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Hyderabad

February 07, 2023

For the Pakistani city, see Hyderabad, Sindh. For other uses, see Hyderabad (disambiguation).

Hyderabad (/ˈhaɪdərəbæd/ (listen) HY-dər-ə-bad;[6] Telugu: [ˈɦaɪ̯daraːbaːd], Urdu: [ˈɦɛːdəɾaːbaːd]) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh.[A] It occupies 650 km2 (250 sq mi) on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including the Hussain Sagar lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the 2011 Census of India, Hyderabad is the fourth-most populous city in India with a population of 6.9 million residents within the city limits, and has a population of 9.7 million residents in the metropolitan region, making it the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in India. With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad has the fifth-largest urban economy in India.

Hyderabad
Metropolis
Clockwise from top: Charminar, Qutb Shahi tombs, Buddha Statue at Hussain Sagar, Falaknuma Palace, Skyline of Gachibowli, Birla Mandir.
Logo of the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
Interactive map outlining Hyderabad
Hyderabad
Location in Telangana
Hyderabad
Location in India
Hyderabad
Location in Asia
Hyderabad
Location in Earth
Coordinates: 17°23′06.0″N 78°29′12.1″E / 17.385000°N 78.486694°E / 17.385000; 78.486694Coordinates: 17°23′06.0″N 78°29′12.1″E / 17.385000°N 78.486694°E / 17.385000; 78.486694
Country India
StateTelangana
Districts
Established1591
Founded byMuhammad Quli Qutb Shah
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyGreater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
 • Parliament of IndiaAsaduddin Owaisi (AIMIM)
G. Kishan Reddy(BJP)
Revanth Reddy (INC)
Kotha Prabhakar Reddy (TRS)
G. Ranjith Reddy (TRS)
 • MayorGadwal Vijayalakshmi
Area
 • City650 km2 (250 sq mi)
 • Metro
7,257 km2 (2,802 sq mi)
Elevation
524 m (1,719 ft)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • City6,809,970 (4th)
 • Estimate 
(2018)[2]
9,482,000
 • Density10,477/km2 (27,140/sq mi)
 • Urban
[3]
7,749,334 (6th)
 • Metro
[4]
9.7 million (6th)
DemonymHyderabadi
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN(s)
500xxx, 501xxx, 502xxx
Area codes+91–40, 8413, 8414, 8415, 8417, 8418, 8453, 8455
Vehicle registrationTS-07 to TS-15
(previously AP-09 to AP-14 and AP-28, AP-29)
GDP Nominal$27.56 billion[5]
Percapita$4,047 or ₹2.85 lakh[5]
Official languages
International AirportRajiv Gandhi International Airport(HYD)
Rapid TransitHyderabad Metro
Websitewww.ghmc.gov.in

Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the fortified Golconda. In 1687, the city was annexed by the Mughals. In 1724, Asaf Jah I, the Mughal viceroy, declared his sovereignty and founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty, also known as the Nizams. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahi's from 1769 to 1948. As capital of the princely state of Hyderabad, the city housed the British Residency and cantonment until Indian independence in 1947. Hyderabad was annexed by the Indian Union in 1948 and continued as a capital of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1956. After the introduction of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, Hyderabad was made the capital of the newly formed Andhra Pradesh. In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states with a transitional arrangement scheduled to end in 2024. Since 1956, the city has housed the Rashtrapati Nilayam, the winter office of the president of India.

Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the Charminar has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world. A distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with Painting, handicraft, jewellery, literature, dialect and clothing are prominent still today. Through its cuisine, the city is listed as a creative city of gastronomy by UNESCO. The Telugu film industry based in the city was the country's second-largest producer of motion pictures as of 2012.

Until the 19th century Hyderabad was known for the pearl industry and was nicknamed the "City of Pearls", and was the only trading centre for Golconda diamonds in the world. Many of the city's historical and traditional bazaars remain open. Hyderabad's central location between the Deccan Plateau and the Western Ghats, and industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as an Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.[7] The formation of the special economic zones of Hardware Park and HITEC City, dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad.

History

Main article: History of Hyderabad

Toponymy

The name Hyderabad means "Haydar's city" or "lion city", from haydar 'lion' and ābād 'city', after Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.[8]

The city was originally called Baghnagar "city of gardens", and later acquired the name Hyderabad.[9][10] The European travellers von Poser and Thévenot found both names in use in the 17th century.[11][12]

One popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, named it Bhagya-nagar after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl whom he married. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city would have been named Hyderabad in her honour.[13]

Early and medieval history

The discovery of Megalithic burial sites and cairn circles in the suburbs of Hyderabad, in 1851 by Philip Meadows Taylor, a polymath in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited from the Stone Age.[14][15] Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE.[16] The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE.[17] Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal—148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.[18] The Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva 1199–1262 built a hilltop outpost—later known as Golconda Fort—to defend their western region.[15]

 
A 17th century Deccani School miniature of Qutb Shahi ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah with Sufi singers in the Mehfil-(“gathering to entertain or praise someone”).
 
The Qutb Shahi Tombs at Ibrahim Bagh are the tombs of the seven Qutb Shahi rulers.

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khalji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1323, when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Tughlaq dynasty, the successor to the Khaljis.[19] During this period, Alauddin Khalji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golconda, to Delhi.[20] Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty, Malik Maqbul Tilangani was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains Musunuri Nayakas—who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital.[21] In 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga—200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighboring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.[22][23][24]

In 1496 Sultan Quli was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana, he rebuilt, expanded and fortified the old mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar". In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty.[18][25][26] The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,[27][28] to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda.[29] During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city.[30] Mir Momin Astarabadi, the prime minister in the Qutub Shahi period, developed the plan of the city of Hyderabad, including the location of the Charminar and Char Kaman.[31][32][33]

On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golconda Fort.[34][35] The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War),[36] whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province Hyderabad Subah.[37] Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors: Jan Sipar Khan (1688–1700), his son Rustam Dil Khan (1700–13) and Mubariz Khan (1713–24).[38]

Modern history

 
A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake. Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s, factories were built around the lake.

In 1713, Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Mubariz Khan as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he fortified the city and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats.[39] In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I as Viceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire.[40] His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.[41][42] Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah issued a decree to Mubariz Khan, to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the Battle of Shakar Kheda.[41]: 93–94  In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[39][43] The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—Nasir Jung (1748–1750), Muzaffar Jang (1750-1751) and Salabat Jung (1751-1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of Asaf Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the Treaty of Masulipatam—by which the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at Coromandel Coast.[44]

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.[39][43] In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by French General the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to be stationed at Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.[44]

Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of Hussain Sagar lake,[45] and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services, underground drainage, running water, electricity, telecommunications, universities, industries, and Begumpet Airport. The Nizams ruled the princely state of Hyderabad during the British Raj.[39][43]

Post-Independence

After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union or newly formed Dominion of Pakistan.[44] The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.[43][46]

Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region.[47] The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital.[48] In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.[49]

On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh,[50][51][52] with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.[53] The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives;[54] terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots;[55] and two bombs exploded in February 2013.[56] On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,[57] and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.[58]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Hyderabad
 
Hussain Sagar lake, built during the reign of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, was once the source of drinking water for Hyderabad.[59]

Hyderabad is 1,566 km (973 mi) south of Delhi, 699 km (434 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 570 km (350 mi) north of Bangalore by road.[60] It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India,[61] along the banks of the Musi River, a tributary of Krishna River located on the Deccan Plateau in the northern part of South India.[62][63][64] Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India.[65] With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 m (2,205 ft).[64][66] The city has numerous lakes sometime referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar.[64][67] As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).[68]

Climate

Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh).[69] The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C (70–91 °F).[70] Summers (March–June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;[71] maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and June.[70] The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F).[70] May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26–39 °C (79–102 °F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5–28 °C (58.1–82.4 °F).[71]

Heavy rain from the south-west summer monsoon falls between June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall.[71] Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 241.5 mm (10 in) on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 6.1 °C (43 °F) on 8 January 1946.[72] The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February.[73]

