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New York metropolitan area

February 05, 2023

This article is about the area surrounding New York City. For other such areas in the state, see New York State metropolitan areas.

The New York metropolitan area, also commonly referred to as the Tri-State area, is the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass,[10][11][12] at 4,669.0 sq mi (12,093 km2),[13] and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. The vast metropolitan area includes New York City, Long Island, the Mid and Lower Hudson Valley in the State of New York; the six largest cities in New Jersey: Newark, Jersey City, Paterson, Elizabeth, Lakewood, and Edison, and their vicinities; and six of the seven largest cities in Connecticut: Bridgeport, Stamford, New Haven, Waterbury, Norwalk, and Danbury, and the vicinities of these cities. The New York metropolitan area comprises the geographic and demographic hub of the larger Northeast megalopolis.

New York metropolitan area
New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-CT-PA metro area
Megacity and Metropolitan region
From top, left to right: The Financial District of Lower Manhattan, the world's principal financial center;[1][2][3][4][5] Montauk Point Light, on the East End of Long Island; Downtown White Plains, in the Hudson Valley region; the Paramount Theatre, at Asbury Park Convention Hall at nightfall on the Jersey Shore; Greenwich, on Connecticut’s Gold Coast, home to many wealthy financiers and hedge funds; and Midtown Manhattan overlooking Hudson County, New Jersey toward the west, across the Hudson River
Country United States
States New York
 New Jersey
 Connecticut
 Pennsylvania
Core city New York City
Satellite cities
Area
[6]
 • Total3,450.2 sq mi (8,936 km2)
Population
[6]
 • Density5,318/sq mi (2,053/km2)
 • Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) (2020)
20,140,470[7] (1st)
 • 2021 ACS 1-year [8]
19,768,458
DemonymNew Yorker
Time zoneUTC-05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-04:00 (EDT)
Area codes201, 203, 212, 332, 272, 347, 475, 484, 516, 551, 570, 609, 610, 631, 640, 646, 718, 732, 845, 848, 860, 862, 908, 914, 917, 929, 973
GMPUS$2.0 trillion[9]
Highest elevation 4,180 ft/1,274 m (Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York), in the Catskill Mountains).
Lowest elevation 0 ft/0 m (sea level) at the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island Sound, and at Hudson River estuary waterways.

The New York metropolitan area is the most populous in the United States, as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (20.1 million residents in 2020)[7] and the Combined Statistical Area (23.6 million residents in 2020).[14] The metropolitan area is home to approximately 6% of the United States' population.[15] It is the tenth largest urban agglomeration in the world.[16][17][18] The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States,[19][20][21][22] having the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi (17,405 km2), while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi (34,493 km2), encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. The New York metropolitan area's population is larger than that of the state of New York, and the metropolitan airspace accommodated over 130 million passengers in 2016.[23]

As the hub of multiple industries, including finance, health care, pharmaceuticals, and life sciences,[24] international trade, publishing, real estate, education, fashion, entertainment, tourism, law, and manufacturing, the New York metropolitan area estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $2.1 trillion as of 2022, representing the largest metropolitan economy worldwide; and if the New York metropolitan area were an independent sovereign state, it would constitute the eighth-largest economy in the world.[25][26][27][28] It is the most prominent financial,[29][30][31] diplomatic, and media hub[32][33] in the world.[34][35]

According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP Codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in Manhattan alone.[36] The New York metropolitan area also contains five of the top ten richest places in America, according to Bloomberg. These are Scarsdale, New York; Short Hills, New Jersey; Old Greenwich, Connecticut; Bronxville, New York; and Darien, Connecticut.[37] The New York metropolitan region's higher education network comprises hundreds of colleges and universities, including New York University and three Ivy League universities: Columbia, Princeton, and Yale.

Definitions

Metropolitan statistical area

 
Map of the counties in the four divisions of the New York Metropolitan Area as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.[38]

The counties and county groupings constituting the New York metropolitan area are listed below, with 2010 census figures:

 
Nocturnal view of the New York City metropolitan area, the world's most brightly illuminated[citation needed] conurbation and largest urban landmass. Long Island extends 120 miles eastward from Manhattan, the central core of the conurbation.
 
Part of the Palisades Interstate Park, the cliffs of the New Jersey Palisades of Bergen County overlook the Hudson River as well as The Bronx and Upper Manhattan in New York.
 
Enveloped by the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound, New York City and Long Island alone are home to approximately 11 million residents conjointly.
 
The New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area
 
The Bear Mountain Bridge connecting Westchester and Orange Counties, New York, across the Hudson River, as seen from Bear Mountain

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the urbanized area: the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and the combined statistical area (CSA). The MSA definition is titled the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and includes a population of 20.3 million people by 2017 Census estimates, roughly 1 in 16 Americans and nearly 7 million more than the second-place Los Angeles metropolitan area in the United States. The MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 23-county MSA includes 10 counties in New York State (coextensive with the five boroughs of New York, the two remaining counties of Long Island, and three counties in the Lower Hudson Valley); 12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey; and one county in northeastern Pennsylvania. The largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area (which had a land area of 3,450 square miles in 2010 according to the 2010 census). The New York state portion of the metropolitan area (the Five Boroughs, the lower Hudson Valley, and Long Island) accounts for over 65 percent of the state's population.

New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA Metropolitan Statistical Area (19,043,386)

Combined statistical area

Combined statistical areas (CSAs) group together adjacent core-based statistical areas with a high degree of economic interconnection.[39] The New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area had an estimated population of 23.7 million as of 2014.[15] About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes eight additional counties in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is often referred to as the tri-state area and less commonly the tri-state region. The New York City television designated market area (DMA) includes Pike County, Pennsylvania,[40] which is also included in the CSA.

In addition to the New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA metropolitan statistical areas (MSA), the following core-based statistical areas are also included in the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA CSA:

Geography

 
High Point Monument as seen from Lake Marcia at High Point, Sussex County, the highest elevation in New Jersey at 1,803 feet (550 m) above sea level.[41]

The area is frequently divided into the following subregions:[42][43]

All eight subregions are often further subdivided. For instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores (usually when speaking about Nassau County and western Suffolk County) and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, largely because of the shared usage of the Metro-North Railroad system.[44]

Subregions

New York City

Main article: New York City
 
Ten-mile Manhattan skyline panorama (120th St. to the Battery) seen from Weehawken, NJ across the Hudson in February 2018.
  1. Riverside Church
  2. Deutsche Bank Center
  3. 220 Central Park South
  4. Central Park Tower
  5. One57
  6. 432 Park Ave
  7. 53W53
  8. Chrysler Building
  9. Bank of America Tower
  10. Conde Nast Building
  11. The New York Times Building
  12. Empire State Building
  13. Manhattan West
  14. a: 55 Hudson Yards, b: 35 Hudson Yards, c: 10 Hudson Yards, d: 15 Hudson Yards
  15. 56 Leonard St
  16. 8 Spruce St
  17. Woolworth Building
  18. 70 Pine St
  19. 30 Park Pl
  20. 40 Wall St
  21. 3 World Trade Ctr
  22. 4 World Trade Ctr
  23. 1 World Trade Ctr

The geographical, cultural, and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City, the most populous city in the United States and has been described as the capital of the world.[45] The city consists of five boroughs, each of which is coterminous with a county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898.[46] With a Census-estimated population of 8,550,405 in 2015 (8,491,079 in 2014[47][48]), distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2),[49] New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States.[50] A global power city,[51] New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, health care and life sciences,[24] media, dining, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace[52][53] defining the term New York minute.[54] Home to the headquarters of the United Nations,[55] New York is an important center for international diplomacy.[56] New York is a global city[57] and has been described as the cultural,[58][59] financial,[29][30] entertainment,[45] and media capital[32][33] of the world, as well as the world's most economically powerful city.[35][30][60][31]

Long Island

 
The Village of Garden City in Nassau County, Long Island's Town of Hempstead, which with over 770,000 people is the New York metropolitan area's most populous individual municipality outside New York City.[61]
 
Westhampton, Suffolk County, New York, on the East End of Long Island, December 2008
Main article: Long Island

Long Island, the most populous island in the United States, is located just off the northeast coast of the United States and is a region wholly included within both the U.S. state of New York and the New York metropolitan area. Extending 118 miles east-northeast of Roosevelt Island, Manhattan from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties: Kings and Queens (these form the New York boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, respectively) to the west; then Nassau and Suffolk to the east. However, most people in the New York metropolitan area (even those living in Queens and Brooklyn) colloquially use the term "Long Island" (or "The Island") exclusively to refer to the Nassau-Suffolk county area collectively, which is mainly suburban in character.[62] North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the U.S. states of Connecticut and Rhode Island.

With a population of 8,063,232 enumerated at the 2020 U.S. Census, constituting nearly 40% of New York State's population,[63][64][65][66][67] the majority of New York City residents, 58.4% as of 2020, live on Long Island, namely the estimated 4,896,398 residents living in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens.[68] Long Island is the most populated island in any U.S. state or territory, and the 17th-most populous island in the world (ahead of Ireland, Jamaica, and Hokkaidō). Its population density is 5,571 inhabitants per square mile (2,151/km2). If Long Island geographically constituted an independent metropolitan statistical area, it would rank fourth most populous in the United States; while if it were a U.S. state, Long Island would rank 13th in population and first in population density. Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[69][70] The Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, with an estimated population of 770,367 in 2016, is the most populous municipality in the New York metropolitan area outside of New York City.[61]

Long Island is also the 17th most populous island in the world, but is more prominently known for recreation, boating, and miles of public beaches, including numerous town, county, and state parks, as well as Fire Island National Seashore and wealthy and expensive coastal residential enclaves. Along the north shore, the Gold Coast of Long Island, featured in the film The Great Gatsby, is an upscale section of Nassau and western Suffolk counties that once featured many lavish mansions built and inhabited by wealthy business tycoons in the earlier years of the 20th century, of which only a few remain preserved as historic sites. The East End of Long Island (known as the "Twin Forks" because of its physical shape) boasts open spaces for farmland and wineries. The South Fork, in particular, comprises numerous towns and villages known collectively as "The Hamptons" and has an international reputation as a "playground for the rich and famous", with some of the wealthiest communities in the United States. In 2015, according to Business Insider, the 11962 zip code encompassing Sagaponack, within Southampton, was listed as the most expensive in the U.S. by real estate-listings site Property Shark, with a median home sale price of $5,125,000.[71] During the summer season, many celebrities and the wealthy visit or reside in mansions and waterfront homes, while others spend weekends enjoying the beaches, gardens, bars, restaurants, and nightclubs.

Long Island is served by a network of parkways and expressways, with the Long Island Expressway, Northern State Parkway, and Southern State Parkway being major east–west routes across significant portions of the island. Commuter rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Long Island Rail Road, one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States. Air travel needs are served by several airports. Within Queens, the island is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York area (with Newark Liberty International Airport being the third; all three major airports are operated by The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey). Long Island MacArthur Airport (serving commercial airlines) and Farmingdale/Republic Airport (private and commuter flights) are both located in Suffolk County.

Lower Hudson Valley

Main article: Hudson Valley

Known for its hilly terrain, picturesque settings, and quaint small towns and villages, the Lower Hudson Valley is centered around the Hudson River north of New York City and lies within New York State. Westchester and Putnam counties are located on the eastern side of the river, and Rockland and Orange counties are located on the western side of the river. Westchester and Rockland counties are connected by the heavily trafficked New Tappan Zee Bridge, as well as by the Bear Mountain Bridge near their northern ends. Several branches of the MTA Metro-North Railroad serve the region's rail commuters. Southern Westchester County contains more densely populated areas and includes the cities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, New Rochelle, and White Plains. Although many of the suburban communities of Westchester are known for their affluence and expense (some examples: Bronxville, Scarsdale, Chappaqua, Armonk, Katonah, and Briarcliff Manor), the Lower Hudson Valley as a whole is one of the fastest-growing areas in the metropolitan area because of high housing costs in New York and the inner suburbs.

Historically, the valley was home to many factories, including paper mills, but a significant number have closed. After years of lingering pollution, cleanup efforts to improve the Hudson River water quality are currently planned and will be supervised by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[72]

Mid-Hudson Valley

The Mid-Hudson Valley region of the State of New York is midway between New York City and the state capital of Albany. The area includes the counties of Dutchess, Ulster, and Sullivan, as well as the northern portions of Orange County, with the region's main cities being Poughkeepsie, Newburgh, Kingston, and Beacon. The Walkway over the Hudson, is the second longest pedestrian footbridge in the world. It crosses the Hudson River connecting Poughkeepsie and Highland. The 13 mile-long Dutchess Rail Trail stretches from Hopewell Junction to the beginning of the Walkway over the Hudson in Poughkeepsie. The area is home to the Wappingers Central School District, which the second-largest school district in the state of New York. The Newburgh Waterfront in the City of Newburgh is home to many high-end restaurants.

U.S. Route 9, I-84, and the Taconic State Parkway all run through Dutchess County. Metro-North Railroad train station, New Hamburg, is located in the Town of Poughkeepsie and runs from Poughkeepsie to Grand Central Terminal in New York City.

Northern New Jersey

 
The Great Falls of the Passaic River in Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey, dedicated as a National Historical Park in November 2011, incorporates one of the largest waterfalls in the eastern United States.[73]
Main article: North Jersey

Northern New Jersey, also known colloquially as North Jersey, is typically defined as comprising the following counties:

The New Jersey State Department of Tourism splits North Jersey into the urban Gateway Region and the more rural Skylands Region. Northern New Jersey is home to four of the largest cities of that state: Newark, Jersey City, Paterson, and Elizabeth.

The region is geographically diverse with wetlands, mountains, and valleys throughout the area. It has a large network of expressways and public transportation rail services, mostly operated by New Jersey Transit. Northern New Jersey also contains the second busiest airport in the New York metropolitan area, Newark Liberty International Airport.

 
Downtown Trenton in Mercer County, including the New Jersey State House topped by its golden dome, alongside the Delaware River
 
Downtown New Brunswick, Middlesex County, New Jersey, an educational and cultural district undergoing gentrification

Although it is a suburban and rural region of New York, much of the Gateway Region is highly urbanized. The entirety of Hudson County, eastern Essex County, southern Passaic County as well as Elizabeth in Union County are all densely populated areas.

Central New Jersey

Main article: Central Jersey

Central Jersey is the middle portion of the state of New Jersey. Municipalities including Trenton (the state capital of New Jersey and the only U.S. state capital within the New York metropolitan area) and Princeton (home to Princeton University) are located in this subregion, as is a significant portion of the Jersey Shore.

 
Belmar, Monmouth County, on the Jersey Shore
 
The Mohonk Mountain House, Ulster County, New York, in the Hudson Valley, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.[74]
 
A deer in a suburban street (Highland Park, Middlesex County, NJ)

Western Connecticut

Main articles: Fairfield County, Connecticut; New Haven County, Connecticut; and Litchfield County, Connecticut

Fairfield, New Haven, and Litchfield counties in western Connecticut (like the state in general) are known for affluence. Large businesses are scattered throughout the area, mostly in Fairfield County. The land is flat along the coast with low hills eventually giving way to larger hills such as The Berkshires further inland, to the Massachusetts border. Most of the largest cities in the state are in New Haven County (home to Yale University) and Fairfield County.

Candlewood Lake is the largest recreational lake in the New York metropolitan area. The lake is located within the Greater Danbury region, and is home to many second homes of New York City residents.

Pike County, Pennsylvania

Main article: Pike County, Pennsylvania

Pike County is located in northeastern Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 57,369.[75] Its county seat is Milford.[76] Part of the Pocono Mountains region lies within Pike County, which has ranked among the fastest-growing counties of Pennsylvania.[77]

Urban areas of the region

 
The New Haven Green Historic District in Connecticut was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1970.[78]

The combined statistical area is a multicore metropolitan region containing several urban areas.

 
Aerial view of Newark, Essex County, New Jersey's most populous city
 
Public Library in Yonkers, Westchester County, New York
 
Barnum Museum in Bridgeport, Fairfield County, Connecticut's most populous city
 
Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey, known as the "Silk City",[79] seen here from Garret Mountain Reservation, is a prime destination for a diverse pool of international immigrants.[80][81]
Population
rank 		Urbanized area State(s) 2010
population
1 New York–Newark NY–NJ–CT 18,351,295
48 Bridgeport–Stamford CT–NY 923,311
72 New Haven CT 562,839
89 Poughkeepsie–Newburgh NY 423,566
128 Trenton-Princeton NJ 296,668
185 Waterbury CT 194,535
201 Danbury CT–NY 168,136
429 Twin Rivers-Hightstown NJ 64,037
453 Middletown NY 58,381
457 Kingston NY 57,442

Main cities and towns

The following is a list of "principal cities" and their respective population estimates from the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau publication. Principal cities are generally those where there is a greater number of jobs than employed residents.[82][83][84][85]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, New York City, western (and parts of eastern) Long Island, and the Jersey Shore experience a humid subtropical climate (Cfa),[86][87] and New York is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this climate type.

Much of the remainder of the metropolitan area lies in the transition zone from a humid subtropical (Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Dfa),[86][87] and it is only the inland, more exurban areas far to the north and west such as Sussex County, New Jersey, that have a January daily average of −3 °C (26.6 °F) or below and are fully humid continental; the Dfb (warm summer subtype) regime is only found inland at a higher elevation,[86] and receives greater snowfall[88] than the Dfa region. Much of Monroe and most of Pike County in Pennsylvania also have a fully humid continental climate.

Summers in the area are typically hot and humid. Nighttime conditions in and around the five boroughs of New York are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, and temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 7–8 days (on the immediate Long Island Sound and Atlantic coasts), up to in excess of 27 days (inland suburbs in New Jersey) each summer and may exceed 100 °F (38 °C).[citation needed]. Normally, warm to hot temperatures begin in mid May, and last through early October. Summers also feature passing thundershowers which build in the heat of the day, then drop brief, but intense rainfall.

Winters are cold with a mix of rain and snow. Although prevailing winds in winter are offshore, and temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean, the Atlantic and the partial shielding by the Appalachians from colder air keep the New York area warmer in the winter than inland North American metropolitan areas located at similar or lesser latitudes including Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. Warm periods with 50 °F (10 °C)+ temperatures may occasionally occur during winter as well.[89] The hardiness zone in the New York metropolitan area varies over a wide range from 5a in the highest areas of Dutchess, Monroe, and Ulster Counties to 7b in most of NYC as well as Hudson County from Bayonne up the east side of the Palisades to Route 495, the majority of Nassau County, the north coast of Monmouth County, and Copiague Harbor, Lindenhurst, and Montauk in Suffolk County. [4]

Almost all of the metropolitan area receives at least 42 inches (1,070 mm) of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year, and many areas receive upwards of 50 in (1,270 mm). Average winter snowfall for 1981 to 2010 ranges from just under 25 inches (64 cm) along the coast of Long Island to more than 50 in (127 cm) in some inland areas, but this usually varies considerably from year to year.[90] Hurricanes and tropical storms have impacted the Tri-State area in the past, though a direct hit is rare. Several areas on Long Island, New Jersey, and the Connecticut coast have been impacted by serious storm surges in the past. Inland areas have been impacted by heavy rain and flooding from tropical cyclones.[91]

The New York metropolitan area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine and 59% of possible sunlight annually,[92] accumulating 2,400 to 2,800 hours of sunshine per annum.[93]

Climate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1869–present[b]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		78
(26) 		86
(30) 		96
(36) 		99
(37) 		101
(38) 		106
(41) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		94
(34) 		84
(29) 		75
(24) 		106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 60.4
(15.8) 		60.7
(15.9) 		70.3
(21.3) 		82.9
(28.3) 		88.5
(31.4) 		92.1
(33.4) 		95.7
(35.4) 		93.4
(34.1) 		89.0
(31.7) 		79.7
(26.5) 		70.7
(21.5) 		62.9
(17.2) 		97.0
(36.1)
Average high °F (°C) 39.5
(4.2) 		42.2
(5.7) 		49.9
(9.9) 		61.8
(16.6) 		71.4
(21.9) 		79.7
(26.5) 		84.9
(29.4) 		83.3
(28.5) 		76.2
(24.6) 		64.5
(18.1) 		54.0
(12.2) 		44.3
(6.8) 		62.6
(17.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 33.7
(0.9) 		35.9
(2.2) 		42.8
(6.0) 		53.7
(12.1) 		63.2
(17.3) 		72.0
(22.2) 		77.5
(25.3) 		76.1
(24.5) 		69.2
(20.7) 		57.9
(14.4) 		48.0
(8.9) 		39.1
(3.9) 		55.8
(13.2)
Average low °F (°C) 27.9
(−2.3) 		29.5
(−1.4) 		35.8
(2.1) 		45.5
(7.5) 		55.0
(12.8) 		64.4
(18.0) 		70.1
(21.2) 		68.9
(20.5) 		62.3
(16.8) 		51.4
(10.8) 		42.0
(5.6) 		33.8
(1.0) 		48.9
(9.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 9.8
(−12.3) 		12.7
(−10.7) 		19.7
(−6.8) 		32.8
(0.4) 		43.9
(6.6) 		52.7
(11.5) 		61.8
(16.6) 		60.3
(15.7) 		50.2
(10.1) 		38.4
(3.6) 		27.7
(−2.4) 		18.0
(−7.8) 		7.7
(−13.5)
Record low °F (°C) −6
(−21) 		−15
(−26) 		3
(−16) 		12
(−11) 		32
(0) 		44
(7) 		52
(11) 		50
(10) 		39
(4) 		28
(−2) 		5
(−15) 		−13
(−25) 		−15
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.64
(92) 		3.19
(81) 		4.29
(109) 		4.09
(104) 		3.96
(101) 		4.54
(115) 		4.60
(117) 		4.56
(116) 		4.31
(109) 		4.38
(111) 		3.58
(91) 		4.38
(111) 		49.52
(1,258)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.8
(22) 		10.1
(26) 		5.0
(13) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.5
(1.3) 		4.9
(12) 		29.8
(76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.8 10.0 11.1 11.4 11.5 11.2 10.5 10.0 8.8 9.5 9.2 11.4 125.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.7 3.2 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.1 11.4
Average relative humidity (%) 61.5 60.2 58.5 55.3 62.7 65.2 64.2 66.0 67.8 65.6 64.6 64.1 63.0
Average dew point °F (°C) 18.0
(−7.8) 		19.0
(−7.2) 		25.9
(−3.4) 		34.0
(1.1) 		47.3
(8.5) 		57.4
(14.1) 		61.9
(16.6) 		62.1
(16.7) 		55.6
(13.1) 		44.1
(6.7) 		34.0
(1.1) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		40.3
(4.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.7 163.1 212.5 225.6 256.6 257.3 268.2 268.2 219.3 211.2 151.0 139.0 2,534.7
Percent possible sunshine 54 55 57 57 57 57 59 63 59 61 51 48 57
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)[95][96][97][98]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[99]

See Climate of New York City for additional climate information from the outer boroughs.

