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Muslims

Muslims (Arabic: المسلمون, al-Muslimūn, transl. "Submitters [to God]")[27] are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraham (or Allah) as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet.[28] The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad (sunnah) as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith).[29]

With an estimated population of almost 1.9 billion followers as of 2020 year estimation, Muslims comprise more than 24.9% of the world's total population.[1] In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each continental landmass stands at: 45% of Africa, 25% of Asia and Oceania (collectively),[30] 6% of Europe,[31] and 1% of the Americas.[32][33][34][35] Additionally, in subdivided geographical regions, the figure stands at: 91% of the Middle East–North Africa,[36][37][38] 90% of Central Asia,[39][40][41] 65% of the Caucasus,[42][43][44][45][46][47] 42% of Southeast Asia,[48][49] 32% of South Asia,[50][51] and 42% of sub-Saharan Africa.[52][53]

While there are several Islamic schools and branches, the two largest denominations are Sunni Islam (75–90% of all Muslims)[54] and Shia Islam (10–20% of all Muslims).[17][18][19] By sheer numbers, South Asia accounts for the largest portion (31%) of the global Muslim population, primarily across three countries: Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh.[55][56] By country, Indonesia is the largest in the Muslim world, holding around 12% of all Muslims worldwide;[57][58] outside of the Muslim-majority countries, India and China are home to the largest (11%) and second-largest (2%) Muslim populations, respectively.[59][60][61] Due to high Muslim population growth, Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world.[62][63][64]

Etymology

The word muslim (Arabic: مسلم, IPA: [ˈmʊslɪm]; English: /ˈmʌzlɪm/, /ˈmʊzlɪm/, /ˈmʊslɪm/ or moslem /ˈmɒzləm/, /ˈmɒsləm/[65]) is the active participle of the same verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M "to be whole, intact".[66][67] A female adherent is a muslima (Arabic: مسلمة) (also transliterated as "Muslimah"[68] ). The plural form in Arabic is muslimūn (مسلمون) or muslimīn (مسلمين), and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt (مسلمات).

The ordinary word in English is "Muslim". In the 20th century the preferred spelling in English was "Moslem", but this has now fallen into disuse.[69][better source needed] The word Mosalman (Persian: مسلمان, alternatively Mussalman) is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans.[70] Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.[71] Other obsolete terms include Muslimite[72] and Muslimist.[73] In Medieval Europe, Muslims were commonly called Saracens.

The Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi said:

A Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God...Islam means making one's religion and faith God's alone.[74]

Qualifier

To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter the Shahada, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger.[75] It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh (أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله) "I testify that there is no god [worthy of worship] except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."[76]

In Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but Allah), and Muhammadun rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God),[77] which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada.[78] The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl.[79]

In Shia Islam, the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam: وعليٌ وليُّ الله (wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God".[80]

In Quranist Islam, the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but Allah (la ilaha illa'llah ).[citation needed]

The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the Five Pillars of Islam: the declaration of faith (shahadah), daily prayers (salah), almsgiving (zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm), and the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.[81][82]

In Islamic theology

The Qur'an describes many prophets and messengers within Judaism and Christianity, and their respective followers, as Muslim. Some of those that were mentioned are: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus and his apostles are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur'an. The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, Jesus' disciples tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (wa-shahad be anna muslimūn)." In Islamic belief, before the Qur'an, God had given the Tawrat (Torah) to Moses, the Zabur (Psalms) to David and the Injil (Gospel) to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets.[83]

Demographics

 
World Muslim population by percentage (2010 data from Pew Research Center)
 
A map of Muslim populations by absolute number

The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims,[84] followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), Nigeria (5.3%) and Egypt (4.9%).[57] About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa.[84][85]

Sizable minorities are also found in India, China, Ethiopia, the Americas, Australia and parts of Europe. The country with the highest proportion of self-described Muslims as a proportion of its total population is Morocco.[86]

Over 75–90% of Muslims are Sunni.[15][16] The second and third largest sects, Shia and Ahmadiyya, make up 10–20%,[17][18][19] and 1%[20] respectively.

