fbpx
Wikipedia

Columbia University

January 08, 2023

For other uses, see Columbia University (disambiguation).

Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence, and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is ranked among the top universities in the world.[9][10]

Columbia University
Latin: Universitas Columbiae
Former names
King's College
(1754–1784)
Columbia College
(1784–1896)[1]: 53–60 
MottoIn lumine Tuo videbimus lumen (Latin)
Motto in English
"In Thy light shall we see light"[2]
TypeRoyal college (1754–1776)
Private research university (1776–present)
EstablishedMay 25, 1754; 268 years ago (1754-05-25)
AccreditationMSCHE
Academic affiliations
Endowment$13.3 billion (2022)[3]
PresidentLee Bollinger
ProvostMary Cunningham Boyce
Academic staff
4,370[4]
Students33,413 (Fall 2019)[5]
Undergraduates6,398 (Fall 2019)[n 1][5]
Postgraduates24,412 (Fall 2019)[5]
Location
New York
,
New York
,
United States

40°48′27″N 73°57′43″W / 40.80750°N 73.96194°W / 40.80750; -73.96194Coordinates: 40°48′27″N 73°57′43″W / 40.80750°N 73.96194°W / 40.80750; -73.96194
CampusLarge City, 299 acres (1.21 km2)
NewspaperColumbia Daily Spectator
ColorsColumbia blue and white[8]
   
NicknameLions
Sporting affiliations
MascotRoar-ee the Lion
Websitecolumbia.edu

Columbia was established by royal charter under George II of Great Britain. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution, and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University.

Columbia scientists and scholars have played a pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including brain-computer interface; the laser and maser;[11][12] nuclear magnetic resonance;[13] the first nuclear pile; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift;[14][15][16] and much of the initial research and planning for the Manhattan Project during World War II.

Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools. The university's research efforts include the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and accelerator laboratories with Big Tech firms such as Amazon and IBM.[17][18] Columbia is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the MD degree.[19] The university also annually administers the Pulitzer Prize. With over 15 million volumes, Columbia University Library is the third-largest private research library in the United States.[20]

The university's endowment stands at $13.3 billion in 2022, among the largest of any academic institution. As of December 2021, its alumni, faculty, and staff have included: seven Founding Fathers of the United States;[n 2] four U.S. presidents;[n 3] 33 foreign heads of state;[n 4] two secretaries-general of the United Nations;[n 5] ten justices of the United States Supreme Court, one of whom currently serves; 101 Nobel laureates; 125 National Academy of Sciences members;[61] 53 living billionaires;[62] 22 Olympic medalists;[63] 33 Academy Award winners; and 125 Pulitzer Prize recipients.

History

Main article: History of Columbia University

Colonial period

Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704, at which time Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the missionary arm of the Church of England, persuading the society that New York City was an ideal community in which to establish a college.[64] However, it was not until the founding of the College of New Jersey (renamed Princeton) across the Hudson River in New Jersey that the City of New York seriously considered founding a college.[64] In 1746, an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. In 1751, the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents, seven of whom were members of the Church of England, to direct the funds accrued by the state lottery towards the foundation of a college.[65]

Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president, Dr. Samuel Johnson.[66]: 8–10  Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan.[67]: 3  The college was officially founded on October 31, 1754, as King's College by royal charter of George II, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the State of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.[19]

In 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, Alexander Hamilton.[67]: 3  The Irish anatomist, Samuel Clossy, was appointed professor of natural philosophy in October 1765 and later the college's first professor of anatomy in 1767.[68] The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army. The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces.[69][70]

18th century

 
King's College Hall, 1790

After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, promising to make whatever changes to the school's charter the state might demand.[66]: 59  The legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King's College".[66] The Act created a board of regents to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic, the legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of New York heretofore called King's College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College",[66] a reference to Columbia, an alternative name for America which in turn comes from the name of Christopher Columbus. The Regents finally became aware of the college's defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, which was headed by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to a separate board of 24 trustees.[71]: 65–70 

 
The 1797 Taylor Map of New York City, showing "The College" at its Park Place (then Robinson Street) location. Note earlier location, Trinity Church, lower left.

On May 21, 1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected president of Columbia College. Prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention.[72] For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. Both President George Washington and Vice President John Adams attended the college's commencement on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution.[66]: 74 

19th century to present

See also: Student activism at Columbia University
 
The Gothic Revival library and law school buildings on the Madison Avenue campus

In November 1813, the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.[71]: 53–60  The college's enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the King's College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, where it remained for the next forty years. During the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard, the president that Barnard College is named after, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university's refusal to accept women.[73] By this time, the college's investments in New York real estate became a primary source of steady income for the school, mainly owing to the city's expanding population.[67]: 5–8  In 1896, university president Seth Low moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights.[66][74] Under the leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler, who served for over four decades, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt.[19] Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University, Butler founded Teachers College, as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor, with philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge.[64] Teachers College is currently affiliated as the university's Graduate School of Education.[75]

Research into the atom by faculty members John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's physics department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the Manhattan Project.[76] In 1928, Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College.[64][77] The college was closed in 1936 due to the adverse effects of the Great Depression and its students were subsequently taught at Morningside Heights, although they did not belong to any college but to the university at large.[78][79]

There was an evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a fee, to anyone willing to attend. In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the School of General Studies in response to the return of GIs after World War II.[80] In 1995, the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full-fledged liberal arts college for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional undergraduate curriculum.[81] Within the same year, the Division of Special Programs—later the School of Continuing Education, and now the School of Professional Studies—was established to reprise the former role of University Extension.[82] While the School of Professional Studies only offered non-degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages, it now offers degree programs in a diverse range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields.[83]

