Capital".[146]

While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state, agriculture is a relatively small portion of the state's diversified economy, with manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services contributing substantially to Iowa's economy.[56] This economic diversity has helped Iowa weather the late 2000s recession better than most states, with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation.[147][148]

If the economy is measured by gross domestic product, in 2005 Iowa's GDP was about $124 billion.[149] If measured by gross state product, for 2005 it was $113.5 billion.[150] Its per capita income for 2006 was $23,340.[150]

On July 2, 2009, Standard & Poor's rated the state of Iowa's credit as AAA (the highest of its credit ratings, held by only 11 U.S. state governments).[151]

As of September 2021, the state's unemployment rate is 4.0%.[152]

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the largest sector of Iowa's economy, with $20.8 billion (21%) of Iowa's 2003 gross state product. Major manufacturing sectors include food processing, heavy machinery, and agricultural chemicals. Sixteen percent of Iowa's workforce is dedicated to manufacturing.[56]

Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing. Besides processed food, industrial outputs include machinery, electric equipment, chemical products, publishing, and primary metals. Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa include ConAgra Foods, Wells Blue Bunny, Barilla, Heinz, Tone's Spices, General Mills, and Quaker Oats. Meatpacker Tyson Foods has 11 locations, second only to its headquarter state Arkansas.[153]

Major non-food manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include 3M,[154] Arconic,[155] Amana Corporation,[156] Emerson Electric,[157] The HON Company,[158] SSAB,[159] John Deere,[160] Lennox Manufacturing,[161] Pella Corporation,[162] Procter & Gamble,[163] Vermeer Company,[164] and Winnebago Industries.[165]

Agriculture

 
Harvesting corn in Jones County
 
Farm in rural Northwest Iowa
 
Central Iowa cornfield and dairy in June

Though industrial-scale, commodity agriculture predominates in much of the state, Iowa has seen growth in the organic farming sector. Iowa ranks fifth in the nation in total number of organic farms. In 2016, there were approximately 732 organic farms in the state, an increase of about 5% from the previous year, and 103,136 organic acres, an increase of 9,429 from the previous year.[166][167] Iowa has also seen an increase in demand for local, sustainably-grown food. Northeast Iowa, part of the Driftless Area, has led the state in development of its regional food system and grows and consumes more local food than any other region in Iowa.[168][169]

Iowa's Driftless Region is also home to the nationally recognized Seed Savers Exchange, a non-profit seed bank housed at an 890-acre heritage farm near Decorah, in the northeast corner of the state.[170][171] The largest nongovernmental seed bank of its kind in the United States, Seed Savers Exchange safeguards more than 20,000 varieties of rare, heirloom seeds.[172]

 
Mural in Mt. Ayr Post Office, "The Corn Parade" by Orr C. Fischer, commissioned as part of the New Deal[173]

As of 2007, the direct production and sale of conventional agricultural commodities contributed only about 3.5% of Iowa's gross state product.[174] In 2002 the impact of the indirect role of agriculture in Iowa's economy, including agriculture-affiliated business, was calculated at 16.4% in terms of value added and 24.3% in terms of total output. This was lower than the economic impact of non-farm manufacturing, which accounted for 22.4% of total value added and 26.5% of total output.[175] Iowa's main conventional agricultural commodities are hogs, corn, soybeans, oats, cattle, eggs, and dairy products. Iowa is the nation's largest producer of ethanol and corn and some years is the largest grower of soybeans. In 2008, the 92,600 farms in Iowa produced 19% of the nation's corn, 17% of the soybeans, 30% of the hogs, and 14% of the eggs.[176]

As of 2009 major Iowa agricultural product processors include Archer Daniels Midland, Cargill, Inc., Diamond V Mills, and Quaker Oats.[177]

Health insurance

As of 2014, there were 16 organizations offering health insurance products in Iowa, per the State of Iowa Insurance Division.[178] Iowa was fourth out of ten states with the biggest drop in competition levels of health insurance between 2010 and 2011, per the 2013 annual report on the level of competition in the health insurance industry by the American Medical Association[179] using 2011 data from HealthLeaders-Interstudy, the most comprehensive source of data on enrollment in health maintenance organization (HMO), preferred provider organization (PPO), point-of-service (POS) and consumer-driven health care plans.[180] According to the AMA annual report from 2007 Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield had provided 71% of the state's health insurance.[181]

The Iowa Insurance Division "Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature" from November 2014 looked at the 95% of health insurers by premium, which are 10 companies. It found Wellmark Inc. to dominate the three health insurance markets it examined (individual, small group and large group) at 52–67%.[182]: 2  Wellmark HealthPlan of Iowa and Wellmark Inc had the highest risk-based capital percentages of all 10 providers at 1158% and 1132%, respectively.[182]: 31  Rising RBC is an indication of profits.[182]: 31 

Other sectors

 
Ethanol plant under construction in Butler County
 
Wind turbines near Williams

Iowa has a strong financial and insurance sector, with approximately 6,100 firms,[56] including AEGON, Nationwide Group, Aviva USA, Farm Bureau Financial Services, Voya Financial, Marsh Affinity Group, MetLife, Principal Financial Group, Principal Capital Management, Wells Fargo, and University of Iowa Community Credit Union.

Iowa is host to at least two business incubators, Iowa State University Research Park and the BioVentures Center at the University of Iowa.[183] The Research Park hosts about 50 companies, among them NewLink Genetics, which develops cancer immunotherapeutics, and the U.S. animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim, Vetmedica.[183]

Ethanol production consumes about a third of Iowa's corn production, and renewable fuels account for eight percent of the state's gross domestic product. A total of 39 ethanol plants produced 3.1 billion US gallons (12,000,000 m3) of fuel in 2009.[184]

Renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and western Iowa, with wind turbine electrical generation increasing exponentially since 1990.[11] In 2019, wind power in Iowa accounted for 42% of electrical energy produced, and 10,201 megawatts of generating capacity had been installed at the end of the year.[185] Iowa ranked first of U.S. states in percentage of total power generated by wind and second in wind generating capacity behind Texas.[185] Major producers of turbines and components in Iowa include Acciona Energy of West Branch, TPI Composites of Newton, and Siemens Energy of Fort Madison.

In 2016, Iowa was the headquarters for three of the top 2,000 companies for revenue.[186] They include Principal Financial, Rockwell Collins, and American Equity Investment.[187][188][189] Iowa is also headquarters to other companies including Hy-Vee, Pella Corporation, Vermeer Company, Kum & Go gas stations, Von Maur, Pioneer Hi-Bred, and Fareway.[190][191][192][193][194][195][196]

Taxation

Tax is collected by the Iowa Department of Revenue.[197]

Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals, estates, and trusts. There are nine income tax brackets, ranging from 0.36% to 8.98%, as well as four corporate income tax brackets ranging from 6% to 12%, giving Iowa the country's highest marginal corporate tax rate.[198] The state sales tax rate is 6%, with non-prepared food having no tax.[199] Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be imposed by counties after an election.[200] Property tax is levied on the taxable value of real property. Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing authorities. Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority. The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county, city or rural township, school district and special levies. Iowa allows its residents to deduct their federal income taxes from their state income taxes.[201]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

See also: List of school districts in Iowa

Iowa was one of the leading states in the high school movement, and continues to be among the top educational performers today.[202]

The four-year graduation rate for high schoolers was 91.3% in 2017.[203] Iowa's schools are credited with the highest graduation rate in the nation as of 2019.[204] Iowa has 333 school districts,[203] 1,329 school buildings and has the 14th lowest student-to-teacher ratio of 14.2.[205] Teacher pay is ranked 22nd, with the average salary being $55,647.[205]

As of 2015 transportation spending is a significant part of the budgets of rural school districts as many are geographically large and must transport students across vast distances. This reduces the amount of money spent on other aspects of the districts.[206]

The state's oldest functioning school building is located in Bellevue in the historic Jackson County Courthouse which has been in continuous use as a school since 1848.[207]

Colleges and universities

See also: List of colleges and universities in Iowa
 
Palmer Chiropractic College in Davenport is the first school of chiropractic in the world.

The Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking, coordination, and oversight of the state's three public universities, two special K–12 schools, and affiliated centers.[208]

The special K–12 schools include the Iowa School for the Deaf in Council Bluffs and the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School in Vinton.[208] Both Iowa State University and The University of Iowa are research universities[209] with The University of Iowa also being a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities.[210] In addition to the three state universities, Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities.

Transportation

 
Iowa's major interstates, larger cities, and counties

Interstate highways

Iowa has four primary interstate highways. Interstate 29 (I-29) travels along the state's western edge through Council Bluffs and Sioux City. I-35 travels from the Missouri state line to the Minnesota state line through the state's center, including Des Moines. I-74 begins at I-80 just northeast of Davenport. I-80 travels from the Nebraska state line to the Illinois state line through the center of the state, including Council Bluffs, Des Moines, Iowa City, and the Quad Cities. I-380 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway, which travels from I-80 near Iowa City through Cedar Rapids ending in Waterloo and is part of the Avenue of the Saints highway. Iowa is among the few jurisdictions where municipalities install speed cameras on interstate highways providing a substantial revenue source from out of state drivers.[211]

Airports with scheduled flights

See also: List of airports in Iowa

Iowa is served by several regional airports including the Des Moines International Airport, the Eastern Iowa Airport, in Cedar Rapids, Quad City International Airport, in Moline, Illinois, and Eppley Airfield, in Omaha, Nebraska. Smaller airports in the state include the Davenport Municipal Airport (Iowa), Dubuque Regional Airport, Fort Dodge Regional Airport, Mason City Municipal Airport, Sioux Gateway Airport, Southeast Iowa Regional Airport, and Waterloo Regional Airport.[212]

Railroads

See also: List of Iowa railroads

Amtrak's California Zephyr serves southern Iowa with stops in Burlington, Mount Pleasant, Ottumwa, Osceola, and Creston along its route between Chicago and Emeryville, California.[213] Fort Madison is served by Amtrak's Southwest Chief, running between Chicago and Los Angeles.[214] Both trains currently run tri-weekly and are expected to return to daily service in June.[215]

Public Transit

Iowa is served by a number of local transit providers including Bettendorf Transit, Cambus, Cedar Rapids Transit, Coralville Transit, Cyride, Davenport Citibus, Des Moines Area Regional Transit, Iowa City Transit, The Jule, MET Transit, Omaha Metro Transit, Ottumwa Transit Authority, Quad Cities MetroLINK and Sioux City Transit.

Intercity bus service in the state is provided by Burlington Trailways and Jefferson Lines.

Law and government

State

 
The Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines, completed in 1886, is the only state capitol in the United States to feature five domes, a central golden dome surrounded by four smaller ones. It houses the Iowa General Assembly, comprising the Iowa House of Representatives and Iowa Senate.
 
The Iowa Supreme Court, across from the capitol, is the state's highest court.