Sea temperature data for New York
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C) 41.7
(5.4) 		39.7
(4.3) 		40.2
(4.5) 		45.1
(7.3) 		52.5
(11.4) 		64.5
(18.1) 		72.1
(22.3) 		74.1
(23.4) 		70.1
(21.2) 		63.0
(17.2) 		54.3
(12.4) 		47.2
(8.4) 		55.4
(13.0)
Source: Weather Atlas[99]
Climate data for Newark, New Jersey (Newark Liberty Int'l)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 74
(23) 		76
(24) 		89
(32) 		97
(36) 		99
(37) 		102
(39) 		108
(42) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		93
(34) 		85
(29) 		76
(24) 		108
(42)
Average high °F (°C) 38.8
(3.8) 		42.3
(5.7) 		50.7
(10.4) 		62.0
(16.7) 		72.1
(22.3) 		81.5
(27.5) 		86.0
(30.0) 		84.0
(28.9) 		76.7
(24.8) 		65.3
(18.5) 		54.6
(12.6) 		43.5
(6.4) 		63.1
(17.3)
Average low °F (°C) 24.5
(−4.2) 		26.9
(−2.8) 		33.6
(0.9) 		43.7
(6.5) 		53.3
(11.8) 		63.3
(17.4) 		68.7
(20.4) 		67.5
(19.7) 		59.7
(15.4) 		48.0
(8.9) 		39.0
(3.9) 		29.6
(−1.3) 		46.5
(8.1)
Record low °F (°C) −8
(−22) 		−14
(−26) 		6
(−14) 		16
(−9) 		33
(1) 		41
(5) 		51
(11) 		45
(7) 		35
(2) 		25
(−4) 		12
(−11) 		−8
(−22) 		−14
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.53
(90) 		2.88
(73) 		4.18
(106) 		4.20
(107) 		4.09
(104) 		4.02
(102) 		4.76
(121) 		3.70
(94) 		3.82
(97) 		3.60
(91) 		3.65
(93) 		3.80
(97) 		46.24
(1,174)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.9
(23) 		9.5
(24) 		4.4
(11) 		.9
(2.3) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.4
(1.0) 		5.4
(14) 		29.5
(75.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 10.4 9.8 11.0 11.5 11.3 11.0 10.1 9.7 8.6 8.7 9.5 10.6 122.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 5.0 3.7 2.4 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0 .4 2.9 14.7
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals)[citation needed]
Climate data for White Plains, New York (Westchester Co. Airport)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 35.4
(1.9) 		38.8
(3.8) 		46.8
(8.2) 		58.0
(14.4) 		68.0
(20.0) 		77.0
(25.0) 		81.6
(27.6) 		79.9
(26.6) 		72.5
(22.5) 		61.5
(16.4) 		51.4
(10.8) 		40.4
(4.7) 		59.4
(15.2)
Average low °F (°C) 21.1
(−6.1) 		22.9
(−5.1) 		29.3
(−1.5) 		39.3
(4.1) 		48.6
(9.2) 		58.9
(14.9) 		63.9
(17.7) 		62.9
(17.2) 		55.1
(12.8) 		43.7
(6.5) 		36.0
(2.2) 		26.8
(−2.9) 		42.5
(5.8)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.78
(96) 		2.99
(76) 		4.52
(115) 		4.40
(112) 		4.12
(105) 		4.25
(108) 		3.71
(94) 		4.16
(106) 		4.72
(120) 		4.41
(112) 		3.97
(101) 		4.32
(110) 		49.35
(1,255)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.9
(23) 		8.8
(22) 		5.4
(14) 		1.0
(2.5) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.3
(0.76) 		5.5
(14) 		29.9
(76.26)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 9.3 8.5 10.3 10.3 10.9 9.9 9.0 9.5 8.7 9.0 9.9 10.4 115.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 3.6 2.7 2.0 .3 0 0 0 0 0 0 .3 2.3 11.2
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals)[citation needed]
Climate data for West Point, New York
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22) 		72
(22) 		86
(30) 		96
(36) 		97
(36) 		102
(39) 		106
(41) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		92
(33) 		82
(28) 		72
(22) 		106
(41)
Average high °F (°C) 34.8
(1.6) 		38.6
(3.7) 		47.7
(8.7) 		60.6
(15.9) 		71.3
(21.8) 		79.8
(26.6) 		84.5
(29.2) 		82.5
(28.1) 		74.8
(23.8) 		62.5
(16.9) 		51.3
(10.7) 		39.6
(4.2) 		60.7
(15.9)
Average low °F (°C) 20.1
(−6.6) 		22.4
(−5.3) 		29.4
(−1.4) 		40.1
(4.5) 		49.8
(9.9) 		59.1
(15.1) 		63.7
(17.6) 		63.0
(17.2) 		55.2
(12.9) 		44.5
(6.9) 		35.8
(2.1) 		26.2
(−3.2) 		42.4
(5.8)
Record low °F (°C) −15
(−26) 		−17
(−27) 		−2
(−19) 		12
(−11) 		25
(−4) 		39
(4) 		40
(4) 		35
(2) 		28
(−2) 		20
(−7) 		5
(−15) 		−16
(−27) 		−17
(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.73
(95) 		2.97
(75) 		3.93
(100) 		4.00
(102) 		4.15
(105) 		4.59
(117) 		4.59
(117) 		4.54
(115) 		4.47
(114) 		4.99
(127) 		4.33
(110) 		4.27
(108) 		50.55
(1,284)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 12.2
(31) 		11.2
(28) 		5.6
(14) 		.2
(0.51) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.6
(1.5) 		5.5
(14) 		35.3
(89.01)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 9.8 7.8 9.2 10.6 11.4 11.3 10.2 9.3 8.2 8.8 9.4 10.0 115.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 5.1 3.1 1.6 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .3 1.7 11.9
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals)[citation needed]
Climate data for Bridgehampton, New York
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 67
(19) 		63
(17) 		79
(26) 		92
(33) 		93
(34) 		95
(35) 		102
(39) 		100
(38) 		94
(34) 		88
(31) 		75
(24) 		70
(21) 		102
(39)
Average high °F (°C) 38.9
(3.8) 		40.5
(4.7) 		47.0
(8.3) 		56.3
(13.5) 		66.1
(18.9) 		75.2
(24.0) 		81.0
(27.2) 		80.2
(26.8) 		73.5
(23.1) 		63.2
(17.3) 		53.7
(12.1) 		43.8
(6.6) 		60.0
(15.6)
Average low °F (°C) 23.8
(−4.6) 		25.5
(−3.6) 		31.0
(−0.6) 		39.6
(4.2) 		48.2
(9.0) 		58.3
(14.6) 		64.0
(17.8) 		63.2
(17.3) 		56.0
(13.3) 		45.1
(7.3) 		37.5
(3.1) 		28.6
(−1.9) 		43.4
(6.3)
Record low °F (°C) −11
(−24) 		−12
(−24) 		6
(−14) 		14
(−10) 		29
(−2) 		36
(2) 		46
(8) 		41
(5) 		35
(2) 		22
(−6) 		10
(−12) 		−6
(−21) 		−12
(−24)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.00
(102) 		3.72
(94) 		5.07
(129) 		4.52
(115) 		3.78
(96) 		4.12
(105) 		3.45
(88) 		3.92
(100) 		4.60
(117) 		4.20
(107) 		4.37
(111) 		4.38
(111) 		50.13
(1,275)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 7.8
(20) 		8.4
(21) 		5.0
(13) 		.9
(2.3) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.7
(1.8) 		3.9
(9.9) 		26.7
(68)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 9.9 8.9 10.2 10.5 10.7 8.8 7.9 7.7 8.1 8.4 9.5 10.0 110.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 3.2 3.0 1.9 .3 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 1.7 10.3
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals)[citation needed]
Climate data for Bridgeport, Connecticut (Sikorsky Airport)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 68
(20) 		67
(19) 		84
(29) 		91
(33) 		97
(36) 		97
(36) 		103
(39) 		100
(38) 		99
(37) 		89
(32) 		78
(26) 		76
(24) 		103
(39)
Average high °F (°C) 37.1
(2.8) 		39.7
(4.3) 		47.2
(8.4) 		57.6
(14.2) 		67.6
(19.8) 		77.0
(25.0) 		82.1
(27.8) 		80.8
(27.1) 		74.0
(23.3) 		63.2
(17.3) 		53.1
(11.7) 		42.3
(5.7) 		60.1
(15.6)
Average low °F (°C) 23.1
(−4.9) 		25.2
(−3.8) 		31.4
(−0.3) 		41.0
(5.0) 		50.5
(10.3) 		60.2
(15.7) 		66.3
(19.1) 		65.6
(18.7) 		58.0
(14.4) 		46.4
(8.0) 		37.9
(3.3) 		28.4
(−2.0) 		44.5
(6.9)
Record low °F (°C) −7
(−22) 		−5
(−21) 		4
(−16) 		18
(−8) 		31
(−1) 		41
(5) 		49
(9) 		44
(7) 		36
(2) 		26
(−3) 		16
(−9) 		−4
(−20) 		−7
(−22)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.10
(79) 		2.79
(71) 		4.04
(103) 		4.13
(105) 		3.80
(97) 		3.64
(92) 		3.46
(88) 		3.96
(101) 		3.48
(88) 		3.64
(92) 		3.39
(86) 		3.33
(85) 		42.75
(1,086)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 9.2
(23) 		8.2
(21) 		5.4
(14) 		.9
(2.3) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.7
(1.8) 		5.5
(14) 		30.0
(76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 10.9 9.7 11.3 11.0 11.8 11.1 8.9 8.9 8.2 8.8 10.0 11.1 121.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 5.0 3.6 2.4 .3 0 0 0 0 0 0 .5 3.1 15.0
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals)[citation needed]
Climate data for Danbury, Connecticut
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22) 		77
(25) 		92
(33) 		95
(35) 		97
(36) 		105
(41) 		106
(41) 		104
(40) 		100
(38) 		91
(33) 		82
(28) 		80
(27) 		106
(41)
Average high °F (°C) 35.6
(2.0) 		39.6
(4.2) 		48.7
(9.3) 		61.0
(16.1) 		71.9
(22.2) 		80.8
(27.1) 		84.9
(29.4) 		82.5
(28.1) 		74.5
(23.6) 		62.7
(17.1) 		51.3
(10.7) 		39.9
(4.4) 		61.1
(16.2)
Average low °F (°C) 19.2
(−7.1) 		21.8
(−5.7) 		28.6
(−1.9) 		38.9
(3.8) 		48.4
(9.1) 		58.5
(14.7) 		63.4
(17.4) 		61.8
(16.6) 		53.4
(11.9) 		41.8
(5.4) 		33.6
(0.9) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		41.2
(5.1)
Record low °F (°C) −18
(−28) 		−16
(−27) 		−9
(−23) 		14
(−10) 		25
(−4) 		35
(2) 		38
(3) 		37
(3) 		23
(−5) 		16
(−9) 		0
(−18) 		−11
(−24) 		−18
(−28)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.76
(96) 		3.18
(81) 		4.43
(113) 		4.36
(111) 		4.57
(116) 		4.74
(120) 		4.99
(127) 		4.55
(116) 		4.66
(118) 		4.89
(124) 		4.54
(115) 		4.16
(106) 		52.83
(1,343)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 14.9
(38) 		13.1
(33) 		9.7
(25) 		1.6
(4.1) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1.2
(3.0) 		9.7
(25) 		50.2
(128.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 11.5 10.0 11.8 11.5 12.2 12.0 10.4 9.4 9.3 9.2 10.0 11.6 128.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 7.9 5.4 4.2 .9 0 0 0 0 0 .1 1.0 5.0 24.5
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals)[citation needed]
Climate data for Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		74
(23) 		87
(31) 		96
(36) 		97
(36) 		110
(43) 		104
(40) 		103
(39) 		106
(41) 		95
(35) 		98
(37) 		72
(22) 		110
(43)
Average high °F (°C) 35
(2) 		39
(4) 		49
(9) 		61
(16) 		72
(22) 		80
(27) 		85
(29) 		83
(28) 		75
(24) 		64
(18) 		51
(11) 		40
(4) 		61
(16)
Average low °F (°C) 16
(−9) 		17
(−8) 		26
(−3) 		36
(2) 		46
(8) 		55
(13) 		59
(15) 		58
(14) 		50
(10) 		38
(3) 		30
(−1) 		22
(−6) 		38
(3)
Record low °F (°C) −25
(−32) 		−21
(−29) 		−14
(−26) 		10
(−12) 		24
(−4) 		32
(0) 		36
(2) 		32
(0) 		20
(−7) 		14
(−10) 		2
(−17) 		−14
(−26) 		−25
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.98
(101) 		3.01
(76) 		3.84
(98) 		4.00
(102) 		5.01
(127) 		4.56
(116) 		4.42
(112) 		4.28
(109) 		4.89
(124) 		3.81
(97) 		4.26
(108) 		3.92
(100) 		49.98
(1,270)
Source: Weatherbase[100]
Climate data for Morristown, New Jersey
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 38
(3) 		41
(5) 		50
(10) 		61
(16) 		71
(22) 		80
(27) 		85
(29) 		83
(28) 		75
(24) 		65
(18) 		54
(12) 		43
(6) 		62
(17)
Average low °F (°C) 18
(−8) 		19
(−7) 		27
(−3) 		36
(2) 		46
(8) 		54
(12) 		59
(15) 		58
(14) 		51
(11) 		39
(4) 		32
(0) 		23
(−5) 		39
(4)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.50
(114) 		3.00
(76) 		4.41
(112) 		4.64
(118) 		5.09
(129) 		4.40
(112) 		5.29
(134) 		4.37
(111) 		5.33
(135) 		4.17
(106) 		4.37
(111) 		4.10
(104) 		53.67
(1,363)
Source: [101]

History

Main article: History of New York City
 
Peter Minuit is credited with the purchase of the island of Manhattan in 1626.
 
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it New York
 
Little Italy, Lower East Side, Manhattan, circa 1900.
 
The United Nations Headquarters, established in Midtown Manhattan in 1952
 
Liberty Enlightening the World, known as the Statue of Liberty, on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, is a globally recognized symbol of both the United States and ideals such as freedom, democracy, and opportunity.[102]
 
The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 attacks in 2001, which caused nearly 3,000 deaths, mostly residents of the metropolitan region.
 
One World Trade Center, built in its place and opened in 2014.

During the Wisconsinan glaciation, the region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of the New York metropolitan region today. Later on, the ice sheet would help split apart what are now Long Island and Staten Island.

At the time of European contact the region was inhabited by Native Americans, predominantly the Lenape,[105] and others. The Native Americans used the abundant waterways in the area for many purposes, such as fishing and trade routes. Sailing for France in 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to enter the local waters and encounter the residents, but he did not make landfall. Henry Hudson, sailing for the Dutch in 1609, visited the area and built a settlement on Lower Manhattan Island that was eventually renamed New Amsterdam by Dutch colonists in 1626.[106] In 1664, the area went under English control,[106][107] and was later renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.[108][109]

As the fur trade expanded further north, New York became a trading hub, which brought in a diverse set of ethnic groups including Africans, Jews, and Portuguese. The island of Manhattan had an extraordinary natural harbor formed by New York Bay (actually the drowned lower river valley of the Hudson River, enclosed by glacial moraines), the East River (actually a tidal strait), and the Hudson River, all of which merge at the southern tip, from which all later development spread. During the American Revolution, the strategic waterways made New York vitally important as a wartime base for the British navy. Many battles such as the Battle of Long Island and the Battle of New York were fought in the region to secure it. New York was captured by the British early in the war, becoming a haven for Loyalist refugees from other parts of the country, and remained in the hands of the British until the war ended in 1783. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790,[110] after which the capital moved to Philadelphia. New York has been the country's largest city since 1790.[111] In 1792, the Buttonwood Agreement, made by a group of merchants, created what is now the New York Stock Exchange in Lower Manhattan. Today, many people in the metropolitan area work in this important stock exchange.

The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries[112] and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.[113] Large-scale immigration into New York was a result of a large demand for manpower. A cosmopolitan attitude in the city created tolerance for various cultures and ethnic groups. German, Irish, and Italian immigrants were among the largest ethnic groups. Today, many of their descendants continue to live in the region. Cultural buildings such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Opera, and the American Museum of Natural History were built. New York newspapers were read around the country as media moguls James Gordon Bennett, Sr., Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst battled for readership. In 1884, over 70% of exports passed through ports in New York or in one of the surrounding towns. The five boroughs of New York — The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island — were consolidated into a single city in 1898.[114][115]

 
The main concourse of Grand Central Terminal, which opened in 1913.

The newly unified New York City encouraged both more physical connections between the boroughs and the growth of bedroom communities. The New York City Subway began operating in 1904 as the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, one of three systems (the other two being the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation and the Independent Subway System) that were later taken over by the city. Railroad stations such as Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station helped fuel suburban growth. During the era of the Prohibition, when alcohol was banned nationwide, organized crime grew to supply the high demand for bootleg alcohol. The Broadway Theater District developed with the showing of the musical, Show Boat.

The Great Depression suspended the region's fortunes as a period of widespread unemployment and poverty began. City planner Robert Moses began his automobile-centered career of building bridges, parkways, and later expressways. During World War II, the city economy was hurt by blockades of German U-boats, which limited shipping with Europe.

After its population peaked in 1950, much of the city's population left for the suburbs of New York over the following decades. The effects were a result of white flight. Industry and commerce also declined in this era, with businesses leaving for the suburbs and other cities. The city, particularly Brooklyn, was dealt a psychological as well as an economic blow with the loss of the iconic Brooklyn Dodgers major-league baseball team, which moved to Los Angeles after the 1957 season. Crime affected the city severely. Urban renewal projects alleviated the decay in Midtown Manhattan to a certain extent, but later failed. There was little reported social disruption during the Northeast Blackout of 1965, but the New York City Blackout of 1977 caused massive rioting in some parts of the city. A rare highlight was the completion of the former World Trade Center, which once stood as the tallest buildings in the world.

In the 1980s, the city's economy was booming. Wall Street was fueling an economic surge in the real estate market. Despite this, crime was still an issue. Beginning in the 1990s, however, crime dropped substantially. Crime in New York City has continued to decline through the 21st century.

 
A flooded Avenue C in Manhattan just moments before the explosion at an electrical substation caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012.[116]

A major event in the region's and the nation's history was the September 11th attacks in 2001, which killed nearly 3,000 people as two planes crashed into the former World Trade Center and caused the towers to collapse. Businesses led an exodus from Lower Manhattan because of this but were replaced by an increased number of high-rise residences. In 2003, another blackout occurred, the 2003 North America blackout, but the city suffered no looting and a building boom in New York continues to this day.