In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the university, and in response, the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history.[84] The Columbia University Bicentennial was celebrated in 1954.[85]

During the 1960s Columbia experienced large-scale student activism, which reached a climax in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus. The incident forced the resignation of Columbia's president, Grayson Kirk, and the establishment of the University Senate.[86][87]

Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983, after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College, the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools.[88] Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.[89]

During the late 20th century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.[90] In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of the Arts, and the School of Professional Studies were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the School of International and Public Affairs, which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty.[91]

Campus

Morningside Heights

 
College Walk

The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morningside Heights on Seth Low's late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts planning principles by the architects McKim, Mead & White. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside Heights, New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has an extensive tunnel system, more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.[92]

The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, known simply as Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, and is one of the largest buildings on the campus. Proposed as "South Hall" by the university's former president Nicholas Murray Butler as expansion plans for Low Memorial Library stalled, the new library was funded by Edward Harkness, benefactor of Yale's residential college system, and designed by his favorite architect, James Gamble Rogers. It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946. The library design is neo-classical in style. Its facade features a row of columns in the Ionic order above which are inscribed the names of great writers, philosophers, and thinkers, most of whom are read by students engaged in the Core Curriculum of Columbia College.[93] As of 2020, Columbia's library system includes over 15.0 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States.[20]

Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Low Memorial Library, a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio.[94] Also listed is Pupin Hall, another National Historic Landmark, which houses the physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagen, Denmark.[95][96] Other buildings listed include Casa Italiana, the Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building of St. Anthony Hall, Earl Hall, and the buildings of the affiliated Union Theological Seminary.[97][98][99][100]

A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library. McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus. Draped in an academic gown, the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne. The scroll-like arms of the throne end in lamps, representing sapientia and doctrina. A book signifying knowledge, balances on her lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, is hidden in the folds of her gown. Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat, terminating with a crown of King's College which refers to Columbia's origin as a royal charter institution in 1754. A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture. The statue was dedicated on September 23, 1903, as a gift of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in golden leaf. During the Columbia University protests of 1968 a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired.[101] The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a women's college.[102][103]

"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the City Beautiful movement, the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies. McKim's classical facade epitomizes late 19th-century new-classical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.[104]

 
Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library

Other campuses

 
Lamont Campus entrance in Palisades, New York

In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a 17 acres (6.9 ha) site for a new campus in Manhattanville, an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia School of the Arts, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.[105][106] The $7 billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant (the Studebaker Building, Prentis Hall, and the Nash Building), eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing these buildings created 6.8 million square feet (630,000 m2) of space for the university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights.[107][108] Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. As of December 2008, the State of New York's Empire State Development Corporation approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use.[109] On May 20, 2009, the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan.[110]

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and Cornell University. According to U.S. News & World Report's "2020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings", it is ranked fourth overall and second among university hospitals.[111] Columbia's medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute, and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U.S. and four hospitals overseas. Health-related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center, a 20-acre (8.1 ha) campus located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights, fifty blocks uptown. Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the NewYork-Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan, and the Payne Whitney Westchester, a psychiatric institute located in White Plains, New York.[112] On the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of Inwood), Columbia owns the 26-acre (11 ha) Baker Field, which includes the Lawrence A. Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, and tennis. There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River, the 157-acre (64 ha) Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and Earth Institute in Palisades, New York. A fourth is the 60-acre (24 ha) Nevis Laboratories in Irvington, New York for the study of particle and motion physics. A satellite site in Paris, France holds classes at Reid Hall.[19]

Sustainability

In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Neighborhood Design pilot program. The plan commits to incorporating smart growth, new urbanism and "green" building design principles.[113] Columbia is one of the 2030 Challenge Partners, a group of nine universities in the city of New York that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse emissions by 30% within the next ten years. Columbia University adopts LEED standards for all new construction and major renovations. The university requires a minimum of Silver, but through its design and review process seeks to achieve higher levels. This is especially challenging for lab and research buildings with their intensive energy use; however, the university also uses lab design guidelines that seek to maximize energy efficiency while protecting the safety of researchers.[114]

Every Thursday and Sunday of the month, Columbia hosts a greenmarket where local farmers can sell their produce to residents of the city. In addition, from April to November Hodgson's farm, a local New York gardening center, joins the market bringing a large selection of plants and blooming flowers. The market is one of the many operated at different points throughout the city by the non-profit group GrowNYC.[115] Dining services at Columbia spends 36 percent of its food budget on local products, in addition to serving sustainably harvested seafood and fair trade coffee on campus.[116] Columbia has been rated "B+" by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives.[117]

 
Access to Columbia is enhanced by the 116th Street–Columbia University subway station (1 train) on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Columbia University would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak (104) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest (25).[118]

Transportation

Columbia Transportation is the bus service of the university, operated by Academy Bus Lines. The buses are open to all Columbia faculty, students, Dodge Fitness Center members, and anyone else who holds a Columbia ID card. In addition, all TSC students can ride the buses.[119]

In the New York City Subway, the   train serves the university at 116th Street-Columbia University. The M4, M104 and M60 buses stop on Broadway while the M11 stops on Amsterdam Avenue.