As of 2018, the 43rd and current Governor of Iowa is Kim Reynolds (R). Other statewide elected officials are:

The Code of Iowa contains Iowa's statutory laws. It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau, with a new edition published in odd-numbered years and a supplement published in even-numbered years.

Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or alcoholic beverage control state.

National

Further information: List of United States Senators from Iowa and List of United States Representatives from Iowa

The two U.S. Senators:

The four U.S. Representatives:

After the 2010 United States Census and the resulting redistricting, Iowa lost one seat in Congress, falling to four seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. Incumbent U.S. Representatives Leonard Boswell (D) and Tom Latham (R) ran against each other in 2012 in the third congressional district which had new boundaries; Latham won and retired after the 2014 elections. King represented the old fifth congressional district.

Political parties

Main article: Political party strength in Iowa
 
Samuel J. Kirkwood, founder of the Iowa Republican Party, abolitionist, and Iowa's Civil War Governor

In Iowa, the term "political party" refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the "last preceding general election". Iowa recognizes three political parties—the Republican Party, the Democratic Party, and the Libertarian Party.[216] The Libertarian Party obtained official political party status in 2017 as a result of presidential candidate Gary Johnson receiving 3.8% of the Iowa vote in the 2016 general election.[217] Third parties, officially termed "nonparty political organizations", can appear on the ballot as well. Four of these have had candidates on the ballot in Iowa since 2004 for various positions: the Constitution Party, the Green Party, the Pirate Party, and the Socialist Workers Party.[218][219]

Voter trends

See also: United States presidential elections in Iowa
United States presidential election results for Iowa[220]
Year Republican / Whig Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 897,672 53.09% 759,061 44.89% 34,138 2.02%
2016 800,983 51.15% 653,669 41.74% 111,379 7.11%
2012 730,617 46.18% 822,544 51.99% 29,019 1.83%
2008 682,379 44.39% 828,940 53.93% 25,804 1.68%
2004 751,957 49.90% 741,898 49.23% 13,053 0.87%
2000 634,373 48.22% 638,517 48.54% 42,673 3.24%
1996 492,644 39.92% 620,258 50.26% 121,173 9.82%
1992 504,891 37.27% 586,353 43.29% 263,363 19.44%
1988 545,355 44.50% 670,557 54.71% 9,702 0.79%
1984 703,088 53.27% 605,620 45.89% 11,097 0.84%
1980 676,026 51.31% 508,672 38.60% 132,963 10.09%
1976 632,863 49.47% 619,931 48.46% 26,512 2.07%
1972 706,207 57.61% 496,206 40.48% 23,531 1.92%
1968 619,106 53.01% 476,699 40.82% 72,126 6.18%
1964 449,148 37.92% 733,030 61.88% 2,361 0.20%
1960 722,381 56.71% 550,565 43.22% 864 0.07%
1956 729,187 59.06% 501,858 40.65% 3,519 0.29%
1952 808,906 63.75% 451,513 35.59% 8,354 0.66%
1948 494,018 47.58% 522,380 50.31% 21,874 2.11%
1944 547,267 51.99% 499,876 47.49% 5,456 0.52%
1940 632,370 52.03% 578,800 47.62% 4,260 0.35%
1936 487,977 42.70% 621,756 54.41% 33,000 2.89%
1932 414,433 39.98% 598,019 57.69% 24,235 2.34%
1928 623,570 61.77% 379,311 37.57% 6,608 0.65%
1924 537,458 55.02% 160,382 16.42% 278,930 28.56%
1920 634,674 70.91% 227,921 25.46% 32,487 3.63%
1916 280,439 54.25% 221,699 42.89% 14,806 2.86%
1912 119,805 24.33% 185,325 37.64% 187,226 38.03%
1908 275,209 55.62% 200,771 40.58% 18,789 3.80%
1904 308,158 63.39% 149,276 30.71% 28,659 5.90%
1900 307,808 58.04% 209,265 39.46% 13,282 2.50%
1896 289,293 54.42% 233,741 43.97% 8,513 1.60%
1892 219,795 49.60% 196,367 44.31% 26,997 6.09%
1888 211,603 52.36% 179,877 44.51% 12,655 3.13%
1884 197,089 52.25% 177,316 47.01% 2,796 0.74%
1880 183,904 56.99% 105,845 32.80% 32,919 10.20%
1876 171,326 58.50% 112,121 38.28% 9,431 3.22%
1872 131,566 60.81% 71,189 32.90% 13,610 6.29%
1868 120,399 61.92% 74,040 38.08% 0 0.00%
1864 88,500 64.12% 49,525 35.88% 0 0.00%
1860 70,302 54.61% 55,639 43.22% 2,798 2.17%
1856 45,073 48.83% 37,568 40.70% 9,669 10.47%
1852 15,856 44.84% 17,763 50.23% 1,745 4.93%
1848 9,930 44.59% 11,238 50.46% 1,103 4.95%

As a result of the 2010 elections, each party controlled one house of the Iowa General Assembly: the House had a Republican majority, while the Senate had a Democratic majority. As a result of the 2016 elections, Republicans gained control of the Senate. Incumbent Democratic governor Chet Culver was defeated in 2010 by Republican Terry Branstad, who had served as governor from 1983 to 1999. On December 14, 2015, Branstad became the longest serving governor in U.S. history, serving (at that time) 20 years, 11 months, and 3 days; eclipsing George Clinton, who served 21 years until 1804.[221] Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds succeeded him on May 24, 2017, following Branstad's appointment as U.S. Ambassador to China.

Party registration as of October 1, 2022[222]
Party Total voters Percentage
Republican 761,934 34.20%
Nonpartisan 743,881 33.39%
Democratic 701,920 31.51%
Other 19,905 0.89%
Total 2,227,640 100%

Presidential caucus

Main article: Iowa caucuses

The state gets considerable attention every four years because the Iowa caucus, gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state conventions, is the first presidential caucus in the country. The caucuses, held in January or February of the election year, involve people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their candidates, rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a presidential primary election.[223] Along with the New Hampshire primary the following week, Iowa's caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major-party candidates for president.[224] The national and international media give Iowa and New Hampshire extensive attention, which gives Iowa voters leverage.[225] In 2007 presidential campaign spending was the seventh highest in the country.[226]

Civil rights

In a 2020 study, Iowa was ranked as the 24th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[227]

Racial equality

 
The Union Block building, Mount Pleasant, scene of early civil rights and women's rights activities

In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination, especially in education, but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century. In the first decision of the Iowa Supreme Court—In Re the Matter of Ralph,[228] decided July 1839—the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil, 26 years before the end of the Civil War.[229] The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851, more than 100 years before the U.S. Supreme Court would ban miscegenation statutes nationwide.[230]

The Iowa Supreme Court decided Clark v. The board of directors[231] in 1868, ruling that racially segregated "separate but equal" schools had no place in Iowa, 85 years before Brown v. Board of Education.[229] By 1875, a number of additional court rulings effectively ended segregation in Iowa schools.[232] Social and housing discrimination continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s.[233] The Court heard Coger v. The North Western Union Packet Co.[234] in 1873, ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91 years before the U.S. Supreme Court reached the same decision.[229]

In 1884, the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses, reading: "All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses, theaters, and all other places of amusement." However, the courts chose to narrowly apply this act, allowing de facto discrimination to continue.[235] Racial discrimination at public businesses was not deemed illegal until 1949, when the court ruled in State of Iowa v. Katz that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race; the case began when Edna Griffin was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore.[236] Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965.[237]

Women's rights

As with racial equality, Iowa was a vanguard in women's rights in the mid-19th century, but did not allow women the right to vote until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1920, Iowa legislature being one of the ratifying votes.[238] In 1847, the University of Iowa became the first public university in the U.S. to admit men and women on an equal basis.[239] In 1869, Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law, with the Court ruling women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa and admitting Arabella A. Mansfield to the practice of law.[229] Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919. In 1894 women were given "partial suffrage", which allowed them to vote on issues, but not for candidates. It was not until the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment that women had full suffrage in Iowa.[240] Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment, in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution.[241] Iowa added the word "women" to the Iowa Constitution in 1998. After the amendment, it reads: "All men and women are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain inalienable rights—among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness."[242]

In May 2018 Iowa signed into law one of the country's most restrictive abortion bans: the requirement that a doctor cannot perform an abortion if they can detect a fetal heartbeat, which in many cases would restrict abortions pregnancies less than six weeks old.[243] It was struck down in January 2019, when an Iowa state judge ruled that the "fetal heartbeat" law was unconstitutional.[244]

LGBT rights

Main article: LGBT rights in Iowa

The state's law criminalizing same-sex sexual activity was repealed in June 1976, 27 years before Lawrence v. Texas. In 2007, the Iowa Legislature added "sexual orientation" and "gender identity" to the protected classes listed in the Iowa Civil Rights Act.[245]

On April 3, 2009, the Iowa Supreme Court decided Varnum v. Brien,[246] holding in a unanimous decision,[247] the state's law forbidding same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. This made Iowa the third state in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same-sex marriage.[248][249]

Culture

Arts

 
Schaeffer Hall (University of Iowa, Iowa City)
 
Riverside's "favorite son"

The Clint Eastwood movie The Bridges of Madison County, based on the popular novel of the same name, took place and was filmed in Madison County.[250] What's Eating Gilbert Grape, based on the Peter Hedges novel of the same name, is set in the fictional Iowa town of Endora. Hedges was born in West Des Moines.[251]

Des Moines is home to members of the famous metal band Slipknot. The state is mentioned in the band's songs, and the album Iowa is named after the state.[252][circular reference]

Sports

See also: Sports teams from Iowa

The state has four major college teams playing in NCAA Division I for all sports. In football, Iowa State University and the University of Iowa compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), whereas the University of Northern Iowa and Drake University compete in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Although Iowa has no professional major league sports teams, Iowa has minor league sports teams in baseball, basketball, hockey, and other sports.

The following table shows the Iowa sports teams with average attendance over 8,000. All the following teams are NCAA Division I football, basketball, or wrestling teams:[253][254][255][256][257]

College sports

The state has four NCAA Division I college teams. In NCAA FBS, the University of Iowa Hawkeyes play in the Big Ten Conference[258] and the Iowa State University Cyclones compete in the Big 12 Conference.[259] The two intrastate rivals compete annually for the Cy-Hawk Trophy as part of the Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series.[260]

In wrestling, the Iowa Hawkeyes and Iowa State Cyclones have won a combined total of over 30 team NCAA Division I titles.[261][262] The Northern Iowa and Cornell College wrestling teams have also each won one NCAA Division I wrestling team title.[263][264]

In NCAA FCS, the University of Northern Iowa Panthers play at the Missouri Valley Conference[265] and Missouri Valley Football Conference[266] (despite the similar names, the conferences are administratively separate), whereas the Drake University Bulldogs play at the Missouri Valley Conference[267] in most sports and Pioneer League for football.[268]

 
Modern Woodmen Park is home to the Quad Cities baseball team.