On October 29 and 30, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction in the metropolitan area, ravaging portions of the Atlantic coastline with record-high storm surge, severe flooding, and high winds, causing power outages for millions of residents via downed trees and power lines and malfunctions at electrical substations, leading to gasoline shortages and snarling mass transit systems. Damage to New York and New Jersey in terms of physical infrastructure and private property as well as including interrupted commerce was estimated at several tens of billions of dollars.[117] The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.[118][119]

Statistical history

The U.S. Census Bureau first designated metropolitan areas in 1950 as standard metropolitan areas (SMAs). The "New York–Northeastern NJ SMA" was defined to include 17 counties: 9 in New York (the five boroughs of New York City, Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, and Rockland) and 8 in New Jersey (Bergen, Hudson, Passaic, Essex, Union, Morris, Somerset, and Middlesex). In 1960, the metropolitan area standards were modified and renamed standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs). The new standards resulted in the splitting of the former SMA into several pieces: the nine New York counties became the "New York SMSA"; three of the New Jersey counties (Essex, Union, and Morris) became the "Newark SMSA"; two other New Jersey counties (Bergen and Passaic) became the "Paterson–Passaic–Clifton SMSA"; Hudson County was designated the "Jersey City SMSA"; and Middlesex and Somerset counties lost their metropolitan status. In 1973, a new set of metropolitan area standards resulted in further changes: Nassau and Suffolk counties were split off as their own SMSA ("Nassau–Suffolk SMSA"); Bergen County (originally part of the Paterson–Clifton–Passaic SMSA) was transferred to the New York SMSA; the New York SMSA also received Putnam County (previously non-metropolitan); Somerset County was added to the Newark SMSA; and two new SMSAs, the "New Brunswick–Perth Amboy–Sayreville SMSA" (Middlesex County) and "Long Branch–Asbury Park SMSA" (Monmouth County), were established. In 1983, the concept of a consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA) was first implemented. A CMSA consisted of several primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSAs), which were individual employment centers within a wider labor market area. The "New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island CMSA" consisted of 12 PMSAs.

Seven PMSAs were based on the original 1950 New York SMA that were split up: New York, Bergen–Passaic, Jersey City, Middlesex–Somerset–Hunterdon (Hunterdon added for the first time), Monmouth–Ocean (Ocean added for the first time), Nassau–Suffolk, and Newark (Sussex added for the first time). One additional PMSA was the Orange County PMSA (previously the Newburgh–Middletown SMSA). The other four PMSAs were former SMSAs in Connecticut: Bridgeport, Stamford, Norwalk, and Danbury. In 1993, four PMSAs were added to the New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island CMSA: Trenton PMSA (Mercer County), Dutchess County PMSA, Waterbury PMSA, and New Haven PMSA. Several new counties were also added to the CMSA: Sussex, Warren, and Pike. The CMSA model was originally utilized for tabulating data from the 2000 census. In 2003, a new set of standards was established using the Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) model was adopted and remains in use as of 2010. The CBSA model resulted in the splitting up of the old CMSA into several metropolitan statistical areas: New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island, Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, Trenton–Princeton, Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk (includes Danbury), and New Haven–Milford (includes Waterbury). In 2013, the Census Bureau added Carbon, Lehigh, Northampton, and Monroe counties in Pennsylvania, and Warren County, New Jersey (encompassing collectively the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ MSA and the East Stroudsburg, PA MSA), to the Combined Statistical Area,[120] and assimilated Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown into the larger New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island–NY–NJ–PA MSA. In 2018, the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ MSA was removed from the Combined Statistical Area.[121]

Proposals for the region

See also: Partition and secession in New York

The metropolitan region has never had separate political representation from the rest of their original states. This has to do with disagreements in the desired model and the constitutional complexity of the metropolitan region being cross-state. Within the State of New York over the last 30 years,[122] discussions have emerged of splitting the states into different regions with separate governors and legislators whilst remaining part of the same state — as opposed to seeing New York and its metropolitan area being split into a separate state.[123][124] The idea has been seen by Republicans in the state as an opportunity to dislocate the Democratic party's hold in the state legislature.[125][126]

The discussion surrounding the re-organisation of New York State has commonly been in two models: The two-region model creates a "downstate" New York region which would consist of all five New York City boroughs, Long Island's Nassau and Suffolk counties, and Westchester and Rockland counties, then Upstate would be the remaining 53;[125][123] and the three-region model is New York having five counties; Montauk would consist of Nassau, Suffolk, Rockland, and Westchester counties and; New Amsterdam would be the remaining portion of New York State.[125][124][127] This debate was reported as recent as February 2019, when Republican state Senator Daphne Jordan supported the state being split into two states,[125][123] however it was believed that the proposal would require an act of congress for it to be passed.[128]

Demographics

Historical populations – modern New York MSA
Census Pop. %±
1830552,237—
1840740,12034.0%
18501,142,30454.3%
18601,801,66857.7%
18702,319,31928.7%
18802,951,27027.2%
18903,845,15130.3%
19005,231,74836.1%
19107,248,14738.5%
19208,693,18419.9%
193011,123,50628.0%
194011,950,1887.4%
195013,299,83411.3%
196015,346,31315.4%
197017,065,32811.2%
198016,363,636−4.1%
199016,846,0462.9%
200018,323,0068.8%
201018,897,1093.1%
202020,140,4706.6%
U.S. Decennial Census
1900–1990[129]
 
India Square, Jersey City, New Jersey, known as Little Bombay,[130] home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere.[131]
 
Bergen County (버겐 카운티), New Jersey, is home to all of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population, led by Palisades Park (벼랑 공원) (above), a borough where Koreans comprise the majority (52%) of the population.[132][133]
 
The Spanish Harlem Orchestra. New York City is home to nearly 3 million Latino Americans, the largest Hispanic population of any city proper outside Latin America and Spain.
 
Chinatown, Manhattan (紐約華埠). The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest population of overseas Chinese outside of Asia, over three-quarters of a million in 2013.[134][135]


Further information: African Americans in the New York City metropolitan region, Chinese in the New York City metropolitan region, Dominicans in the New York City metropolitan region, Indians in the New York City metropolitan region, Filipinos in the New York City metropolitan region, Koreans in the New York City metropolitan region, Japanese in the New York City metropolitan region, Russians in the New York City metropolitan region, Puerto Ricans in the New York City metropolitan region, Jews in the New York City metropolitan region, Islam in the New York City metropolitan area, and LGBT culture in the New York City metropolitan area

2020 Census

County 2020 Census 2010 Census Change Area Density
Bronx County, New York 1,472,654 1,385,108 +6.32% 42.2 sq mi (109 km2) 34,897/sq mi (13,474/km2)
Kings County, New York 2,736,074 2,504,700 +9.24% 69.4 sq mi (180 km2) 39,425/sq mi (15,222/km2)
Nassau County, New York 1,395,774 1,339,532 +4.20% 284.5 sq mi (737 km2) 4,906/sq mi (1,894/km2)
New York County, New York 1,694,251 1,585,873 +6.83% 22.7 sq mi (59 km2) 74,637/sq mi (28,817/km2)
Putnam County, New York 97,668 99,710 −2.05% 230.2 sq mi (596 km2) 424/sq mi (164/km2)
Queens County, New York 2,405,464 2,230,722 +7.83% 108.7 sq mi (282 km2) 22,129/sq mi (8,544/km2)
Richmond County, New York 495,747 468,730 +5.76% 57.5 sq mi (149 km2) 8,622/sq mi (3,329/km2)
Rockland County, New York 338,329 311,687 +8.55% 173.4 sq mi (449 km2) 1,951/sq mi (753/km2)
Suffolk County, New York 1,525,920 1,493,350 +2.18% 911.2 sq mi (2,360 km2) 1,675/sq mi (647/km2)
Westchester County, New York 1,004,457 949,113 +5.83% 430.7 sq mi (1,116 km2) 2,332/sq mi (900/km2)
Bergen County, New Jersey 955,732 905,116 +5.59% 233.8 sq mi (606 km2) 4,088/sq mi (1,578/km2)
Essex County, New Jersey 863,728 783,969 +10.17% 126.1 sq mi (327 km2) 6,850/sq mi (2,645/km2)
Hudson County, New Jersey 724,854 634,266 +14.28% 46.2 sq mi (120 km2) 15,689/sq mi (6,058/km2)
Hunterdon County, New Jersey 128,947 128,349 +0.47% 427.8 sq mi (1,108 km2) 301/sq mi (116/km2)
Middlesex County, New Jersey 863,162 809,858 +6.58% 309.2 sq mi (801 km2) 2,792/sq mi (1,078/km2)
Monmouth County, New Jersey 643,615 630,380 +2.10% 468.2 sq mi (1,213 km2) 1,375/sq mi (531/km2)
Morris County, New Jersey 509,285 492,276 +3.46% 461.0 sq mi (1,194 km2) 1,105/sq mi (427/km2)
Ocean County, New Jersey 637,229 576,567 +10.52% 628.3 sq mi (1,627 km2) 1,014/sq mi (392/km2)
Passaic County, New Jersey 524,118 501,226 +4.57% 186.0 sq mi (482 km2) 2,818/sq mi (1,088/km2)
Somerset County, New Jersey 345,361 323,444 +6.78% 301.9 sq mi (782 km2) 1,144/sq mi (442/km2)
Sussex County, New Jersey 144,221 149,265 −3.38% 518.7 sq mi (1,343 km2) 278/sq mi (107/km2)
Union County, New Jersey 575,345 536,499 +7.24% 102.8 sq mi (266 km2) 5,597/sq mi (2,161/km2)
Pike County, Pennsylvania 58,535 57,369 +2.03% 544.9 sq mi (1,411 km2) 107/sq mi (41/km2)
Total 20,140,470 18,897,109 +6.58% 8,294.21 sq mi (21,481.9 km2) 2,428/sq mi (938/km2)

2010 Census

Racial composition 2010
White 73.4%
 —Non-Hispanic White 51.7%
 —Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 21.7%
Black or African-American 15.3%
Asian 9%
Native American or Alaskan Native 0.2%
Other 0.5%
Two or more races 1.6%

As of the 2010 Census, the metropolitan area had a population of 22,085,649. The population density was 1,865 per square mile. The racial markup was 51.7% White (non-Latino), 21.7% Latino, 15.3% African-American, 9.0% Asian-American, 0.16% Native American and Alaskan Native, 0.03% Pacific Islands American, 0.5% Other, and 1.6% Multiracial.[136]

The median age was 37.9. 25.5% were under 18, 9.5% were 18 to 24 years, 28% were 25 to 44 years of age, 26.6% were 45 to 64 years old, and 13.2% were over the age of 65. Males composed 48.3% of the population while females were 51.7% of the population.[citation needed]

97.7% of the population were in households, 2.3% were in group quarters, and 1% were institutionalized. There were 8,103,731 households, of which 30.2% or 2,449,343 had children. 46.1% or 3,736,165 were composed of opposite sex and married couples. Male households with no wife composed 4.9% or 400,534. 15.0% or 1,212,436 were female households with no husbands. 34% or 2,754,596 were non-family households. The household density was 684 per square mile. 91.9% of housing units were occupied with a 3.8% vacancy rate. The average household size was 2.65 per household. The average income for non-family households was $90,335, and the average income for families was $104,715. 13.3% or 2,888,493 of the population were below the poverty line.[citation needed]

26.7% or 5,911,993 of the population were born outside the United States. Out of this, most (50.6% or 2,992,639) were born in Latin America, 27.0% or 1,595,523 were born in Asia, 17.4% or 1,028,506 were born in Europe, 3.8% or 224,109 were born in Africa, and 0.2% or 11,957 were born in Oceania.[citation needed]

Population estimates

As of 2020, the United States Census Bureau estimated the population of the New York combined statistical area at 23,582,649, the most populous in the United States and one of the world’s most populous urban agglomerations. The increase in the population of the combined statistical area was distributed across the portions of the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania which together constitute the greater New York City metropolitan area.

 
The Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, considered the “worldwide symbol of Christmas”, is an annual staple of the New York metropolitan area during the Holiday season[137]

The New York metropolitan region is ethnically diverse. Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 Census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles.[138] New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.[139] The New York borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, Chilean and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[140][141] The Han Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing ethnicity in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown (紐約華埠), in Brooklyn (布鲁克林華埠), and around Flushing, Queens (法拉盛華埠), are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County.[142] on Long Island,[143] as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas.[144][145][146][147][148][149] In 2012, 6.3% of New York was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island.[150] In particular, the New York area has over 100,000 Fuzhounese people.[151] A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu (Chinese: 朝鲜族) or Joseonjok (Korean: 조선족)) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens.[152] Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.[153] Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, and Filipinos,[154] as well as Malaysians[19] and other Southeast Asians;[155] while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian as well as Asian Indian immigrants.

New York has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles (1.1 million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined.[156] The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010.[157] People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000 and 14,000 people.[158] Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City,[159] with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic white population, enumerating over 30,000, and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States,[160] most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx.[161]

 
The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest gay and bisexual community in the United States and one of the world's largest.[162][163]

The wider New York metropolitan area is also ethnically diverse.[164] The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami, the next most popular gateway regions.[165][166][167][168] It is home to the largest Jewish as well as Israeli communities outside Israel, with the Jewish population in the region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe.[152] The metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, as well as 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns;[169][170] the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American,[144] Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American[144] and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million;[157] and includes at least 6 established Chinatowns within New York City alone,[171] with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 819,527 uniracial overseas Chinese as of 2014 Census estimates,[172] the largest outside of Asia.[134][135]

Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York region in 2013; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Egypt, Ghana, and Nigeria from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America.[173] Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013.

New York City has been described as the gay capital of the world, and is home to one of the world’s largest LGBTQ populations and the most prominent.[174] The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest.[162][163] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[175] The annual New York City Pride March (or gay pride parade) traverses southward down Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, ending at Greenwich Village, and is the largest pride parade in the world, attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.[176]

Religion

 
The landmark Neo-Gothic Roman Catholic St. Patrick's Cathedral, Midtown Manhattan.
 
Brooklyn's rapidly growing Orthodox Jewish (יהודי) community is the largest in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals,[177] out of the largest metropolitan Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, at nearly 2.5 million.
 
The Islamic Cultural Center of New York (Arabic: المركز الثقافي الإسلامي في نيويورك) in Upper Manhattan. With an estimated 1.5 million observers, the New York metropolitan area is home to the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the Western Hemisphere.
 
Sri Maha Vallabha Ganapati Devasthanam (Telugu: శ్రీ మహావల్లభ గణపతి దేవస్థానం) or (Tamil: ஸ்ரீ மகா வல்லப கணபதி தேவஸ்தானம்), in Flushing, Queens, the oldest Hindu temple in the United States.
 
The Chuang Yen Monastery (莊嚴寺), in Kent, Putnam County, houses the largest indoor statue of Buddha in the Western Hemisphere.[178]
 
Atheism, promoted on an electronic billboard in Times Square, is observed by a significant proportion of New Yorkers.

The 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey showed that the religious makeup of the New York metro area was as follows:

Religious affiliation in the New York City metro area (2014)[179]
Affiliation % of New York population
Christian 59 59
 
Catholic 33 33
 
Protestant 23 23
 
Evangelical Protestant 9 9
 
Mainline Protestant 8 8
 
Black church 6 6
 
Other Christian 3 3
 
Unaffiliated 24 24
 
Nothing in particular 15 15
 
Agnostic 4 4
 
Atheist 4 4
 
Jewish 8 8
 
Muslim 4 4
 
Hindu 2 2
 
Buddhist 1 1
 
Other faiths 1 1
 
Don't know/refused answer 1 1
 
Total 100 100
 

Economy

Main article: Economy of New York City
 
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on the North Shore of Long Island is an internationally renowned biomedical research facility and home to eight scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

The New York City regional economy is the largest in the world, with a GDP of US$2.1trillion in 2022, which would rank eighth among sovereign countries. Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York,[180] as are a large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.[181] In 2012 and 2015, New York topped the first and second Global Economic Power Index lists, respectively, as published by The Atlantic, with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on five different lists as published by five separate entities.[35][182] Finance, international trade, new and traditional media, real estate, education, fashion and entertainment, tourism, biotechnology, and manufacturing are the leading industries in the area. Along with its wealth, the area has a cost of living that is the highest in the United States.

 
The NY Stock Exchange on Wall St. is the world's largest by total market capitalization of listed companies.[183][184]

Wall Street

Main article: Wall Street

New York's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. Anchored by Wall Street, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York has been called[by whom?] both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world,[35][185][186][187][188] and the city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ.[183][184] The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent (US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700.[189]

Manhattan had approximately 520 million square feet (48.1 million m2) of office space in 2013,[190] making it the largest office market in the United States,[191] while Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the nation.[192]

Lower Manhattan is the third largest central business district in the United States and is home to both the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.[184] Wall Street investment banking fees in 2012 totaled approximately US$40 billion,[193] while in 2013, senior New York bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as US$324,000 annually.[194]

In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association.[195]

Many Wall Street firms have added or moved auxiliary financial or technical operations into Jersey City, to take advantage of New Jersey's relatively lower commercial real estate and rental prices, while offering continued geographic proximity to Manhattan's financial industry ecosystem.[196]

 
Manhattan's Flatiron District was the cradle of Silicon Alley, now metonymous for the New York metropolitan region's high tech sector, which has since expanded beyond the area.[197]

Tech and biotech

Further information: Tech:NYC, Tech companies in the New York metropolitan area, Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area, and Silicon Alley

Silicon Alley, centered in New York, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the metropolitan region's high technology industries[198] involving the internet, new media, financial technology (fintech) and cryptocurrency, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. High technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York and across the metropolitan region, bolstered by the city's emergence as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance,[199] and environmental sustainability,[200][201] as well as New York's position as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center in North America, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines,[202] the city's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity.[203] Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City.[204]

The biotechnology sector is also growing in the New York metropolitan region, based upon its strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then-New York mayor Michael Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build Cornell Tech, a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences on Roosevelt Island, Manhattan with the goal of transforming New York into the world's premier technology capital.[205][206] By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology.[207] Westchester County has also developed a burgeoning biotechnology sector in the 21st century, with over US$1 billion in planned private investment as of 2016,[208] earning the county the nickname Biochester.[209]

Port of New York and New Jersey

Main article: Port of New York and New Jersey

The Port of New York and New Jersey is the port district of the New York metropolitan area, encompassing the region within approximately a 25-mile (40 km) radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. A major economic engine for the New York metropolitan area, the port includes the system of navigable waterways in the estuary along 650 miles (1,050 km) of shoreline in the vicinity of New York and the Gateway Region of northeastern New Jersey, as well as the region's airports and supporting rail and roadway distribution networks. The Port of New York and New Jersey handled a maritime cargo volume in the ten months through October 2022 of over 8.2 million TEUs, benefitting post-Panamax from the expansion of the Panama Canal, and accelerating ahead of California seaports in monthly cargo volumes.[210][211]

Water purity and availability

Further information: Food and water in New York City and New York City water supply system

Water purity and availability are a lifeline for the New York metropolitan region. New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.[212] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants.[213] The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water.[214] The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history,[215] with segments serving Manhattan and The Bronx completed, and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens planned for construction in 2020.[216] Much of the fresh water for northern and central New Jersey is provided by reservoirs, but numerous municipal water wells exist which accomplish the same purpose.

Education

 
Low Library, the Neoclassical centerpiece of the Columbia University campus
 
The bronze clock on Harkness Tower at Yale University, a structure reflecting the Collegiate Gothic architectural genre
 
Watercolor of Cleveland Tower, Princeton University, seen in the noon autumn sun

The New York metropolitan area is home to many prestigious institutions of higher education. Three Ivy League universities: Columbia University in Manhattan, New York City; Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey; Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut – all ranked amongst the top 3 U.S. national universities as per U.S. News & World Report as of 2018[217] – reside in the region,[218] as well as New York University and The Rockefeller University, both located in Manhattan; all of the above have been ranked amongst the top 35 universities in the world.[219] Rutgers University, a global university located 27 mi (43 km) southwest of Manhattan in New Brunswick, New Jersey, is by far the largest university in the region.[220] New York Institute of Technology is located on two campuses, one in Old Westbury, Long Island and one near Columbus Circle in Manhattan. Hofstra University is Long Island's largest private university.[221] Fordham University, also a Tier-1 university,[222] is the oldest Catholic institution of higher education in the northeastern United States,[223] and the third-oldest university in New York.[224] The New York City Department of Education is the largest school district in the United States serving over 1.2 million students.[225] The overall region also hosts many public high schools, some of which have been described as among the most prestigious in the country.[226]

Attainment

According to the 2010 American Community Survey, of the 14,973,063 persons in this area over 25 years of age, 14.8% (2,216,578) had a graduate or professional degree, 21.1% (3,166,037) had a bachelor's degree, 6.4% (962,007) had an associate degree, 16.0% (2,393,990) had some college education but no degree, 26.8% (4,009,901) had a high school diploma or equivalent, 14.8% (2,224,557) had less than a high school education.[227] In 2010, CNN Money ranked the area as one of the top 10 smartest regions in the United States.[228]

Transportation

 
The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of stations.
 