Climate data for Hyderabad (Begumpet Airport) 1981–2010, extremes 1951–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.9
(96.6) 		39.1
(102.4) 		42.2
(108.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		44.5
(112.1) 		45.5
(113.9) 		37.4
(99.3) 		36.2
(97.2) 		36.1
(97.0) 		36.7
(98.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.2
(93.6) 		45.5
(113.9)
Average high °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		32.4
(90.3) 		35.9
(96.6) 		38.1
(100.6) 		39.4
(102.9) 		34.9
(94.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.0
(87.8) 		29.6
(85.3) 		28.7
(83.7) 		32.7
(90.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.7
(72.9) 		25.3
(77.5) 		28.6
(83.5) 		31.3
(88.3) 		33.0
(91.4) 		29.7
(85.5) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.8
(78.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		26.8
(80.2)
Average low °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		26.3
(79.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.3
(72.1) 		20.6
(69.1) 		17.4
(63.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		20.9
(69.6)
Record low °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		6.1
(43.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 9.3
(0.37) 		9.2
(0.36) 		17.8
(0.70) 		21.7
(0.85) 		31.7
(1.25) 		111.2
(4.38) 		179.2
(7.06) 		207.0
(8.15) 		132.9
(5.23) 		103.6
(4.08) 		26.1
(1.03) 		4.9
(0.19) 		854.6
(33.65)
Average rainy days 0.6 0.5 1.1 1.8 2.4 6.9 10.0 11.5 7.6 5.5 1.6 0.4 49.9
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 40 32 28 28 30 51 64 69 65 56 48 43 46
Average dew point °C (°F) 12
(54) 		12
(54) 		13
(55) 		15
(59) 		15
(59) 		19
(66) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		17
(63) 		15
(59) 		13
(55) 		16
(61)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 265.6 272.8 276.0 279.0 180.0 136.4 133.3 162.0 226.3 243.0 251.1 2,698.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.8 9.4 8.8 9.2 9.0 6.0 4.4 4.3 5.4 7.3 8.1 8.1 7.4
Average ultraviolet index 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 8 11
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[74][75][76]Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[77]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010)[78]Weather Atlas[79]

Conservation

Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. As of 2016, the tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996.[80] The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km (31 mi) from the city. Hyderabad's other environmental reserves are: Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Ameenpur Lake, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world.[81] Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department,[82] Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad.[81]

Further information: Maulana Abul Kalam Hyderabad Sujala Saravanthi scheme

Administration

Main article: Administration of Hyderabad

Common capital status

According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5:[83] "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."

The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly.

Local government

See also: Administrative divisions of Hyderabad
 
The GHMC is divided into six municipal zones

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of GHMC: South Zone–(Charminar), East Zone–(L. B. Nagar), West Zone–(Serilingampally), North Zone–(Kukatpally), Northeast Zone–(Secunderabad) and Central Zone–(Khairatabad); these zones consist of 30 "circles", which together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote, as of 2020 the city has 7,400,000 voters of which 3,850,000 are male and 3,500,000 are female.[84] The corporators elect the Mayor, who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licenses, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education.[85] The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi).[65]: 3  The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi),[86]: 93  where there are several military camps.[87]: 2 [88] The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.[86]: 93  Appointed in February 2021, Gadwal Vijayalakshmi of Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is serving as the Mayor of GHMC.[89]

In Hyderabad police jurisdiction is divided into three commissionerates: Hyderabad (established in 1847 AD, an oldest police commissionerate in India ), Cyberabad, and Rachakonda, each headed by a commissioner of police, who are Indian Police Service (IPS) officers. The Hyderabad police is a division of the Telangana Police, under the state Home Ministry.[90][91]

The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).[92]

Hyderabad is the seat of the Government of Telangana, Government of Andhra Pradesh and the President of India's winter retreat Rashtrapati Nilayam, as well as the Telangana High Court and various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court.[93][94][95]: 1  The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies,[96] which form five constituencies of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India).[97]

Utility services

 
A GHMC sweeper cleaning the Tank Bund Road

The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116 km-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand.[98][99] The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply.[100] As of 2014, there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department.[101] The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.[64]

Pollution control

Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar.[102] Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010.[103] Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increased industrial waste, air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB).[104][105] The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish.[106] Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.[107] The city's "VIP areas", the Assembly building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister's office, have particularly low air quality index ratings, suffering from high levels of PM2.5's.[108] Ground water around Hyderabad, which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable,[109] is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels.[110][111] This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.[112]

Healthcare

See also: Healthcare in Hyderabad
 
The NTR Gardens is among the gardens in the vicinity of Hussain Sagar lake serving as a recreation park.

The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.[113][114] As of 2010–11, the city had 50 government hospitals,[115] 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.[116] For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,[117] 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.[116] The city has about 4,000 individual clinics.[118] Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,[119]: 60–61  despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.[119]: 41  As of 2012, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.[118] Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homoeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.[120]

In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,[119]: 47  which is below the replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut.[119]: 98  The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.[119]: 97  The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight,[119]: 44, 55–56  while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.[119]: 57 

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Hyderabad
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1951 1,085,722—    
1961 1,118,553+3.0%
1971 1,796,000+60.6%
1981 2,546,000+41.8%
1991 3,059,262+20.2%
2001 3,637,483+18.9%
2011 6,809,970+87.2%

When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 (68 sq mi) to 650 km2 (250 sq mi).[65][123] Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 as of 2001 census to 6,809,970 as of 2011 census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,[87]: 2  making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city.[1][3] As of 2011, the population density is 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi)[124] and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country.[3] as of 2011 census, there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.[125][126] Among children aged 0–6 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.[125][127] The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working class.[128]

Ethnicity

Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Bengali, Sindhi, Kannada, Memon, Nawayathi, Malayalam, Marathi, Gujarati, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities.[129] Hyderabadi Muslims are a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled. Hadhrami Arabs, African Arabs, Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people are also present; these communities, of which the Hadhrami Arabs or Chaush are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.[129]

Religion

Religion in Greater Hyderabad (2011)[130]
Hinduism
 
 64.93%
Islam
 
 30.13%
Christianity
 
 2.75%
Other or not stated
 
 2.19%

Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority, and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around old Hyderabad. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic churches, mosques and temples.[131] According to the 2011 census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion.[132]

Languages

Languages of Hyderabad (2011)[133]

  Telugu (58.23%)
  Urdu (29.47%)
  Hindi (4.89%)
  Marathi (1.54%)
  Tamil (1.09%)
  Others (4.78%)

Telugu and Urdu are both official languages of the city, and most Hyderabadis are bilingual.[134] The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called Telangana Mandalika, and the Urdu spoken is called Deccani.[135]: 1869–70 [136] English is a "Secondary official language" used monumentally in business and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications.[137] A significant minority speak other languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Kannada, Marathi, Punjabi, Marwari, Odia and Tamil.[129]

Slums

In the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below the poverty line.[138] According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements.[139] About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.[87]: 55  Overall literacy in the slums is 60–80% and female literacy is 52–73%. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depends on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government-aided schools, 175 private schools, and 528 community halls in the slum areas.[140]: 70  According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to ₹20,000 (US$250) per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is ₹24,000 (US$300) per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.7% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.2% work as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.[87]: 59 

Cityscape

 
Gachibowli IT & Financial District skyline view

Neighbourhoods

See also: Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad
 
Optimist and Laser dinghies during the Hyderabad Sailing Week Regatta at Hussain Sagar

The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called the Purana Shahar (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul—("old bridge") built in 1578 AD.[141] Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar.[142]

Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Salar Jung Museum, Nizam Museum, Telangana High Court, Falaknuma Palace, Chowmahalla Palace and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market, Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazar and Moazzam Jahi Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Telangana Secretariat, the India Government Mint, the Telangana Legislature, the Public Gardens, Shahi Masjid, the Nizam Club, the Ravindra Bharathi, the State Museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium.[142][143][144]

North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar, Tank Bund Road, Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad railway station.[142] Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as Sanjeevaiah Park, Indira Park, Lumbini Park, NTR Gardens, the Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here.[59] In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills, Jubilee Hills, Begumpet, Khairtabad, Tolichowki, Jagannath Temple and Miyapur.[145] The northern end contains industrial areas such as Kukatpally, Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Patancheru and Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas such as Malkajgiri, Neredmet, A. S. Rao Nagar and Uppal.[142][143][144] In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City. The "Cyberabad" area in the southwest and west of the city, consisting of Madhapur and Gachibowli has grown rapidly since the 1990s. It is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport, Osman Sagar, Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park.[146][147]