Academics

Undergraduate admissions and financial aid

Admissions statistics
2021 entering
class[120]Change vs.
2016[121]
Admit rate3.9%
(  −2.1)
Yield rate66.5%
(  +1.4)
Test scores middle 50%
SAT Total1510–1560
(  −10 median)

Columbia University received 60,551 applications for the class of 2025 (entering 2021) and a total of around 2,218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3.66%.[122] Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students is $46,516.[123] In 2015–2016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $65,860 (including room and board).[124]

Annual gifts, fund-raising, and an increase in spending from the university's endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students. On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid. The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education.[125] As of 2008, undergraduates from families with incomes as high as $60,000 a year will have the projected cost of attending the university, including room, board, and academic fees, fully paid for by the university. That same year, the university ended loans for incoming and then-current students who were on financial aid, replacing loans that were traditionally part of aid packages with grants from the university. However, this does not apply to international students, transfer students, visiting students, or students in the School of General Studies.[126] In the fall of 2010, admission to Columbia's undergraduate colleges Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) began accepting the Common Application. The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy League university to switch to the Common Application.[127]

Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first-year applicants. According to Columbia, the first four designated scholars "distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements, dynamism, intellectual curiosity, the originality and independence of their thinking, and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences".[128]

In 1919, Columbia established a student application process characterized by The New York Times as "the first modern college application". The application required a photograph of the applicant, the maiden name of the applicant's mother, and the applicant's religious background.[129]

Organization

Columbia Undergraduate Schools[130]
College/school Year founded
Columbia College 1754
Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science 1864
Barnard College (affiliate) 1889
Columbia University School of General Studies 1947

Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian institution of higher education. Its official corporate name is "The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York". The university's first charter was granted in 1754 by King George II; however, its modern charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature. The university is governed by 24 trustees, customarily including the president, who serves ex officio. The trustees themselves are responsible for choosing their successors. Six of the 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association. Another six are nominated by the board in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate. The remaining 12, including the president, are nominated by the trustees themselves through their internal processes. The term of office for trustees is six years. Generally, they serve for no more than two consecutive terms. The trustees appoint the president and other senior administrative officers of the university, and review and confirm faculty appointments as required. They determine the university's financial and investment policies, authorize the budget, supervise the endowment, direct the management of the university's real estate and other assets, and otherwise oversee the administration and management of the university.[131]

 
Low Memorial Library

The University Senate was established by the trustees after a university-wide referendum in 1969. It succeeded to the powers of the University Council, which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty, deans, and other administrators to regulate inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of university-wide concern. The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university. These include the president of the university, the provost, the deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, all of whom serve ex officio, and five additional representatives, appointed by the president, from the university's administration. The president serves as the Senate's presiding officer. The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies, physical development, budget, and external relations of the university. It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students.[132][133][134]

The president of Columbia University, who is selected by the trustees in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate and who serves at the trustees' pleasure, is the chief executive officer of the university. Assisting the president in administering the university are the provost, the senior executive vice president, the executive vice president for health and biomedical sciences, several other vice presidents, the general counsel, the secretary of the university, and the deans of the faculties, all of whom are appointed by the trustees on the nomination of the president and serve at their pleasure.[131] Lee C. Bollinger became the 19th president of Columbia University on June 1, 2002. As president of the University of Michigan, he played a leading role in the twin Supreme Court cases Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger, which upheld the use of student diversity as a compelling justification for affirmative action in higher education.[135]

 
The Barnard College Class of 1913 processes down the steps of Low Library.

Columbia has four official undergraduate colleges: Columbia College, the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree; the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering), the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree; the School of General Studies, the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students undertaking full- or part-time study; and Barnard College.[136][137] Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college and an academic affiliate in which students receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University. Their degrees are signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.[138][139] Barnard students are also eligible to cross-register classes that are available through the Barnard Catalogue and alumnae can join the Columbia Alumni Association.[140]

Joint degree programs are available through Union Theological Seminary, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America,[141] as well as through the Juilliard School.[142][143] Teachers College and Barnard College are official faculties of the university; both colleges' presidents are deans under the university governance structure.[144] The Columbia University Senate includes faculty and student representatives from Teachers College and Barnard College who serve two-year terms; all senators are accorded full voting privileges regarding matters impacting the entire university. Teachers College is an affiliated, financially independent graduate school with their own Board of Trustees.[133][134] Pursuant to an affiliation agreement, Columbia is given the authority to confer "degrees and diplomas" to the graduates of Teachers College. The degrees are signed by presidents of Teachers College and Columbia University in a manner analogous to the university's other graduate schools.[145][146][144] Columbia's General Studies school also has joint undergraduate programs available through University College London,[147] Sciences Po,[148] City University of Hong Kong,[149] Trinity College Dublin,[150] and the Juilliard School.[151]

The university also has several Columbia Global Centers, in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Mumbai, Nairobi, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, and Tunis.[152]

International partnerships

Columbia students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as Sciences Po,[153] École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), École normale supérieure (ENS), Panthéon-Sorbonne University, King's College London, London School of Economics, University College London and the University of Warwick. Select students can study at either the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge for a year if approved by both Columbia and either Oxford or Cambridge.[154] Columbia also has a dual MA program with the Aga Khan University in London.

Rankings

Columbia University is ranked 18th in the United States and seventh globally for 2022–2023 by U.S. News & World Report. In the previous year, Columbia was ranked sixth in the United States, although this was later found to have partly resulted from inaccurate statistics submitted by the university, resulting in its temporary delisting from the rankings.[166] QS University Rankings listed Columbia as fifth in the United States. Ranked 15th among U.S. colleges for 2020 by The Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education, in recent years it has been ranked as high as second. Individual colleges and schools were also nationally ranked by U.S. News & World Report for its 2021 edition. Columbia Law School was ranked fourth, the Mailman School of Public Health fourth, the School of Social Work tied for third, Columbia Business School eighth, the College of Physicians and Surgeons tied for sixth for research (and tied for 31st for primary care), the School of Nursing tied for 11th in the master's program and tied for first in the doctorate nursing program, and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (graduate) was ranked tied for 14th.