Baseball

Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs, a Triple-A Minor League Baseball team of the International League and affiliate of the Chicago Cubs.[269][270] Iowa has two High-A minor league teams in the High-A Central: the Cedar Rapids Kernels and the Quad Cities River Bandits.[271] The Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association of Professional Baseball.[272]

Ice hockey

Des Moines is home to the Iowa Wild, who are affiliated with the Minnesota Wild and are members of the American Hockey League.[273] Coralville has an ECHL team called the Iowa Heartlanders as the 2021–22 season.

The United States Hockey League has five teams in Iowa: the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders, Sioux City Musketeers, Waterloo Black Hawks, Des Moines Buccaneers, and the Dubuque Fighting Saints.[274] The North Iowa Bulls of the North American Hockey League (NAHL) and the Mason City Toros of the North American 3 Hockey League (NA3HL) both play in Mason City.[275][276]

Soccer

Other sports

Iowa has two professional basketball teams. The Iowa Wolves, an NBA G League team that plays in Des Moines, is owned and affiliated with the Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA. The Sioux City Hornets play in the American Basketball Association.

Iowa has three professional football teams. The Sioux City Bandits play in the Champions Indoor Football league. The Iowa Barnstormers play in the Indoor Football League at Wells Fargo Arena in Des Moines. The Cedar Rapids Titans play in the Indoor Football League at the U.S. Cellular Center.

The Iowa Speedway oval track has hosted auto racing championships such as the IndyCar Series, NASCAR Nationwide Series and NASCAR Truck Series since 2006. Also, the Knoxville Raceway dirt track hosts the Knoxville Nationals, one of the classic sprint car racing events.

The John Deere Classic is a PGA Tour golf event held in the Quad Cities since 1971. The Principal Charity Classic is a Champions Tour event since 2001. The Des Moines Golf and Country Club hosted the 1999 U.S. Senior Open and the 2017 Solheim Cup.

Sister jurisdictions

Iowa has ten official partner jurisdictions:[280]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b However, a portion of the larger Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area does extend into the state.
  2. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  3. ^ The Missouri and Mississippi river boundaries are as they were mapped in the 19th century, which can vary from their modern courses.
  4. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