With about 1.9 billion followers (2019), almost a quarter of earth's population,[87] Islam is the second-largest and the fastest-growing religion in the world,[88] primarily due to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims,[89] with Muslims having a rate of (3.1) compared to the world average of (2.5). According to the same study, religious switching has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal.[89]

A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest fertility rates (3.1) of any major religious group.[90] The study also found that Muslims (tied with Hindus) have the lowest average levels of education with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions.[90] About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling,[90] and Muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group, with only 8% having graduate and post-graduate degrees.[90]

Culture

Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to early Umayyad period, were predominantly Arab, Byzantine, Persian and Levantine. With the rapid expansion of the Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Persian, Egyptian, Caucasian, Turkic, Mongol, South Asian, Malay, Somali, Berber, Indonesian, and Moro cultures.

See also

References

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External links

  • Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner – The Islamic Supreme Council of America.
  • Muhammad and the First Muslim Ummah – University of Chicago
  • Islamophobia Today Newspaper – An Islamophobia news clearing house
  • Sammy Aziz Rahmatti, Understanding and Countering Islamophobia
  • WikiSaurus:Muslim
  • "Understanding Islam". Susan Headden. 7 April 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  • . Adherents.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2000. Retrieved 3 July 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

muslims, muslim, redirects, here, other, uses, muslim, disambiguation, arabic, المسلمون, muslimūn, transl, submitters, people, adhere, islam, monotheistic, religion, belonging, abrahamic, tradition, they, consider, quran, foundational, religious, text, islam, . Muslim redirects here For other uses see Muslim disambiguation Muslims Arabic المسلمون al Muslimun transl Submitters to God 27 are people who adhere to Islam a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition They consider the Quran the foundational religious text of Islam to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraham or Allah as it was revealed to Muhammad the main Islamic prophet 28 The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad sunnah as recorded in traditional accounts hadith 29 MuslimsPrayer in Cairo 1865 Jean Leon GeromeTotal populationc 1 9 billion 1 24 9 of the global population 2 3 4 Worldwide 2020 Pew Research Center FounderMuhammadRegions with significant populations Indonesia231 070 000 5 Pakistan213 161 100 6 India194 810 000 7 Bangladesh153 700 000 8 Nigeria99 100 000 9 Egypt95 000 000 10 Iran82 900 000 11 Turkey82 800 000 12 Algeria42 000 000 13 China40 000 000 14 Religions80 90 Sunni Islam 15 16 10 20 Shia Islam 17 18 19 1 Ahmadiyya 20 1 Other Islamic traditions Ibadi Islam Quranism etc 21 LanguagesLiturgical Quranic ArabicCommon Hindi Urdu Arabic Indonesian Bengali Turkic languages Iranian languages and other languages of the Muslim world 22 23 24 25 26 With an estimated population of almost 1 9 billion followers as of 2020 year estimation Muslims comprise more than 24 9 of the world s total population 1 In descending order the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each continental landmass stands at 45 of Africa 25 of Asia and Oceania collectively 30 6 of Europe 31 and 1 of the Americas 32 33 34 35 Additionally in subdivided geographical regions the figure stands at 91 of the Middle East North Africa 36 37 38 90 of Central Asia 39 40 41 65 of the Caucasus 42 43 44 45 46 47 42 of Southeast Asia 48 49 32 of South Asia 50 51 and 42 of sub Saharan Africa 52 53 While there are several Islamic schools and branches the two largest denominations are Sunni Islam 75 90 of all Muslims 54 and Shia Islam 10 20 of all Muslims 17 18 19 By sheer numbers South Asia accounts for the largest portion 31 of the global Muslim population primarily across three countries Pakistan India and Bangladesh 55 56 By country Indonesia is the largest in the Muslim world holding around 12 of all Muslims worldwide 57 58 outside of the Muslim majority countries India and China are home to the largest 11 and second largest 2 Muslim populations respectively 59 60 61 Due to high Muslim population growth Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world 62 63 64 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Qualifier 3 In Islamic theology 4 Demographics 5 Culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEtymologySee also Islam Etymology The word muslim Arabic مسلم IPA ˈmʊslɪm English ˈ m ʌ z l ɪ m ˈ m ʊ z l ɪ m ˈ m ʊ s l ɪ m or moslem ˈ m ɒ z l e m ˈ m ɒ s l e m 65 is the active participle of the same verb of which islam is a verbal noun based on the triliteral S L M to be whole intact 66 67 A female adherent is a muslima Arabic مسلمة also transliterated as Muslimah 68 The plural form in Arabic is muslimun مسلمون or muslimin مسلمين and its feminine equivalent is muslimat مسلمات The ordinary word in English is Muslim In the 20th century the preferred spelling in English was Moslem but this has now fallen into disuse 69 better source needed The word Mosalman Persian مسلمان alternatively Mussalman is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage Until at least the mid 1960s many English language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans 70 Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God 71 Other obsolete terms include Muslimite 72 and Muslimist 73 In Medieval Europe Muslims were commonly called Saracens The Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi said A Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God Islam means making one s religion and faith God s alone 74 QualifierTo become a Muslim and to convert to Islam it is essential to utter the Shahada one of the Five Pillars of Islam a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God Allah and that Muhammad is God s messenger 75 It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic ashadu ʾal la ʾilaha ʾilla llahu wa ʾashadu ʾanna muħammadan rasulu llah أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمدا رسول الله I testify that there is no god worthy of worship except Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah 76 In Sunni Islam the shahada has two parts la ilaha illa llah there is no god but Allah and Muhammadun rasul Allah Muhammad is the messenger of God 77 which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada 78 The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlil 79 In Shia Islam the shahada also has a third part a phrase concerning Ali the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam وعلي ولي الله wa ʿaliyyun waliyyu llah which translates to Ali is the wali of God 80 In Quranist Islam the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but Allah la ilaha illa llah citation needed The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the Five Pillars of Islam the declaration of faith shahadah daily prayers salah almsgiving zakat fasting during the month of Ramadan sawm and the pilgrimage to Mecca hajj at least once in a lifetime 81 82 In Islamic theologyMain article Prophets and messengers in Islam The Qur an describes many prophets and messengers within Judaism and Christianity and their respective followers as Muslim Some of those that were mentioned are Adam Noah Abraham Ishmael Jacob Moses and Jesus and his apostles are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur an The Qur an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God preached His message and upheld His values which included praying charity fasting and pilgrimage Thus in Surah 3 52 of the Qur an Jesus disciples tell him We believe in God and you be our witness that we are Muslims wa shahad be anna muslimun In Islamic belief before the Qur an God had given the Tawrat Torah to Moses the Zabur Psalms to David and the Injil Gospel to Jesus who are all considered important Muslim prophets 83 DemographicsMain article Islam Demographics See also List of countries by Muslim population World Muslim population by percentage 2010 data update from Pew Research Center A map of Muslim populations by absolute number The most populous Muslim majority country is Indonesia home to 12 7 of the world s Muslims 84 followed by Pakistan 11 0 Bangladesh 9 2 Nigeria 5 3 and Egypt 4 9 57 About 20 of the world s Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa 84 85 Sizable minorities are also found in India China Ethiopia the Americas Australia and parts of Europe The country with the highest proportion of self described Muslims as a proportion of its total population is Morocco 86 Over 75 90 of Muslims are Sunni 15 16 The second and third largest sects Shia and Ahmadiyya make up 10 20 17 18 19 and 1 20 respectively With about 1 9 billion followers 2019 almost a quarter of earth s population 87 Islam is the second largest and the fastest growing religion in the world 88 primarily due to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims 89 with Muslims having a rate of 3 1 compared to the world average of 2 5 According to the same study religious switching has no impact on Muslim population since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal 89 