In 2021, Columbia was ranked seventh in the world (sixth in the United States) by Academic Ranking of World Universities, sixth in the world by U.S. News & World Report, 19th in the world by QS World University Rankings, and 11th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Harvard, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2019 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance. In 2022, Columbia's reporting of metrics used for university ranking was criticized by Professor of Mathematics Michael Thaddeus, who argued key data supporting the ranking was "inaccurate, dubious or highly misleading."[167][168] Subsequently, U.S. News & World Report "unranked" Columbia from its 2022 list of Best Colleges saying that it could not verify the data submitted by the university.[169]

Columbia's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation was ranked the second most admired graduate program by Architectural Record in 2020.

In 2015, Columbia University was ranked the first in the state by average professor salaries. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities ranked Columbia third best university for forming CEOs in the US and 12th worldwide.

Research

 
Havemeyer Hall, a National Historic Chemical Landmark, where deuterium was discovered in 1931. Research conducted in Havemeyer has led to at least seven Nobel Prizes.[170]

Columbia is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".[171] Columbia was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split. The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of Principles of Neural Science, described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the "neuroscience 'bible' ".[172] The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas Jessell. Columbia was the birthplace of FM radio and the laser.[173] The first brain-computer interface capable of translating brain signals into speech was developed by neuroengineers at Columbia.[174][175][176] The MPEG-2 algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou, a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. Biologist Martin Chalfie was the first to introduce the use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in labeling cells in intact organisms.[177] Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), pharmacopeia, Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue LEDs, and Beamprop (used in photonics).[178]

Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year.[178] More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market. These include Remicade (for arthritis), Reopro (for blood clot complications), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Benefix, Latanoprost (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, homocysteine (testing for cardiovascular disease), and Zolinza (for cancer therapy).[179] Columbia Technology Ventures (formerly Science and Technology Ventures), as of 2008, manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements.[179] Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university, more than any university in the world.[180] Columbia owns many unique research facilities, such as the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information dedicated to telecommunications and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, which is an astronomical observatory affiliated with NASA.

Military and veteran enrollment

Columbia is a long-standing participant of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Yellow Ribbon Program, allowing eligible veterans to pursue a Columbia undergraduate degree regardless of socioeconomic status for over 70 years.[181] As a part of the Eisenhower Leader Development Program (ELDP) in partnership with the United States Military Academy at West Point, Columbia is the only school in the Ivy League to offer a graduate degree program in organizational psychology to aid military officers in tactical decision making and strategic management.[182]

Awards

Several prestigious awards are administered by Columbia University, most notably the Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize in history.[183][184] Other prizes, which are awarded by the Graduate School of Journalism, include the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, the National Magazine Awards, the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes, the John Chancellor Award, and the Lukas Prizes, which include the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize and Mark Lynton History Prize.[185] The university also administers the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, which is considered an important precursor to the Nobel Prize, 51 of its 101 recipients having gone on to win either a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine or Nobel Prize in Chemistry as of October 2018; the W. Alden Spencer Award; the Vetlesen Prize, which is known as the Nobel Prize of geology; the Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission Prize for the Translation of Japanese Literature, the oldest such award; the Edwin Howard Armstrong award; the Calderone Prize in public health; and the Ditson Conductor's Award.[186][187][188][189][190][191][192]

Student life

Students

Student body composition as of May 2, 2022
Race and ethnicity[193] Total
White 33% 33
 
Foreign national 18% 18
 
Asian 17% 17
 
Hispanic 15% 15
 
Other[a] 10% 10
 
Black 7% 7
 
Economic diversity
Low-income[b] 19% 19
 
Affluent[c] 81% 81
 

In 2020, Columbia University's student population was 31,455 (8,842 students in undergraduate programs and 22,613 in postgraduate programs), with 45% of the student population identifying themselves as a minority.[194] Twenty-six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below $60,000. 16% of students at Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants,[195] which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below $40,000. Seventeen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four-year college.[196]

On-campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate. Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) share housing in the on-campus residence halls. First-year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn: Carman Hall, Furnald Hall, Hartley Hall, John Jay Hall, or Wallach Hall (originally Livingston Hall). Upperclassmen participate in a room selection process, wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor- or apartment-style housing with their friends. The Columbia University School of General Studies, Barnard College and graduate schools have their own apartment-style housing in the surrounding neighborhood.[197]

Columbia University is home to many fraternities, sororities, and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10–15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.[198] Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities. There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta chapter of Alpha Delta Phi.[199] The InterGreek Council is the self-governing student organization that provides guidelines and support to its member organizations within each of the three councils at Columbia, the Interfraternity Council, Panhellenic Council, and Multicultural Greek Council. The three council presidents bring their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as one Greek community. The InterGreek Council meetings provide opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other, work together and advocate for community needs.[200]

Publications

 
The Art Deco cover of the November 1931 edition of the Jester, celebrating the opening of the George Washington Bridge

The Columbia Daily Spectator is the nation's second-oldest continuously operating daily student newspaper.[201] The Blue and White[202] is a monthly literary magazine established in 1890 that discusses campus life and local politics. Bwog,[203] originally an offshoot of The Blue and White but now fully independent, is an online campus news and entertainment source. The Morningside Post is a student-run multimedia news publication.