Landmarks

Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles.[9][148] After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad.[149][150] In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India".[151]

 
Love Hyderabad Sculpture at People's Plaza on the banks of the picturesque Hussain Sagar lake

Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches.[152] The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the Golconda Fort built in the 16th century. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards the fort. The Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides 20 m (66 ft) long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a 56 m (184 ft)-high minaret. The Charminar, Golconda Fort and the Qutb Shahi tombs are considered to be monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status.[149][153][154]: 11–18 [155]

Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi Palace and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Indo-Saracenic style of architecture seen in many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, City College and the Kacheguda railway station, all designed by Vincent Esch.[156] Other landmark structures of the city constructed during his regin are the State Central Library, the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad railway station.[149][152][157][158] Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace, Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the Paigah family.[154]: 16–17 [159][160]

 
The Chowmahalla Palace—a principal palace of the Nizam's, constructed by Salabat Jung in 1750

Economy

Main article: Economy of Hyderabad
 
HITEC City, the hub of information technology companies
 
Middle class apartments in Uppal Kalan—a rural–urban fringe of Hyderabad city

Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from US$40-US$74 billion (PPP GDP), and have ranked it either fifth- or sixth- most productive metro area of India.[161] Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012.[162] Its per capita annual income in 2011 was ₹44,300 (US$550).[163] As of 2006, the largest employers in the city were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155).[164] According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed.[165] The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.[166]

Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "City of Pearls" and up until the 18th century, the city was the only global trading centre for diamonds known as Golconda Diamonds.[35][167][168] Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports.[169][170] From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB)[143] were established in the city.[171] The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE),[172] and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).[173] In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014.[174] The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre.[143] Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.[170] As of 2021, the IT exports from Hyderabad were ₹1,45,522 crore (US$19.66 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and ITES companies that provide 628,615 jobs.[175]

Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,[176] sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.[177] Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.[178][179]

 
Bridalwear shops in Laad Bazaar, near the Charminar

The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city.[180] As of 2010, the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products,[181][182] contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "Genome Valley of India".[183] Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City).[146][147] As of 2013, it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors[184] and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from the city.[163] The development of HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad.[146] The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates include Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Oracle Corporation, Dell, Facebook, CISCO,[87]: 3 [185] and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris, Cyient and Wipro.[87]: 3  In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business.[186] The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city.[163]

The Automotive industry in Hyderabad is also emerging and making it an automobile hub.[187] Automobile companies including as Hyundai, Hyderabad Allwyn, Praga Tools, HMT Bearings, Ordnance Factory Medak, Deccan Auto and Mahindra & Mahindra have units in the Hyderabad economic zone.[188] Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Maruti Suzuki and Triton Energy will invest in Hyderabad.[189]

Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.[140]: 71  According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.[190]: 9  Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,[191]: 12  and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall.[191]: 15–16  Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.[191]: 19  Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (63¢ US) to ₹800 (US$10) per day.[190]: 25  Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.[140]: 71 [192]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Hyderabad

Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire. After the fall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian subcontinent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu.[193][194] This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted.[195][196]: viii  A further consequence of this north–south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana.[197] The mixing of religions has resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims.[198]

Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and Hindu influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta–paijama and women wearing khara dupatta and salwar kameez.[199][200][201] Most Muslim women wear burqa and hijab outdoors.[202] In addition to the traditional Hindu and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths.[203]

Literature

In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Asaf Jahi Nizams attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia), Qawwali (devotional songs) and Dholak ke Geet (traditional folk songs).[204][205][206] The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.[207] Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.[208] The reign of the Asaf Jahi Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.[209] In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.[210] Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity.[211] Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891,[212] and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.[213]

Music and films

 
Ravindra Bharati an auditorium named after Rabindranath Tagore.

South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their culture policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams,[214] and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture, and were appointed to teach singing, poetry, and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy.[215] This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based marfa music, Dholak ke Geet (household songs based on local folklore), and qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events.[216][217] The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.[218]

Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama,[219] the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals[220][221] in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika, Lalithakala Thoranam and Lamakaan. Although not a purely music oriented event, Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances.[222]

The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as Tollywood.[223] In the 1970s, Deccani language realist films by globally acclaimed Shyam Benegal started a movement of coming of age art films in India, which came to be known as parallel cinema.[224] The Deccani film industry ("Dollywood") produces films in the local Hyderabadi dialect, which have gained regional popularity since 2005.[225] The city has hosted international film festivals such as the International Children's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival.[226] In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world's largest film studio.[227]

Art and handicrafts

 
An 18th century Bidriware, water pipe base of Hookah, displayed at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art

The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccan painting.[228] Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.[229] The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes, and jewellery.[228]

Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include: Wootz steel, Filigree work, Bidriware, a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka, which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag under the auspices of the WTO act;[149][230] and Zari and Zardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads.[231] Chintz—a glazed calico textiles was originated in Golconda in 16th century.[232][233] and another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as Machilipatnam which uses both hand and block techniques.[234] Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"[235]), the Telangana State Archaeology Museum, the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum.[236]

Cuisine

Main article: Hyderabadi cuisine

Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices.[237] Hyderabad is listed by UNESCO as a creative city of gastronomy.[238][239] The Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines,[240] carry the national Geographical Indications tag.[241] Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced to some extent by French,[242] but more by Arabic, Turkish, Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines.[201][240] Popular native dishes include nihari, chakna, baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).[201][243]

Media

Main article: Media in Hyderabad

One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, The Deccan Times, was established in the 1780s.[244] Major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu, Sakshi and Namasthe Telangana, while major English papers are The Times of India, The Hindu and Deccan Chronicle. The major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad.[245][246] The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935,[247] with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000.[248] The available channels in Hyderabad include All India Radio, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM, Big FM and Fever FM.[249]

Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan, the government of India's public service broadcaster,[250] which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV.[251] Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television.[248][252] Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies.[253] The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector internet service provider (ISP) starting operations in 1998.[254] In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.[255]

Education

Main article: Education in Hyderabad
 
Osmania University College of Arts

Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Board of Secondary Education, Telangana or Central Board of Secondary Education, depending on the affiliation and follow a "10+2+3" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions.[256] Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu.[257] Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate[258] or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with higher secondary facilities. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).[259][260]

There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities, and three central universities. The central universities are the University of Hyderabad (Hyderabad Central University, HCU),[261] Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University.[262] Osmania University, established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012 is India's second most popular institution for international students.[263] The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance-learning open university in India.[264]

Hyderabad is home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals,[265] such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) and National Institute of Nutrition (NIN).[266] Hyderabad has five major medical schools—Osmania Medical College, Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences[267]—and many affiliated teaching hospitals. An All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been sanctioned in the outskirts of Hyderabad.[268] The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine.[269] Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.[270]

Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development, NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad (NLU), the Indian School of Business, the National Geophysical Research Institute, the Institute of Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad (BITS Hyderabad), Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management Hyderabad Campus (GITAM Hyderabad Campus), and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H), will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015.[271][272]

Sports

See also: Sports in Hyderabad

At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women's tennis tournament, the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship. The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey, the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football,[273] and for cricket, the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association.[274] Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 ICC Cricket World Cups. The Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy—a first-class cricket tournament among India's states and cities. Hyderabad is home to the Indian Premier League franchise Sunrisers Hyderabad—previously Deccan Chargers—is the champion of 2009 Indian Premier League and 2016 Indian Premier League.[275] The new professional football club of the city Hyderabad FC champions of 2021-22 Indian Super League.[276]

During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built.[277]: 18  Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing[278] especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist.[279] In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan 1⁄4 Mile Drag,[280] TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.[281]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Hyderabad

As of 2018, the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. These altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3.3 million passengers.[282][283]