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January 14, 2023
iowa, this, article, about, state, river, river, indigenous, people, people, other, uses, disambiguation, listen, state, midwestern, region, united, states, bordered, mississippi, river, east, missouri, river, sioux, river, west, bordered, states, wisconsin, n. This article is about the U S state For the river see Iowa River For the indigenous people see Iowa people For other uses see Iowa disambiguation Iowa ˈ aɪ e w e listen 6 7 8 is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west It is bordered by six states Wisconsin to the northeast Illinois to the east and southeast Missouri to the south Nebraska to the west South Dakota to the northwest and Minnesota to the north IowaStateState of IowaFlagSealNickname The Hawkeye State 1 Motto s Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain Anthem The Song of Iowa source source track Map of the United States with Iowa highlightedCountryUnited StatesBefore statehoodAmerican Indians of IowaIowa TerritoryAdmitted to the UnionDecember 28 1846 29th Capital and largest city Des MoinesLargest metro and urban areasDes Moines a Government GovernorKim Reynolds R Lieutenant GovernorAdam Gregg R LegislatureIowa General Assembly Upper houseSenate Lower houseHouse of RepresentativesJudiciaryIowa Supreme CourtU S senatorsChuck Grassley R Joni Ernst R U S House delegation1 Ashley Hinson R 2 Mariannette Miller Meeks R 3 Zach Nunn R 4 Randy Feenstra R list Area 2 Total55 857 1 sq mi 144 669 2 km2 Rank26thDimensions Length310 mi 499 km Width240 mi 322 km Elevation1 100 ft 340 m Highest elevation Hawkeye Point 3 b 1 671 ft 509 m Lowest elevation Confluence of Mississippi River and Des Moines River 3 b 480 ft 146 m Population 2022 Total3 190 369 4 Rank31st Density57 1 sq mi 22 0 km2 Rank36th Median household income 61 691 5 Income rank30thDemonymIowanLanguage Official languageEnglishTime zoneUTC 06 00 Central Summer DST UTC 05 00 CDT USPS abbreviationIAISO 3166 codeUS IALatitude40 23 N to 43 30 NLongitude90 8 W to 96 38 WWebsitewww wbr iowa wbr govIowa state symbolsFlag of IowaLiving insigniaBirdEastern goldfinchFlowerPrairie roseTreeBur oakInanimate insigniaRockGeodeState route markerState quarterReleased in 2004Lists of United States state symbolsDuring the 18th and early 19th centuries Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana its state flag is patterned after the flag of France After the Louisiana Purchase people laid the foundation for an agriculture based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt 9 In the latter half of the 20th century Iowa s agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing processing financial services information technology biotechnology and green energy production 10 11 Iowa is the 26th most extensive in total area and the 31st most populous of the 50 U S states with a population of 3 190 369 12 according to the 2020 census The state s capital most populous city and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines A portion of the larger Omaha Nebraska metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa 13 Iowa has been listed as one of the safest U S states to live in 14 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Prehistory 2 2 Early colonization and trade 1673 1808 2 3 War of 1812 and unstable U S control 2 4 Indian removal 1814 1832 2 5 U S settlement and statehood 1832 1860 2 6 Civil War 1861 1865 2 7 Agricultural expansion 1865 1930 2 8 Depression World War II and manufacturing 1930 1985 2 9 Reemergence as a mixed economy 1985 present 3 Geography 3 1 Boundaries 3 2 Geology and terrain 3 3 Ecology and environment 3 4 Climate 3 5 Settlements 4 Demographics 4 1 Population 4 2 Birth data 4 3 Religion 4 4 Language 5 Attractions 5 1 Central Iowa 5 2 Eastern Iowa 5 3 Western Iowa 5 4 Northeast and Northern Iowa 5 5 Statewide 6 Economy 6 1 Manufacturing 6 2 Agriculture 6 3 Health insurance 6 4 Other sectors 6 5 Taxation 7 Education 7 1 Primary and secondary schools 7 2 Colleges and universities 8 Transportation 8 1 Interstate highways 8 2 Airports with scheduled flights 8 3 Railroads 8 4 Public Transit 9 Law and government 9 1 State 9 2 National 9 3 Political parties 9 4 Voter trends 9 5 Presidential caucus 9 6 Civil rights 9 6 1 Racial equality 9 6 2 Women s rights 9 6 3 LGBT rights 10 Culture 10 1 Arts 10 2 Sports 10 2 1 College sports 10 2 2 Baseball 10 2 3 Ice hockey 10 2 4 Soccer 10 2 5 Other sports 11 Sister jurisdictions 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External linksEtymology EditIowa derives its name from the Ioway people a Chiwere speaking Siouan Nation who were once part of the Ho Chunk Confederation that inhabited the area now corresponding to several Midwest states The Ioway were one of the many Native American nations whose territory comprised the future state of Iowa before the time of European colonization 15 History EditMain article History of Iowa Prehistory Edit Main articles Iowa archaeology and Indians of Iowa Excavation of the 3 800 year old Edgewater Park Site When American Indians first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13 000 years ago they were hunters and gatherers living in a Pleistocene glacial landscape By the time European explorers and traders visited Iowa American Indians were largely settled farmers with complex economic social and political systems This transformation happened gradually During the Archaic period 10 500 to 2 800 years ago American Indians adapted to local environments and ecosystems slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased 16 More than 3 000 years ago during the Late Archaic period American Indians in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants The subsequent Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity with increased use of mounds ceramics and specialized subsistence During the Late Prehistoric period beginning about AD 900 increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements 16 The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders There were numerous Indian tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric Oneota include the Dakota Ho Chunk Ioway and Otoe Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the Illiniwek Meskwaki Omaha and Sauk 16 Early colonization and trade 1673 1808 Edit Main articles New France Louisiana New France French and Indian War Treaty of Paris 1763 New Spain Louisiana New Spain Treaty of Aranjuez 1801 Louisiana Purchase District of Louisiana and Louisiana Territory Iowa in 1718 with the modern state area highlighted The first known European explorers to document Iowa were Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet who traveled the Mississippi River in 1673 documenting several Indigenous villages on the Iowa side 17 18 The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763 The French before their impending defeat in the French and Indian War transferred ownership to their ally Spain 19 Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region granting trading licenses to French and British traders who established trading posts along the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers 17 Iowa was part of a territory known as La Louisiane or Louisiana and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indigenous people The Sauk and Meskwaki effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century Among the early traders on the Mississippi were Julien Dubuque Robert de la Salle and Paul Marin 17 Along the Missouri River at least five French and English trading houses were built before 1808 20 In 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte took control of Louisiana from Spain in a treaty 21 After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two parts the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana with present day Iowa falling in the latter The Indiana Territory was created in 1800 to exercise jurisdiction over this portion of the District William Henry Harrison was its first governor Much of Iowa was mapped by Zebulon Pike in 1805 22 but it was not until the construction of Fort Madison in 1808 that the U S established tenuous military control over the region 23 War of 1812 and unstable U S control Edit Main article Missouri Territory Fort Madison was built to control trade and establish U S dominance over the Upper Mississippi but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Fox many of whom allied with the British who had not abandoned claims to the territory 23 24 Fort Madison was defeated by British supported Indigenous people in 1813 during the War of 1812 and Fort Shelby in Prairie du Chien Wisconsin also fell to the British Black Hawk took part in the siege of Fort Madison 25 26 Another small military outpost was established along the Mississippi River in present day Bellevue This poorly situated stockade was similarly attacked by hundreds of Indigenous people in 1813 but was successfully defended and later abandoned until settlers returned to the area in the mid 1830s 27 After the war the U S re established control of the region through the construction of Fort Armstrong Fort Snelling in Minnesota and Fort Atkinson in Nebraska 28 Indian removal 1814 1832 Edit See also Indian removalThe United States encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west 29 A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison then governor of the Indiana Territory that surrendered much of Illinois to the U S enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War 30 The Sauk and Meskwaki sold their land in the Mississippi Valley during 1832 in the Black Hawk Purchase 31 and sold their remaining land in Iowa in 1842 most of them moving to a reservation in Kansas 30 Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near Tama Iowa the Meskwaki Settlement remains to this day In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land 32 However in contrast to the unprecedented act of the Iowa Legislature the United States Federal Government through the use of Treaties forced the Ho Chunk from Iowa in 1848 33 and forced the Dakota from Iowa by 1858 34 Western Iowa around modern Council Bluffs was used as an Indian Reservation for members of the Council of Three Fires 35 U S settlement and statehood 1832 1860 Edit Main articles Michigan Territory Wisconsin Territory Organic act List of organic acts Iowa Territory Admission to the Union and List of U S states by date of admission to the Union Iowa Territorial Seal Bellevue along the Mississippi 1848 The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833 36 Primarily they were families from Ohio Pennsylvania New York Indiana Kentucky and Virginia who settled along the western banks of the Mississippi River founding the modern day cities of Dubuque and Bellevue 36 37 On July 4 1838 the U S Congress established the Territory of Iowa President Martin Van Buren appointed Robert Lucas governor of the territory which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23 242 38 Almost immediately after achieving territorial status a clamor arose for statehood On December 28 1846 Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President James K Polk signed Iowa s admission bill into law Once admitted to the Union the state s boundary issues resolved and most of its land purchased from Natives Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors boasting the young frontier state s rich farmlands fine citizens free and open society and good government 39 Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs The first and second Iowa State Fairs were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at Fairfield The first fair was held October 25 27 1854 at a cost of around 323 Thereafter the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines The State Fair has been held annually since then except for a few exceptions 1898 due to the Spanish American War and the World s Fair being held in nearby Omaha Nebraska from 1942 to 1945 due to World War II as the fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot and in 2020 due to the COVID 19 pandemic in the United States 40 41 Civil War 1861 1865 Edit Main article Iowa in the American Civil War Iowa supported the Union during the Civil War voting heavily for Abraham Lincoln though there was an antiwar Copperhead movement in the state caused partially by a drop in crop prices caused by the war 42 There were no battles in the state although the Battle of Athens Missouri 1861 was fought just across the Des Moines River from Croton Iowa and shots from the battle landed in Iowa Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities 43 Much of Iowa s support for the Union can be attributed to Samuel J Kirkwood its first wartime governor Of a total population of 675 000 about 116 000 men were subjected to military duty Iowa contributed proportionately more soldiers to Civil War military service than did any other state north or south sending more than 75 000 volunteers to the armed forces over one sixth of whom were killed before the Confederates surrendered at Appomattox 43 Most fought in the great campaigns in the Mississippi Valley and in the South 44 Iowa troops fought at Wilson s Creek in Missouri Pea Ridge in Arkansas Forts Henry and Donelson Shiloh Chattanooga Chickamauga Missionary Ridge and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg Iuka and Corinth They served with the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and fought under Union General Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley Many died and were buried at Andersonville They marched on General Nathaniel Banks ill starred expedition to the Red River Twenty seven Iowans have been awarded the Medal of Honor the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government which was first awarded in the Civil War 45 Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals Grenville Mellen Dodge Samuel R Curtis Francis J Herron and Frederick Steele and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war 43 Agricultural expansion 1865 1930 Edit Following the Civil War Iowa s population continued to grow dramatically from 674 913 people in 1860 46 to 1 624 615 in 1880 47 The American Civil War briefly brought higher profits 48 In 1917 the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy For farmers the change was significant Since the beginning of the war in 1914 Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity which lasted until the end of the war 48 In the economic sector Iowa also has undergone considerable change Beginning with the first industries developed in the 1830s 49 which were mainly for processing materials grown in the area 50 Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations Depression World War II and manufacturing 1930 1985 Edit The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly The Great Depression and World War II accelerated the shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms and began a trend of urbanization The period after World War II witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations 51 In 1975 Governor Robert D Ray petitioned President Ford to