Political publications include The Current, a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs;[204] the Columbia Political Review, the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union;[205] and AdHoc, which denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues and arts events.[206]

Columbia Magazine is the alumni magazine of Columbia, serving all 340,000+ of the university's alumni. Arts and literary publications include The Columbia Review, the nation's oldest college literary magazine;[207] Surgam, the literary magazine of The Philolexian Society;[208] Quarto, Columbia University's official undergraduate literary magazine;[209] 4x4, a student-run alternative to Quarto;[210] Columbia, a nationally regarded literary journal; the Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism;[211] and The Mobius Strip, an online arts and literary magazine.[212] Inside New York is an annual guidebook to New York City, written, edited, and published by Columbia undergraduates. Through a distribution agreement with Columbia University Press, the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores.[213]

Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications. The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal prints original science research in its two annual publications.[214] The Journal of Politics & Society is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences;[215] Publius is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008 and published biannually;[216] the Columbia East Asia Review allows undergraduates throughout the world to publish original work on China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam and is supported by the Weatherhead East Asian Institute;[217] The Birch is an undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student-run journal of its kind;[218] the Columbia Economics Review is the undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Economics Department; and the Columbia Science Review is a science magazine that prints general interest articles and faculty profiles.[219]

Humor publications on Columbia's campus include The Fed, a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper, and the Jester of Columbia.[220][221] Other publications include The Columbian, the undergraduate colleges' annually published yearbook;[222] the Gadfly, a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates;[223] and Rhapsody in Blue, an undergraduate urban studies magazine.[224] Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current Musicology and The Journal of Philosophy.[225][226] During the spring semester, graduate students in the Journalism School publish The Bronx Beat, a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx.

Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, the Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) examines day-to-day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a year.[227]

Broadcasting

Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate campus radio broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV. Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard's radio station, WBAR. WKCR, the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-state area, claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the university's affiliation with Major Edwin Armstrong. The station went operational on July 18, 1939, from a 400-foot antenna tower in Alpine, New Jersey, broadcasting the first FM transmission in the world. Initially, WKCR was not a radio station, but an organization concerned with the technology of radio communications. As membership grew, however, the nascent club turned its efforts to broadcasting. Armstrong helped the students in their early efforts, donating a microphone and turntables when they designed their first makeshift studio in a dorm room.[228] The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan. Columbia Television (CTV) is the nation's second oldest student television station and the home of CTV News, a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students.[229][230]

Debate and Model UN

The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country.[231] The society annually administers the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest.[232] The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the American Parliamentary Debate Association, and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.[233]

The Columbia International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA), oversees Columbia's Model United Nations activities. CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences, hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus, and trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Model UN.[234]

Technology and entrepreneurship

 
Pupin Hall, the physics building, showing the rooftop Rutherfurd Observatory

Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City. Over the past 20 years, graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies.[235]

The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including talks, #StartupColumbia, a conference and venture competition for $250,000, and Ignite@CU, a weekend for undergrads interested in design, engineering, and entrepreneurship. Notable speakers include Peter Thiel, Jack Dorsey,[236] Alexis Ohanian, Drew Houston, and Mark Cuban. As of 2006, CORE had awarded graduate and undergraduate students over $100,000 in seed capital.

CampusNetwork, an on-campus social networking site called Campus Network that preceded Facebook, was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003. Mark Zuckerberg later asked Goldberg to join him in Palo Alto to work on Facebook, but Goldberg declined the offer.[237] The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science offers a minor in Technical Entrepreneurship through its Center for Technology, Innovation, and Community Engagement. SEAS' entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and worldwide, made possible through partners such as Microsoft Corporation.[238]

On June 14, 2010, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations in New York's media industry. Situated at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the lab is a consortium of Columbia University, New York University, and New York City Economic Development Corporation acting to connect companies with universities in new technology research. The Lab is modeled after similar ones at MIT and Stanford, and was established with a $250,000 grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation.[239]

Athletics

Main article: Columbia Lions
See also: C-Rock

A member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in Division I FCS, Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the Ivy League. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium. The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track, and rowing, as well as the new Campbell Sports Center, which opened in January 2013. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball, and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.[240]

 
Triple Crown winner and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame, Lou Gehrig

Former students include Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins, football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman, Marcellus Wiley, and world champion women's weightlifter Karyn Marshall.[241][242] On May 17, 1939, fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field, making it the first televised regular athletic event in history.[243][244]

Columbia University athletics has a long history, with many accomplishments in athletic fields. In 1870, Columbia played against Rutgers University in the second intercollegiate rugby football game in the history of the sport. Eight years later, Columbia crew won the famed Henley Royal Regatta in the first-ever defeat for an English crew rowing in English waters. In 1900, Olympian and Columbia College student Maxie Long set the first official world record in the 400 meters with a time of 47.8 seconds. In 1983, Columbia men's soccer went 18–0 and was ranked first in the nation, but lost to Indiana 1–0 in double overtime in the NCAA championship game; nevertheless, the team went further toward the NCAA title than any Ivy League soccer team in history.[245] The football program unfortunately is best known for its record of futility set during the 1980s: between 1983 and 1988, the team lost 44 games in a row, which is still the record for the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision. The streak was broken on October 8, 1988, with a 16–13 victory over arch-rival Princeton University. That was the Lions' first victory at Wien Stadium, which had been opened during the losing streak and was already four years old.[246] A new tradition has developed with the Liberty Cup. The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the football game between Fordham and Columbia Universities, two of the only three NCAA Division I football teams in New York City.[247]

World Leaders Forum

 
World Leaders Forum at Low Memorial Library

Established in 2003 by university president Lee C. Bollinger, the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government, religion, industry, finance, and academia. The World Leaders Forum is a year-around event series that strives to provide a platform for uninhibited speech among nations and cultures, while educating students about problems and progress around the globe.[248]

Past forum speakers include former president of the United States Bill Clinton, the prime minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former president of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor, president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai, prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin, president of the Republic of Mozambique Joaquim Alberto Chissano, president of the Republic of Bolivia Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert, president of the Republic of Romania Ion Iliescu, president of the Republic of Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, the first female president of Finland Tarja Halonen, President Yudhoyono of Indonesia, President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Iraq President Jalal Talabani, the 14th Dalai Lama, president of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, financier George Soros, Mayor of New York City Michael R. Bloomberg, President Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina, former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, and Al Gore.[249]

Other

 
Earl Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its role in serving as a venue for meetings and dances of the Columbia Queer Alliance.