The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) rapid transit rail system connects Manhattan and metropolitan northern New Jersey beneath the Hudson River.
 
An Acela Express train going to New York. The Acela Express, operated by Amtrak through the Northeast Corridor, is the sole high-speed rail service in the country.

The depth and intricacy of the transportation network in the New York region parallel the size and complexity of the metropolis itself.

In 2013, the New York-Newark-Jersey City metropolitan statistical area (New York MSA) had the lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (56.9 percent), with 18.9 percent of area workers traveling via rail transit. During the period starting in 2006 and ending in 2013, the New York MSA had a 2.2 percent decline of workers commuting by automobile.[229]

Rail

About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York metropolitan area.[230][231]

New York City Subway

Main article: New York City Subway

The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 472, and by length of routes. In 2006 it was the third largest when measured by annual ridership (1.5 billion passenger trips in 2006),[232] However, in 2013, the subway delivered over 1.71 billion rides,[233] but slipped to being the seventh busiest rapid transit rail system in the world.[234] New York's subway is also notable because nearly the entire system remains open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong,[235][236] London, Seoul,[237][238] Tokyo, and Toronto.

PATH

Main article: PATH (rail system)

PATH is a rapid transit system connecting the cities of Newark, Harrison, Hoboken, and Jersey City, in metropolitan northern New Jersey, with the lower and midtown sections of Manhattan in New York City. The PATH is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. PATH trains run 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.[239] The system has a total route length of 13.8 mi (22.2 km), not double-counting route overlaps.[240]

Commuter rail

The metropolitan area is also fundamentally defined by the areas from which people commute into New York. The city is served by three primary commuter rail systems, and is provided intercity rail transit with Amtrak.

The Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), the busiest commuter railroad in the United States as of 2015,[241] is operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), an agency of the State Government of New York that focuses on New York City-area transit). It has two major terminals at Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan and Atlantic Terminal in Downtown Brooklyn, with a minor terminal at the Long Island City station and a major transfer point at the Jamaica station in Queens.

New Jersey Transit (NJT), the second busiest commuter railroad in the United States as of 2015,[241] is operated by the New Jersey Transit Corporation, an agency of the state of New Jersey, in conjunction with Metro-North Railroad and Amtrak. It has major terminals at Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan, Hoboken Terminal, and Newark Pennsylvania Station, with a major transfer point at Secaucus Junction in Hudson County, New Jersey. New Jersey Transit also operates the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail through Hudson County, the Newark City Subway, and the River Line that runs along tracks shared with Conrail Shared Assets Operations from Trenton to Camden in South Jersey. NJ Transit also has commuter buses operating in and out of Manhattan.

Metro-North Railroad (MNRR), the third busiest commuter railroad in the United States as of 2015,[241] is also operated by the MTA, in conjunction with the Connecticut Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit. Its major terminal is Grand Central Terminal. Trains on the Port Jervis Line and Pascack Valley Line terminate at Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey; commuters may transfer at either Secaucus Junction for New Jersey Transit trains to New York Pennsylvania Station or at Hoboken Terminal for PATH trains into Manhattan.

Amtrak's Northeast Corridor offers service to Philadelphia, New Haven, and other points between and including Boston and Washington, D.C.

Major stations in the metropolitan area include:

The following table shows all train lines operated by these commuter railroads in the New York metropolitan area. New Jersey Transit operates an additional train line in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. (Shown counterclockwise from the Atlantic Ocean):

Line or Branch Railroad Counties
Far Rockaway LIRR Kings, Queens, Nassau
Long Beach LIRR Nassau
Montauk LIRR Suffolk
Babylon LIRR Nassau, Suffolk
West Hempstead LIRR Kings (weekdays), Queens, Nassau
Hempstead LIRR Kings, Queens, Nassau
Ronkonkoma (Main Line) LIRR Nassau, Suffolk
Port Jefferson LIRR Nassau, Suffolk
Oyster Bay LIRR Nassau
Port Washington LIRR Queens, Nassau
New Haven MNRR, Amtrak New York, Bronx, Westchester, Fairfield, New Haven
Danbury MNRR New York, Fairfield
New Canaan MNRR New York, Fairfield
Waterbury MNRR Fairfield, New Haven
Harlem MNRR New York, Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess
Hudson MNRR, Amtrak Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess
Pascack Valley MNRR, NJT Hudson, Bergen, Rockland
Port Jervis / Main Line / Bergen County MNRR, NJT Hudson, Bergen, Passaic, Rockland, Orange
Montclair–Boonton NJT New York, Hudson, Essex, Passaic, Morris, Warren
Morris & Essex (Morristown Line and Gladstone Branch) NJT New York, Hudson, Essex, Union, Morris, Somerset, Warren
Raritan Valley NJT Hudson, Essex, Union, Middlesex, Somerset, Hunterdon
Northeast Corridor and Princeton Branch NJT, Amtrak New York, Hudson, Essex, Union, Middlesex, Mercer
North Jersey Coast NJT New York, Hudson, Essex, Union, Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean
Shore Line East CT Rail, Amtrak Fairfield, New Haven
Hartford CT Rail, Amtrak New Haven

Major highways

The following highways serve the region:

 
The George Washington Bridge, connecting Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan across the Hudson River to Fort Lee in Bergen County, New Jersey, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[242][243] Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 cross the river via the bridge, while U.S. Route 46, which lies entirely within New Jersey, ends halfway across the bridge at the state border with New York.
 
The Walkway over the Hudson, the world's longest pedestrian bridge,[244] connects Ulster and Dutchess counties in New York.

Interstates

 
The Long Island Expressway (I-495), viewing eastbound in Corona, Queens

U.S. Routes

State Routes

Other limited-access roads

 
Heavy traffic on the Garden State Parkway in Wall Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey

Some of these roads have a numerical designation assigned to it:

Named bridges and tunnels

 
The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, one of the world's longest suspension bridges,[245][246] connects Brooklyn and Staten Island across The Narrows.
 
The Great South Bay Bridge, in Suffolk County, connects the mainland of Long Island to barrier islands across the Great South Bay.

Commuter bus

New Jersey Transit, Academy Bus, Coach USA, Spanish Transportation, Trailways of New York, and several other companies operate commuter coaches into the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan, and many other bus services in New Jersey. Bus services also operate in other nearby counties in the states of New York and Connecticut, but most terminate at a subway terminal or other rail station.

Major airports

Main article: Aviation in the New York metropolitan area

The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 130.5 million travelers used these three airports in 2016, and the metropolitan area's airspace is the busiest in the nation.[23]

The following smaller airports are also in the metro area and provide daily commercial service:

Commuter usage

According to the 2010 American Community Survey, 54.3% (5,476,169) of commuters used a car or other private vehicle alone, 7.0% (708,788) used a carpool, 27.0% (2,721,372) used public transportation, 5.5% (558,434) walked to work, 2.0% (200,448) used some other means of transportation such as a bicycle to get to work.[251]

Culture and contemporary life

 
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, part of Museum Mile in the Carnegie Hill neighborhood of Manhattan's Upper East Side, is one of the largest museums in the world.[252]
 
Citi Field in Flushing, Queens is the home of the New York Mets.
 
Yankee Stadium in the South Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees.
 
MetLife Stadium, in East Rutherford, New Jersey, home to the New York Giants and New York Jets, is the most expensive stadium ever built,[253] at approximately $1.6 billion.[254]
 
According to Travel + Leisure magazine's October 2011 survey, Times Square in Midtown Manhattan, iconified as the "Crossroads of the World",[255][256][257][258][259] is the world's most visited tourist attraction, bringing in over 39 million visitors annually.[260]
Main article: New York City § Culture and contemporary life

New York has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland[261] and Latvia[262] and by New York's own Baruch College.[263] A book containing a series of essays titled New York, culture capital of the world, 1940–1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia.[264] Tom Wolfe has quoted regarding New York's culture that "Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather."[265]

Although Manhattan remains the epicenter of cultural life in the metropolitan area, the entire region is replete with prominent cultural institutions, with artistic performances and ethnically oriented events receiving international attention throughout the year.

Sports teams

Further information: Sports in the New York metropolitan area

New York is home to the headquarters of the National Football League,[266] Major League Baseball,[267] the National Basketball Association,[268] the National Hockey League,[269] and Major League Soccer.[270] Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area.[253] The New York metropolitan area has the highest total number of professional sports teams in these five leagues.

Listing of the professional sports teams in the New York metropolitan area:

Media

Main article: Media in New York City

The New York metropolitan area is home to the headquarters of several well-known media companies, subsidiaries, and publications, including Thomson Reuters, The New York Times Company, the Associated Press, WarnerMedia, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, ViacomCBS, News Corporation, The Wall Street Journal, Fox News, ABC, CBS, and NBC. Local television channels broadcasting to the New York market include WCBS-TV 2 (CBS), WNBC 4 (NBC), WNYW 5 (FOX), WABC-TV 7 (ABC), WWOR-TV 9 (MyNetworkTV), WPIX 11 (CW), WNET 13 (PBS), WNYE-TV 25 (NYC Media) and WPXN-TV 31 (Ion). NY1 is a 24/7 local news provider available only to cable television subscribers. Radio stations serving the area include: WNYC, WKCR, WFMU, WABC-AM, and WFAN. Many television and radio stations use the top of the Empire State Building to broadcast their terrestrial television signals, while some media entities broadcast from studios in Times Square.

The New York metropolitan area is extensive enough so that its own channels must compete with channels from neighboring television markets (including Philadelphia, Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, and Hartford) within its outlying counties. Cable companies offer such competition in the Pennsylvania portion, Connecticut, and a few counties in central New Jersey.

Theme parks

In New Jersey

 
Skyline of Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, Ocean County, New Jersey, the world's largest theme park in 2013.[271] To the far left is Kingda Ka, the world's tallest roller coaster.[272]

In New York State

Coney Island, in Brooklyn, is considered one of America's first amusement parks.

Playland, Rye, Westchester County

Legoland New York, in Goshen, Orange County opened in 2021.

Plans were unveiled by New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg on September 27, 2012, for the New York Wheel, a giant Ferris wheel, to be built at the northern shore of Staten Island, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, and the Lower Manhattan skyline.[273]

Area codes

The area is served by at least 26 area codes:

  • 212: Serves Manhattan and is overlaid with 646 and 917 332.
  • 718: Serves all other boroughs of New York City and is overlaid with 347, 917, and 929.
  • 917: Serves all of New York City.
  • 516: Serves Nassau County.
  • 631: Serves Suffolk County.
  • 914: Serves Westchester County.
  • 845: Serves the Hudson Valley counties of Southern New York State.
  • 570 & 272: Serves Pike CountyPennsylvania.
  • 203 & 475: Serves Southwestern Connecticut,
  • 860 & 959: Serves the rest of Connecticut not served by 203 or 475.
  • 201: Serves most of Bergen County, as well as parts of Essex, Hudson, and Passaic in Northern New Jersey, and is overlaid with 551.
  • 973: Serves portions of Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Morris, Passaic, Sussex, and portions of Union County in New Jersey, and is overlaid with 862.
  • 908: Serves communities in Union County, Somerset County, northern parts of Middlesex County, Hunterdon County, Warren County, and Morris County as well as some cell phones in Monmouth County in New Jersey.
  • 732: Serves Middlesex County, Somerset County, portions of Union County, and Monmouth and northern Ocean counties in New Jersey; overlaid with 848.
  • 609 & 640: Serves Mercer County and parts of Middlesex, Monmouth, and Ocean Counties.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.[94]