allow Iowa to accept and resettle Tai Dam refugees fleeing the Indochina War 52 An exception was required for this resettlement as State Dept policy at the time forbid resettlement of large groups of refugees in concentrated communities an exception was ultimately granted and 1200 Tai Dam were resettled in Iowa Since then Iowa has accepted thousands of refugees from Laos Cambodia Thailand Bhutan and Burma 53 The farm crisis of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa causing poverty not seen since the Depression 54 The crisis spurred a major decade long population decline 55 Reemergence as a mixed economy 1985 present Edit After bottoming out in the 1980s Iowa s economy began to reduce its dependence on agriculture By the early 21st century it was characterized by a mix of manufacturing biotechnology finance and insurance services and government services 56 The population of Iowa has increased at a slower rate than the U S as a whole since at least the 1900 census 57 though Iowa now has a predominantly urban population 58 The Iowa Economic Development Authority created in 2011 has replaced the Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a source of economic information 59 Geography EditMain article Geography of Iowa Boundaries Edit See also List of counties in Iowa Topography of Iowa with counties and major streams Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east along with the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west The northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees 30 minutes north latitude 60 c The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not quite straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north as decided by the U S Supreme Court in Missouri v Iowa 1849 after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War 61 62 Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed almost entirely by rivers 63 Carter Lake Iowa is the only city in the state located west of the Missouri River 64 Iowa has 99 counties but 100 county seats because Lee County has two The state capital Des Moines is in Polk County 65 Geology and terrain Edit DeSoto Lake at DeSoto National Wildlife RefugeIowa s bedrock geology generally decreases in age from east to west In northwest Iowa Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c 500 million years ago 66 The oldest radiometrically dated bedrock in the state is the 2 9 billion year old Otter Creek Layered Mafic Complex Precambrian rock is exposed only in the northwest of the state 67 Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation soils topography and river drainage 68 Loess hills lie along the western border of the state some of which are several hundred feet thick 69 Northeast Iowa along the Upper Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Area consisting of steep hills and valleys which appear as mountainous 70 Several natural lakes exist most notably Spirit Lake West Okoboji Lake and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa see Iowa Great Lakes To the east lies Clear Lake Man made lakes include Lake Odessa 71 Saylorville Lake Lake Red Rock Coralville Lake Lake MacBride and Rathbun Lake Before European settlement 4 to 6 million acres of the state was covered with wetlands about 95 of these wetlands have been drained 72 Ecology and environment Edit Main article Environment of Iowa Landforms of Iowa Iowa s natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in upland areas with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas 68 Most of Iowa is used for agriculture crops cover 60 of the state grasslands mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland cover 30 and forests cover 7 urban areas and water cover another 1 each 73 The southern part of Iowa is categorized as the Central forest grasslands transition ecoregion 74 The Northern drier part of Iowa is categorized as part of the Central tall grasslands 75 There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa less than 1 of the tallgrass prairie that once covered most of Iowa remains intact only about 5 of the state s prairie pothole wetlands remain and most of the original forest has been lost 76 As of 2005 update Iowa ranked 49th of U S states in public land holdings 77 Threatened or endangered animals in Iowa include the interior least tern piping plover Indiana bat pallid sturgeon the Iowa Pleistocene land snail Higgins eye pearly mussel and the Topeka shiner 78 Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid eastern prairie fringed orchid Mead s milkweed prairie bush clover and northern wild monkshood 79 The explosion in the number of high density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality 80 Other factors negatively affecting Iowa s environment include the extensive use of older coal fired power plants 81 fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production 82 and diminishment of the Jordan Aquifer 83 Climate Edit Further information Climate change in Iowa Koppen climate types of Iowa using 1991 2020 climate normals Iowa annual rainfall in inches Iowa has a humid continental climate throughout the state Koppen climate classification Dfa with extremes of both heat and cold The average annual temperature at Des Moines is 50 F 10 C for some locations in the north such as Mason City the figure is about 45 F 7 C while Keokuk on the Mississippi River averages 52 F 11 C 84 Snowfall is common with Des Moines getting about 26 days of snowfall a year and other places such as Shenandoah getting about 11 days of snowfall in a year 85 Spring ushers in the beginning of the severe weather season Iowa averages about 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year 86 The 30 year annual average of tornadoes in Iowa is 47 87 In 2008 twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa making it the deadliest year since 1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105 matching the total from 2001 88 Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity with daytime temperatures sometimes near 90 F 32 C and occasionally exceeding 100 F 38 C Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing even dropping below 18 F 28 C Iowa s all time hottest temperature of 118 F 48 C was recorded at Keokuk on July 20 1934 during a nationwide heat wave 89 the all time lowest temperature of 47 F 44 C was recorded in Washta on January 12 1912 90 Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Iowa cities F 91 City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecDavenport 92 30 13 36 19 48 29 61 41 72 52 81 63 85 68 83 66 76 57 65 45 48 32 35 20Des Moines 93 31 14 36 19 49 30 62 41 72 52 82 62 86 67 84 65 76 55 63 43 48 31 34 18Keokuk 94 34 17 39 21 50 30 63 42 73 52 83 62 87 67 85 65 78 56 66 44 51 33 33 21Mason City 95 24 6 29 12 41 23 57 35 69 46 79 57 82 61 80 58 73 49 60 37 43 25 28 11Sioux City 96 31 10 35 15 47 26 62 37 73 49 82 59 86 63 83 63 76 51 63 38 46 25 32 13Iowa has a relatively smooth gradient of varying precipitation across the state with areas in the southeast of the state receiving an average of over 38 inches 97 cm of rain annually and the northwest of the state receiving less than 28 inches 71 cm 97 The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal with more rain falling in the summer months Virtually statewide the driest month is January or February and the wettest month is June owing to frequent showers and thunderstorms some of which produce hail damaging winds and or tornadoes In Des Moines roughly in the center of the state over two thirds of the 34 72 inches 88 2 cm of rain falls from April through September and about half the average annual precipitation falls from May through August peaking in June 98 Settlements Edit Percent population changes by counties in Iowa 2000 2009 Dark green counties have gains of more than 5 99 Iowa s population is more urban than rural with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000 a trend that began in the early 20th century 58 Urban counties in Iowa grew 8 5 from 2000 to 2008 while rural counties declined by 4 2 100 The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as Dallas Johnson Linn Polk and Scott at the expense of more rural counties 101 Iowa in common with other Midwestern states especially Kansas Nebraska North Dakota and South Dakota is feeling the brunt of rural flight although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990 Some smaller communities such as Denison and Storm Lake have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers 102 Another demographic problem for Iowa is the brain drain in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment During the 1990s Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single educated young adults second only to North Dakota 103 See also List of cities in Iowa and List of largest Iowa cities by population Iowa s largest cities and their surrounding areasRecorded by the United States Census Bureau Rank City 2020 city population 104 2010 city population 105 Change Metropolitan Statistical Area 2020 metro population 106 2010 metro population 2020 metro change1 Des Moines 214 133 203 433 5 26 Des Moines West Des Moines 707 915 606 475 16 73 2 Cedar Rapids 137 710 126 326 9 01 Cedar Rapids 273 885 257 940 6 18 3 Davenport 101 724 99 685 2 05 Quad Cities 382 268 379 690 0 68 4 Sioux City 85 797 82 684 3 76 Sioux City 144 996 143 577 0 99 5 Iowa City 74 828 67 862 10 26 Iowa City 175 732 152 586 15 17 6 West Des Moines 68 723 56 609 21 40 Des Moines West Des Moines7 Ankeny 67 887 45 582 48 93 Des Moines West Des Moines8 Waterloo 67 314 68 406 1 60 Waterloo Cedar Falls 168 314 167 819 0 29 9 Ames 66 427 58 965 12 65 Ames 124 514 115 848 7 48 10 Council Bluffs 62 799 62 230 0 91 Omaha Council Bluffs 954 270 865 350 10 28 11 Dubuque 59 667 57 637 3 52 Dubuque 97 590 93 653 4 20 12 Urbandale 45 580 39 463 15 50 Des Moines West Des Moines13 Marion 41 535 34 768 19 46 Cedar Rapids14 Cedar Falls 40 713 39 260 3 70 Waterloo Cedar Falls15 Bettendorf 39 102 33 217 17 72 Quad CitiesDemographics EditPopulation Edit Historical populationCensus Pop 184043 112 1850192 214345 8 1860674 913251 1 18701 194 02076 9 18801 624 61536 1 18901 912 29717 7 19002 231 85316 7 19102 224 771 0 3 19202 404 0218 1 19302 470 9392 8 19402 538 2682 7 19502 621 0733 3 19602 757 5375 2 19702 824 3762 4 19802 913 8083 2 19902 776 755 4 7 20002 926 3245 4 20103 046 3554 1 20203 190 3694 7 Source 1910 2020 57 The United States Census Bureau determined the population of Iowa was 3 190 369 on April 1 2020 a 4 73 increase since the 2010 United States census 107 Of the residents of Iowa 70 8 were born in Iowa 23 6 were born in a different U S state 0 6 were born in Puerto Rico U S Island areas or born abroad to American parent s and 5 were foreign born 108 Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 29 386 people while migration within the country produced a net loss of 41 140 people 6 5 of Iowa s population were reported as under the age of five 22 6 under 18 and 14 7 were 65 or older Males made up approximately 49 6 of the population 109 The population density of the state is 52 7 people per square mile 110 As of the 2010 census the center of population of Iowa is in Marshall County near Melbourne 111 As of the 2010 census the population of Iowa was 3 046 355 The gender makeup of the state was 49 5 male and 50 5 female 23 9 of the population were under the age of 18 61 2 were between the ages of 18 and 64 and 14 9 were 65 years of age or older 112 Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census Race and Ethnicity 113 Alone TotalWhite non Hispanic 82 7 82 7 85 9 85 9 Hispanic or Latino d 6 8 6 8 African American non Hispanic 4 1 4 1 5 2 5 2 Asian 2 4 2 4 3 0 3 Native American 0 3 0 3 1 4 1 4 Pacific Islander 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 3 Other 0 3 0 3 1 0 1 Map of counties in Iowa by racial plurality per the 2020 U S censusNon Hispanic White 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 Iowa historical racial composition Racial composition 1990 114 2000 115 2010 116 White 96 6 93 9 91 3 Black or African American 1 7 2 1 2 9 American Indian and Alaska Native 0 3 0 3 0 4 Asian 0 9 1 3 1 7 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0 1 Other race 0 5 1 3 1 8 Two or more races 1 1 1 8 Iowa 2020 Population Density map According to the 2016 American Community Survey 5 6 of Iowa s population were of Hispanic or Latino origin of any race Mexican 4 3 Puerto Rican 0 2 Cuban 0 1 and other Hispanic or Latino origin 1 0 117 The five largest ancestry groups were German 35 1 Irish 13 5 English 8 2 American 5 8 and Norwegian 5 0 118 Birth data Edit Population age comparison between rural Pocahontas County and urban Polk County illustrating the flight of young adults red to urban centers in Iowa 119 Note Births in table don t add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race giving a higher overall number Live births by single race ethnicity of mother Race 2013 120 2014 121 2015 122 2016 123 2017 124 2018 125 2019 126 2020 127 non Hispanic White 32 302 82 6 32 423 81 7 32 028 81 1 31 376 79 6 30 010 78 1 29 327 77 6 29 050 77 2 27 542 76 3 Black 2 232 5 7 2 467 6 2 2 597 6 6 2 467 6 3 2 657 6 9 2 615 6 9 2 827 7 5 2 685 7 4 Asian 1 353 3 5 1 408 3 5 1 364 3 4 1 270 3 2 1 321 3 4 1 176 3 1 1 106 2 9 1 067 2 9 American Indian 269 0 7 284 0 7 242 0 6 147 0 4 311 0 8 152 0 4 308 0 8 143 0 4 Hispanic of any race 3 175 8 1 3 315 8 3 3 418 8 6 3 473 8 8 3 527 9 2 3 694 9 8 3 695 9 8 3 725 10 3 Total Iowa 39 094 100 39 687 100 39 482 100 39 403 100 38 430 100 37 785 100 37 649 100 36 114 Since 2016 data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected but included in one Hispanic group persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race Religion Edit Amana Colonies were founded by German Pietists Religion in Iowa 2014 128 religion percentProtestant 60 No religion 21 Catholic 18 Muslim 1 No answer 1 A 2014 survey by Pew Research Center found 60 of Iowans are Protestant while 18 are Catholic and 1 are of non Christian religions 21 responded with non religious and 1 did not answer 128 129 A survey from the Association of Religion Data Archives ARDA in 2010 found that the largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with 235 190 adherents and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 229 557 The largest non Protestant religion was Catholicism with 503 080 adherents The state has a great number of Calvinist denominations The Presbyterian Church USA had almost 290 congregations and 51 380 members followed by the Reformed Church in America with 80 churches and 40 000 members and the United Church of Christ had 180 churches and 39 000 members 130 The study Religious Congregations amp Membership 2000 131 found in the southernmost two tiers of Iowa counties and in other counties in the center of the state the largest religious group was the United Methodist Church in the northeast part of the state including Dubuque and Linn counties where Cedar Rapids is located the Catholic Church was the largest and in ten counties including three in the northern tier the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was