Hyderabad Metro—(a light-rail rapid transit system) was inaugurated in November 2017. As of 2020 it is a 3 track network spread upon 69.2 km (43 mi) with 57 stations, it is the second-largest metro rail network in India.[284][285] Hyderabad's Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three-line suburban rail service with 121 services carrying 180,000 passengers daily.[282] Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities).[286] Intercity rail services operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is Secunderabad railway station, which serves as Indian Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan, Kacheguda, Begumpet, Malkajgiri and Lingampalli.[287]

As of 2018, there are over 5.3 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 4.3 million are two-wheelers and 1.04 million four-wheelers.[282] The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage—roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area[86]: 79 —has led to widespread traffic congestion[288] especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road.[289]: 3  The Inner Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road, the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India,[290] and various interchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h (31 mph) for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h (22 mph) for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h (25 mph) for light commercial vehicles and buses.[291]

Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states: NH-44 runs 3,963 km (2,462 mi) from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south; NH-65, runs 841 km (523 mi) east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh connects Hyderabad and Suryapet with Pune, Maharashtra; 334 km (208 mi) NH-163 links Hyderabad and Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh; 270 km (168 mi) NH-765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh. Five state highways, 225 km (140 mi) SH-1 links Hyderabad, to Ramagundam, SH-2, SH-4, and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.[292]: 58 

Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport established in 1930, but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) in 2008,[293] capable of handling 25 million passengers and 150,000 metric-tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020, Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the 15-25 million passenger category.[294]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, part 2, section 5:

    (1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years.

    (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh.
    The common capital is defined as the existing area notified as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. Though Andhra Pradesh uses facilities in Hyderabad during the transition period, Telangana state is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the city. City MLAs are members of the Legislature of Telangana (sections 3 and 18(1) of the Act).