The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States. Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia's schools.[250] The Notes and Keys, the oldest a cappella group at Columbia, was founded in 1909.[251] There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater, including the Columbia Players, King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical Theater Society (CMTS), NOMADS (New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students), LateNite Theatre, Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theatre Ensemble (BTE), sketch comedy group Chowdah, and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch.[252]

The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual, lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student Homophile League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson.[253][254]

Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005–06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton".[255]

The largest student service organization at Columbia is Community Impact (CI). Founded in 1981, CI provides food, clothing, shelter, education, job training, and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities. CI consists of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs, which serve more than 8,000 people each year.[256]

Columbia has several secret societies, including St. Anthony Hall, which was founded at the university in 1847, and two senior societies, the Nacoms and Sachems.[257][258]

Traditions

Further information: Columbia University traditions

Orgo Night

In one of the school's longest-lasting traditions, begun in 1975, at midnight before the Organic Chemistry exam—often the first day of final exams—the Columbia University Marching Band invaded and briefly occupied the main undergraduate reading room in Butler Library to distract and entertain studying students with some forty-five minutes of raucous jokes and music, beginning and ending with the singing of the school's fight song, "Roar, Lion, Roar".[259] After the main show before a crowd that routinely began filling the room well before the announced midnight start time, the Band led a procession to several campus locations, including the residential quadrangle of Barnard College for more music and temporary relief from the stress of last-minute studying.

In December 2016, following several years of complaints from students who said that some Orgo Night scripts and advertising posters were offensive to minority groups,[260] as well as a The New York Times article on the Band's crass treatment of sexual assault on campus,[261] University administrators banned the Marching Band from performing its Orgo Night show in the traditional Butler Library location. Protests and allegations of censorship[262] followed, but University President Lee Bollinger said that complaints and publicity about the shows had "nothing to do with" the prohibition.[263] The Band instead performed—at midnight, as usual—outside the main entrance of Butler Library.

The Band's official alumni organization, the Columbia University Band Alumni Association, registered protests with the administration,[264] and an ad hoc group of alumni writing under the name "A. Hamiltonius" published a series of pamphlets addressing their dissatisfaction with the ban,[265] but at the end of the spring 2017 semester the university administration held firm,[266] prompting the Marching Band to again stage its show outside the building. For Orgo Night December 2017, Band members quietly infiltrated the library with their musical instruments during the evening and popped up at midnight to perform the show inside despite the ban.[267] Prior to the spring 2018 exam period, the administration warned the group's leaders against a repeat and restated the injunction, warning of sanctions; the Band again staged its Orgo Night show in front of the library.[268]

Tree Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies

 
Tree Lighting at College Walk
 
The first modern Yule Log ceremony in John Jay Hall, 1910

The campus Tree Lighting ceremony was inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent Hall and Hamilton Hall on the east end and Dodge Hall and Pulitzer Hall on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until February 28. Students meet at the sundial for free hot chocolate, performances by a cappella groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.[269]

Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The Christmas ceremony dates to a period prior to the American Revolutionary War, but lapsed before being revived by President Nicholas Murray Butler in 1910. A troop of students dressed as Continental Army soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sundial to the lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols. The Christmas ceremony is accompanied by a reading of A Visit From St. Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore and Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus by Francis Pharcellus Church.[270]

The Varsity Show

Main article: Varsity Show

The Varsity Show is an annual musical written by and for students and was established in 1894, making it one of Columbia's oldest traditions. Past writers and directors have included Columbians Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, Lorenz Hart, I.A.L. Diamond, Herman Wouk and Eric Garcetti. The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events.[271]

Notable people

Main article: List of Columbia University people

Alumni

See also: List of Columbia University alumni and attendees; List of Columbia University people in politics, military and law; and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty

The university has graduated many notable alumni, including five Founding Fathers of the United States, an author of the United States Constitution and a member of the Committee of Five. Three United States presidents have attended Columbia,[272] as well as ten Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, including three Chief Justices. As of 2011, 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners have attended Columbia.[273] As of 2006, there were 101 National Academy members who were alumni.[274]

In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard.[275][276]

Former U.S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S. President Barack Obama,[277] Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg,[278] former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright,[279] former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan,[280] U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, and U.S. Solicitor General Donald Verrilli Jr.[281] The university has also educated 29 foreign heads of state, including president of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili, president of East Timor Jose Ramos Horta, president of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves and other historical figures such as Wellington Koo, Radovan Karadžić, Gaston Eyskens, and T. V. Soong. One of the architects of the Constitution of India, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was also an alumnus of Columbia.[282]

Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the Astor family[283][284] attended Columbia, while other business graduates include investor Warren Buffett,[285] former CEO of PBS and NBC Larry Grossman,[286] chairman of Wal-Mart S. Robson Walton,[287] Bain Capital Co-Managing Partner, Jonathan Lavine,[288][289] Thomson Reuters CEO Tom Glocer,[290][291] New York Stock Exchange president Lynn Martin,[292] and AllianceBernstein Chairman and CEO Lewis A. Sanders.[293] CEO's of top Fortune 500 companies include James P. Gorman of Morgan Stanley,[294] Robert J. Stevens of Lockheed Martin,[295] Philippe Dauman of Viacom,[296] Robert Bakish of Paramount Global,[297][298] Ursula Burns of Xerox,[299] Devin Wenig of EBay,[300] Vikram Pandit of Citigroup,[301] Ralph Izzo of Public Service Enterprise Group,[302][303] Gail Koziara Boudreaux of Anthem,[304] and Frank Blake of The Home Depot.[305] Notable labor organizer and women's educator Louise Leonard McLaren received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia.[306]