the largest The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations Dubuque is home to the Archdiocese of Dubuque which serves as the ecclesiastical province for all three other dioceses in the state and for all the Catholics in the entire state of Iowa Historically religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa such as the Amish and Mennonite near Kalona and in other parts of eastern Iowa such as Davis County and Buchanan County 132 Other religious sects and orders living apart include Quakers around West Branch and Le Grand German Pietists who founded the Amana Colonies followers of Transcendental Meditation who founded Maharishi Vedic City and Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance monks and nuns at the New Melleray and Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbies near Dubuque As of 2016 update about 6 000 Jews live in Iowa with about 3 000 of them in Des Moines 133 Language Edit English is the most common language in Iowa being the sole language spoken by 91 1 of the population One of the less common languages spoken is sign language and indigenous speaking The total amount of sign language spoken is about 2 5 of the general population as of 2017 With indigenous speaking it is about 0 5 of the population 134 William Labov and colleagues in the monumental Atlas of North American English 135 found the English spoken in Iowa divides into multiple linguistic regions Natives of northern Iowa including Sioux City Fort Dodge and the Waterloo region tend to speak the dialect linguists call North Central American English which is also found in North and South Dakota Minnesota Wisconsin and Michigan Natives of central and southern Iowa including such cities as Council Bluffs Davenport Des Moines and Iowa City tend to speak the North Midland dialect also found in eastern Nebraska central Illinois and central Indiana 136 Natives of East Central Iowa including cities such as Cedar Rapids Dubuque and Clinton tend to speak with the Northern Cities Vowel Shift a dialect that extends from this area and east across the Great Lakes Region 137 After English Spanish is the second most common language spoken in Iowa with 120 000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin and 47 000 people born in Latin America 138 The third most common language is German spoken by 17 000 people in Iowa two notable German dialects used in Iowa include Amana German spoken around the Amana Colonies and Pennsylvania German spoken among the Amish in Iowa The Babel Proclamation of 1918 banned the speaking of German in public Around Pella residents of Dutch descent once spoke the Pella Dutch dialect Attractions EditCentral Iowa Edit The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at Iowa State University Ames Ames is the home of Iowa State University the Iowa State Center and Reiman Gardens Des Moines is the largest city and metropolitan area a in Iowa and the state s political and economic center It is home to the Iowa State Capitol the State Historical Society of Iowa Museum Drake University Des Moines Art Center Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden Principal Riverwalk the Iowa State Fair Terrace Hill and the World Food Prize Nearby attractions include Adventureland and Prairie Meadows Racetrack Casino in Altoona Living History Farms in Urbandale Trainland USA in Colfax and the Iowa Speedway and Valle Drive In in Newton Skyline of Des Moines Iowa s capital and largest city Boone hosts the biennial Farm Progress Show and is home to the Mamie Doud Eisenhower museum the Boone amp Scenic Valley Railroad and Ledges State Park The Meskwaki Settlement west of Tama is the only American Indian settlement in Iowa and is host to a large annual Pow wow Madison County is known for its covered bridges Also in Madison County is the John Wayne Birthplace Museum is in Winterset Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Newton Indianola Pella Knoxville Marshalltown Perry and Story City Eastern Iowa Edit Old Capitol Iowa City Inside the Davenport Skybridge Iowa City is home to the University of Iowa which includes the Iowa Writers Workshop and the Old Capitol building Because of the extraordinary history in the teaching and sponsoring of creative writing that emanated from the Iowa Writers Workshop and related programs Iowa City was the first American city designated by the United Nations as a City of Literature in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network 139 The Herbert Hoover National Historic Site and Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum are in West Branch The Amana Colonies are a group of settlements of German Pietists comprising seven villages listed as National Historic Landmarks The Cedar Rapids Museum of Art has collections of paintings by Grant Wood and Marvin Cone Cedar Rapids is also home to the National Czech amp Slovak Museum amp Library and Iowa s only National Trust for Historic Preservation Site Brucemore mansion Brucemore Cedar Rapids Iowa Davenport boasts the Figge Art Museum River Music Experience Putnam Museum Davenport Skybridge Quad City Symphony Orchestra Ballet Quad Cities and plays host to the annual Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival and the Quad City Air Show which is the largest airshow in the state Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include West Liberty Fairfield Burlington Mount Pleasant Fort Madison LeClaire Mount Vernon Ottumwa Washington and Wilton Along Interstate 80 near Walcott lies the world s largest truck stop Iowa 80 Western Iowa Edit Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique Loess Hills which are found along Iowa s western border Historic Fourth Street Sioux City Loess Hills east of Mondamin Sioux City is the largest city in western Iowa and is found on the convergence of the Missouri Floyd and Big Sioux Rivers The Sioux City Metropolitan Area encompasses areas in three states Iowa Nebraska and South Dakota Sioux City boasts a revitalized downtown and includes attractions such as the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Sergeant Floyd Monument Sergeant Floyd River Museum the Tyson Events Center Southern Hills Mall the Orpheum Theater and more The historic downtown area is also filled with multiple restaurants bars and other entertainment venues Sioux City is home to two higher education institutions Morningside College and Briar Cliff University Le Mars is in the northeastern part of the Sioux City Metropolitan Area and is the self proclaimed Ice Cream Capital of the World Le Mars is home to Wells Enterprises one of the largest ice cream manufacturers in the world Attractions in Le Mars include the Wells Visitor Center and Ice Cream Parlor Archie s Wayside steak house Bob s Drive Inn Tonsfeldt Round Barn Plymouth County Fairgrounds Plymouth County Museum and Plymouth County Courthouse Le Mars hosts multiple ice cream themed community events each year Council Bluffs part of the Omaha Nebr Metropolitan Area and a hub of southwest Iowa sits at the base of the Loess Hills National Scenic Byway With three casino resorts the city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills Trails Center Union Pacific Railroad Museum the Grenville M Dodge House The Black Angel and the Lewis and Clark Monument with clear views of the Downtown Omaha skyline found throughout the city The Iowa Great Lakes located primarily in Dickinson County in the northwestern section of Iowa near the Minnesota border The Iowa Great Lakes is made up of multiple small towns such as Spirit Lake Arnolds Park Milford and Okoboji Multiple resorts and other tourist attractions are found in and around these towns surrounding the popular lakes Arnolds Park one of the oldest amusement parks in the country is located on Lake Okoboji in Arnolds Park View of Grotto of the Redemption s Lower Arcade Small Stations of the Cross West Bend The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in Cherokee Grotto of the Redemption in West Bend The Danish Immigrant Museum in Elk Horn and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in Fort Dodge are other regional destinations Every year in early May the city of Orange City holds the annual Tulip Festival a celebration of the strong Dutch heritage in the region 140 Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of wind turbine farms in the world Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Storm Lake Spencer Glenwood Carroll Harlan Atlantic Red Oak Denison Creston Mount Ayr Sac City and Walnut Northeast and Northern Iowa Edit Northern Iowa redirects here For the University of Northern Iowa see University of Northern Iowa Ruins of historic Fort Atkinson Wood heated floating sauna on the farm pond The Driftless Area of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys checkered with forest and terraced fields Effigy Mounds National Monument in Allamakee and Clayton Counties has the largest assemblage of animal shaped prehistoric mounds in the world Waterloo is home of the Grout Museum and Lost Island Theme Park and is headquarters of the Silos amp Smokestacks National Heritage Area Cedar Falls is home of the University of Northern Iowa Dubuque is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium and the Port of Dubuque Dyersville is home to the famed Field of Dreams baseball diamond Maquoketa Caves State Park near Maquoketa contains more caves than any other state park Fort Atkinson State Preserve in Fort Atkinson has the remains of an original 1840s Dragoon fortification Fort Dodge is home of The Fort historical museum and the Blanden Art Museum and host Frontiers Days which celebrate the town history Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Decorah McGregor Mason City Elkader Bellevue Guttenberg Algona Spillville Charles City and Independence Statewide Edit Iowa Historic Bike Ride RAGBRAI the Register s Annual Great Bicycle Ride Across Iowa attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973 Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries 141 and hosts five regional wine tasting trails 142 Many Iowa communities hold farmers markets during warmer months these are typically weekly events but larger cities can host multiple markets 143 Economy EditSee also Iowa locations by per capita income Iowa gross state products by industry 2009 144 In 2016 145 the total employment of the state s population was 1 354 487 and the total number of employer establishments was 81 563 CNBC s list of Top States for Business in 2010 has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation Scored in 10 individual categories Iowa was ranked first when it came to the Cost of Doing Business this includes all taxes utility costs and other costs associated with doing business Iowa was also ranked 10th in Economy 12th in Business Friendliness 16th in Education 17th in both Cost of Living and Quality of Life 20th in Workforce 29th in Technology and Innovation 32nd in Transportation and the lowest ranking was 36th in Access to Capital 146 While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state agriculture is a relatively small portion of the state s diversified economy with manufacturing biotechnology finance and insurance services and government services contributing substantially to Iowa s economy 56 This economic diversity has helped Iowa weather the late 2000s recession better than most states with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation 147 148 If the economy is measured by gross domestic product in 2005 Iowa s GDP was about 124 billion 149 If measured by gross state product for 2005 it was 113 5 billion 150 Its per capita income for 2006 was 23 340 150 On July 2 2009 Standard amp Poor s rated the state of Iowa s credit as AAA the highest of its credit ratings held by only 11 U S state governments 151 As of September 2021 the state s unemployment rate is 4 0 152 Manufacturing Edit Manufacturing is the largest sector of Iowa s economy with 20 8 billion 21 of Iowa s 2003 gross state product Major manufacturing sectors include food processing heavy machinery and agricultural chemicals Sixteen percent of Iowa s workforce is dedicated to manufacturing 56 Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing Besides processed food industrial outputs include machinery electric equipment chemical products publishing and primary metals Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa include ConAgra Foods Wells Blue Bunny Barilla Heinz Tone s Spices General Mills and Quaker Oats Meatpacker Tyson Foods has 11 locations second only to its headquarter state Arkansas 153 Major non food manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include 3M 154 Arconic 155 Amana Corporation 156 Emerson Electric 157 The HON Company 158 SSAB 159 John Deere 160 Lennox Manufacturing 161 Pella Corporation 162 Procter amp Gamble 163 Vermeer Company 164 and Winnebago Industries 165 Agriculture Edit Harvesting corn in Jones County Farm in rural Northwest Iowa Central Iowa cornfield and dairy in June Though industrial scale commodity agriculture predominates in much of the state Iowa has seen growth in the organic farming sector Iowa ranks fifth in the nation in total number of organic farms In 2016 there were approximately 732 organic farms in the state an increase of about 5 from the previous year and 103 136 organic acres an increase of 9 429 from the previous year 166 167 Iowa has also seen an increase in demand for local sustainably grown food Northeast Iowa part of the Driftless Area has led the state in development of its regional food system and grows and consumes more local food than any other region in Iowa 168 169 Iowa s Driftless Region is also home to the nationally recognized Seed Savers Exchange a non profit seed bank housed at an 890 acre heritage farm near Decorah in the northeast corner of the state 170 171 The largest nongovernmental seed bank of its kind in the United States Seed Savers Exchange safeguards more than 20 000 varieties of rare heirloom seeds 172 Mural in Mt Ayr Post Office The Corn Parade by Orr C Fischer commissioned as part of the New Deal 173 As of 2007 the direct production and sale of conventional agricultural commodities contributed only about 3 5 of Iowa s gross state product 174 In 2002 the impact of the indirect role of agriculture in Iowa s economy including agriculture affiliated business was calculated at 16 4 in terms of value added and 24 3 in terms of total output This was lower than the economic impact of non farm manufacturing which accounted for 22 4 of total value added and 26 5 of total output 175 Iowa s main conventional agricultural commodities are hogs corn soybeans oats cattle eggs and dairy products Iowa is the nation s largest producer of ethanol and corn and some years is the largest grower of soybeans In 2008 the 92 600 farms in Iowa produced 19 of the nation s corn 17 of the soybeans 30 of the hogs and 14 of the eggs 176 As of 2009 update major Iowa agricultural product processors include Archer Daniels Midland Cargill Inc Diamond V Mills and Quaker Oats 177 Health insurance Edit As of 2014 there were 16 organizations offering health insurance products in Iowa per the State