References

  1. ^ Jones, Huw. "New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index". London. Reuters. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  2. ^ "A Nation challenged: in New York; New York Carries On, but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun" March 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, October 11, 2001. Accessed November 20, 2016. "A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world."
  3. ^ Sorrentino, Christopher (September 16, 2007). "When He Was Seventeen". The New York Times. from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved December 22, 2007. In 1980, there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world.
  4. ^ Michael P. Ventura (April 6, 2010). . DNAinfo. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  5. ^ Dawn Ennis (May 24, 2017). . LGBTQ Nation. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  6. ^ a b "US Census Urban Areas". US Census Urban Areas. US Census Bureau. from the original on July 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  7. ^ a b "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. August 12, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  8. ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021". U.S. Census Bureau. from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  9. ^ "U.S. metro areas—ranked by Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) 2021 | Statistic". Statista. from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  10. ^ "Largest City in the World by Area 2023". World Population Review. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  11. ^ "Largest Cities In The World By Land Area". WorldAtlas. Retrieved January 18, 2023. New York is often estimated to be the largest city in the world by land area.
  12. ^ "World Urban Areas" (PDF). Demographia. April 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  13. ^ Niall McCarthy (February 5, 2021). "The World's Largest Cities By Area". Hamburg: Statista. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  14. ^ "USA: Combined Metropolitan Areas". CityPopulation.de. August 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  15. ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015 – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico – 2015 Population Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  16. ^ "World's Largest Urban Areas [Ranked by Urban Area Population]". Rhett Butler. 2003–2006. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  17. ^ "Largest Cities of the World – (by metro population)". Woolwine-Moen Group d/b/a Graphic Maps. from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  18. ^ "Largest urban areas in the world: 2008 All Urban Areas 2,000,000 & Over" (PDF). Wendell Cox Consultancy. (PDF) from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  19. ^ a b "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  20. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  21. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  22. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  23. ^ a b "The Port Authority of NY and NJ 2016 Air Traffic Report" (PDF). The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. April 14, 2017. (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
  24. ^ a b "Governor Hochul, Mayor Adams Announce Plan for SPARC Kips Bay, First-of-Its-Kind Job and Education Hub for Health and Life Sciences Innovation" (Press release). Albany: NY State Office of Information Technology Services. October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  25. ^ . Consulate General of Iceland New York. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  26. ^ . Consulate of Latvia. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  27. ^ . The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  28. ^ "New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock; essays by Dore Ashton ... [et al.]". NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA. from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
February 05, 2023
york, metropolitan, area, this, article, about, area, surrounding, york, city, other, such, areas, state, york, state, metropolitan, areas, also, commonly, referred, state, area, largest, metropolitan, area, world, urban, landmass, most, populous, urban, agglo. This article is about the area surrounding New York City For other such areas in the state see New York State metropolitan areas The New York metropolitan area also commonly referred to as the Tri State area is the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass 10 11 12 at 4 669 0 sq mi 12 093 km2 13 and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world The vast metropolitan area includes New York City Long Island the Mid and Lower Hudson Valley in the State of New York the six largest cities in New Jersey Newark Jersey City Paterson Elizabeth Lakewood and Edison and their vicinities and six of the seven largest cities in Connecticut Bridgeport Stamford New Haven Waterbury Norwalk and Danbury and the vicinities of these cities The New York metropolitan area comprises the geographic and demographic hub of the larger Northeast megalopolis New York metropolitan area New York Newark Jersey City NY NJ CT PA metro areaMegacity and Metropolitan regionFrom top left to right The Financial District of Lower Manhattan the world s principal financial center 1 2 3 4 5 Montauk Point Light on the East End of Long Island Downtown White Plains in the Hudson Valley region the Paramount Theatre at Asbury Park Convention Hall at nightfall on the Jersey Shore Greenwich on Connecticut s Gold Coast home to many wealthy financiers and hedge funds and Midtown Manhattan overlooking Hudson County New Jersey toward the west across the Hudson RiverCountry United StatesStates New York New Jersey Connecticut PennsylvaniaCore city New York CitySatellite citiesBabylon Bridgeport Brookhaven Danbury Edison Elizabeth Glen Cove Hamilton Hempstead Huntington Islip Jersey City Lakewood Long Beach Middletown NJ Middletown Orange County NY Mount Vernon Westchester County New York New Brunswick New Haven New Rochelle Newark North Hempstead Norwalk Oyster Bay Paterson Smithtown Stamford Toms River Trenton Waterbury White Plains Woodbridge YonkersArea 6 Total3 450 2 sq mi 8 936 km2 Population 6 Density5 318 sq mi 2 053 km2 Metropolitan Statistical Area MSA 2020 20 140 470 7 1st 2021 ACS 1 year 8 19 768 458DemonymNew YorkerTime zoneUTC 05 00 EST Summer DST UTC 04 00 EDT Area codes201 203 212 332 272 347 475 484 516 551 570 609 610 631 640 646 718 732 845 848 860 862 908 914 917 929 973GMPUS 2 0 trillion 9 Highest elevation 4 180 ft 1 274 m Slide Mountain Ulster County New York in the Catskill Mountains Lowest elevation 0 ft 0 m sea level at the Atlantic Ocean Long Island Sound and at Hudson River estuary waterways The New York metropolitan area is the most populous in the United States as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area 20 1 million residents in 2020 7 and the Combined Statistical Area 23 6 million residents in 2020 14 The metropolitan area is home to approximately 6 of the United States population 15 It is the tenth largest urban agglomeration in the world 16 17 18 The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States 19 20 21 22 having the largest foreign born population of any metropolitan region in the world The MSA covers 6 720 sq mi 17 405 km2 while the CSA area is 13 318 sq mi 34 493 km2 encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region The New York metropolitan area s population is larger than that of the state of New York and the metropolitan airspace accommodated over 130 million passengers in 2016 23 As the hub of multiple industries including finance health care pharmaceuticals and life sciences 24 international trade publishing real estate education fashion entertainment tourism law and manufacturing the New York metropolitan area estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product GMP of 2 1 trillion as of 2022 representing the largest metropolitan economy worldwide and if the New York metropolitan area were an independent sovereign state it would constitute the eighth largest economy in the world 25 26 27 28 It is the most prominent financial 29 30 31 diplomatic and media hub 32 33 in the world 34 35 According to Forbes in 2014 the New York metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP Codes in the United States by median housing price with six in Manhattan alone 36 The New York metropolitan area also contains five of the top ten richest places in America according to Bloomberg These are Scarsdale New York Short Hills New Jersey Old Greenwich Connecticut Bronxville New York and Darien Connecticut 37 The New York metropolitan region s higher education network comprises hundreds of colleges and universities including New York University and three Ivy League universities Columbia Princeton and Yale Contents 1 Definitions 1 1 Metropolitan statistical area 1 2 Combined statistical area 2 Geography 3 Subregions 3 1 New York City 3 2 Long Island 3 3 Lower Hudson Valley 3 4 Mid Hudson Valley 3 5 Northern New Jersey 3 6 Central New Jersey 3 7 Western Connecticut 3 8 Pike County Pennsylvania 3 9 Urban areas of the region 4 Main cities and towns 4 1 Climate 5 History 5 1 Statistical history 5 2 Proposals for the region 6 Demographics 6 1 2020 Census 6 2 2010 Census 6 3 Population estimates 6 4 Religion 7 Economy 7 1 Wall Street 7 2 Tech and biotech 7 3 Port of New York and New Jersey 7 4 Water purity and availability 8 Education 8 1 Attainment 9 Transportation 9 1 Rail 9 1 1 New York City Subway 9 1 2 PATH 9 1 3 Commuter rail 9 2 Major highways 9 2 1 Interstates 9 2 2 U S Routes 9 2 3 State Routes 9 2 4 Other limited access roads 9 2 5 Named bridges and tunnels 9 3 Commuter bus 9 4 Major airports 9 5 Commuter usage 10 Culture and contemporary life 10 1 Sports teams 10 2 Media 10 3 Theme parks 10 3 1 In New Jersey 10 3 2 In New York State 11 Area codes 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External linksDefinitions EditMetropolitan statistical area Edit Map of the counties in the four divisions of the New York Metropolitan Area as defined by the U S Census Bureau 38 The counties and county groupings constituting the New York metropolitan area are listed below with 2010 census figures Nocturnal view of the New York City metropolitan area the world s most brightly illuminated citation needed conurbation and largest urban landmass Long Island extends 120 miles eastward from Manhattan the central core of the conurbation Part of the Palisades Interstate Park the cliffs of the New Jersey Palisades of Bergen County overlook the Hudson River as well as The Bronx and Upper Manhattan in New York Enveloped by the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound New York City and Long Island alone are home to approximately 11 million residents conjointly The New York Newark NY NJ CT PA Combined Statistical Area The Bear Mountain Bridge connecting Westchester and Orange Counties New York across the Hudson River as seen from Bear Mountain The U S Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the urbanized area the metropolitan statistical area MSA and the combined statistical area CSA The MSA definition is titled the New York Newark Jersey City NY NJ PA Metropolitan Statistical Area and includes a population of 20 3 million people by 2017 Census estimates roughly 1 in 16 Americans and nearly 7 million more than the second place Los Angeles metropolitan area in the United States The MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions The 23 county MSA includes 10 counties in New York State coextensive with the five boroughs of New York the two remaining counties of Long Island and three counties in the Lower Hudson Valley 12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey and one county in northeastern Pennsylvania The largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area the New York Newark NY NJ CT Urbanized Area which had a land area of 3 450 square miles in 2010 according to the 2010 census The New York state portion of the metropolitan area the Five Boroughs the lower Hudson Valley and Long Island accounts for over 65 percent of the state s population New York Newark Jersey City NY NJ PA Metropolitan Statistical Area 19 043 386 New York Jersey City White Plains NY NJ Metropolitan Division 11 732 233 Kings County NY the borough of Brooklyn in NYC Queens County NY the borough of Queens in NYC New York County NY the borough of Manhattan in NYC Bronx County NY the borough of The Bronx in NYC Richmond County NY the borough of Staten Island in NYC Westchester County NY Bergen County NJ Hudson County NJ Passaic County NJ Putnam County NY Rockland County NY Nassau County Suffolk County NY Metropolitan Division 2 832 882 Suffolk County NY Nassau County NY New Brunswick Lakewood NJ Metropolitan Division 2 383 854 Middlesex County NJ Monmouth County NJ Ocean County NJ Somerset County NJ Newark NJ PA Metropolitan Division 2 174 944 Essex County NJ Union County NJ Morris County NJ Sussex County NJ Hunterdon County NJ Pike County PACombined statistical area Edit Combined statistical areas CSAs group together adjacent core based statistical areas with a high degree of economic interconnection 39 The New York Newark NY NJ CT PA Combined Statistical Area had an estimated population of 23 7 million as of 2014 15 About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region which includes eight additional counties in New York New Jersey Connecticut and Pennsylvania This area less the Pennsylvania portion is often referred to as the tri state area and less commonly the tri state region The New York City television designated market area DMA includes Pike County Pennsylvania 40 which is also included in the CSA In addition to the New York Newark Jersey City NY NJ PA metropolitan statistical areas MSA the following core based statistical areas are also included in the New York Newark NY NJ CT PA CSA Bridgeport Stamford Norwalk Danbury CT MSA 916 829 Fairfield County New Haven Milford CT MSA 862 477 New Haven County Connecticut Trenton Princeton NJ MSA 396 811 Mercer County Torrington CT micropolitan statistical area 189 927 Litchfield County Kingston NY MSA 182 693 Ulster County East Stroudsburg PA MSA 169 842 Monroe County Pennsylvania Poughkeepsie Newburgh Middletown NY MSA 670 301 Dutchess County Orange County NYGeography Edit High Point Monument as seen from Lake Marcia at High Point Sussex County the highest elevation in New Jersey at 1 803 feet 550 m above sea level 41 The area is frequently divided into the following subregions 42 43 New York City the primary urban center of the metropolitan region comprising five boroughs one of which is Manhattan the geographical cultural and economic core of the entire metropolitan area Central and eastern Long Island Nassau and Suffolk Counties separated by water from the rest of the region except New York City not including Queens County or Kings County Brooklyn which are concurrent with two of New York s five boroughs North Jersey northern portion of New Jersey Central Jersey middle portion of New Jersey Hudson Valley Lower Hudson Valley suburbs of Westchester Putnam and Rockland Counties and Mid Hudson exurbs of Dutchess Sullivan Orange and Ulster Counties Western Connecticut Only Fairfield New Haven and Litchfield Counties are part of the region and separated by the state line Southern and Eastern Poconos Monroe and Pike Counties in Pennsylvania All eight subregions are often further subdivided For instance Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores usually when speaking about Nassau County and western Suffolk County and the East End The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs largely because of the shared usage of the Metro North Railroad system 44 Subregions EditNew York City Edit Main article New York City Ten mile Manhattan skyline panorama 120th St to the Battery seen from Weehawken NJ across the Hudson in February 2018 Riverside Church Deutsche Bank Center 220 Central Park South Central Park Tower One57 432 Park Ave 53W53 Chrysler Building Bank of America Tower Conde Nast Building The New York Times Building Empire State Building Manhattan West a 55 Hudson Yards b 35 Hudson Yards c 10 Hudson Yards d 15 Hudson Yards 56 Leonard St 8 Spruce St Woolworth Building 70 Pine St 30 Park Pl 40 Wall St 3 World Trade Ctr 4 World Trade Ctr 1 World Trade Ctr The geographical cultural and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City the most populous city in the United States and has been described as the capital of the world 45 The city consists of five boroughs each of which is coterminous with a county of New York State The five boroughs Brooklyn Queens Manhattan the Bronx and Staten Island were consolidated into a single city in 1898 46 With a Census estimated population of 8 550 405 in 2015 8 491 079 in 2014 47 48 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles 790 km2 49 New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States 50 A global power city 51 New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce finance health care and life sciences 24 media dining art fashion research technology education and entertainment its fast pace 52 53 defining the term New York minute 54 Home to the headquarters of the United Nations 55 New York is an important center for international diplomacy 56 New York is a global city 57 and has been described as the cultural 58 59 financial 29 30 entertainment 45 and media capital 32 33 of the world as well as the world s most economically powerful city 35 30 60 31 Long Island Edit The Village of Garden City in Nassau County Long Island s Town of Hempstead which with over 770 000 people is the New York metropolitan area s most populous individual municipality outside New York City 61 Westhampton Suffolk County New York on the East End of Long Island December 2008 Main article Long Island Long Island the most populous island in the United States is located just off the northeast coast of the United States and is a region wholly included within both the U S state of New York and the New York metropolitan area Extending 118 miles east northeast of Roosevelt Island Manhattan from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean the island comprises four counties Kings and Queens these form the New York boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens respectively to the west then Nassau and Suffolk to the east However most people in the New York metropolitan area even those living in Queens and Brooklyn colloquially use the term Long Island or The Island exclusively to refer to the Nassau Suffolk county area collectively which is mainly suburban in character 62 North of the island is Long Island Sound across which are the U S states of Connecticut and Rhode Island With a population of 8 063 232 enumerated at the 2020 U S Census constituting nearly 40 of New York State s population 63 64 65 66 67 the majority of New York City residents 58 4 as of 2020 live on Long Island namely the estimated 4 896 398 residents living in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens 68 Long Island is the most populated island in any U S state or territory and the 17th most populous island in the world ahead of Ireland Jamaica and Hokkaidō Its population density is 5 571 inhabitants per square mile 2 151 km2 If Long Island geographically constituted an independent metropolitan statistical area it would rank fourth most populous in the United States while if it were a U S state Long Island would rank 13th in population and first in population density Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world 69 70 The Town of Hempstead in Nassau County with an estimated population of 770 367 in 2016 is the most populous municipality in the New York metropolitan area outside of New York City 61 Long Island is also the 17th most populous island in the world but is more prominently known for recreation boating and miles of public beaches including numerous town county and state parks as well as Fire Island National Seashore and wealthy and expensive coastal residential enclaves Along the north shore the Gold Coast of Long Island featured in the film The Great Gatsby is an upscale section of Nassau and western Suffolk counties that once featured many lavish mansions built and inhabited by wealthy business tycoons in the earlier years of the 20th century of which only a few remain preserved as historic sites The East End of Long Island known as the Twin Forks because of its physical shape boasts open spaces for farmland and wineries The South Fork in particular comprises numerous towns and villages known collectively as The Hamptons and has an international reputation as a playground for the rich and famous with some of the wealthiest communities in the United States In 2015 according to Business Insider the 11962 zip code encompassing Sagaponack within Southampton was listed as the most expensive in the U S by real estate listings site Property Shark with a median home sale price of 5 125 000 71 During the summer season many celebrities and the wealthy visit or reside in mansions and waterfront homes while others spend weekends enjoying the beaches gardens bars restaurants and nightclubs Long Island is served by a network of parkways and expressways with the Long Island Expressway Northern State Parkway and Southern State Parkway being major east west routes across significant portions of the island Commuter rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA Long Island Rail Road one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States Air travel needs are served by several airports Within Queens the island is home to John F Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York area with Newark Liberty International Airport being the third all three major airports are operated by The Port Authority of New York amp New Jersey Long Island MacArthur Airport serving commercial airlines and Farmingdale Republic Airport private and commuter flights are both located in Suffolk County Lower Hudson Valley Edit Main article Hudson Valley Known for its hilly terrain picturesque settings and quaint small towns and villages the Lower Hudson Valley is centered around the Hudson River north of New York City and lies within New York State Westchester and Putnam counties are located on the eastern side of the river and Rockland and Orange counties are located on the western side of the river Westchester and Rockland counties are connected by the heavily trafficked New Tappan Zee Bridge as well as by the Bear Mountain Bridge near their northern ends Several branches of the MTA Metro North Railroad serve the region s rail commuters Southern Westchester County contains more densely populated areas and includes the cities of Yonkers Mount Vernon New Rochelle and White Plains Although many of the suburban communities of Westchester are known for their affluence and expense some examples Bronxville Scarsdale Chappaqua Armonk Katonah and Briarcliff Manor the Lower Hudson Valley as a whole is one of the fastest growing areas in the metropolitan area because of high housing costs in New York and the inner suburbs Historically the valley was home to many factories including paper mills but a significant number have closed After years of lingering pollution cleanup efforts to improve the Hudson River water quality are currently planned and will be supervised by the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA 72 Mid Hudson Valley Edit The Mid Hudson Valley region of the State of New York is midway between New York City and the state capital of Albany The area includes the counties of Dutchess Ulster and Sullivan as well as the northern portions of Orange County with the region s main cities being Poughkeepsie Newburgh Kingston and Beacon The Walkway over the Hudson is the second longest pedestrian footbridge in the world It crosses the Hudson River connecting Poughkeepsie and Highland The 13 mile long Dutchess Rail Trail stretches from Hopewell Junction to the beginning of the Walkway over the Hudson in Poughkeepsie The area is home to the Wappingers Central School District which the second largest school district in the state of New York The Newburgh Waterfront in the City of Newburgh is home to many high end restaurants U S Route 9 I 84 and the Taconic State Parkway all run through Dutchess County Metro North Railroad train station New Hamburg is located in the Town of Poughkeepsie and runs from Poughkeepsie to Grand Central Terminal in New York City Northern New Jersey Edit The Great Falls of the Passaic River in Paterson Passaic County New Jersey dedicated as a National Historical Park in November 2011 incorporates one of the largest waterfalls in the eastern United States 73 Main article North Jersey Northern New Jersey also known colloquially as North Jersey is typically defined as comprising the following counties Bergen County Essex County Somerset County anything north of Bridgewater Township Hudson County Hunterdon County anything north of Readington Township Morris County Passaic County Sussex County Union County Warren CountyThe New Jersey State Department of Tourism splits North Jersey into the urban Gateway Region and the more rural Skylands Region Northern New Jersey is home to four of the largest cities of that state Newark Jersey City Paterson and Elizabeth The region is geographically diverse with wetlands mountains and valleys throughout the area It has a large network of expressways and public transportation rail services mostly operated by New Jersey Transit Northern New Jersey also contains the second busiest airport in the New York metropolitan area Newark Liberty International Airport Downtown Trenton in Mercer County including the New Jersey State House topped by its golden dome alongside the Delaware River Downtown New Brunswick Middlesex County New Jersey an educational and cultural district undergoing gentrification Although it is a suburban and rural region of New York much of the Gateway Region is highly urbanized The entirety of Hudson County eastern Essex County southern Passaic County as well as Elizabeth in Union County are all densely populated areas Central New Jersey Edit Main article Central Jersey Central Jersey is the middle portion of the state of New Jersey Municipalities including Trenton the state capital of New Jersey and the only U S state capital within the New York metropolitan area and Princeton home to Princeton University are located in this subregion as is a significant portion of the Jersey Shore Middlesex County Mercer County Monmouth County Ocean County sometimes considered part of South Jersey Union County Hunterdon County anything south of Readington Township Somerset County anything south of Bridgewater Township Belmar Monmouth County on the Jersey Shore The Mohonk Mountain House Ulster County New York in the Hudson Valley was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986 74 Sugarloaf Hill in Putnam County New York in the Hudson Valley A deer in a suburban street Highland Park Middlesex County NJ Western Connecticut Edit Mohawk Mountain Ski Area Cornwall