In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of IBM Herman Hollerith;[307] inventor of FM radio Edwin Armstrong;[308] Francis Mechner; integral in development of the nuclear submarine Hyman Rickover;[309] founder of Google China Kai-Fu Lee;[310] scientists Stephen Jay Gould,[311] Robert Millikan,[312] Helium–neon laser inventor Ali Javan and Mihajlo Pupin;[313] chief-engineer of the New York City Subway, William Barclay Parsons;[314] philosophers Irwin Edman[315] and Robert Nozick;[316] economist Milton Friedman;[317] psychologist Harriet Babcock;[318] archaeologist Josephine Platner Shear;[319] and sociologists Lewis A. Coser and Rose Laub Coser.[320][321]

Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts, including composers Richard Rodgers,[322] Oscar Hammerstein II,[323] Lorenz Hart,[324] and Art Garfunkel;[325] and painter Georgia O'Keeffe.[326] Five United States Poet Laureates received their degrees from Columbia. Columbia alumni have made an indelible mark in the field of American poetry and literature, with such people as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, pioneers of the Beat Generation;[327] and Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, seminal figures in the Harlem Renaissance,[328][329] all having attended the university. Other notable writers who attended Columbia include authors Isaac Asimov,[330] J.D. Salinger,[331] Upton Sinclair,[332] Ursula K. Le Guin,[333] Danielle Valore Evans,[334] and Hunter S. Thompson.[335]

University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry, with 33 alumni and former students winning a combined 43 Academy Awards (as of 2011).[273] Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors Sidney Lumet (12 Angry Men)[336] and Kathryn Bigelow (The Hurt Locker),[337] screenwriters Howard Koch (Casablanca)[338] and Joseph L. Mankiewicz (All About Eve),[339] and actors James Cagney,[340] Ed Harris and Timothée Chalamet.[341]

Faculty

As of 2021, Columbia employs 4,381 faculty, including 70 members of the National Academy of Sciences,[342] 178 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[343] and 65 members of the National Academy of Medicine.[344] In total, the Columbia faculty has included 52 Nobel laureates, 12 National Medal of Science recipients,[345] and 32 National Academy of Engineering members.[346]

Columbia University faculty played particularly important roles during World War II and the creation of the New Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who attended Columbia Law School. The three core members of Roosevelt's Brain Trust: Adolf A. Berle, Raymond Moley, and Rexford Tugwell, were law professors at Columbia.[347] The Statistical Research Group, which used statistics to analyze military problems during World War II, was composed of Columbia researchers and faculty including George Stigler and Milton Friedman.[348] Columbia faculty and researchers, including Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard, Eugene T. Booth, John R. Dunning, George B. Pegram, Walter Zinn, Chien-Shiung Wu, Francis G. Slack, Harold Urey, Herbert L. Anderson, and Isidor Isaac Rabi, also played a significant role during the early phases of the Manhattan Project.[349]

Following the rise of Nazi Germany, the exiled Institute for Social Research at Goethe University Frankfurt would affiliate itself with Columbia from 1934 to 1950.[350] It was during this period that thinkers including Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse wrote and published some of the most seminal works of the Frankfurt School, including Reason and Revolution, Dialectic of Enlightenment, and Eclipse of Reason.[351] Professors Edward Said, author of Orientalism, and Gayatri Spivak are generally considered as founders of the field of postcolonialism;[352][353] other professors that have significantly contributed to the field include Hamid Dabashi and Joseph Massad.[354][355] The works of professors Kimberlé Crenshaw, Patricia J. Williams, and Kendall Thomas were foundational to the field of critical race theory.[356]

Columbia and its affiliated faculty have also made significant contributions to the study of religion. The affiliated Union Theological Seminary is a center of liberal Christianity in the United States, having served as the birthplace of Black theology through the efforts of faculty including James H. Cone and Cornel West,[357][358] and Womanist theology, through the works of Katie Cannon, Emilie Townes, and Delores S. Williams.[359][360][361] Likewise, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America was the birthplace of Conservative Judaism movement in the United States, which was founded and led by faculty members including Solomon Schechter, Alexander Kohut, and Louis Ginzberg in the early 20th century, and is a major center for Jewish studies in general.[362]

Other schools of thought in the humanities Columbia professors made significant contributions toward include the Dunning School, founded by William Archibald Dunning;[363][364] the anthropological schools of historical particularism and cultural relativism, founded by Franz Boas;[365] and functional psychology, whose founders and proponents include John Dewey, James McKeen Cattell, Edward L. Thorndike, and Robert S. Woodworth.[366]

Notable figures that have served as the president of Columbia University include 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower, 4th Vice President of the United States George Clinton, Founding Father and U.S. Senator from Connecticut William Samuel Johnson, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Nicholas Murray Butler, and First Amendment scholar Lee Bollinger.[27]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  2. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
  3. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