of Iowa Insurance Division 178 Iowa was fourth out of ten states with the biggest drop in competition levels of health insurance between 2010 and 2011 per the 2013 annual report on the level of competition in the health insurance industry by the American Medical Association 179 using 2011 data from HealthLeaders Interstudy the most comprehensive source of data on enrollment in health maintenance organization HMO preferred provider organization PPO point of service POS and consumer driven health care plans 180 According to the AMA annual report from 2007 Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield had provided 71 of the state s health insurance 181 The Iowa Insurance Division Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature from November 2014 looked at the 95 of health insurers by premium which are 10 companies It found Wellmark Inc to dominate the three health insurance markets it examined individual small group and large group at 52 67 182 2 Wellmark HealthPlan of Iowa and Wellmark Inc had the highest risk based capital percentages of all 10 providers at 1158 and 1132 respectively 182 31 Rising RBC is an indication of profits 182 31 Other sectors Edit Ethanol plant under construction in Butler County Wind turbines near Williams Iowa has a strong financial and insurance sector with approximately 6 100 firms 56 including AEGON Nationwide Group Aviva USA Farm Bureau Financial Services Voya Financial Marsh Affinity Group MetLife Principal Financial Group Principal Capital Management Wells Fargo and University of Iowa Community Credit Union Iowa is host to at least two business incubators Iowa State University Research Park and the BioVentures Center at the University of Iowa 183 The Research Park hosts about 50 companies among them NewLink Genetics which develops cancer immunotherapeutics and the U S animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica 183 Ethanol production consumes about a third of Iowa s corn production and renewable fuels account for eight percent of the state s gross domestic product A total of 39 ethanol plants produced 3 1 billion US gallons 12 000 000 m3 of fuel in 2009 184 Renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and western Iowa with wind turbine electrical generation increasing exponentially since 1990 11 In 2019 wind power in Iowa accounted for 42 of electrical energy produced and 10 201 megawatts of generating capacity had been installed at the end of the year 185 Iowa ranked first of U S states in percentage of total power generated by wind and second in wind generating capacity behind Texas 185 Major producers of turbines and components in Iowa include Acciona Energy of West Branch TPI Composites of Newton and Siemens Energy of Fort Madison In 2016 Iowa was the headquarters for three of the top 2 000 companies for revenue 186 They include Principal Financial Rockwell Collins and American Equity Investment 187 188 189 Iowa is also headquarters to other companies including Hy Vee Pella Corporation Vermeer Company Kum amp Go gas stations Von Maur Pioneer Hi Bred and Fareway 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 Taxation Edit Tax is collected by the Iowa Department of Revenue 197 Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals estates and trusts There are nine income tax brackets ranging from 0 36 to 8 98 as well as four corporate income tax brackets ranging from 6 to 12 giving Iowa the country s highest marginal corporate tax rate 198 The state sales tax rate is 6 with non prepared food having no tax 199 Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be imposed by counties after an election 200 Property tax is levied on the taxable value of real property Iowa has more than 2 000 taxing authorities Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county city or rural township school district and special levies Iowa allows its residents to deduct their federal income taxes from their state income taxes 201 Education EditPrimary and secondary schools Edit See also List of school districts in Iowa Iowa was one of the leading states in the high school movement and continues to be among the top educational performers today 202 The four year graduation rate for high schoolers was 91 3 in 2017 203 Iowa s schools are credited with the highest graduation rate in the nation as of 2019 204 Iowa has 333 school districts 203 1 329 school buildings and has the 14th lowest student to teacher ratio of 14 2 205 Teacher pay is ranked 22nd with the average salary being 55 647 205 As of 2015 update transportation spending is a significant part of the budgets of rural school districts as many are geographically large and must transport students across vast distances This reduces the amount of money spent on other aspects of the districts 206 The state s oldest functioning school building is located in Bellevue in the historic Jackson County Courthouse which has been in continuous use as a school since 1848 207 Colleges and universities Edit See also List of colleges and universities in Iowa Palmer Chiropractic College in Davenport is the first school of chiropractic in the world The Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking coordination and oversight of the state s three public universities two special K 12 schools and affiliated centers 208 The special K 12 schools include the Iowa School for the Deaf in Council Bluffs and the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School in Vinton 208 Both Iowa State University and The University of Iowa are research universities 209 with The University of Iowa also being a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities 210 In addition to the three state universities Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities Transportation Edit Iowa s major interstates larger cities and counties Interstate highways Edit Iowa has four primary interstate highways Interstate 29 I 29 travels along the state s western edge through Council Bluffs and Sioux City I 35 travels from the Missouri state line to the Minnesota state line through the state s center including Des Moines I 74 begins at I 80 just northeast of Davenport I 80 travels from the Nebraska state line to the Illinois state line through the center of the state including Council Bluffs Des Moines Iowa City and the Quad Cities I 380 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway which travels from I 80 near Iowa City through Cedar Rapids ending in Waterloo and is part of the Avenue of the Saints highway Iowa is among the few jurisdictions where municipalities install speed cameras on interstate highways providing a substantial revenue source from out of state drivers 211 Airports with scheduled flights Edit See also List of airports in Iowa Iowa is served by several regional airports including the Des Moines International Airport the Eastern Iowa Airport in Cedar Rapids Quad City International Airport in Moline Illinois and Eppley Airfield in Omaha Nebraska Smaller airports in the state include the Davenport Municipal Airport Iowa Dubuque Regional Airport Fort Dodge Regional Airport Mason City Municipal Airport Sioux Gateway Airport Southeast Iowa Regional Airport and Waterloo Regional Airport 212 Railroads Edit See also List of Iowa railroads Amtrak s California Zephyr serves southern Iowa with stops in Burlington Mount Pleasant Ottumwa Osceola and Creston along its route between Chicago and Emeryville California 213 Fort Madison is served by Amtrak s Southwest Chief running between Chicago and Los Angeles 214 Both trains currently run tri weekly and are expected to return to daily service in June 215 Public Transit Edit Iowa is served by a number of local transit providers including Bettendorf Transit Cambus Cedar Rapids Transit Coralville Transit Cyride Davenport Citibus Des Moines Area Regional Transit Iowa City Transit The Jule MET Transit Omaha Metro Transit Ottumwa Transit Authority Quad Cities MetroLINK and Sioux City Transit Intercity bus service in the state is provided by Burlington Trailways and Jefferson Lines Law and government EditState Edit The Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines completed in 1886 is the only state capitol in the United States to feature five domes a central golden dome surrounded by four smaller ones It houses the Iowa General Assembly comprising the Iowa House of Representatives and Iowa Senate The Iowa Supreme Court across from the capitol is the state s highest court As of 2018 update the 43rd and current Governor of Iowa is Kim Reynolds R Other statewide elected officials are Adam Gregg R Lieutenant Governor Paul Pate R Secretary of State Rob Sand D Auditor of State Roby Smith R Treasurer of State Mike Naig R Secretary of Agriculture Brenna Bird R Attorney GeneralThe Code of Iowa contains Iowa s statutory laws It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau with a new edition published in odd numbered years and a supplement published in even numbered years Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or alcoholic beverage control state National Edit Further information List of United States Senators from Iowa and List of United States Representatives from Iowa The two U S Senators Chuck Grassley R in office since 1981 Joni Ernst R in office since 2015The four U S Representatives Ashley Hinson R First district Mariannette Miller Meeks R Second district Zach Nunn R Third district Randy Feenstra R Fourth districtAfter the 2010 United States Census and the resulting redistricting Iowa lost one seat in Congress falling to four seats in the U S House of Representatives Incumbent U S Representatives Leonard Boswell D and Tom Latham R ran against each other in 2012 in the third congressional district which had new boundaries Latham won and retired after the 2014 elections King represented the old fifth congressional district Political parties Edit Main article Political party strength in Iowa Samuel J Kirkwood founder of the Iowa Republican Party abolitionist and Iowa s Civil War Governor In Iowa the term political party refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the last preceding general election Iowa recognizes three political parties the Republican Party the Democratic Party and the Libertarian Party 216 The Libertarian Party obtained official political party status in 2017 as a result of presidential candidate Gary Johnson receiving 3 8 of the Iowa vote in the 2016 general election 217 Third parties officially termed nonparty political organizations can appear on the ballot as well Four of these have had candidates on the ballot in Iowa since 2004 for various positions the Constitution Party the Green Party the Pirate Party and the Socialist Workers Party 218 219 Voter trends Edit See also United States presidential elections in Iowa United States presidential election results for Iowa 220 Year Republican Whig Democratic Third partyNo No No 2020 897 672 53 09 759 061 44 89 34 138 2 02 2016 800 983 51 15 653 669 41 74 111 379 7 11 2012 730 617 46 18 822 544 51 99 29 019 1 83 2008 682 379 44 39 828 940 53 93 25 804 1 68 2004 751 957 49 90 741 898 49 23 13 053 0 87 2000 634 373 48 22 638 517 48 54 42 673 3 24 1996 492 644 39 92 620 258 50 26 121 173 9 82 1992 504 891 37 27 586 353 43 29 263 363 19 44 1988 545 355 44 50 670 557 54 71 9 702 0 79 1984 703 088 53 27 605 620 45 89 11 097 0 84 1980 676 026 51 31 508 672 38 60 132 963 10 09 1976 632 863 49 47 619 931 48 46 26 512 2 07 1972 706 207 57 61 496 206 40 48 23 531 1 92 1968 619 106 53 01 476 699 40 82 72 126 6 18 1964 449 148 37 92 733 030 61 88 2 361 0 20 1960 722 381 56 71 550 565 43 22 864 0 07 1956 729 187 59 06 501 858 40 65 3 519 0 29 1952 808 906 63 75 451 513 35 59 8 354 0 66 1948 494 018 47 58 522 380 50 31 21 874 2 11 1944 547 267 51 99 499 876 47 49 5 456 0 52 1940 632 370 52 03 578 800 47 62 4 260 0 35 1936 487 977 42 70 621 756 54 41 33 000 2 89 1932 414 433 39 98 598 019 57 69 24 235 2 34 1928 623 570 61 77 379 311 37 57 6 608 0 65 1924 537 458 55 02 160 382 16 42 278 930 28 56 1920 634 674 70 91 227 921 25 46 32 487 3 63 1916 280 439 54 25 221 699 42 89 14 806 2 86 1912 119 805 24 33 185 325 37 64 187 226 38 03 1908 275 209 55 62 200 771 40 58 18 789 3 80 1904 308 158 63 39 149 276 30 71 28 659 5 90 1900 307 808 58 04 209 265 39 46 13 282 2 50 1896 289 293 54 42 233 741 43 97 8 513 1 60 1892 219 795 49 60 196 367 44 31 26 997 6 09 1888 211 603 52 36 179 877 44 51 12 655 3 13 1884 197 089 52 25 177 316 47 01 2 796 0 74 1880 183 904 56 99 105 845 32 80 32 919 10 20 1876 171 326 58 50 112 121 38 28 9 431 3 22 1872 131 566 60 81 71 189 32 90 13 610 6 29 1868 120 399 61 92 74 040 38 08 0 0 00 1864 88 500 64 12 49 525 35 88 0 0 00 1860 70 302 54 61 55 639 43 22 2 798 2 17 1856 45 073 48 83 37 568 40 70 9 669 10 47 1852 15 856 44 84 17 763 50 23 1 745 4 93 1848 9 930 44 59 11 238 50 46 1 103 4 95 As a result of the 2010 elections each party controlled one house of the Iowa General Assembly the House had a Republican majority while the Senate had a Democratic majority As a result of the 2016 elections Republicans gained control of the Senate Incumbent Democratic governor Chet Culver was defeated in 2010 by Republican Terry Branstad who had served as governor from 1983 to 1999 On December 14 2015 Branstad became the longest serving governor in U S history serving at that time 20 years 11 months and 3 days eclipsing George Clinton who served 21 years until 1804 221 Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds succeeded him on May 24 2017 following Branstad s appointment as U S Ambassador to China Party registration as of October 1 2022 222 Party Total voters PercentageRepublican 761 934 34 20 Nonpartisan 743 881 33 39 Democratic 701 920 31 51 Other 19 905 0 89 Total 2 227 640 100 Presidential caucus Edit Main article Iowa caucuses The state gets considerable attention every four years because the Iowa caucus gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state conventions is the first presidential caucus in the country The caucuses held in January or February of the election year involve people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their candidates rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a presidential primary election 223 Along with the New Hampshire primary the following week Iowa s caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major party candidates for president 224 The national and international media give Iowa and New Hampshire extensive attention which gives Iowa voters leverage 225 In 2007 presidential campaign spending was the seventh highest in the country 226 Civil rights Edit In a 2020 study Iowa was ranked as the 24th easiest state for citizens to vote in 227 Racial equality Edit The Union Block building Mount Pleasant scene of early civil rights and women s rights activities In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination especially in education but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century In the first decision of the Iowa Supreme Court In Re the Matter of Ralph 228 decided July 1839 the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil 26 years before the end of the Civil War 229 