Litchfield County Connecticut in the Berkshire Mountains Main articles Fairfield County Connecticut New Haven County Connecticut and Litchfield County Connecticut Fairfield New Haven and Litchfield counties in western Connecticut like the state in general are known for affluence Large businesses are scattered throughout the area mostly in Fairfield County The land is flat along the coast with low hills eventually giving way to larger hills such as The Berkshires further inland to the Massachusetts border Most of the largest cities in the state are in New Haven County home to Yale University and Fairfield County Candlewood Lake is the largest recreational lake in the New York metropolitan area The lake is located within the Greater Danbury region and is home to many second homes of New York City residents Pike County Pennsylvania Edit Dingmans Falls in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Pike County northeastern PennsylvaniaMain article Pike County Pennsylvania Pike County is located in northeastern Pennsylvania As of the 2010 Census the population was 57 369 75 Its county seat is Milford 76 Part of the Pocono Mountains region lies within Pike County which has ranked among the fastest growing counties of Pennsylvania 77 Urban areas of the region Edit Downtown Stamford in Fairfield County Connecticut The New Haven Green Historic District in Connecticut was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1970 78 The combined statistical area is a multicore metropolitan region containing several urban areas Aerial view of Newark Essex County New Jersey s most populous city Public Library in Yonkers Westchester County New York Barnum Museum in Bridgeport Fairfield County Connecticut s most populous city Paterson Passaic County New Jersey known as the Silk City 79 seen here from Garret Mountain Reservation is a prime destination for a diverse pool of international immigrants 80 81 Populationrank Urbanized area State s 2010 population1 New York Newark NY NJ CT 18 351 29548 Bridgeport Stamford CT NY 923 31172 New Haven CT 562 83989 Poughkeepsie Newburgh NY 423 566128 Trenton Princeton NJ 296 668185 Waterbury CT 194 535201 Danbury CT NY 168 136429 Twin Rivers Hightstown NJ 64 037453 Middletown NY 58 381457 Kingston NY 57 442Main cities and towns EditThe following is a list of principal cities and their respective population estimates from the 2010 U S Census Bureau publication Principal cities are generally those where there is a greater number of jobs than employed residents 82 83 84 85 New York Northern New Jersey Long Island MSA New York City 8 175 133 Hempstead New York 759 757 Brookhaven New York 486 040 Islip New York 335 543 Oyster Bay New York 293 214 Newark New Jersey 277 140 Jersey City New Jersey 247 597 North Hempstead New York 226 322 Babylon New York 213 603 Huntington New York 203 264 Yonkers New York 195 976 Paterson New Jersey 146 199 Elizabeth New Jersey 128 640 Ramapo New York 126 595 Smithtown New York 117 801 Edison New Jersey 99 967 Woodbridge Township New Jersey 99 265 New Rochelle New York 77 062 Mount Vernon New York 67 292 White Plains New York 56 853 Passaic New Jersey 72 500 Union New Jersey 56 642 Wayne New Jersey 54 717 Trenton Princeton MSA Trenton New Jersey 84 913 Princeton New Jersey 28 572 Bridgeport Stamford Norwalk Danbury MSA Bridgeport Connecticut 144 229 Stamford Connecticut 122 643 Norwalk Connecticut 85 603 Danbury Connecticut 80 893 Stratford Connecticut 51 384 New Haven Milford MSA New Haven Connecticut 129 779 Waterbury Connecticut 109 272 Milford Connecticut 51 271 Poughkeepsie Newburgh Middletown MSA Poughkeepsie New York 32 736 Newburgh New York 28 866 Middletown New York 28 086 Kingston MSA Kingston New York 23 893 Torrington Micropolitan Area Torrington Connecticut 36 383 Climate Edit Under the Koppen climate classification New York City western and parts of eastern Long Island and the Jersey Shore experience a humid subtropical climate Cfa 86 87 and New York is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this climate type Much of the remainder of the metropolitan area lies in the transition zone from a humid subtropical Cfa to a humid continental climate Dfa 86 87 and it is only the inland more exurban areas far to the north and west such as Sussex County New Jersey that have a January daily average of 3 C 26 6 F or below and are fully humid continental the Dfb warm summer subtype regime is only found inland at a higher elevation 86 and receives greater snowfall 88 than the Dfa region Much of Monroe and most of Pike County in Pennsylvania also have a fully humid continental climate Summers in the area are typically hot and humid Nighttime conditions in and around the five boroughs of New York are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon and temperatures exceed 90 F 32 C on average of 7 8 days on the immediate Long Island Sound and Atlantic coasts up to in excess of 27 days inland suburbs in New Jersey each summer and may exceed 100 F 38 C citation needed Normally warm to hot temperatures begin in mid May and last through early October Summers also feature passing thundershowers which build in the heat of the day then drop brief but intense rainfall Winters are cold with a mix of rain and snow Although prevailing winds in winter are offshore and temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean the Atlantic and the partial shielding by the Appalachians from colder air keep the New York area warmer in the winter than inland North American metropolitan areas located at similar or lesser latitudes including Pittsburgh Cincinnati and Indianapolis Warm periods with 50 F 10 C temperatures may occasionally occur during winter as well 89 The hardiness zone in the New York metropolitan area varies over a wide range from 5a in the highest areas of Dutchess Monroe and Ulster Counties to 7b in most of NYC as well as Hudson County from Bayonne up the east side of the Palisades to Route 495 the majority of Nassau County the north coast of Monmouth County and Copiague Harbor Lindenhurst and Montauk in Suffolk County 4 Almost all of the metropolitan area receives at least 42 inches 1 070 mm of precipitation annually which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year and many areas receive upwards of 50 in 1 270 mm Average winter snowfall for 1981 to 2010 ranges from just under 25 inches 64 cm along the coast of Long Island to more than 50 in 127 cm in some inland areas but this usually varies considerably from year to year 90 Hurricanes and tropical storms have impacted the Tri State area in the past though a direct hit is rare Several areas on Long Island New Jersey and the Connecticut coast have been impacted by serious storm surges in the past Inland areas have been impacted by heavy rain and flooding from tropical cyclones 91 The New York metropolitan area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine and 59 of possible sunlight annually 92 accumulating 2 400 to 2 800 hours of sunshine per annum 93 vteClimate data for New York Belvedere Castle Central Park 1991 2020 normals a extremes 1869 present b Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 72 22 78 26 86 30 96 36 99 37 101 38 106 41 104 40 102 39 94 34 84 29 75 24 106 41 Mean maximum F C 60 4 15 8 60 7 15 9 70 3 21 3 82 9 28 3 88 5 31 4 92 1 33 4 95 7 35 4 93 4 34 1 89 0 31 7 79 7 26 5 70 7 21 5 62 9 17 2 97 0 36 1 Average high F C 39 5 4 2 42 2 5 7 49 9 9 9 61 8 16 6 71 4 21 9 79 7 26 5 84 9 29 4 83 3 28 5 76 2 24 6 64 5 18 1 54 0 12 2 44 3 6 8 62 6 17 0 Daily mean F C 33 7 0 9 35 9 2 2 42 8 6 0 53 7 12 1 63 2 17 3 72 0 22 2 77 5 25 3 76 1 24 5 69 2 20 7 57 9 14 4 48 0 8 9 39 1 3 9 55 8 13 2 Average low F C 27 9 2 3 29 5 1 4 35 8 2 1 45 5 7 5 55 0 12 8 64 4 18 0 70 1 21 2 68 9 20 5 62 3 16 8 51 4 10 8 42 0 5 6 33 8 1 0 48 9 9 4 Mean minimum F C 9 8 12 3 12 7 10 7 19 7 6 8 32 8 0 4 43 9 6 6 52 7 11 5 61 8 16 6 60 3 15 7 50 2 10 1 38 4 3 6 27 7 2 4 18 0 7 8 7 7 13 5 Record low F C 6 21 15 26 3 16 12 11 32 0 44 7 52 11 50 10 39 4 28 2 5 15 13 25 15 26 Average precipitation inches mm 3 64 92 3 19 81 4 29 109 4 09 104 3 96 101 4 54 115 4 60 117 4 56 116 4 31 109 4 38 111 3 58 91 4 38 111 49 52 1 258 Average snowfall inches cm 8 8 22 10 1 26 5 0 13 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 25 0 5 1 3 4 9 12 29 8 76 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 10 8 10 0 11 1 11 4 11 5 11 2 10 5 10 0 8 8 9 5 9 2 11 4 125 4Average snowy days 0 1 in 3 7 3 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 11 4Average relative humidity 61 5 60 2 58 5 55 3 62 7 65 2 64 2 66 0 67 8 65 6 64 6 64 1 63 0Average dew point F C 18 0 7 8 19 0 7 2 25 9 3 4 34 0 1 1 47 3 8 5 57 4 14 1 61 9 16 6 62 1 16 7 55 6 13 1 44 1 6 7 34 0 1 1 24 6 4 1 40 3 4 6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 162 7 163 1 212 5 225 6 256 6 257 3 268 2 268 2 219 3 211 2 151 0 139 0 2 534 7Percent possible sunshine 54 55 57 57 57 57 59 63 59 61 51 48 57Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5Source 1 NOAA relative humidity and sun 1961 1990 dew point 1965 1984 95 96 97 98 Source 2 Weather Atlas 99 See Climate of New York City for additional climate information from the outer boroughs Sea temperature data for New YorkMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage sea temperature F C 41 7 5 4 39 7 4 3 40 2 4 5 45 1 7 3 52 5 11 4 64 5 18 1 72 1 22 3 74 1 23 4 70 1 21 2 63 0 17 2 54 3 12 4 47 2 8 4 55 4 13 0 Source Weather Atlas 99 Climate data for Newark New Jersey Newark Liberty Int l Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 74 23 76 24 89 32 97 36 99 37 102 39 108 42 105 41 105 41 93 34 85 29 76 24 108 42 Average high F C 38 8 3 8 42 3 5 7 50 7 10 4 62 0 16 7 72 1 22 3 81 5 27 5 86 0 30 0 84 0 28 9 76 7 24 8 65 3 18 5 54 6 12 6 43 5 6 4 63 1 17 3 Average low F C 24 5 4 2 26 9 2 8 33 6 0 9 43 7 6 5 53 3 11 8 63 3 17 4 68 7 20 4 67 5 19 7 59 7 15 4 48 0 8 9 39 0 3 9 29 6 1 3 46 5 8 1 Record low F C 8 22 14 26 6 14 16 9 33 1 41 5 51 11 45 7 35 2 25 4 12 11 8 22 14 26 Average precipitation inches mm 3 53 90 2 88 73 4 18 106 4 20 107 4 09 104 4 02 102 4 76 121 3 70 94 3 82 97 3 60 91 3 65 93 3 80 97 46 24 1 174 Average snowfall inches cm 8 9 23 9 5 24 4 4 11 9 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 5 4 14 29 5 75 3 Average precipitation days 0 01 inch 10 4 9 8 11 0 11 5 11 3 11 0 10 1 9 7 8 6 8 7 9 5 10 6 122 1Average snowy days 0 1 inch 5 0 3 7 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 9 14 7Source NOAA 1981 2010 normals citation needed Climate data for White Plains New York Westchester Co Airport Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high F C 35 4 1 9 38 8 3 8 46 8 8 2 58 0 14 4 68 0 20 0 77 0 25 0 81 6 27 6 79 9 26 6 72 5 22 5 61 5 16 4 51 4 10 8 40 4 4 7 59 4 15 2 Average low F C 21 1 6 1 22 9 5 1 29 3 1 5 39 3 4 1 48 6 9 2 58 9 14 9 63 9 17 7 62 9 17 2 55 1 12 8 43 7 6 5 36 0 2 2 26 8 2 9 42 5 5 8 Average precipitation inches mm 3 78 96 2 99 76 4 52 115 4 40 112 4 12 105 4 25 108 3 71 94 4 16 106 4 72 120 4 41 112 3 97 101 4 32 110 49 35 1 255 Average snowfall inches cm 8 9 23 8 8 22 5 4 14 1 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 76 5 5 14 29 9 76 26 Average precipitation days 0 01 inch 9 3 8 5 10 3 10 3 10 9 9 9 9 0 9 5 8 7 9 0 9 9 10 4 115 7Average snowy days 0 1 inch 3 6 2 7 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 11 2Source NOAA 1981 2010 normals citation needed Climate data for West Point New YorkMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 71 22 72 22 86 30 96 36 97 36 102 39 106 41 105 41 105 41 92 33 82 28 72 22 106 41 Average high F C 34 8 1 6 38 6 3 7 47 7 8 7 60 6 15 9 71 3 21 8 79 8 26 6 84 5 29 2 82 5 28 1 74 8 23 8 62 5 16 9 51 3 10 7 39 6 4 2 60 7 15 9 Average low F C 20 1 6 6 22 4 5 3 29 4 1 4 40 1 4 5 49 8 9 9 59 1 15 1 63 7 17 6 63 0 17 2 55 2 12 9 44 5 6 9 35 8 2 1 26 2 3 2 42 4 5 8 Record low F C 15 26 17 27 2 19 12 11 25 4 39 4 40 4 35 2 28 2 20 7 5 15 16 27 17 27 Average precipitation inches mm 3 73 95 2 97 75 3 93 100 4 00 102 4 15 105 4 59 117 4 59 117 4 54 115 4 47 114 4 99 127 4 33 110 4 27 108 50 55 1 284 Average snowfall inches cm 12 2 31 11 2 28 5 6 14 2 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 5 5 14 35 3 89 01 Average precipitation days 0 01 inch 9 8 7 8 9 2 10 6 11 4 11 3 10 2 9 3 8 2 8 8 9 4 10 0 115 9Average snowy days 0 1 inch 5 1 3 1 1 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 7 11 9Source NOAA 1981 2010 normals citation needed Climate data for Bridgehampton New YorkMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 67 19 63 17 79 26 92 33 93 34 95 35 102 39 100 38 94 34 88 31 75 24 70 21 102 39 Average high F C 38 9 3 8 40 5 4 7 47 0 8 3 56 3 13 5 66 1 18 9 75 2 24 0 81 0 27 2 80 2 26 8 73 5 23 1 63 2 17 3 53 7 12 1 43 8 6 6 60 0 15 6 Average low F C 23 8 4 6 25 5 3 6 31 0 0 6 39 6 4 2 48 2 9 0 58 3 14 6 64 0 17 8 63 2 17 3 56 0 13 3 45 1 7 3 37 5 3 1 28 6 1 9 43 4 6 3 Record low F C 11 24 12 24 6 14 14 10 29 2 36 2 46 8 41 5 35 2 22 6 10 12 6 21 12 24 Average precipitation inches mm 4 00 102 3 72 94 5 07 129 4 52 115 3 78 96 4 12 105 3 45 88 3 92 100 4 60 117 4 20 107 4 37 111 4 38 111 50 13 1 275 Average snowfall inches cm 7 8 20 8 4 21 5 0 13 9 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 8 3 9 9 9 26 7 68 Average precipitation days 0 01 inch 9 9 8 9 10 2 10 5 10 7 8 8 7 9 7 7 8 1 8 4 9 5 10 0 110 6Average snowy days 0 1 inch 3 2 3 0 1 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 10 3Source NOAA 1981 2010 normals citation needed Climate data for Bridgeport Connecticut Sikorsky Airport Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 68 20 67 19 84 29 91 33 97 36 97 36 103 39 100 38 99 37 89 32 78 26 76 24 103 39 Average high F C 37 1 2 8 39 7 4 3 47 2 8 4 57 6 14 2 67 6 19 8 77 0 25 0 82 1 27 8 80 8 27 1 74 0 23 3 63 2 17 3 53 1 11 7 42 3 5 7 60 1 15 6 Average low F C 23 1 4 9 25 2 3 8 31 4 0 3 41 0 5 0 50 5 10 3 60 2 15 7 66 3 19 1 65 6 18 7 58 0 14 4 46 4 8 0 37 9 3 3 28 4 2 0 44 5 6 9 Record low F C 7 22 5 21 4 16 18 8 31 1 41 5 49 9 44 7 36 2 26 3 16 9 4 20 7 22 Average precipitation inches mm 3 10 79 2 79 71 4 04 103 4 13 105 3 80 97 3 64 92 3 46 88 3 96 101 3 48 88 3 64 92 3 39 86 3 33 85 42 75 1 086 Average snowfall inches cm 9 2 23 8 2 21 5 4 14 9 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 8 5 5 14 30 0 76 Average precipitation days 0 01 inch 10 9 9 7 11 3 11 0 11 8 11 1 8 9 8 9 8 2 8 8 10 0 11 1 121 7Average snowy days 0 1 inch 5 0 3 6 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 15 0Source NOAA 1981 2010 normals citation needed Climate data for Danbury ConnecticutMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 71 22 77 25 92 33 95 35 97 36 105 41 106 41 104 40 100 38 91 33 82 28 80 27 106 41 Average high F C 35 6 2 0 39 6 4 2 48 7 9 3 61 0 16 1 71 9 22 2 80 8 27 1 84 9 29 4 82 5 28 1 74 5 23 6 62 7 17 1 51 3 10 7 39 9 4 4 61 1 16 2 Average low F C 19 2 7 1 21 8 5 7 28 6 1 9 38 9 3 8 48 4 9 1 58 5 14 7 63 4 17 4 61 8 16 6 53 4 11 9 41 8 5 4 33 6 0 9 24 6 4 1 41 2 5 1 Record low F C 18 28 16 27 9 23 14 10 25 4 35 2 38 3 37 3 23 5 16 9 0 18 11 24 18 28 Average precipitation inches mm 3 76 96 3 18 81 4 43 113 4 36 111 4 57 116 4 74 120 4 99 127 4 55 116 4 66 118 4 89 124 4 54 115 4 16 106 52 83 1 343 Average snowfall inches cm 14 9 38 13 1 33 9 7 25 1 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 9 7 25 50 2 128 1 Average precipitation days 0 01 inch 11 5 10 0 11 8 11 5 12 2 12 0 10 4 9 4 9 3 9 2 10 0 11 6 128 9Average snowy days 0 1 inch 7 9 5 4 4 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 24 5Source NOAA 1981 2010 normals citation needed Climate data for Stroudsburg PennsylvaniaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 72 22 74 23 87 31 96 36 97 36 110 43 104 40 103 39 106 41 95 35 98 37 72 22 110 43 Average high F C 35 2 39 4 49 9 61 16 72 22 80 27 85 29 83 28 75 24 64 18 51 11 40 4 61 16 Average low F C 16 9 17 8 26 3 36 2 46 8 55 13 59 15 58 14 50 10 38 3 30 1 22 6 38 3 Record low F C 25 32 21 29 14 26 10 12 24 4 32 0 36 2 32 0 20 7 14 10 2 17 14 26 25 32 Average precipitation inches mm 3 98 101 3 01 76 3 84 98 4 00 102 5 01 127 4 56 116 4 42 112 4 28 109 4 89 124 3 81 97 4 26 108 3 92 100 49 98 1 270 Source Weatherbase 100 Climate data for Morristown New JerseyMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high F C 38 3 41 5 50 10 61 16 71 22 80 27 85 29 83 28 75 24 65 18 54 12 43 6 62 17 Average low F C 18 8 19 7 27 3 36 2 46 8 54 12 59 15 58 14 51 11 39 4 32 0 23 5 39 4 Average precipitation inches mm 4 50 114 3 00 76 4 41 112 4 64 118 5 09 129 4 40 112 5 29 134 4 37 111 5 33 135 4 17 106 4 37 111 4 10 104 53 67 1 363 Source 101 History EditMain article History of New York City Peter Minuit is credited with the purchase of the island of Manhattan in 1626 New Amsterdam centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan in 1664 the year England took control and renamed it New York Little Italy Lower East Side Manhattan circa 1900 The United Nations Headquarters established in Midtown Manhattan in 1952 Liberty Enlightening the World known as the Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York Harbor is a globally recognized symbol of both the United States and ideals such as freedom democracy and opportunity 102 The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 attacks in 2001 which caused nearly 3 000 deaths mostly residents of the metropolitan region One World Trade Center built in its place and opened in 2014 During the Wisconsinan glaciation the region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1 000 feet in depth The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of the New York metropolitan region today Later on the ice sheet would help split apart what are now Long Island and Staten Island The Unisphere in Flushing Meadows Corona Park iconic of Queens the most ethnically diverse U S county and a borough of New York 103 104 At the time of European contact the region was inhabited by Native Americans predominantly the Lenape 105 and others The Native Americans used the abundant waterways in the area for many purposes such as fishing and trade routes Sailing for France in 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to enter the local waters and encounter the residents but he did not make landfall Henry Hudson sailing for the Dutch in 1609 visited the area and built a settlement on Lower Manhattan Island that was eventually renamed New Amsterdam by Dutch colonists in 1626 106 In 1664 the area went under English control 106 107 and was later renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother the Duke of York 108 109 As the fur trade expanded further north New York became a trading hub which brought in a diverse set of ethnic groups including Africans Jews and Portuguese The island of Manhattan had an extraordinary natural harbor formed by New York Bay actually the drowned lower river valley of the Hudson River enclosed by glacial moraines the East River actually a tidal strait and the Hudson River all of which merge at the southern tip from which all later development spread During the American Revolution the strategic waterways made New York vitally important as a wartime base for the British navy Many battles such as the Battle of Long Island and the Battle of New York were fought in the region to secure it New York was captured by the British early in the war becoming a haven for Loyalist refugees from other parts of the country and remained in the hands of the British until the war ended in 1783 New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790 110 after which the capital moved to Philadelphia New York has been the country s largest city since 1790 111 In 1792 the Buttonwood Agreement made by a group of merchants created what is now the New York Stock Exchange in Lower Manhattan Today many people in the metropolitan area work in this important stock exchange The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries 112 and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy 113 Large scale immigration into New York was a result of a large demand for manpower A cosmopolitan attitude in the city created tolerance for various cultures and ethnic groups German Irish and Italian immigrants were among the largest ethnic groups Today many of their descendants continue to live in the region Cultural buildings such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art the Metropolitan Opera and the American Museum of Natural History were built New York newspapers were read around the country as media moguls James Gordon Bennett Sr Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst battled for readership In 1884 over 70 of exports passed through ports in New York or in one of the surrounding towns The five boroughs of New York The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens and Staten Island were consolidated into a single city in 1898 114 115 The main concourse of Grand Central Terminal which opened in 1913 The newly unified New York City encouraged both more physical connections between the boroughs and the growth of bedroom communities The New York City Subway began operating in 1904 as the Interborough Rapid Transit Company one of three systems the other two being the Brooklyn Manhattan Transit Corporation and the Independent Subway System that were later taken over by the city Railroad stations such as Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station helped fuel suburban growth During the era of the Prohibition when alcohol was banned nationwide organized crime grew to supply the high demand for bootleg alcohol The Broadway Theater District developed with the showing of the musical Show Boat The Great Depression suspended the region s fortunes as a period of widespread unemployment and poverty began City planner Robert Moses began his automobile centered career of building bridges parkways and later expressways During World War II the city economy was hurt by blockades of German U boats which limited shipping with Europe After its population peaked in 1950 much of the city s population left for the suburbs of New York over the following decades The effects were a result of white flight Industry and commerce also declined in this era with businesses leaving for the suburbs and other cities The city particularly Brooklyn was dealt a psychological as well as an economic blow with the loss of the iconic Brooklyn Dodgers major league baseball team which moved to Los Angeles after the 1957 season Crime affected the city severely Urban renewal projects alleviated the decay in Midtown Manhattan to a certain extent but later failed There was little reported social disruption during the Northeast Blackout of 1965 but the New York City Blackout of 1977 caused massive rioting in some parts of the city A rare highlight was the completion of the former World Trade Center which once stood as the tallest buildings in the world In the 1980s the city s economy was booming Wall Street was fueling an economic surge in the real estate market Despite this crime was still an issue Beginning in the 1990s however crime dropped substantially Crime in New York City has continued to decline through the 21st century A flooded Avenue C in Manhattan just moments before the explosion at an electrical substation caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29 2012 116 A major event in the region s and the nation s history was the September 11th attacks in 2001 which killed nearly 3 000 people as two planes crashed into the former World Trade Center and caused the towers to collapse Businesses led an exodus from Lower Manhattan because of this but were replaced by an increased number of high rise residences In 2003 another blackout occurred the 2003 North America blackout but the city suffered no looting and a building boom in New York continues to this day On October 29 and 30 2012 Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction in the metropolitan area ravaging portions of the Atlantic coastline with record high storm surge severe flooding and high winds causing power outages for millions of residents via downed trees and power lines and malfunctions at electrical substations leading to gasoline shortages and snarling mass transit systems Damage to New York and New Jersey in terms of physical infrastructure and private property as well as including interrupted commerce was estimated at several tens of billions of dollars 117 The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future 118 119 Statistical history Edit The U S Census Bureau first designated metropolitan areas in 1950 as standard metropolitan areas SMAs The New York Northeastern NJ SMA was defined to include 17 counties 9 in New York the five boroughs of New York City Nassau Suffolk Westchester and Rockland and 8 in New Jersey Bergen Hudson Passaic Essex Union Morris Somerset and Middlesex In 1960 the metropolitan area standards were modified and renamed standard metropolitan statistical areas SMSAs The new standards resulted in the splitting of the former SMA into several pieces the nine New York counties became the New York SMSA three of the New Jersey counties Essex Union and Morris became the Newark SMSA two other New Jersey counties Bergen and Passaic became the Paterson Passaic Clifton SMSA Hudson County was designated the Jersey City SMSA and Middlesex and Somerset counties lost their metropolitan status In 1973 a new set of metropolitan area standards resulted in further changes Nassau and Suffolk counties were split off as their own SMSA Nassau Suffolk SMSA Bergen County originally part of the Paterson Clifton Passaic SMSA was transferred to the New York SMSA the New York SMSA also received Putnam County previously non metropolitan Somerset County was added to the Newark SMSA and two new SMSAs the New Brunswick Perth Amboy Sayreville SMSA Middlesex County and Long Branch Asbury Park SMSA Monmouth County were established In 1983 the concept of a consolidated metropolitan statistical area CMSA was first implemented A CMSA consisted of several primary metropolitan statistical areas PMSAs which were individual employment centers within a wider labor market area The New York Northern New Jersey Long Island CMSA consisted of 12 PMSAs Seven PMSAs were based on the original 1950 New York SMA that were split up New York Bergen Passaic Jersey City Middlesex Somerset Hunterdon Hunterdon added for the first time Monmouth Ocean Ocean added for the first time Nassau Suffolk and Newark Sussex added for the first time One additional PMSA was the Orange County PMSA previously the Newburgh Middletown SMSA The other four PMSAs were former SMSAs in Connecticut Bridgeport Stamford Norwalk and Danbury In 1993 four PMSAs were added to the New York Northern New Jersey Long Island CMSA Trenton PMSA Mercer County Dutchess County PMSA Waterbury PMSA and New Haven PMSA Several new counties were also added to the CMSA Sussex Warren and Pike The CMSA model was originally utilized for tabulating data from the 2000 census In 2003 a new set of standards was established using the Core Based Statistical Area CBSA model was adopted and remains in use as of 2010 The CBSA model resulted in the splitting up of the old CMSA into several metropolitan statistical areas New York Northern New Jersey Long Island Poughkeepsie Newburgh