A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 34 of the total Muslim population of any major religion while only 7 are aged 60 the smallest percentage of any major religion According to the same study Muslims have the highest fertility rates 3 1 of any major religious group 90 The study also found that Muslims tied with Hindus have the lowest average levels of education with an average of 5 6 years of schooling though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions 90 About 36 of all Muslims have no formal schooling 90 and Muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group with only 8 having graduate and post graduate degrees 90 CultureMain article Islamic culture Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people The early forms of Muslim culture from the Rashidun Caliphate to early Umayyad period were predominantly Arab Byzantine Persian and Levantine With the rapid expansion of the Islamic empires Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Persian Egyptian Caucasian Turkic Mongol South Asian Malay Somali Berber Indonesian and Moro cultures See alsoCultural Muslims Islamic schools and branches Mohammedan Lists of Muslims List of converts to Islam Islamic holidays Muslim world Mumin Persecution of MuslimsReferences a b Religion Information Data Explorer GRF www globalreligiousfutures org Retrieved 13 October 2022 Mapping the Global Muslim Population Pew Research Center s Religion amp Public Life Project 7 October 2009 Muslim Population By Country 2021 World Population Review Archived from the original on 6 December 2020 Retrieved 22 July 2021 Lipka Michael and Conrad Hackett 2015 6 April 2017 Why Muslims are the world s fastest growing religious group Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine data analysis Fact Tank US Pew Research Center Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut Population by Region and Religion PDF Sensus Penduduk 2018 Jakarta Indonesia Badan Pusat Statistik 15 May 2018 Archived PDF from the original on 28 July 2021 Retrieved 3 September 2020 Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being Religion can be divided into Muslim Christian Protestant Catholic Hindu Buddhist Hu Khong Chu and Other Religions Muslim 231 069 932 86 7 Christian Protestant 20 246 267 7 6 Catholic 8 325 339 3 12 Hindu 4 646 357 1 74 Buddhist 2 062 150 0 72 Confucianism 71 999 0 03 Other Religions no answer 112 792 0 04 Total 266 534 836 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 29 August 2021 Retrieved 9 August 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations Pew Research 1 April 2019 The Future of the Global Muslim Population Pew Research Center s Religion amp Public Life Project 15 January 2011 Archived from the original on 24 May 2017 Retrieved 24 May 2017 The World Factbook Archived from the original on 9 January 2021 Retrieved 31 December 2017 The World Factbook Archived from the original on 4 January 2021 Retrieved 31 December 2017 The World Factbook Archived from the original on 8 February 2021 Retrieved 31 December 2017 The World Factbook Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 31 December 2017 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Refworld 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom China includes Tibet Hong Kong Macau Refworld Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 Retrieved 14 February 2015 Hammond Kelly 15 January 2021 The Terrible Sinicization of Islam in China New Lines Magazine Retrieved 6 March 2022 a b See Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine some 80 of the world s Muslims are Sunni Sue Hellett U S should focus on sanctions against Iran Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world s Muslim population Iran Israel and the United States Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Sunni accounts for over 75 of the Islamic population Sunnite Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 Retrieved 26 August 2010 They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted nine tenths of all the adherents of Islam Islamic Beliefs Practices and Cultures Marshall Cavendish 2010 p 352 ISBN 978 0 7614 7926 0 Retrieved 19 December 2011 A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 90 percent Mapping the Global Muslim Population A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World s Muslim Population Pew Research Center 7 October 2009 Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 Retrieved 24 August 2010 Of the total Muslim population 10 13 are Shia Muslims and 87 90 are Sunni Muslims Quick guide Sunnis and Shias BBC News 6 December 2011 Archived from the original on 6 December 2011 Retrieved 18 December 2011 The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85 and 90 Sunni and Shia Islam Library of Congress