The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851 more than 100 years before the U S Supreme Court would ban miscegenation statutes nationwide 230 The Iowa Supreme Court decided Clark v The board of directors 231 in 1868 ruling that racially segregated separate but equal schools had no place in Iowa 85 years before Brown v Board of Education 229 By 1875 a number of additional court rulings effectively ended segregation in Iowa schools 232 Social and housing discrimination continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s 233 The Court heard Coger v The North Western Union Packet Co 234 in 1873 ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91 years before the U S Supreme Court reached the same decision 229 In 1884 the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses reading All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations advantages facilities and privileges of inns restaurants chophouses eating houses lunch counters and all other places where refreshments are served public conveyances barber shops bathhouses theaters and all other places of amusement However the courts chose to narrowly apply this act allowing de facto discrimination to continue 235 Racial discrimination at public businesses was not deemed illegal until 1949 when the court ruled in State of Iowa v Katz that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race the case began when Edna Griffin was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore 236 Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965 237 Women s rights Edit As with racial equality Iowa was a vanguard in women s rights in the mid 19th century but did not allow women the right to vote until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1920 Iowa legislature being one of the ratifying votes 238 In 1847 the University of Iowa became the first public university in the U S to admit men and women on an equal basis 239 In 1869 Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law with the Court ruling women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa and admitting Arabella A Mansfield to the practice of law 229 Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919 In 1894 women were given partial suffrage which allowed them to vote on issues but not for candidates It was not until the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment that women had full suffrage in Iowa 240 Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution 241 Iowa added the word women to the Iowa Constitution in 1998 After the amendment it reads All men and women are by nature free and equal and have certain inalienable rights among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty acquiring possessing and protecting property and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness 242 In May 2018 Iowa signed into law one of the country s most restrictive abortion bans the requirement that a doctor cannot perform an abortion if they can detect a fetal heartbeat which in many cases would restrict abortions pregnancies less than six weeks old 243 It was struck down in January 2019 when an Iowa state judge ruled that the fetal heartbeat law was unconstitutional 244 LGBT rights Edit Main article LGBT rights in Iowa The state s law criminalizing same sex sexual activity was repealed in June 1976 27 years before Lawrence v Texas In 2007 the Iowa Legislature added sexual orientation and gender identity to the protected classes listed in the Iowa Civil Rights Act 245 On April 3 2009 the Iowa Supreme Court decided Varnum v Brien 246 holding in a unanimous decision 247 the state s law forbidding same sex marriage was unconstitutional This made Iowa the third state in the U S and first in the Midwest to permit same sex marriage 248 249 Culture EditArts Edit Schaeffer Hall University of Iowa Iowa City Riverside s favorite son The Clint Eastwood movie The Bridges of Madison County based on the popular novel of the same name took place and was filmed in Madison County 250 What s Eating Gilbert Grape based on the Peter Hedges novel of the same name is set in the fictional Iowa town of Endora Hedges was born in West Des Moines 251 Des Moines is home to members of the famous metal band Slipknot The state is mentioned in the band s songs and the album Iowa is named after the state 252 circular reference Sports Edit See also Sports teams from Iowa The state has four major college teams playing in NCAA Division I for all sports In football Iowa State University and the University of Iowa compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision FBS whereas the University of Northern Iowa and Drake University compete in the Football Championship Subdivision FCS Although Iowa has no professional major league sports teams Iowa has minor league sports teams in baseball basketball hockey and other sports The following table shows the Iowa sports teams with average attendance over 8 000 All the following teams are NCAA Division I football basketball or wrestling teams 253 254 255 256 257 South End Zone of Iowa State University s Jack Trice Stadium in Ames IA Iowa sports teams attendance gt 8 000 Team Location Avg AttendanceIowa Hawkeyes football Iowa City 68 043Iowa State Cyclones football Ames 56 010Iowa State Cyclones men s basketball Ames 14 099Iowa Hawkeyes men s basketball Iowa City 12 869Iowa Hawkeyes wrestling Iowa City 12 568Iowa State Cyclones women s basketball Ames 9 573Northern Iowa Panthers football Cedar Falls 9 337College sports Edit The state has four NCAA Division I college teams In NCAA FBS the University of Iowa Hawkeyes play in the Big Ten Conference 258 and the Iowa State University Cyclones compete in the Big 12 Conference 259 The two intrastate rivals compete annually for the Cy Hawk Trophy as part of the Iowa Corn Cy Hawk Series 260 In wrestling the Iowa Hawkeyes and Iowa State Cyclones have won a combined total of over 30 team NCAA Division I titles 261 262 The Northern Iowa and Cornell College wrestling teams have also each won one NCAA Division I wrestling team title 263 264 In NCAA FCS the University of Northern Iowa Panthers play at the Missouri Valley Conference 265 and Missouri Valley Football Conference 266 despite the similar names the conferences are administratively separate whereas the Drake University Bulldogs play at the Missouri Valley Conference 267 in most sports and Pioneer League for football 268 Modern Woodmen Park is home to the Quad Cities baseball team Baseball Edit Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs a Triple A Minor League Baseball team of the International League and affiliate of the Chicago Cubs 269 270 Iowa has two High A minor league teams in the High A Central the Cedar Rapids Kernels and the Quad Cities River Bandits 271 The Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association of Professional Baseball 272 Ice hockey Edit Des Moines is home to the Iowa Wild who are affiliated with the Minnesota Wild and are members of the American Hockey League 273 Coralville has an ECHL team called the Iowa Heartlanders as the 2021 22 season The United States Hockey League has five teams in Iowa the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders Sioux City Musketeers Waterloo Black Hawks Des Moines Buccaneers and the Dubuque Fighting Saints 274 The North Iowa Bulls of the North American Hockey League NAHL and the Mason City Toros of the North American 3 Hockey League NA3HL both play in Mason City 275 276 Soccer Edit The Des Moines Menace of the USL League Two play their home games at Drake Stadium Drake University in Des Moines Iowa 277 The Drake Bulldogs have a men s 278 and women s soccer team 279 the Cedar Rapids Inferno Soccer Club of the Midwest Premier League play their home games at Robert W Plaster Athletic Complex at Mount Mercy University the Iowa Raptors FC of the USL League Two play their home games at K Raymond Clark Field at Coe College Union Dubuque F C of the Midwest Premier LeagueOther sports Edit Iowa has two professional basketball teams The Iowa Wolves an NBA G League team that plays in Des Moines is owned and affiliated with the Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA The Sioux City Hornets play in the American Basketball Association Iowa has three professional football teams The Sioux City Bandits play in the Champions Indoor Football league The Iowa Barnstormers play in the Indoor Football League at Wells Fargo Arena in Des Moines The Cedar Rapids Titans play in the Indoor Football League at the U S Cellular Center The Iowa Speedway oval track has hosted auto racing championships such as the IndyCar Series NASCAR Nationwide Series and NASCAR Truck Series since 2006 Also the Knoxville Raceway dirt track hosts the Knoxville Nationals one of the classic sprint car racing events The John Deere Classic is a PGA Tour golf event held in the Quad Cities since 1971 The Principal Charity Classic is a Champions Tour event since 2001 The Des Moines Golf and Country Club hosted the 1999 U S Senior Open and the 2017 Solheim Cup Sister jurisdictions EditIowa has ten official partner jurisdictions 280 Yamanashi Prefecture Japan 1960 Yucatan Mexico 1964 Hebei Province People s Republic of China 1983 Terengganu Malaysia 1987 Taiwan Republic of China 1989 Stavropol Krai USSR Russia 1989 Cherkasy Oblast Ukraine 1996 Veneto Region Italy 1997 Republic of Kosovo 2013 See also EditIndex of Iowa related articles Outline of IowaPortals Iowa United StatesNotes Edit a b However a portion of the larger Omaha Council Bluffs metropolitan area does extend into the state a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 The Missouri and Mississippi river boundaries are as they were mapped in the 19th century which can vary from their modern courses Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry References Edit State Symbols Iowa Department of Economic Development Archived from the original on September 2 2011 Retrieved September 9 2011 Iowa Quick Facts Iowa Data Center State Library of Iowa Archived from the original on May 1 2021 Retrieved April 28 2021 a b Elevations and Distances in the United States United States Geological Survey 2001 Archived from the original on November 2 2011 Retrieved October 21 2011 2020 Census Apportionment Results United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on April 26 2021 Retrieved April 27 2021 Iowa Profile U S Census Bureau U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on March 4 2021 Retrieved April 28 2021 Iowa Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved May 14 2017 Iowa The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved May 14 2017 Iowa Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on March 22 2020 Merry Carl A 1996 The Historic Period Office of the State Archeologist at the University of Iowa Archived from the original on June 4 2009 Retrieved June 29 2009 Major Industries in Iowa PDF Iowa Department of Economic Development Archived from the original PDF on May 20 2005 Retrieved June 29 2009 a b Wind Energy in Iowa Iowa Energy Center Archived from the original on June 21 2009 Retrieved August 8 2009 Resident Population for the 50 States the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico 2020 Census PDF Census gov April 27 2021 Archived PDF from the original on April 26 2021 Retrieved April 27 2021 United States Census Bureau Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals 2010 2018 Archived from the original on June 2 2019 Retrieved June 7 2019 N H Receives Lowest Crime Ranking Nevada Ranks as Worst State Insurance Journal Wells Publishing March 25 2009 Archived from the original on March 15 2012 Retrieved August 8 2009 Alex Lynn M 2000 Iowa s Archaeological Past University of Iowa Press Iowa City a b c Alex Lynn M 2000 Iowa s Archaeological Past University of Iowa Press Iowa City a b c Peterson Cynthia L 2009 Historical Tribes and Early Forts In William E Whittaker ed Frontier Forts of Iowa Indians Traders and Soldiers 1682 1862 Iowa City University of Iowa Press pp 12 29 ISBN 978 1 58729 831 8 Archived from the original on August 17 2016 Retrieved May 31 2014 History of Iowa Iowa Official Register Publications iowa gov Archived September 3 2009 at the Wayback Machine Herbermann Charles The Catholic Encyclopedia An International Work of Reference on the Constitution Doctrine Discipline and History of the Catholic Church Encyclopedia Press 1913 p 380 Original from Harvard University Carlson Gayle F 2009 Fort Atkinson Nebraska 1820 1827 and Other Missouri River Sites In William E Whittaker ed Frontier Forts of Iowa Indians Traders and Soldiers 1682 1862 Iowa City University of Iowa Press pp 104 120 ISBN 978 1 58729 831 8 Archived from the original on August 17 2016 Retrieved May 31 2014 Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800 Napoleon series org Archived from the original on November 6 2020 Retrieved April 14 2020 Pike 1965 The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to headwaters of the Mississippi River through Louisiana Territory and in New Spain during the years June 7 1805 Ross amp Haines a b McKusick Marshall B 2009 Fort Madison 1808 1813 In William E Whittaker ed Frontier Forts of Iowa Indians Traders and Soldiers 1682 1862 Iowa City University of Iowa Press pp 55 74 ISBN 978 1 58729 831 8 Archived from the original on August 17 2016 Retrieved May 31 2014 Prucha Francis P 1969 The Sword of the Republic The United States Army on the Frontier 1783 1846 Macmillan New York Jackson Donald 1960 A Critic s View of Old Fort Madison Iowa Journal of History and Politics 58 1 pp 31 36 Black Hawk 1882 Autobiography of Ma Ka Tai Me She Kia Kiak or Black Hawk Continental Printing St Louis Originally published 1833 The History of Jackson County Iowa Containing a History of the County Its Cities Towns amp c Biographical Sketches of Citizens Chicago Western Historical Co 1879 p 531 Whittaker William E ed 2009 Frontier Forts of Iowa Indians Traders and Soldiers 1682 1862 Iowa City University of Iowa Press ISBN 978 1 58729 831 8 Archived from the original on August 17 2016 Retrieved May 31 2014 Drexler Ken Research Guides Indian Removal Act Primary Documents in American History Introduction guides loc gov Archived from the original on April 5 2020 Retrieved April 14 2020 a b Jung Patrick J 1963 2007 The Black Hawk War of 1832 Norman University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 0 8061 3811 4 OCLC 70718369 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link INDIAN AFFAIRS LAWS AND TREATIES Vol II Treaties Archived from the original on September 22 2017 Retrieved April 14 2020 History Meskwaki Nation Archived from the original on April 12 2020 Retrieved April 14 2020 Reicher Matt March 15 2019 Ho Chunk and Long Prairie 1846 1855 Mnopedia Archived from the original on June 11 2020 Retrieved April 14 2020 Minnesota Treaties The U S Dakota War of 1862 Usdakotawar org August 14 2012 Archived from the original on August 25 2019 Retrieved April 14 2020 Clifton James A Cornell George L McClurken James M 1986 People of the Three Fires PDF p 37 archived PDF from the original on May 18 2017 retrieved April 14 2020 a b Schwieder Dorothy History of 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