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February 07, 2023
hyderabad, pakistani, city, sindh, other, uses, disambiguation, listen, dər, telugu, ˈɦaɪ, daraːbaːd, urdu, ˈɦɛːdəɾaːbaːd, capital, largest, city, indian, state, telangana, jure, capital, andhra, pradesh, occupies, deccan, plateau, along, banks, musi, river, n. For the Pakistani city see Hyderabad Sindh For other uses see Hyderabad disambiguation Hyderabad ˈ h aɪ d er e b ae d listen HY der e bad 6 Telugu ˈɦaɪ daraːbaːd Urdu ˈɦɛːdeɾaːbaːd is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh A It occupies 650 km2 250 sq mi on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River in the northern part of Southern India With an average altitude of 542 m 1 778 ft much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes including the Hussain Sagar lake predating the city s founding in the north of the city centre According to the 2011 Census of India Hyderabad is the fourth most populous city in India with a population of 6 9 million residents within the city limits and has a population of 9 7 million residents in the metropolitan region making it the sixth most populous metropolitan area in India With an output of US 74 billion Hyderabad has the fifth largest urban economy in India HyderabadMetropolisClockwise from top Charminar Qutb Shahi tombs Buddha Statue at Hussain Sagar Falaknuma Palace Skyline of Gachibowli Birla Mandir Logo of the Greater Hyderabad Municipal CorporationInteractive map outlining HyderabadHyderabadLocation in TelanganaShow map of TelanganaHyderabadLocation in IndiaShow map of IndiaHyderabadLocation in AsiaShow map of AsiaHyderabadLocation in EarthShow map of EarthCoordinates 17 23 06 0 N 78 29 12 1 E 17 385000 N 78 486694 E 17 385000 78 486694 Coordinates 17 23 06 0 N 78 29 12 1 E 17 385000 N 78 486694 E 17 385000 78 486694Country IndiaStateTelanganaDistrictsHyderabad Medchal Malkajgiri Ranga Reddy SangareddyEstablished1591Founded byMuhammad Quli Qutb ShahGovernment TypeMunicipal Corporation BodyGreater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority Parliament of IndiaAsaduddin Owaisi AIMIM G Kishan Reddy BJP Revanth Reddy INC Kotha Prabhakar Reddy TRS G Ranjith Reddy TRS MayorGadwal VijayalakshmiArea City650 km2 250 sq mi Metro7 257 km2 2 802 sq mi Elevation524 m 1 719 ft Population 2011 1 City6 809 970 4th Estimate 2018 2 9 482 000 Density10 477 km2 27 140 sq mi Urban 3 7 749 334 6th Metro 4 9 7 million 6th DemonymHyderabadiTime zoneUTC 5 30 IST PIN s 500xxx 501xxx 502xxxArea codes 91 40 8413 8414 8415 8417 8418 8453 8455Vehicle registrationTS 07 to TS 15 previously AP 09 to AP 14 and AP 28 AP 29 GDP Nominal 27 56 billion 5 Percapita 4 047 or 2 85 lakh 5 Official languagesTeluguUrduInternational AirportRajiv Gandhi International Airport HYD Rapid TransitHyderabad MetroWebsitewww wbr ghmc wbr gov wbr inMuhammad Quli Qutb Shah established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the fortified Golconda In 1687 the city was annexed by the Mughals In 1724 Asaf Jah I the Mughal viceroy declared his sovereignty and founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty also known as the Nizams Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahi s from 1769 to 1948 As capital of the princely state of Hyderabad the city housed the British Residency and cantonment until Indian independence in 1947 Hyderabad was annexed by the Indian Union in 1948 and continued as a capital of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1956 After the introduction of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 Hyderabad was made the capital of the newly formed Andhra Pradesh In 2014 Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states with a transitional arrangement scheduled to end in 2024 Since 1956 the city has housed the Rashtrapati Nilayam the winter office of the president of India Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today the Charminar has come to symbolise the city By the end of the early modern era the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan and the Nizam s patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world A distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans with Painting handicraft jewellery literature dialect and clothing are prominent still today Through its cuisine the city is listed as a creative city of gastronomy by UNESCO The Telugu film industry based in the city was the country s second largest producer of motion pictures as of 2012 update Until the 19th century Hyderabad was known for the pearl industry and was nicknamed the City of Pearls and was the only trading centre for Golconda diamonds in the world Many of the city s historical and traditional bazaars remain open Hyderabad s central location between the Deccan Plateau and the Western Ghats and industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian research manufacturing educational and financial institutions Since the 1990s the city has emerged as an Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology 7 The formation of the special economic zones of Hardware Park and HITEC City dedicated to information technology has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad Contents 1 History 1 1 Toponymy 1 2 Early and medieval history 1 3 Modern history 1 3 1 Post Independence 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 2 2 Conservation 3 Administration 3 1 Common capital status 3 2 Local government 3 3 Utility services 3 4 Pollution control 3 5 Healthcare 4 Demographics 4 1 Ethnicity 4 2 Religion 4 3 Languages 4 4 Slums 5 Cityscape 5 1 Neighbourhoods 5 2 Landmarks 6 Economy 7 Culture 7 1 Literature 7 2 Music and films 7 3 Art and handicrafts 7 4 Cuisine 8 Media 9 Education 10 Sports 11 Transport 12 See also 13 Explanatory notes 14 Citations 15 General and cited references 16 Further reading 17 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Hyderabad Toponymy Edit The name Hyderabad means Haydar s city or lion city from haydar lion and abad city after Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib also known as Haydar because of his lion like valour in battle 8 The city was originally called Baghnagar city of gardens and later acquired the name Hyderabad 9 10 The European travellers von Poser and Thevenot found both names in use in the 17th century 11 12 One popular legend suggests that the founder of the city Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah named it Bhagya nagar after Bhagmati a local nautch dancing girl whom he married She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal The city would have been named Hyderabad in her honour 13 Early and medieval history Edit The discovery of Megalithic burial sites and cairn circles in the suburbs of Hyderabad in 1851 by Philip Meadows Taylor a polymath in the service of the Nizam had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited from the Stone Age 14 15 Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE 16 The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE 17 Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century Golconda now part of Hyderabad came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158 whose seat of power was at Warangal 148 km 92 mi northeast of modern Hyderabad 18 The Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva 1199 1262 built a hilltop outpost later known as Golconda Fort to defend their western region 15 A 17th century Deccani School miniature of Qutb Shahi ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah with Sufi singers in the Mehfil gathering to entertain or praise someone The Qutb Shahi Tombs at Ibrahim Bagh are the tombs of the seven Qutb Shahi rulers The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khalji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate This lasted until 1323 when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Tughlaq dynasty the successor to the Khaljis 19 During this period Alauddin Khalji took the Koh i Noor diamond which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golconda to Delhi 20 Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325 bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty Malik Maqbul Tilangani was appointed its governor In 1336 the regional chieftains Musunuri Nayakas who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333 took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital 21 In 1347 when Ala ud Din Bahman Shah a governor under bin Tughluq rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau with Gulbarga 200 km 124 mi west of Hyderabad as its capital both the neighboring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364 65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan 22 23 24 In 1496 Sultan Quli was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana he rebuilt expanded and fortified the old mud fort of Golconda and named the city Muhammad nagar In 1518 he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty 18 25 26 The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591 27 28 to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda 29 During his rule he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city 30 Mir Momin Astarabadi the prime minister in the Qutub Shahi period developed the plan of the city of Hyderabad including the location of the Charminar and Char Kaman 31 32 33 On 21 September 1687 the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year long siege of the Golconda Fort 34 35 The annexed city Hyderabad was renamed Darul Jihad House of War 36 whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province Hyderabad Subah 37 Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors Jan Sipar Khan 1688 1700 his son Rustam Dil Khan 1700 13 and Mubariz Khan 1713 24 38 Modern history Edit A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s factories were built around the lake In 1713 Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Mubariz Khan as Governor of Hyderabad During his tenure he fortified the city and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats 39 In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I as Viceroy of the Deccan administrator of six Mughal governorates with the title Nizam ul Mulk Administrator of the Realm In 1721 he was appointed as Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire 40 His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan 41 42 Under the influence of Asaf Jah I s opponents Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah issued a decree to Mubariz Khan to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the Battle of Shakar Kheda 41 93 94 In 1724 Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan named the region Hyderabad Deccan and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams or Nizams of Hyderabad 39 43 The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson Nasir Jung 1748 1750 Muzaffar Jang 1750 1751 and Salabat Jung 1751 1762 contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces The accession of Asaf Jah II who reigned from 1762 to 1803 ended the instability In 1768 he signed the Treaty of Masulipatam by which the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent got the right to control and collect the taxes at Coromandel Coast 44 In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams 39 43 In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali Dalwai of Mysore Baji Rao I Peshwa of the Maratha Empire and Basalath Jung Asaf Jah II s elder brother who was supported by French General the Marquis de Bussy Castelnau the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798 allowing the British Indian Army to be stationed at Bolarum modern Secunderabad to protect the state s capital for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British 44 Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad With the introduction of railways in the 1880s four factories were built to the south and east of Hussain Sagar lake 45 and during the early 20th century Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services underground drainage running water electricity telecommunications universities industries and Begumpet Airport The Nizams ruled the princely state of Hyderabad during the British Raj 39 43 Post Independence Edit After India gained independence the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union or newly formed Dominion of Pakistan 44 The Hyderabad State Congress with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948 On 17 September that year the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo With the defeat of his forces Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession which made him the Rajpramukh Princely Governor of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956 43 46 Between 1946 and 1951 the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region 47 The Constitution of India which became effective on 26 January 1950 made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital 48 In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States B R Ambedkar then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location 49 On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language Hyderabad state was split into three parts which were merged with neighbouring states to form Maharashtra Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh The nine Telugu and Urdu speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh 50 51 52 with Hyderabad as its capital Several protests known collectively as the Telangana movement attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972 and a third began in 2010 53 The city suffered several explosions one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives 54 terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots 55 and two bombs exploded in February 2013 56 On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal 57 and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill With the final assent of the President of India Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014 58 Geography EditMain article Geography