Middletown Trenton Princeton Bridgeport Stamford Norwalk includes Danbury and New Haven Milford includes Waterbury In 2013 the Census Bureau added Carbon Lehigh Northampton and Monroe counties in Pennsylvania and Warren County New Jersey encompassing collectively the Allentown Bethlehem Easton PA NJ MSA and the East Stroudsburg PA MSA to the Combined Statistical Area 120 and assimilated Poughkeepsie Newburgh Middletown into the larger New York Northern New Jersey Long Island NY NJ PA MSA In 2018 the Allentown Bethlehem Easton PA NJ MSA was removed from the Combined Statistical Area 121 Proposals for the region Edit See also Partition and secession in New York The metropolitan region has never had separate political representation from the rest of their original states This has to do with disagreements in the desired model and the constitutional complexity of the metropolitan region being cross state Within the State of New York over the last 30 years 122 discussions have emerged of splitting the states into different regions with separate governors and legislators whilst remaining part of the same state as opposed to seeing New York and its metropolitan area being split into a separate state 123 124 The idea has been seen by Republicans in the state as an opportunity to dislocate the Democratic party s hold in the state legislature 125 126 The discussion surrounding the re organisation of New York State has commonly been in two models The two region model creates a downstate New York region which would consist of all five New York City boroughs Long Island s Nassau and Suffolk counties and Westchester and Rockland counties then Upstate would be the remaining 53 125 123 and the three region model is New York having five counties Montauk would consist of Nassau Suffolk Rockland and Westchester counties and New Amsterdam would be the remaining portion of New York State 125 124 127 This debate was reported as recent as February 2019 when Republican state Senator Daphne Jordan supported the state being split into two states 125 123 however it was believed that the proposal would require an act of congress for it to be passed 128 Demographics EditHistorical populations modern New York MSACensus Pop 1830552 237 1840740 12034 0 18501 142 30454 3 18601 801 66857 7 18702 319 31928 7 18802 951 27027 2 18903 845 15130 3 19005 231 74836 1 19107 248 14738 5 19208 693 18419 9 193011 123 50628 0 194011 950 1887 4 195013 299 83411 3 196015 346 31315 4 197017 065 32811 2 198016 363 636 4 1 199016 846 0462 9 200018 323 0068 8 201018 897 1093 1 202020 140 4706 6 U S Decennial Census1900 1990 129 India Square Jersey City New Jersey known as Little Bombay 130 home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere 131 Bergen County 버겐 카운티 New Jersey is home to all of the nation s top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population led by Palisades Park 벼랑 공원 above a borough where Koreans comprise the majority 52 of the population 132 133 The Spanish Harlem Orchestra New York City is home to nearly 3 million Latino Americans the largest Hispanic population of any city proper outside Latin America and Spain Chinatown Manhattan 紐約華埠 The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest population of overseas Chinese outside of Asia over three quarters of a million in 2013 134 135 Further information African Americans in the New York City metropolitan region Chinese in the New York City metropolitan region Dominicans in the New York City metropolitan region Indians in the New York City metropolitan region Filipinos in the New York City metropolitan region Koreans in the New York City metropolitan region Japanese in the New York City metropolitan region Russians in the New York City metropolitan region Puerto Ricans in the New York City metropolitan region Jews in the New York City metropolitan region Islam in the New York City metropolitan area and LGBT culture in the New York City metropolitan area 2020 Census Edit County 2020 Census 2010 Census Change Area DensityBronx County New York 1 472 654 1 385 108 6 32 42 2 sq mi 109 km2 34 897 sq mi 13 474 km2 Kings County New York 2 736 074 2 504 700 9 24 69 4 sq mi 180 km2 39 425 sq mi 15 222 km2 Nassau County New York 1 395 774 1 339 532 4 20 284 5 sq mi 737 km2 4 906 sq mi 1 894 km2 New York County New York 1 694 251 1 585 873 6 83 22 7 sq mi 59 km2 74 637 sq mi 28 817 km2 Putnam County New York 97 668 99 710 2 05 230 2 sq mi 596 km2 424 sq mi 164 km2 Queens County New York 2 405 464 2 230 722 7 83 108 7 sq mi 282 km2 22 129 sq mi 8 544 km2 Richmond County New York 495 747 468 730 5 76 57 5 sq mi 149 km2 8 622 sq mi 3 329 km2 Rockland County New York 338 329 311 687 8 55 173 4 sq mi 449 km2 1 951 sq mi 753 km2 Suffolk County New York 1 525 920 1 493 350 2 18 911 2 sq mi 2 360 km2 1 675 sq mi 647 km2 Westchester County New York 1 004 457 949 113 5 83 430 7 sq mi 1 116 km2 2 332 sq mi 900 km2 Bergen County New Jersey 955 732 905 116 5 59 233 8 sq mi 606 km2 4 088 sq mi 1 578 km2 Essex County New Jersey 863 728 783 969 10 17 126 1 sq mi 327 km2 6 850 sq mi 2 645 km2 Hudson County New Jersey 724 854 634 266 14 28 46 2 sq mi 120 km2 15 689 sq mi 6 058 km2 Hunterdon County New Jersey 128 947 128 349 0 47 427 8 sq mi 1 108 km2 301 sq mi 116 km2 Middlesex County New Jersey 863 162 809 858 6 58 309 2 sq mi 801 km2 2 792 sq mi 1 078 km2 Monmouth County New Jersey 643 615 630 380 2 10 468 2 sq mi 1 213 km2 1 375 sq mi 531 km2 Morris County New Jersey 509 285 492 276 3 46 461 0 sq mi 1 194 km2 1 105 sq mi 427 km2 Ocean County New Jersey 637 229 576 567 10 52 628 3 sq mi 1 627 km2 1 014 sq mi 392 km2 Passaic County New Jersey 524 118 501 226 4 57 186 0 sq mi 482 km2 2 818 sq mi 1 088 km2 Somerset County New Jersey 345 361 323 444 6 78 301 9 sq mi 782 km2 1 144 sq mi 442 km2 Sussex County New Jersey 144 221 149 265 3 38 518 7 sq mi 1 343 km2 278 sq mi 107 km2 Union County New Jersey 575 345 536 499 7 24 102 8 sq mi 266 km2 5 597 sq mi 2 161 km2 Pike County Pennsylvania 58 535 57 369 2 03 544 9 sq mi 1 411 km2 107 sq mi 41 km2 Total 20 140 470 18 897 109 6 58 8 294 21 sq mi 21 481 9 km2 2 428 sq mi 938 km2 2010 Census Edit Racial composition 2010White 73 4 Non Hispanic White 51 7 Hispanic or Latino of any race 21 7 Black or African American 15 3 Asian 9 Native American or Alaskan Native 0 2 Other 0 5 Two or more races 1 6 As of the 2010 Census the metropolitan area had a population of 22 085 649 The population density was 1 865 per square mile The racial markup was 51 7 White non Latino 21 7 Latino 15 3 African American 9 0 Asian American 0 16 Native American and Alaskan Native 0 03 Pacific Islands American 0 5 Other and 1 6 Multiracial 136 The median age was 37 9 25 5 were under 18 9 5 were 18 to 24 years 28 were 25 to 44 years of age 26 6 were 45 to 64 years old and 13 2 were over the age of 65 Males composed 48 3 of the population while females were 51 7 of the population citation needed 97 7 of the population were in households 2 3 were in group quarters and 1 were institutionalized There were 8 103 731 households of which 30 2 or 2 449 343 had children 46 1 or 3 736 165 were composed of opposite sex and married couples Male households with no wife composed 4 9 or 400 534 15 0 or 1 212 436 were female households with no husbands 34 or 2 754 596 were non family households The household density was 684 per square mile 91 9 of housing units were occupied with a 3 8 vacancy rate The average household size was 2 65 per household The average income for non family households was 90 335 and the average income for families was 104 715 13 3 or 2 888 493 of the population were below the poverty line citation needed 26 7 or 5 911 993 of the population were born outside the United States Out of this most 50 6 or 2 992 639 were born in Latin America 27 0 or 1 595 523 were born in Asia 17 4 or 1 028 506 were born in Europe 3 8 or 224 109 were born in Africa and 0 2 or 11 957 were born in Oceania citation needed Population estimates Edit As of 2020 the United States Census Bureau estimated the population of the New York combined statistical area at 23 582 649 the most populous in the United States and one of the world s most populous urban agglomerations The increase in the population of the combined statistical area was distributed across the portions of the states of New York New Jersey Connecticut and Pennsylvania which together constitute the greater New York City metropolitan area The Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree considered the worldwide symbol of Christmas is an annual staple of the New York metropolitan area during the Holiday season 137 The New York metropolitan region is ethnically diverse Asian Americans in New York City according to the 2010 Census number more than one million greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles 138 New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U S city proper 139 The New York borough of Queens is home to the state s largest Asian American population and the largest Andean Colombian Ecuadorian Peruvian Chilean and Bolivian populations in the United States and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world 140 141 The Han Chinese population constitutes the fastest growing ethnicity in New York State multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown 紐約華埠 in Brooklyn 布鲁克林華埠 and around Flushing Queens 法拉盛華埠 are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County 142 on Long Island 143 as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants respectively and large scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas 144 145 146 147 148 149 In 2012 6 3 of New York was of Chinese ethnicity with nearly three fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn geographically on Long Island 150 In particular the New York area has over 100 000 Fuzhounese people 151 A community numbering 20 000 Korean Chinese Chaoxianzu Chinese 朝鲜族 or Joseonjok Korean 조선족 is centered in Flushing Queens while New York is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China India and Nepal also centered in Queens 152 Koreans made up 1 2 of the city s population and Japanese 0 3 Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0 8 followed by Vietnamese who made up 0 2 of New York s population in 2010 Indians are the largest South Asian group comprising 2 4 of the city s population with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0 7 and 0 5 respectively 153 Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians Koreans and Filipinos 154 as well as Malaysians 19 and other Southeast Asians 155 while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian as well as Asian Indian immigrants New York has the largest European and non Hispanic white population of any American city At 2 7 million in 2012 New York s non Hispanic white population is larger than the non Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles 1 1 million Chicago 865 000 and Houston 550 000 combined 156 The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse According to 2012 Census estimates there were roughly 560 000 Italian Americans 385 000 Irish Americans 253 000 German Americans 223 000 Russian Americans 201 000 Polish Americans and 137 000 English Americans Additionally Greek and French Americans numbered 65 000 each with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60 000 people Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55 000 and 35 000 respectively People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30 838 total in 2010 157 People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20 000 each while people of Czech Lithuanian Portuguese Scotch Irish and Welsh descent all numbered between 12 000 and 14 000 people 158 Arab Americans number over 160 000 in New York City 159 with the highest concentration in Brooklyn Central Asians primarily Uzbek Americans are a rapidly growing segment of the city s non Hispanic white population enumerating over 30 000 and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States 160 most settling in Queens or Brooklyn Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx 161 The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest gay and bisexual community in the United States and one of the world s largest 162 163 The wider New York metropolitan area is also ethnically diverse 164 The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami the next most popular gateway regions 165 166 167 168 It is home to the largest Jewish as well as Israeli communities outside Israel with the Jewish population in the region numbering over 1 5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe 152 The metropolitan area is also home to 20 of the nation s Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves as well as 15 of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns 169 170 the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere the largest Russian American 144 Italian American and African American populations the largest Dominican American Puerto Rican American and South American 144 and second largest overall Hispanic population in the United States numbering 4 8 million 157 and includes at least 6 established Chinatowns within New York City alone 171 with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 819 527 uniracial overseas Chinese as of 2014 Census estimates 172 the largest outside of Asia 134 135 Ecuador Colombia Guyana Peru and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York region in 2013 the Dominican Republic Jamaica Haiti and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean Egypt Ghana and Nigeria from Africa and El Salvador Honduras and Guatemala in Central America 173 Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City this population had increased to approximately 1 3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013 New York City has been described as the gay capital of the world and is home to one of the world s largest LGBTQ populations and the most prominent 174 The New York metropolitan area is home to a self identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568 903 individuals the largest in the United States and one of the world s largest 162 163 Same sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter 175 The annual New York City Pride March or gay pride parade traverses southward down Fifth Avenue in Manhattan ending at Greenwich Village and is the largest pride parade in the world attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June 176 Religion Edit The landmark Neo Gothic Roman Catholic St Patrick s Cathedral Midtown Manhattan Brooklyn s rapidly growing Orthodox Jewish יהודי community is the largest in the United States with approximately 600 000 individuals 177 out of the largest metropolitan Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere at nearly 2 5 million The Islamic Cultural Center of New York Arabic المركز الثقافي الإسلامي في نيويورك in Upper Manhattan With an estimated 1 5 million observers the New York metropolitan area is home to the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the Western Hemisphere Sri Maha Vallabha Ganapati Devasthanam Telugu శ ర మహ వల లభ గణపత ద వస థ న or Tamil ஸ ர மக வல லப கணபத த வஸ த னம in Flushing Queens the oldest Hindu temple in the United States The Chuang Yen Monastery 莊嚴寺 in Kent Putnam County houses the largest indoor statue of Buddha in the Western Hemisphere 178 Atheism promoted on an electronic billboard in Times Square is observed by a significant proportion of New Yorkers The 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey showed that the religious makeup of the New York metro area was as follows Religious affiliation in the New York City metro area 2014 179 Affiliation of New York populationChristian 59 59 Catholic 33 33 Protestant 23 23 Evangelical Protestant 9 9 Mainline Protestant 8 8 Black church 6 6 Other Christian 3 3 Unaffiliated 24 24 Nothing in particular 15 15 Agnostic 4 4 Atheist 4 4 Jewish 8 8 Muslim 4 4 Hindu 2 2 Buddhist 1 1 Other faiths 1 1 Don t know refused answer 1 1 Total 100 100 Economy EditMain article Economy of New York City Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on the North Shore of Long Island is an internationally renowned biomedical research facility and home to eight scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The New York City regional economy is the largest in the world with a GDP of US 2 1trillion in 2022 which would rank eighth among sovereign countries Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York 180 as are a large number of foreign corporations One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company 181 In 2012 and 2015 New York topped the first and second Global Economic Power Index lists respectively as published by The Atlantic with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on five different lists as published by five separate entities 35 182 Finance international trade new and traditional media real estate education fashion and entertainment tourism biotechnology and manufacturing are the leading industries in the area Along with its wealth the area has a cost of living that is the highest in the United States The NY Stock Exchange on Wall St is the world s largest by total market capitalization of listed companies 183 184 Wall Street Edit Main article Wall Street New York s most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U S financial industry metonymously known as Wall Street Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan New York has been called by whom both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world 35 185 186 187 188 and the city is home to the world s two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ 183 184 The city s securities industry enumerating 163 400 jobs in August 2013 continues to form the largest segment of the city s financial sector and an important economic engine accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city s private sector jobs 8 5 percent US 3 8 billion of its tax revenue and 22 percent of the city s total wages including an average salary of US 360 700 189 Manhattan had approximately 520 million square feet 48 1 million m2 of office space in 2013 190 making it the largest office market in the United States 191 while Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the nation 192 Lower Manhattan is the third largest central business district in the United States and is home to both the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street and the NASDAQ at 165 Broadway representing the world s largest and second largest stock exchanges respectively when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 184 Wall Street investment banking fees in 2012 totaled approximately US 40 billion 193 while in 2013 senior New York bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as US 324 000 annually 194 In July 2013 NYSE Euronext the operator of the New York Stock Exchange took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association 195 Many Wall Street firms have added or moved auxiliary financial or technical operations into Jersey City to take advantage of New Jersey s relatively lower commercial real estate and rental prices while offering continued geographic proximity to Manhattan s financial industry ecosystem 196 Manhattan s Flatiron District was the cradle of Silicon Alley now metonymous for the New York metropolitan region s high tech sector which has since expanded beyond the area 197 Tech and biotech Edit Further information Tech NYC Tech companies in the New York metropolitan area Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area and Silicon Alley Silicon Alley centered in New York has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the metropolitan region s high technology industries 198 involving the internet new media financial technology fintech and cryptocurrency telecommunications digital media software development biotechnology game design and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments High technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York and across the metropolitan region bolstered by the city s emergence as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship social tolerance 199 and environmental sustainability 200 201 as well as New York s position as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center in North America including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines 202 the city s intellectual capital and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity 203 Verizon Communications headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US 3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City 204 The biotechnology sector is also growing in the New York metropolitan region based upon its strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support On December 19 2011 then New York mayor Michael Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion Israel Institute of Technology to build Cornell Tech a US 2 billion graduate school of applied sciences on Roosevelt Island Manhattan with the goal of transforming New York into the world s premier technology capital 205 206 By mid 2014 Accelerator a biotech investment firm had raised more than US 30 million from investors including Eli Lilly and Company Pfizer and Johnson amp Johnson for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science which encompasses more than 700 000 square feet 65 000 m2 on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic medical and research institutions The New York City Economic Development Corporation s Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners including Celgene General Electric Ventures and Eli Lilly committed a minimum of US 100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology 207 Westchester County has also developed a burgeoning biotechnology sector in the 21st century with over US 1 billion in planned private investment as of 2016 208 earning the county the nickname Biochester 209 Port of New York and New Jersey Edit Main article Port of New York and New Jersey Port Newark Elizabeth Marine Terminal on Newark Bay is the busiest container terminal on the East Coast of the United States The Port of New York and New Jersey is the port district of the New York metropolitan area encompassing the region within approximately a 25 mile 40 km radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument A major economic engine for the New York metropolitan area the port includes the system of navigable waterways in the estuary along 650 miles 1 050 km of shoreline in the vicinity of New York and the Gateway Region of northeastern New Jersey as well as the region s airports and supporting rail and roadway distribution networks The Port of New York and New Jersey handled a maritime cargo volume in the ten months through October 2022 of over 8 2 million TEUs benefitting post Panamax from the expansion of the Panama Canal and accelerating ahead of California seaports in monthly cargo volumes 210 211 Water purity and availability Edit Further information Food and water in New York City and New York City water supply system Water purity and availability are a lifeline for the New York metropolitan region New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed 212 As a result of the watershed s integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants 213 The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US 3 2 billion water purification plant to augment New York s water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily representing a greater than 20 addition to the city s current availability of water 214 The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No 3 an integral part of the New York City water supply system is the largest capital construction project in the city s history 215 with segments serving Manhattan and The Bronx completed and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens planned for construction in 2020 216 Much of the fresh water for northern and central New Jersey is provided by reservoirs but numerous municipal water wells exist which accomplish the same purpose Education Edit Low Library the Neoclassical centerpiece of the Columbia University campus The bronze clock on Harkness Tower at Yale University a structure reflecting the Collegiate Gothic architectural genre Watercolor of Cleveland Tower Princeton University seen in the noon autumn sun The New York metropolitan area is home to many prestigious institutions of higher education Three Ivy League universities Columbia University in Manhattan New York City Princeton University in Princeton New Jersey Yale University in New Haven Connecticut all ranked amongst the top 3 U S national universities as per U S News amp World Report as of 2018 217 reside in the region 218 as well as New York University and The Rockefeller University both located in Manhattan all of the above have been ranked amongst the top 35 universities in the world 219 Rutgers University a global university located 27 mi 43 km southwest of Manhattan in New Brunswick New Jersey is by far the largest university in the region 220 New York Institute of Technology is located on two campuses one in Old Westbury Long Island and one near Columbus Circle in Manhattan Hofstra University is Long Island s largest private university 221 Fordham University also a Tier 1 university 222 is the oldest Catholic institution of higher education in the northeastern United States 223 and the third oldest university in New York 224 The New York City Department of Education is the largest school district in the United States serving over 1 2 million students 225 The overall region also hosts many public high schools some of which have been described as among the most prestigious in the country 226 Attainment Edit According to the 2010 American Community Survey of the 14 973 063 persons in this area over 25 years of age 14 8 2 216 578 had a graduate or professional degree 21 1 3 166 037 had a bachelor s degree 6 4 962 007 had an associate degree 16 0 2 393 990 had some college education but no degree 26 8 4 009 901 had a high school diploma or equivalent 14 8 2 224 557 had less than a high school education 227 In 2010 CNN Money ranked the area as one of the top 10 smartest regions in the United States 228 Transportation Edit The New York City Subway is the world s largest rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of stations The Port Authority Trans Hudson PATH rapid transit rail system connects Manhattan and metropolitan northern New Jersey beneath the Hudson River An Acela Express train going to New York The Acela Express operated by Amtrak through the Northeast Corridor is the sole high speed rail service in the country The depth and intricacy of the transportation network in the New York region parallel the size and complexity of the metropolis itself In 2013 the New York Newark Jersey City metropolitan statistical area New York MSA had the lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile 56 9 percent with 18 9 percent of area workers traveling via rail transit During the period starting in 2006 and ending in 2013 the New York MSA had a 2 2 percent decline of workers commuting by automobile 