Country Studies Archived from the original on 16 February 2013 Retrieved 17 December 2011 Sunni 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the Wayback Machine Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority 85 to 90 percent of that community a b c Shiʿi Islam Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 17 January 2022 In the early 21st century some 10 13 percent of the world s 1 6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi a b c Religions The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Archived from the original on 27 March 2010 Retrieved 25 August 2010 Sunni Islam accounts for over 75 of the world s Muslim population Shia Islam represents 10 20 of Muslims worldwide a b c Mapping the Global Muslim Population A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World s Muslim Population PDF Pew Research Center Report October 2009 p 1 Retrieved 17 January 2022 Of the total Muslim population 10 13 are Shia Muslims and 87 90 are Sunni Muslims Most Shias between 68 and 80 live in just four countries Iran Pakistan India and Iraq a b See Breach of Faith Human Rights Watch June 2005 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Mohammed as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ Muslimite Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Abbas Tahir 2005 Muslim Britain Communities Under Pressure pp 50 Commentary on the Qur an Razi I p 432 Cairo 1318 1900 From the article on the Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online Archived 26 April 2017 at Wikiwix Gordon Matthew Gordon Professor of Middle East Islamic History Matthew S 2009 Matthew S Gordon and Martin Palmer Islam Info base Publishing 2009 p 87 ISBN 9781438117782 Archived from the original on 20 March 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2012 Lindsay p 140 141 Cornell p 9 Michael Anthony Sells 1999 Approaching the Qur an The Early Revelations White Cloud Press p 151 ISBN 9781883991265 Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 Retrieved 24 April 2017 The Later Mughals by William Irvine p 130 Hooker Richard 14 July 1999 arkan ad din the five pillars of religion United States Washington State University Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 Retrieved 17 November 2010 Religions The World Factbook United States Central Intelligence Agency 2010 Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 Retrieved 25 August 2010 The Books of Islam Yusuf Cat Stevens Archived from the original on 11 November 2021 Retrieved 11 November 2021 a b Mapping the Global Muslim Population A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World s Muslim Population PDF Pew Research Center October 2009 Archived PDF from the original on 5 February 2017 Retrieved 22 February 2017 Of the total Muslim population 30 40 are Shia Muslims and 60 70 are Sunni Muslims Esposito John L 15 October 2002 What everyone needs to know about Islam Oxford University Press p 21 ISBN 978 0 19 515713 0 and Esposito John 2005 Islam the straight path Rev 3rd ed updated with new epilogue ed New York Oxford University Press pp 2 43 ISBN 978 0 19 518266 8 The Future of World Religions Population Growth Projections 2010 2050 Pew Research Center 1 January 2020 Archived from the original on 22 February 2017 Retrieved 22 February 2017 The Changing Global Religious Landscape Pew Research Center 5 April 2017 Archived from the original on 6 April 2017 Retrieved 20 October 2018 Burke Daniel The fastest growing religion in the world is CNN Archived from the original on 11 May 2016 Retrieved 6 May 2016 a b The Future of the Global Muslim Population PDF Report Pew Research Center 27 January 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 6 March 2016 Retrieved 10 March 2017 a b c d Religion and Education Around the World PDF Pew Research Center 13 December 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 22 December 2016 Retrieved 19 December 2016 External links Look up مسلمان in Wiktionary the free dictionary Look up Wikisaurus Muslim in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muslims Wikiquote has quotations related to Muslims Ritual Prayer Its Meaning and Manner The Islamic Supreme Council of America Muhammad and the First Muslim Ummah University of Chicago Islamophobia Today Newspaper An Islamophobia news clearing house Sammy Aziz Rahmatti Understanding and Countering Islamophobia WikiSaurus Muslim Understanding Islam Susan Headden 7 April 2008 Retrieved 25 August 2010 Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents Adherents com Archived from the original on 16 August 2000 Retrieved 3 July 2007 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muslims amp oldid 1128087719, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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