of Hyderabad Hussain Sagar lake built during the reign of the Qutb Shahi dynasty was once the source of drinking water for Hyderabad 59 Hyderabad is 1 566 km 973 mi south of Delhi 699 km 434 mi southeast of Mumbai and 570 km 350 mi north of Bangalore by road 60 It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India 61 along the banks of the Musi River a tributary of Krishna River located on the Deccan Plateau in the northern part of South India 62 63 64 Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 250 sq mi making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India 65 With an average altitude of 542 m 1 778 ft Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite dotted with small hills the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 m 2 205 ft 64 66 The city has numerous lakes sometime referred to as sagar meaning sea Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi such as Hussain Sagar built in 1562 near the city centre Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar 64 67 As of 1996 update the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks ponds 68 Climate Edit Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate Koppen Aw bordering on a hot semi arid climate Koppen BSh 69 The annual mean temperature is 26 6 C 79 9 F monthly mean temperatures are 21 33 C 70 91 F 70 Summers March June are hot and dry with average highs in the mid to high 30s Celsius 71 maximum temperatures often exceed 40 C 104 F between April and June 70 The coolest temperatures occur in December and January when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 C 50 F 70 May is the hottest month when daily temperatures range from 26 39 C 79 102 F December the coldest has temperatures varying from 14 5 28 C 58 1 82 4 F 71 Heavy rain from the south west summer monsoon falls between June and October supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall 71 Since records began in November 1891 the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24 hour period was 241 5 mm 10 in on 24 August 2000 The highest temperature ever recorded was 45 5 C 114 F on 2 June 1966 and the lowest was 6 1 C 43 F on 8 January 1946 72 The city receives 2 731 hours of sunshine per year maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February 73 vteClimate data for Hyderabad Begumpet Airport 1981 2010 extremes 1951 2012 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 35 9 96 6 39 1 102 4 42 2 108 0 43 3 109 9 44 5 112 1 45 5 113 9 37 4 99 3 36 2 97 2 36 1 97 0 36 7 98 1 34 0 93 2 34 2 93 6 45 5 113 9 Average high C F 29 3 84 7 32 4 90 3 35 9 96 6 38 1 100 6 39 4 102 9 34 9 94 8 31 3 88 3 30 1 86 2 31 1 88 0 31 0 87 8 29 6 85 3 28 7 83 7 32 7 90 9 Daily mean C F 22 7 72 9 25 3 77 5 28 6 83 5 31 3 88 3 33 0 91 4 29 7 85 5 27 0 80 6 26 2 79 2 26 7 80 1 25 8 78 4 23 7 74 7 21 9 71 4 26 8 80 2 Average low C F 15 9 60 6 18 3 64 9 21 5 70 7 24 4 75 9 26 3 79 3 24 2 75 6 22 8 73 0 22 2 72 0 22 3 72 1 20 6 69 1 17 4 63 3 15 1 59 2 20 9 69 6 Record low C F 6 1 43 0 8 9 48 0 13 2 55 8 16 0 60 8 16 7 62 1 17 8 64 0 18 6 65 5 18 7 65 7 17 8 64 0 11 7 53 1 7 4 45 3 7 1 44 8 6 1 43 0 Average rainfall mm inches 9 3 0 37 9 2 0 36 17 8 0 70 21 7 0 85 31 7 1 25 111 2 4 38 179 2 7 06 207 0 8 15 132 9 5 23 103 6 4 08 26 1 1 03 4 9 0 19 854 6 33 65 Average rainy days 0 6 0 5 1 1 1 8 2 4 6 9 10 0 11 5 7 6 5 5 1 6 0 4 49 9Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 40 32 28 28 30 51 64 69 65 56 48 43 46Average dew point C F 12 54 12 54 13 55 15 59 15 59 19 66 20 68 20 68 20 68 17 63 15 59 13 55 16 61 Mean monthly sunshine hours 272 8 265 6 272 8 276 0 279 0 180 0 136 4 133 3 162 0 226 3 243 0 251 1 2 698 3Mean daily sunshine hours 8 8 9 4 8 8 9 2 9 0 6 0 4 4 4 3 5 4 7 3 8 1 8 1 7 4Average ultraviolet index 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 8 11Source 1 India Meteorological Department sun 1971 2000 74 75 76 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 77 Source 2 Tokyo Climate Center mean temperatures 1981 2010 78 Weather Atlas 79 Conservation Edit Blackbucks grazing at Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park Hyderabad s lakes and the sloping terrain of its low lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna As of 2016 update the tree cover is 1 7 of the total city area a decrease from 2 7 in 1996 80 The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance which are preserved in the form of national parks zoos mini zoos and a wildlife sanctuary Nehru Zoological Park the city s one large zoo is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park Hyderabad has three national parks Mrugavani National Park Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km 31 mi from the city Hyderabad s other environmental reserves are Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens Ameenpur Lake Shamirpet Lake Hussain Sagar Fox Sagar Lake Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world 81 Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department 82 Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics ICRISAT the Animal Welfare Board of India the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad 81 Further information Maulana Abul Kalam Hyderabad Sujala Saravanthi schemeAdministration EditMain article Administration of Hyderabad Common capital status Edit Telangana Legislature According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2014 part 2 Section 5 83 1 On and from the appointed day Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years 2 After the expiry of the period referred to in sub section 1 Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act 1955 As stipulated in sections 3 and 18 1 of the Reorganisation Act city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly Local government Edit See also Administrative divisions of Hyderabad The GHMC is divided into six municipal zones The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation GHMC oversees the civic infrastructure of the city there are six administrative zones of GHMC South Zone Charminar East Zone L B Nagar West Zone Serilingampally North Zone Kukatpally Northeast Zone Secunderabad and Central Zone Khairatabad these zones consist of 30 circles which together encompass 150 municipal wards Each ward is represented by a corporator elected by popular vote as of 2020 update the city has 7 400 000 voters of which 3 850 000 are male and 3 500 000 are female 84 The corporators elect the Mayor who is the titular head of GHMC executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner appointed by the state government The GHMC carries out the city s infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains town planning including construction regulation maintenance of municipal markets and parks solid waste management the issuing of birth and death certificates the issuing of trade licenses collection of property tax and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare and pre school and non formal education 85 The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad MCH with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 250 sq mi 65 3 The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40 1 km2 15 5 sq mi 86 93 where there are several military camps 87 2 88 The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority 86 93 Appointed in February 2021 Gadwal Vijayalakshmi of Telangana Rashtra Samithi TRS is serving as the Mayor of GHMC 89 In Hyderabad police jurisdiction is divided into three commissionerates Hyderabad established in 1847 AD an oldest police commissionerate in India Cyberabad and Rachakonda each headed by a commissioner of police who are Indian Police Service IPS officers The Hyderabad police is a division of the Telangana Police under the state Home Ministry 90 91 The jurisdictions of the city s administrative agencies are in ascending order of size the Hyderabad Police area Hyderabad district the GHMC area Hyderabad city and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority HMDA The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board HMWSSB 92 Hyderabad is the seat of the Government of Telangana Government of Andhra Pradesh and the President of India s winter retreat Rashtrapati Nilayam as well as the Telangana High Court and various local government agencies The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court 93 94 95 1 The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies 96 which form five constituencies of the Lok Sabha the lower house of the Parliament of India 97 Utility services Edit A GHMC sweeper cleaning the Tank Bund Road The HMWSSB Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply amp Sewage Board regulates rainwater harvesting sewerage services and water supply In 2005 the HMWSSB started operating a 116 km long 72 mi water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand 98 99 The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited TSPDCL manages electricity supply 100 As of 2014 update there were 15 fire stations in the city operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department 101 The government owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub post offices in Hyderabad which are complemented by private courier services 64 Pollution control Edit Hyderabad produces around 4 500 tonnes of solid waste daily which is transported from collection units in Imlibun Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar 102 Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010 103 Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increased industrial waste air noise and water pollution which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board TPCB 104 105 The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was 20 50 from vehicles 40 70 from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust 10 30 from industrial discharges and 3 10 from the burning of household rubbish 106 Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1 700 3 000 each year 107 The city s VIP areas the Assembly building Secretariat and Telangana chief minister s office have particularly low air quality index ratings suffering from high levels of PM2 5 s 108 Ground water around Hyderabad which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm around three times higher than is desirable 109 is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels 110 111 This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city 112 Healthcare Edit See also Healthcare in Hyderabad The NTR Gardens is among the gardens in the vicinity of Hussain Sagar lake serving as a recreation park The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services 113 114 As of 2010 update 11 the city had 50 government hospitals 115 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12 000 hospital beds fewer than half the required 25 000 116 For every 10 000 people in the city there are 17 6 hospital beds 117 9 specialist doctors 14 nurses and 6 physicians 116 The city has about 4 000 individual clinics 118 Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities 119 60 61 despite the high proportion of the city s residents being covered by government health insurance 24 according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005 119 41 As of 2012 update many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built 118 Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani homoeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments 120 In the 2005 National Family Health Survey it was reported that the city s total fertility rate is 1 8 119 47 which is below the replacement rate Only 61 of children had been provided with all basic vaccines BCG measles and full courses of polio and DPT fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut 119 98 The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1 000 live births and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1 000 live births 119 97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese 49 of children below 5 years are anaemic and up to 20 of children are underweight 119 44 55 56 while more than 2 of women and 3 of men suffer from diabetes 119 57 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Hyderabad Historical populationYearPop 19511 085 722 19611 118 553 3 0 19711 796 000 60 6 19812 546 000 41 8 19913 059 262 20 2 20013 637 483 18 9 20116 809 970 87 2 When the GHMC was created in 2007 the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 68 sq mi to 650 km2 250 sq mi 65 123 Consequently the population increased by 87 from 3 637 483 as of 2001 update census to 6 809 970 as of 2011 update census 24 of which are migrants from elsewhere in India 87 2 making Hyderabad the nation s fourth most populous city 1 3 As of 2011 update the population density is 18 480 km2 47 900 sq mi 124 and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7 749 334 making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country 3 as of 2011 update census there are 3 500 802 male and 3 309 168 female citizens a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males higher than the national average of 926 per 1000 125 126 Among children aged 0 6 years 373 794 are boys and 352 022 are girls a ratio of 942 per 1000 Literacy stands at 83 male 86 female 80 higher than the national average of 74 04 125 127 The socio economic strata consist of 20 upper class 50 middle class and 30 working class 128 Ethnicity Edit Referred to as Hyderabadi the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people with minority Bengali Sindhi Kannada Memon Nawayathi Malayalam Marathi Gujarati Marwari Odia Punjabi Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities 129 Hyderabadi Muslims are a unique community who owe much of their history language cuisine and culture to Hyderabad and the various dynasties who previously ruled Hadhrami Arabs African Arabs Armenians Abyssinians Iranians Pathans and Turkish people are also present these communities of which the Hadhrami Arabs or Chaush are the largest declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union as they lost the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams 129 Religion Edit Religion in Greater Hyderabad 2011 130 Hinduism 64 93 Islam 30 13 Christianity 2 75 Other or not stated 2 19 Hindus are in the majority Muslims form a very large minority and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around old Hyderabad There are also Christian Sikh Jain Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic churches mosques and temples 131 According to the 2011 update census the religious make up of Greater Hyderabad was Hindus 64 9 Muslims 30 1 Christians 2 8 Jains 0 3 Sikhs 0 3 and Buddhists 0 1 1 5 did not state any religion 132 Languages Edit Languages of Hyderabad 2011 133 Telugu 58 23 Urdu 29 47 Hindi 4 89 Marathi 1 54 Tamil 1 09 Others 4 78 Telugu and Urdu are both official languages of the city and most Hyderabadis are bilingual 134 The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called Telangana Mandalika and the Urdu spoken is called Deccani 135 1869 70 136 English is a Secondary official language used monumentally in business and administration and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications 137 A significant minority speak other languages including Hindi Bengali Kannada Marathi Punjabi Marwari Odia and Tamil 129 Slums Edit In the greater metropolitan area 13 of the population live below the poverty line 138 According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank Hyderabad has 1 476 slums with a total population of 1 7 million of whom 66 live in 985 slums in the core of the city the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion and the remaining 34 live in 491 suburban tenements 139 About 22 of the slum dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century and 63 claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years 87 55 Overall literacy in the slums is 60 80 and female literacy is 52 73 A third of the slums have basic service connections and the remainder depends on general public services provided by the government There are 405 government schools 267 government aided schools 175 private schools and 528 community halls in the slum areas 140 70 According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance 87 6 of the slum dwelling households are nuclear families 18 are very poor with an income up to 20 000 US 250 per annum 73 live below the poverty line a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is 24 000 US 300 per annum 27 of the chief wage earners CWE are casual labour and 38 of the CWE are illiterate About 3 7 of the slum children aged 5 14 do not go to school and 3 2 work as child labour of whom 64 are boys and 36 are girls The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites Among the working children 35 are engaged in hazardous jobs 87 59 Cityscape Edit Gachibowli IT amp Financial District skyline view Neighbourhoods Edit See also Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad Optimist and Laser dinghies during the Hyderabad Sailing Week Regatta at Hussain Sagar The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called the Purana Shahar Old City while the New City encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks The two are connected by many bridges across the river the oldest of which is Purana Pul old bridge built in 1578 AD 141 Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar 142 Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central Hyderabad such as the Charminar Mecca Masjid Salar Jung Museum Nizam Museum Telangana High Court Falaknuma Palace Chowmahalla Palace and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle North of the river are hospitals colleges major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar Koti Abids Sultan Bazar and Moazzam Jahi Market along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India the Telangana Secretariat the India Government Mint the Telangana Legislature the Public Gardens Shahi Masjid the Nizam Club the Ravindra Bharathi the State Museum the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium 142 143 144 North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar Tank Bund Road Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad railway station 142 Most of the city s parks and recreational centres such as Sanjeevaiah Park Indira Park Lumbini Park NTR Gardens the Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here 59 In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills Jubilee Hills Begumpet Khairtabad Tolichowki Jagannath Temple and Miyapur 145 The northern end contains industrial areas such as Kukatpally Sanathnagar Moosapet Balanagar Patancheru and Chanda Nagar The northeast end is dotted with residential areas such as Malkajgiri Neredmet A S Rao Nagar and Uppal 142 143 144 In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City The Cyberabad area in the southwest and west of the city consisting of Madhapur and Gachibowli has grown rapidly since the 1990s It is home to information technology and bio pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport Osman Sagar Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park 146 147 Landmarks Edit Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval Mughal and European styles 9 148 After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan the VIIth Nizam whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad 149 150 In 2012 the government of India declared Hyderabad the first Best heritage city of India 151 Love Hyderabad Sculpture at People s Plaza on the banks of the picturesque Hussain Sagar lake Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches 152 The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the Golconda Fort built in the 16th century Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards the fort The Charminar has become an icon of the city located in the centre of old Hyderabad it is a square structure with sides 20 m 66 ft long and four grand arches each facing a road At each corner stands a 56 m 184 ft high minaret The Charminar Golconda Fort and the Qutb Shahi tombs are considered to be monuments of national importance in India in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status 149 153 154 11 18 155 Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace which was the seat of royal power It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio Purani Haveli King Kothi Palace and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century During Mir Osman Ali Khan s rule European styles along with Indo Islamic became prominent These styles are reflected in the Indo Saracenic style of architecture seen in many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court Osmania Hospital City College and the Kacheguda railway station all designed by Vincent Esch 156 Other landmark structures of the city constructed during his regin are the State Central Library the Telangana Legislature the State Archaeology Museum Jubilee Hall and Hyderabad railway station 149 152 157 158 Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace Asman Garh Palace Basheer Bagh Palace Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque all constructed by the Paigah family 154 16 17 159 160 The Chowmahalla Palace a principal palace of the Nizam s constructed by Salabat Jung in 1750Economy EditMain article Economy of Hyderabad HITEC City the hub of information technology companies Middle class apartments in Uppal Kalan a rural urban fringe of Hyderabad city Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad s metropolitan area have ranged from US 40 US 74 billion PPP GDP and have ranked it either fifth or sixth most productive metro area of India 161 Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product GDP tax and other revenues of Telangana and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India RBI in June 2012 162 Its per capita annual income in 2011 was 44 300 US 550 163 As of 2006 update the largest employers in the city were the state government 113 098 employees and central government 85 155 164 According to a 2005 survey 77 of males and 19 of females in the city were employed 165 The service industry remains dominant in the city and 90 of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector 166 Hyderabad s role in the pearl trade has given it the name City of Pearls and up until the 18th century the city was the only global trading centre for diamonds known as Golconda Diamonds 35 167 168 Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports 169 170 From the 1950s to the 1970s Indian enterprises such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited BHEL Nuclear Fuel Complex NFC National Mineral Development Corporation NMDC Bharat Electronics BEL Electronics Corporation of India Limited ECIL Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO Hindustan Aeronautics Limited HAL Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology CCMB Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics CDFD State Bank of Hyderabad SBH and Andhra Bank AB 143 were established in the city 171 The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange HSE 172 and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India SEBI 173 In 2013 the Bombay Stock Exchange BSE facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE Mumbai by the end of 2014 174 The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre 143 Since the 1990s the growth of information technology IT IT enabled services ITES insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce transport storage communication real estate and retail 170 As of 2021 update the IT exports from Hyderabad were 1 45 522 crore US 19 66 billion the city houses 1500 IT and ITES companies that provide 628 615 jobs 175 Hyderabad s commercial markets are divided into four sectors central business districts 176 sub central business centres neighbourhood business centres and local business centres 177 Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares along with gems and pearls 178 179 Bridalwear shops in Laad Bazaar near the Charminar The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited IDPL a public sector undertaking in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city 180 As of 2010 update the city manufactured one third of India s bulk drugs and 16 of biotechnology products 181 182 contributing to its reputation as India s pharmaceutical capital and the Genome Valley of India 183 Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology for which it is known as Cyberabad Cyber City 146 147 As of 2013 update it contributed 15 of India s and 98 of Andhra Pradesh s exports in IT and ITES sectors 184 and 22 of NASSCOM s total membership is from the city 163 The development of HITEC City a township with extensive technological infrastructure prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad 146 The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407 000 individuals the global conglomerates include Microsoft Apple Amazon Google IBM Yahoo Oracle Corporation Dell Facebook CISCO 87 3 185 and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra Infosys Tata Consultancy Services TCS Polaris Cyient and Wipro 87 3 In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business 186 The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city 163 The Automotive industry in Hyderabad is also emerging and making it an automobile hub 187 Automobile companies including as Hyundai Hyderabad Allwyn Praga Tools HMT Bearings Ordnance Factory Medak Deccan Auto and Mahindra amp Mahindra have units in the Hyderabad economic zone 188 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Maruti Suzuki and Triton Energy will invest in Hyderabad 189 Like the rest of India Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30 of the labour force 140 71 According to a survey published in 2007 it had 40 50 000 street vendors and their numbers were increasing 190 9 Among the street vendors 84 are male and 16 female 191 12 and four fifths are stationary vendors operating from a fixed pitch often with their own stall 191 15 16 Most are financed through personal savings only 8 borrow from moneylenders 191 19 Vendor earnings vary from 50 63 US to 800 US 10 per day 190 25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy poultry farming brick manufacturing casual labour and domestic help Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor 140 71 192 Culture EditMain article Culture of Hyderabad Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire After the fall of Delhi in 1857 the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian subcontinent under the patronage of the Nizam enriched the cultural milieu 193 194 This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages cultures and religions which has since led to a co existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions for which the city has become noted 195 196 viii A further consequence of this north south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana 197 The mixing of religions has resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul Fitr and Eid al Adha by Muslims 198 Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and Hindu influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta paijama and women wearing khara dupatta and salwar kameez 199 200 201 Most Muslim women wear burqa and hijab outdoors 202 In addition to the traditional Hindu and Muslim garments increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths 203 Literature Edit In the past Qutb Shahi rulers and Asaf Jahi Nizams attracted artists architects and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas poetic symposia Qawwali devotional songs and Dholak ke Geet traditional folk songs 204 205 206 The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu 207 Lazzat Un Nisa a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts 208 The reign of the Asaf Jahi Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court administration and education 209 In 1824 a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry named Gulzar e Mahlaqa authored by Mah Laqa Bai the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan was published in Hyderabad 210 Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival held since 2010 showcasing the city s literary and cultural creativity 211 Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi the Urdu Academy the Telugu Academy the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language the Comparative Literature Association of India and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891 212 and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram 213 Music and films Edit Ravindra Bharati an auditorium named after Rabindranath Tagore South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region As a result of their culture policies North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams 214 and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif courtesans These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture and were appointed to teach singing poetry and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy 215 This gave rise to certain styles of court music dance and poetry Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music the residents of Hyderabad play city based marfa music Dholak ke Geet household songs based on local folklore and qawwali especially at weddings festivals and other celebratory events 216 217 The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music 218 Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama 219 the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals 220 221 in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati Shilpakala Vedika Lalithakala Thoranam and Lamakaan Although not a purely music oriented event Numaish a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products does feature some musical performances 222 The city is home to the Telugu film industry popularly known as Tollywood 223 In the 1970s Deccani language realist films by globally acclaimed Shyam Benegal started a movement of coming of age art films in India which came to be known as parallel cinema 224 The Deccani film industry Dollywood produces films in the local Hyderabadi dialect which have gained regional popularity since 2005 225 The city has hosted international film festivals such as the International Children s Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival 226 In 2005 Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world s largest film studio 227 Art and handicrafts Edit An 18th century Bidriware water pipe base of Hookah displayed at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccan painting 228 Developed during the 16th century the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style 229 The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams Highly influenced by Mughal painting this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape culture costumes and jewellery 228 Although not a centre for handicrafts itself the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad Such crafts include Wootz steel Filigree work Bidriware a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication GI tag under the auspices of the WTO act 149 230 and Zari and Zardozi embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold silver and other metal threads 231 Chintz a glazed calico textiles was originated in Golconda in 16th century 232 233 and another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari a hand painted or block printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand and an Islamic style known as Machilipatnam which uses both hand and block techniques 234 Examples of Hyderabad s arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum housing one of the largest one man collections in the world 235 the Telangana State Archaeology Museum the Nizam Museum the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum 236 Cuisine Edit Main article Hyderabadi cuisine Hyderabadi biryani along with other Hyderabadi cuisine Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices 237 Hyderabad is listed by UNESCO as a creative city of gastronomy 238 239 The Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines 240 carry the national Geographical Indications tag 241 Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced to some extent by French 242 but more by Arabic Turkish Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines 201 240 Popular native dishes include nihari chakna baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd 201 243 Media EditMain article Media in Hyderabad One of Hyderabad s earliest newspapers The Deccan Times was established in the 1780s 244 Major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu Sakshi and Namasthe Telangana while major English papers are The Times of India The Hindu and Deccan Chronicle The major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily The Munsif Daily and Etemaad 245 246 The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919 Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935 247 with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000 248 The available channels in Hyderabad include All India Radio Radio Mirchi Radio City Red FM Big FM and Fever FM 249 Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan the government of India s public service broadcaster 250 which transmits two free to air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV 251 Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription direct broadcast satellite services or internet based television 248 252 Hyderabad s first dial up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies 253 The first public internet access service began in 1995 with the first private sector internet service provider ISP starting operations in 1998 254 In 2015 high speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city 255 Education EditMain article Education in Hyderabad Osmania University College of Arts Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Board of Secondary Education Telangana or Central Board of Secondary Education depending on the affiliation and follow a 10 2 3 plan About two thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions 256 Languages of instruction include English Hindi Telugu and Urdu 257 Depending on the institution students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate 258 or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education After completing secondary education students enroll in schools or junior colleges with higher secondary facilities Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad JNTUH or Osmania University OU is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test EAM CET 259 260 There are 13 universities in Hyderabad two private universities two deemed universities six state universities and three central universities The central universities are the University of Hyderabad Hyderabad Central University HCU 261 Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University 262 Osmania University established in 1918 was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012 update is India s second most popular institution for international students 263 The Dr B R Ambedkar Open University established in 1982 is the first distance learning open university in India 264 Hyderabad is home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences biotechnology and pharmaceuticals 265 such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER and National Institute of Nutrition NIN 266 Hyderabad has five major medical schools Osmania Medical College Gandhi Medical College Nizam s Institute of Medical Sciences Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences 267 and many affiliated teaching hospitals An All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been sanctioned in the outskirts of Hyderabad 268 The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine 269 Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association a non profit foundation for cardiovascular education 270 Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development NALSAR University of Law Hyderabad NLU the Indian School of Business the National Geophysical Research Institute the Institute of Public Enterprise the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad IIITH Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Hyderabad BITS Hyderabad Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management Hyderabad Campus GITAM Hyderabad Campus and Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad IIT H as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics ICRISAT and the Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College The National Institute of Design Hyderabad NID H will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015 271 272 Sports EditSee also Sports in Hyderabad The Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium At the professional level the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India the 2003 Afro Asian Games the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women s tennis tournament the 2007 Military World Games the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey the G M C Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football 273 and for cricket the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association 274 Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 ICC Cricket World Cups The Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy a first class cricket tournament among India s states and cities Hyderabad is home to the Indian Premier League franchise Sunrisers Hyderabad previously Deccan Chargers is the champion of 2009 Indian Premier League and 2016 Indian Premier League 275 The new professional football club of the city Hyderabad FC champions of 2021 22 Indian Super League 276 During British rule Secunderabad became a well known sporting centre and many race courses parade grounds and polo fields were built 277 18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club which is known for its horse racing 278 especially the annual Deccan derby still exist 279 In more recent times motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan 1 4 Mile Drag 280 TSD Rallies and 4x4 off road rallying 281 Transport EditMain article Transport in Hyderabad Hyderabad Metro As of 2018 update the most commonly used forms of medium distance transport in Hyderabad include government owned services such as light railways and buses as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws These altogether serve 3 5 million passengers daily Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3 3 million passengers 282 283 Hyderabad Metro a light rail rapid transit system was inaugurated in November 2017 As of 2020 update it is a 3 track network spread upon 69 2 km 43 mi with 57 stations it is the second largest metro rail network in India 284 285 Hyderabad s Multi Modal Transport System MMTS is a three line suburban rail service with 121 services carrying 180 000 passengers daily 282 Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin Society for Employment Promotion amp Training in Twin Cities 286 Intercity rail services operate from Hyderabad the main and largest station is Secunderabad railway station which serves as Indian Railways South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan Kacheguda Begumpet Malkajgiri and Lingampalli 287 As of 2018 update there are over 5 3 million vehicles operating in the city of which 4 3 million are two wheelers and 1 04 million four wheelers 282 The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage roads occupy only 9 5 of the total city area 86 79 has led to widespread traffic congestion 288 especially since 80 of passengers and 60 of freight are transported by road 289 3 The Inner Ring Road the Outer Ring Road the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway the longest flyover in India 290 and various interchanges overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km h 31 mph for two wheelers and cars 35 km h 22 mph for auto rickshaws and 40 km h 25 mph for light commercial vehicles and buses 291 Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states NH 44 runs 3 963 km 2 462 mi from Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu in the south NH 65 runs 841 km 523 mi east west between Machilipatnam Andhra Pradesh connects Hyderabad and Suryapet with Pune Maharashtra 334 km 208 mi NH 163 links Hyderabad and Bhopalpatnam Chhattisgarh 270 km 168 mi NH 765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam Andhra Pradesh Five state highways 225 km 140 mi SH 1 links Hyderabad to Ramagundam SH 2 SH 4 and SH 6 either start from or pass through Hyderabad 292 58 Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport established in 1930 but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport RGIA IATA HYD ICAO VOHS in 2008 293 capable of handling 25 million passengers and 150 000 metric tonnes of cargo per annum In 2020 Airports Council International an autonomous body representing the world s airports judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the 15 25 million passenger category 294 See also EditList of flyovers and under passes in Hyderabad List of people from Hyderabad List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad List of tourist attractions in HyderabadExplanatory notes Edit According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2014 part 2 section 5 1 On and from the appointed day Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years 2 After the expiry of the period referred to in sub section 1 Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh The common capital is defined as the existing area notified as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act 1955 Though Andhra Pradesh uses facilities in Hyderabad during the transition period Telangana state is responsible for the day to day administration of the city City MLAs are members of the Legislature of Telangana sections 3 and 18 1 of the Act Citations Edit a b c Cities having population 1 lakh and above 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