229 Rail Edit About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two thirds of the nation s rail riders live in the New York metropolitan area 230 231 New York City Subway Edit Main article New York City Subway The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation with 472 and by length of routes In 2006 it was the third largest when measured by annual ridership 1 5 billion passenger trips in 2006 232 However in 2013 the subway delivered over 1 71 billion rides 233 but slipped to being the seventh busiest rapid transit rail system in the world 234 New York s subway is also notable because nearly the entire system remains open 24 hours a day in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities including Hong Kong 235 236 London Seoul 237 238 Tokyo and Toronto PATH Edit Main article PATH rail system PATH is a rapid transit system connecting the cities of Newark Harrison Hoboken and Jersey City in metropolitan northern New Jersey with the lower and midtown sections of Manhattan in New York City The PATH is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey PATH trains run 24 hours a day and 7 days a week 239 The system has a total route length of 13 8 mi 22 2 km not double counting route overlaps 240 Commuter rail Edit The metropolitan area is also fundamentally defined by the areas from which people commute into New York The city is served by three primary commuter rail systems and is provided intercity rail transit with Amtrak The Long Island Rail Road LIRR the busiest commuter railroad in the United States as of 2015 241 is operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA an agency of the State Government of New York that focuses on New York City area transit It has two major terminals at Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan and Atlantic Terminal in Downtown Brooklyn with a minor terminal at the Long Island City station and a major transfer point at the Jamaica station in Queens New Jersey Transit NJT the second busiest commuter railroad in the United States as of 2015 241 is operated by the New Jersey Transit Corporation an agency of the state of New Jersey in conjunction with Metro North Railroad and Amtrak It has major terminals at Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan Hoboken Terminal and Newark Pennsylvania Station with a major transfer point at Secaucus Junction in Hudson County New Jersey New Jersey Transit also operates the Hudson Bergen Light Rail through Hudson County the Newark City Subway and the River Line that runs along tracks shared with Conrail Shared Assets Operations from Trenton to Camden in South Jersey NJ Transit also has commuter buses operating in and out of Manhattan Metro North Railroad MNRR the third busiest commuter railroad in the United States as of 2015 241 is also operated by the MTA in conjunction with the Connecticut Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit Its major terminal is Grand Central Terminal Trains on the Port Jervis Line and Pascack Valley Line terminate at Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken New Jersey commuters may transfer at either Secaucus Junction for New Jersey Transit trains to New York Pennsylvania Station or at Hoboken Terminal for PATH trains into Manhattan Amtrak s Northeast Corridor offers service to Philadelphia New Haven and other points between and including Boston and Washington D C Major stations in the metropolitan area include Station Railroad s State County TypeNew York Pennsylvania Station Amtrak LIRR NJT NY New York Terminal and TransferGrand Central Terminal MNRR NY New York TerminalNewark Pennsylvania Station Amtrak NJT PATH NJ Essex TransferHoboken Terminal NJT MNRR PATH NJ Hudson TerminalAtlantic Terminal LIRR NY Kings TerminalStamford Station Amtrak MNRR Shore Line East CT Fairfield Terminal and TransferHunterspoint Avenue LIRR NY Queens TerminalWoodside Station LIRR NY Queens TransferJamaica Station LIRR NY Queens TransferSecaucus Junction NJT MNRR NJ Hudson TransferNew Haven Union Station Amtrak MNRR Shore Line East CT Rail CT New Haven Terminal and TransferTrenton Station Amtrak NJT SEPTA NJ Mercer Terminal and TransferThe following table shows all train lines operated by these commuter railroads in the New York metropolitan area New Jersey Transit operates an additional train line in the Philadelphia metropolitan area Shown counterclockwise from the Atlantic Ocean Line or Branch Railroad CountiesFar Rockaway LIRR Kings Queens NassauLong Beach LIRR NassauMontauk LIRR SuffolkBabylon LIRR Nassau SuffolkWest Hempstead LIRR Kings weekdays Queens NassauHempstead LIRR Kings Queens NassauRonkonkoma Main Line LIRR Nassau SuffolkPort Jefferson LIRR Nassau SuffolkOyster Bay LIRR NassauPort Washington LIRR Queens NassauNew Haven MNRR Amtrak New York Bronx Westchester Fairfield New HavenDanbury MNRR New York FairfieldNew Canaan MNRR New York FairfieldWaterbury MNRR Fairfield New HavenHarlem MNRR New York Bronx Westchester Putnam DutchessHudson MNRR Amtrak Bronx Westchester Putnam DutchessPascack Valley MNRR NJT Hudson Bergen RocklandPort Jervis Main Line Bergen County MNRR NJT Hudson Bergen Passaic Rockland OrangeMontclair Boonton NJT New York Hudson Essex Passaic Morris WarrenMorris amp Essex Morristown Line and Gladstone Branch NJT New York Hudson Essex Union Morris Somerset WarrenRaritan Valley NJT Hudson Essex Union Middlesex Somerset HunterdonNortheast Corridor and Princeton Branch NJT Amtrak New York Hudson Essex Union Middlesex MercerNorth Jersey Coast NJT New York Hudson Essex Union Middlesex Monmouth OceanShore Line East CT Rail Amtrak Fairfield New HavenHartford CT Rail Amtrak New HavenMajor highways Edit The following highways serve the region The George Washington Bridge connecting Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan across the Hudson River to Fort Lee in Bergen County New Jersey is the world s busiest motor vehicle bridge 242 243 Interstate 95 and U S Route 1 9 cross the river via the bridge while U S Route 46 which lies entirely within New Jersey ends halfway across the bridge at the state border with New York The Walkway over the Hudson the world s longest pedestrian bridge 244 connects Ulster and Dutchess counties in New York Interstates Edit The Long Island Expressway I 495 viewing eastbound in Corona Queens I 78 I 80 I 84 I 87 I 91 I 95 I 195 I 278 serves as southern beltway around New York City I 280 I 287 serves as northern beltway around New York City I 295 I 478 I 495 also known as Long Island Expressway or LIE I 678 I 684 I 695 I 878 unsignedU S Routes Edit US 1 US 5 US 6 US 7 US 9 US 22 US 44 US 46 US 130 US 202 US 206 US 209State Routes Edit Route 3 Route 4 Route 8 NY 9A Route 15 Route 17 Route 18 Route 21 Route 23 Route 24 Route 25 NY 25 Route 27 NY 27 Route 29 Route 31 Route 139 Route 208 NY 440 Route 440 Route 495 NY 895Other limited access roads Edit Heavy traffic on the Garden State Parkway in Wall Township Monmouth County New Jersey Some of these roads have a numerical designation assigned to it Belt Parkway Bronx River Parkway Conn Turnpike part of I 95 Cross Island Parkway FDR Drive G S Parkway Grand Central Parkway Harlem River Drive Henry Hudson Parkway Hutchinson River Parkway Jackie Robinson Parkway formerly Interboro Parkway Merritt Parkway part of Route 15 N J Turnpike part of I 95 New York Thruway part of I 87 Northern State Parkway Palisades Parkway Saw Mill River Parkway Southern State Parkway Sprain Brook Parkway Taconic State ParkwayNamed bridges and tunnels Edit The Brooklyn Bridge The Verrazzano Narrows Bridge one of the world s longest suspension bridges 245 246 connects Brooklyn and Staten Island across The Narrows The Great South Bay Bridge in Suffolk County connects the mainland of Long Island to barrier islands across the Great South Bay Alexander Hamilton Bridge connecting the Trans Manhattan Expressway in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan and the Cross Bronx Expressway as part of Interstate 95 Basilone Bridge part of I 95 and the New Jersey Turnpike Bayonne Bridge part of NY 440 and NJ 440 underwent a 1 billion project to raise the roadway by 64 feet to 215 feet to allow taller container ships to pass underneath to access seaports in New York City and northern New Jersey 247 Bear Mountain Bridge part of US 6 and US 202 Bronx Whitestone Bridge part of I 678 connects the boroughs of Bronx and Queens Brooklyn Bridge iconic of New York and designated a National Historic Landmark by the U S National Park Service on January 29 1964 248 Connects Brooklyn and lower Manhattan at Park Row and City Hall Brooklyn Battery Tunnel part of I 478 officially renamed the Hugh L Carey Tunnel in honor of the former New York State governor connects Brooklyn and lower Manhattan financial district Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge part of I 80 crossing the Delaware River Driscoll Bridge part of the Garden State Parkway with a total of 15 travel lanes and 6 shoulder lanes the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes 249 and one of the world s busiest Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge part of NY 25 renamed in honor of former New York Mayor Edward I Koch also known informally as the 59th Street Bridge Connects Queens and east side of Manhattan George Washington Bridge part of I 95 and US 1 9 46 the world s busiest motor vehicle bridge 242 243 and one of the world s widest with 14 lanes 249 Goethals Bridge part of I 278 Great South Bay Bridge Long Island Heroes Tunnel formerly the West Rock Tunnel part of CT 15 Holland Tunnel part of I 78 and NJ 139 Lincoln Tunnel part of Route 495 Manhattan Bridge connecting Brooklyn to Chinatown Manhattan carries 4 tracks of the B D N and Q trains of the New York City Subway in addition to 7 lanes of traffic Mid Hudson Bridge part of US 44 and NY 55 Newark Bay Bridge part of I 78 New Hope Lambertville Toll Bridge part of US 202 crossing the Delaware River Newburgh Beacon Bridge part of I 84 and NY 52 Otisville Tunnel takes the Metro North Railroad Port Jervis Line through the Shawangunk Ridge in Orange County New York Outerbridge Crossing part of NY 440 and NJ 440 Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge part of I 95 and the Connecticut Turnpike Poughkeepsie Bridge also known as Walkway over the Hudson the world s longest pedestrian bridge 244 connecting Ulster and Dutchess counties in New York Pulaski Skyway part of US 1 9 Queens Midtown Tunnel part of I 495 connects Queens and Midtown Manhattan Scudder Falls Bridge part of I 295 crossing the Delaware River Sikorsky Memorial Bridge part of CT 15 Merritt amp Wilbur Cross Parkways Tappan Zee Bridge part of I 87 I 287 and the New York State Thruway the longest bridge in New York State underwent a 4 billion replacement 250 Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Bridge part of US 9 Throgs Neck Bridge part of I 295 connects the boroughs of Bronx and Queens at western end of Long Island Sound Trenton Morrisville Toll Bridge part of US 1 Triborough Bridge part of I 278 officially renamed the Robert F Kennedy RFK Bridge connects the three boroughs of Manhattan Bronx and Queens hence its name Verrazzano Narrows Bridge part of I 278 the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the longest in the world formerly the world s longest connects the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn 245 246 William A Stickel Memorial Bridge part of I 280 Williamsburg Bridge carries 2 tracks of the J M and Z trains of the New York City Subway in addition to 8 lanes of traffic connects Williamsburg Brooklyn and the Lower East Side or Manhattan Commuter bus Edit New Jersey Transit Academy Bus Coach USA Spanish Transportation Trailways of New York and several other companies operate commuter coaches into the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan and many other bus services in New Jersey Bus services also operate in other nearby counties in the states of New York and Connecticut but most terminate at a subway terminal or other rail station Major airports Edit Main article Aviation in the New York metropolitan area The AirTrain at JFK International Airport in Jamaica Queens The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F Kennedy International Airport Newark Liberty International Airport and LaGuardia Airport 130 5 million travelers used these three airports in 2016 and the metropolitan area s airspace is the busiest in the nation 23 Airport IATA code ICAO code County StateJohn F Kennedy International Airport JFK KJFK Queens New YorkNewark Liberty International Airport EWR KEWR Essex Union New JerseyLaGuardia Airport LGA KLGA Queens New YorkThe following smaller airports are also in the metro area and provide daily commercial service Airport IATA code ICAO code County StateLong Island MacArthur Airport ISP KISP Suffolk New YorkStewart International Airport SWF KSWF Orange New YorkTrenton Mercer Airport TTN KTTN Mercer New JerseyTweed New Haven Regional Airport HVN KHVN New Haven ConnecticutWestchester County Airport HPN KHPN Westchester New YorkCommuter usage Edit According to the 2010 American Community Survey 54 3 5 476 169 of commuters used a car or other private vehicle alone 7 0 708 788 used a carpool 27 0 2 721 372 used public transportation 5 5 558 434 walked to work 2 0 200 448 used some other means of transportation such as a bicycle to get to work 251 Culture and contemporary life Edit The Metropolitan Museum of Art part of Museum Mile in the Carnegie Hill neighborhood of Manhattan s Upper East Side is one of the largest museums in the world 252 Citi Field in Flushing Queens is the home of the New York Mets Yankee Stadium in the South Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford New Jersey home to the New York Giants and New York Jets is the most expensive stadium ever built 253 at approximately 1 6 billion 254 According to Travel Leisure magazine s October 2011 survey Times Square in Midtown Manhattan iconified as the Crossroads of the World 255 256 257 258 259 is the world s most visited tourist attraction bringing in over 39 million visitors annually 260 Main article New York City Culture and contemporary life New York has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland 261 and Latvia 262 and by New York s own Baruch College 263 A book containing a series of essays titled New York culture capital of the world 1940 1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia 264 Tom Wolfe has quoted regarding New York s culture that Culture just seems to be in the air like part of the weather 265 Although Manhattan remains the epicenter of cultural life in the metropolitan area the entire region is replete with prominent cultural institutions with artistic performances and ethnically oriented events receiving international attention throughout the year Sports teams Edit Further information Sports in the New York metropolitan area New York is home to the headquarters of the National Football League 266 Major League Baseball 267 the National Basketball Association 268 the National Hockey League 269 and Major League Soccer 270 Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide MetLife Stadium the new Yankee Stadium Madison Square Garden and Citi Field are located in the New York metropolitan area 253 The New York metropolitan area has the highest total number of professional sports teams in these five leagues Listing of the professional sports teams in the New York metropolitan area National Basketball Association NBA Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn New York City New York Knicks Manhattan New York City National Women s Soccer League NWSL NJ NY Gotham FC Harrison New Jersey Women s National Basketball Association WNBA New York Liberty Brooklyn New York City Major League Baseball MLB New York Mets Queens New York City New York Yankees The Bronx New York City Major League Soccer MLS New York City FC The Bronx New York City New York Red Bulls Harrison New Jersey Minor League Baseball MiLB Eastern League AA Trenton Thunder Yankees Trenton New Jersey South Atlantic League A Lakewood BlueClaws Phillies Lakewood Township New Jersey New York Penn League SS Brooklyn Cyclones Mets Brooklyn New York City Hudson Valley Renegades Rays Fishkill New York Staten Island Yankees Yankees Staten Island New York City Atlantic League of Professional Baseball ALPB Bridgeport Bluefish Bridgeport Connecticut Long Island Ducks Central Islip New York Somerset Patriots Bridgewater Township New Jersey Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball CanAm League New Jersey Jackals Little Falls New Jersey Newark Bears Newark New Jersey Rockland Boulders Pomona New York National Football League NFL New York Giants East Rutherford New Jersey New York Jets East Rutherford New Jersey XFL New York Guardians East Rutherford New Jersey National Hockey League NHL New Jersey Devils Newark New Jersey New York Islanders Elmont New York New York Rangers Manhattan New York City American Hockey League AHL Bridgeport Sound Tigers Islanders Bridgeport Connecticut Major League Lacrosse outdoor MLL New York Lizards Hempstead New York North American Rugby League NARL New York City Rugby League Harrison New Jersey College Sports NCAA Division I Army Black Knights West Point New York Columbia University Lions Manhattan New York City Fairfield University Stags Fairfield Connecticut Fairleigh Dickinson University Knights Teaneck New Jersey Fordham University Rams The Bronx New York City Hofstra University Pride Hempstead New York Iona College Gaels New Rochelle New York Long Island University Blackbirds Brooklyn New York City Manhattan College Jaspers and Lady Jaspers The Bronx New York City Marist College Red Foxes Poughkeepsie New York Monmouth University Hawks West Long Branch New Jersey New Jersey Institute of Technology Highlanders Newark New Jersey Princeton University Tigers Princeton New Jersey Quinnipiac University Bobcats Hamden Connecticut Rider University Broncs Lawrenceville New Jersey Rutgers University Scarlet Knights New Brunswick New Jersey Sacred Heart University Pioneers Fairfield Connecticut St Peter s University Peacocks and Peahens Jersey City New Jersey St Francis Brooklyn Terriers Brooklyn New York City St John s University Red Storm Queens New York City Seton Hall University Pirates South Orange New Jersey Stony Brook University Seawolves Stony Brook New York Wagner College Seahawks Staten Island New York City Yale University Bulldogs New Haven Connecticut Media Edit Main article Media in New York City The New York metropolitan area is home to the headquarters of several well known media companies subsidiaries and publications including Thomson Reuters The New York Times Company the Associated Press WarnerMedia NBCUniversal the Hearst Corporation ViacomCBS News Corporation The Wall Street Journal Fox News ABC CBS and NBC Local television channels broadcasting to the New York market include WCBS TV 2 CBS WNBC 4 NBC WNYW 5 FOX WABC TV 7 ABC WWOR TV 9 MyNetworkTV WPIX 11 CW WNET 13 PBS WNYE TV 25 NYC Media and WPXN TV 31 Ion NY1 is a 24 7 local news provider available only to cable television subscribers Radio stations serving the area include WNYC WKCR WFMU WABC AM and WFAN Many television and radio stations use the top of the Empire State Building to broadcast their terrestrial television signals while some media entities broadcast from studios in Times Square The New York metropolitan area is extensive enough so that its own channels must compete with channels from neighboring television markets including Philadelphia Scranton Wilkes Barre and Hartford within its outlying counties Cable companies offer such competition in the Pennsylvania portion Connecticut and a few counties in central New Jersey Theme parks Edit In New Jersey Edit Skyline of Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township Ocean County New Jersey the world s largest theme park in 2013 271 To the far left is Kingda Ka the world s tallest roller coaster 272 Main Park Other Parks Location Year OpenedSix Flags Great Adventure Six Flags Wild Safari Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Jackson 1974Land of Make Believe None Hope 1954Mountain Creek Waterpark None Vernon 1998In New York State Edit Coney Island in Brooklyn is considered one of America s first amusement parks Playland Rye Westchester CountyLegoland New York in Goshen Orange County opened in 2021 Plans were unveiled by New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg on September 27 2012 for the New York Wheel a giant Ferris wheel to be built at the northern shore of Staten Island overlooking the Statue of Liberty New York Harbor and the Lower Manhattan skyline 273 Area codes EditThe area is served by at least 26 area codes 212 Serves Manhattan and is overlaid with 646 and 917 332 718 Serves all other boroughs of New York City and is overlaid with 347 917 and 929 917 Serves all of New York City 516 Serves Nassau County 631 Serves Suffolk County 914 Serves Westchester County 845 Serves the Hudson Valley counties of Southern New York State 570 amp 272 Serves Pike CountyPennsylvania 203 amp 475 Serves Southwestern Connecticut 860 amp 959 Serves the rest of Connecticut not served by 203 or 475 201 Serves most of Bergen County as well as parts of Essex Hudson and Passaic in Northern New Jersey and is overlaid with 551 973 Serves portions of Bergen Essex Hudson Morris Passaic Sussex and portions of Union County in New Jersey and is overlaid with 862 908 Serves communities in Union County Somerset County northern parts of Middlesex County Hunterdon County Warren County and Morris County as well as some cell phones in Monmouth County in New Jersey 732 Serves Middlesex County Somerset County portions of Union County and Monmouth and northern Ocean counties in New Jersey overlaid with 848 609 amp 640 Serves Mercer County and parts of Middlesex Monmouth and Ocean Counties See also EditBiotech companies in the New York City metropolitan region Tech companies in the New York metropolitan area Cities and metropolitan areas of the United States Mass transit in New York City Regional Plan Association Transportation in New York CityPortals Geography North America United States New York state New Jersey Connecticut Pennsylvania New York CityNotes Edit Mean monthly maxima and minima i e the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020 Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919 and at Belvedere Castle since 1919 94 References Edit Jones Huw New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index London Reuters Retrieved August 28 2022 A Nation challenged in New York New York Carries On but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun Archived March 24 2020 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times October 11 2001 Accessed November 20 2016 A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world Sorrentino Christopher September 16 2007 When He Was Seventeen The New York Times Archived from the original on April 17 2009 Retrieved December 22 2007 In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York s music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world Michael P Ventura April 6 2010 Manhattan May Be the Media Capital of the World But Not For iPad Users DNAinfo Archived from the original on August 4 2017 Retrieved June 11 2017 Dawn Ennis May 24 2017 ABC will broadcast New York s pride parade live for the first time LGBTQ Nation Archived from the original on July 28 2017 Retrieved April 23 2022 a b US Census Urban Areas US Census Urban Areas US Census Bureau Archived from the original on July 22 2017 Retrieved March 23 2020 a b 2020 Population and Housing State Data United States Census Bureau Population Division August 12 2021 Retrieved November 19 2021 Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change 2020 2021 U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on June 29 2022 Retrieved June 18 2022 U S metro areas ranked by Gross Metropolitan Product GMP 2021 Statistic Statista Archived from the original on November 19 2018 Retrieved May 31 2019 Largest City in the World by Area 2023 World Population Review Retrieved January 19 2023 Largest Cities In The World By Land Area WorldAtlas Retrieved January 18 2023 New York is often estimated to be the largest city in the world by land area World Urban Areas PDF Demographia April 2018 Retrieved April 27 2018 Niall McCarthy February 5 2021 The World s Largest Cities By Area Hamburg Statista Retrieved March 1 2021 USA Combined Metropolitan Areas CityPopulation de August 2021 Retrieved November 19 2021 a b Annual Estimates of the Resident Population April 1 2010 to July 1 2015 Combined Statistical Area and for Puerto Rico 2015 Population Estimates U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved March 28 2016 World s Largest Urban Areas Ranked by Urban Area Population Rhett Butler 2003 2006 Archived from the original on October 9 2009 Retrieved November 25 2011 Largest Cities of the World by metro population Woolwine Moen Group d b a Graphic Maps Archived from the original on June 18 2016 Retrieved November 25 2011 Largest urban areas in the world 2008 All Urban Areas 2 000 000 amp Over PDF Wendell Cox Consultancy Archived PDF from the original on September 1 2012 Retrieved November 25 2011 a b Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2 U S Department of Homeland Security Archived from the original on October 13 2016 Retrieved July 31 2014 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2012 Supplemental Table 2 U S Department of Homeland Security Archived from the original on April 3 2013 Retrieved July 31 2014 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2011 Supplemental Table 2 U S Department of Homeland Security Archived from the original on August 8 2012 Retrieved July 31 2014 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2010 Supplemental Table 2 U S Department of Homeland Security Archived from the original on July 12 2012 Retrieved July 31 2014 a b The Port Authority of NY and NJ 2016 Air Traffic Report PDF The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey April 14 2017 Archived PDF from the original on May 25 2017 Retrieved June 26 2017 a b Governor Hochul Mayor Adams Announce Plan for SPARC Kips Bay First of Its Kind Job and Education Hub for Health and Life Sciences Innovation Press release Albany NY State Office of Information Technology Services October 13 2022 Retrieved October 13 2022 Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture Consulate General of Iceland New York Archived from the original on February 5 2013 Retrieved February 17 2013 Consulate of Latvia in New York Consulate of Latvia Archived from the original on February 8 2013 Retrieved February 17 2013 Introduction to Chapter 14 New York City NYC Culture The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College CUNY 2011 Archived from the original on May 5 2013 Retrieved February 17 2013 New York Culture Capital of the World 1940 1965 edited by Leonard Wallock essays by Dore Ashton et al NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA Archived from the original on January 13 2013 Retrieved February 17 2013 span class, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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