Citations

  1. ^ This figure does not include the Columbia University School of General Studies, which, though it is technically an undergraduate school of the university, is generally not counted as such when calculating student body size and admission rates.[6][7] Including General Studies students, the university overall would have an undergraduate enrollment of 9,001 students for 2019.
  2. ^ Founding Fathers include five alumni: Alexander Hamilton,[21] John Jay,[22] Robert R. Livingston,[23] Egbert Benson,[24] and Gouverneur Morris.[25] Additionally, Founding Fathers George Clinton[26] and William Samuel Johnson[27] served as presidents of the university.
  3. ^ Three presidents have attended Columbia: Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Barack Obama. Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the president of the university from 1948 to 1953.
  4. ^ Alumni who served as foreign heads of state include: Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali (Iraq, 1953–54),[28] Kassim al-Rimawi (Jordan, 1980),[29] Giuliano Amato (Italy, 1992–1993 and 2000–2001),[30] Hafizullah Amin (Afghanistan, 1979),[31] Nahas Angula (Namibia, 2005–12),[32] Marek Belka (Poland, 2004–05),[33] Chen Gongbo (China, 1944–45),[34] Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (Poland, 1996–97),[35] Gaston Eyskens (Belgium, 1949–50, 1958–61 and 1968–73),[36] Mark Eyskens (Belgium, 1981),[37] Ashraf Ghani (Afghanistan, 2014–21),[38] José Ramos-Horta (East Timor, 2007–12 and 2022– ),[39] Toomas Hendrik Ilves (Estonia, 2006–16),[40] Wellington Koo (China 1926–27),[41] Lee Huan (Taiwan, 1989–90),[42] Benjamin Mkapa (Tanzania, 1995–2005),[43] Mohammad Musa Shafiq (Afghanistan, 1972–73),[44] Nwafor Orizu (Nigeria, 1965–6),[45] Mikheil Saakashvili (Georgia, 2004–13),[46] Juan Bautista Sacasa (Nicaragua, 1933–36),[47] Salim Ahmed Salim (Tanzania, 1984–85),[48] Ernesto Samper (Colombia, 1994–98),[49] T. V. Soong (China, 1945–47),[50] Sun Fo (China, 1932; Taiwan, 1948–49),[51] C. R. Swart (South Africa, 1959–67),[52] Tang Shaoyi (China, 1912),[53] Abdul Zahir (Afghanistan, 1971–72),[49] and Zhou Ziqi (China, 1922).[54] Faculty and fellows include Fernando Henrique Cardoso (Brazil, 1995–2002),[55] Alfred Gusenbauer (Austria, 2007–2008),[56] Václav Havel (Czechoslovakia, 1989–1992; Czech Republic, 1993–2003),[57] Lucas Papademos (Greece, 2011–2012),[58] Mary Robinson (Ireland, 1990–1997).[59]
  5. ^ Boutros Boutros-Ghali taught as a Fulbright Research Scholar from 1954 to 1955.[60] Kofi Annan was a global fellow at SIPA from 2009 to 2018.[56]

References

  1. ^ Moore, Nathanal Fischer (1846). A Historical Sketch of Columbia. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
  2. ^ Psalms 36:9
  3. ^ As of June 30, 2022."Consolidated Financial Statements; June 30, 2022 and 2021" (PDF). finance.columbia.edu. Columbia University. October 12, 2022. p. 26. Retrieved October 30, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ "Full-time Faculty Distribution by School/Division, Fall 2009–2019" (PDF). Office of the Provost. Columbia University. (PDF) from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "Fall Headcount Enrollment by School, 2009–2018" (PDF). Columbia University Office of Provost. May 23, 2019.
  6. ^ "Columbia University". usnews.com. 2020. from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
  7. ^ . undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
  8. ^ Columbia University Brand Guide (PDF). December 1, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  9. ^ "National University Rankings". Usnews.com. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  10. ^ "Best Global Universities Rankings". Usnews.com. October 30, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  11. ^ Nykolaiszyn, J. M. (June 1, 2009). "Curating Oral Histories: From Interview to Archive". Oral History Review. 36 (2): 302–304. doi:10.1093/ohr/ohp054. ISSN 0094-0798. S2CID 161615270.
  12. ^ Taylor, Nick (2000). Laser : the inventor, the Nobel laureate, and the thirty-year patent war. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-83515-0. OCLC 44594104.
  13. ^ "Isidor Isaac Rabi". Aps.org. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
  14. ^ N. D. Opdyke, et al., "Paleomagnetic study of Antarctic deep-sea cores", Science 154(1966): 349–357.
  15. ^ Heirtzler, J. R., et al., "Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic field reversals, and motions of the ocean floor and continents", Journal of Geophysical Research, 73(1968): 2119–2136.
  16. ^ Pitman, W. and M. Talwani, "Sea-floor spreading in the North Atlantic", GSA Bulletin, 83(1972): 619–646.
  17. ^ "Columbia Engineering and Amazon Announce Creation of New York AI Research Center". Columbia Engineering. September 21, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
  18. ^ "Columbia University and IBM Establish New Center to Accelerate Innovation in Blockchain and Data Transparency | Columbia Engineering". Engineering.columbia.edu. July 17, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  19. ^ a b c d "A Brief History of Columbia". Columbia University. 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  20. ^ a b Mian, Anam; Roebuck, Gary (2020). ARL Statistics 2018-2019. Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries. p. 45.
  21. ^ Chernow, Ron (2004). Alexander Hamilton. Penguin Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-59420-009-0.
  22. ^ "A Brief Biography of John Jay". The Papers of John Jay. Columbia University. 2002.
  23. ^ Dangerfield, George (1960). Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, 1746–1813. New York, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
  24. ^ "Egbert Benson". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  25. ^ Wright, Robert K Jr. (1987). . Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 71-25. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
  26. ^ "From Alexander Hamilton to George Clinton, [26 November 1784–17 July 1787]". Founders Online. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  27. ^ a b "Columbia University President Profiles | Columbia University Libraries". library.columbia.edu. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  28. ^ Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali. . Harvard University. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  29. ^ "Riasat al-Wuzara' — Dawlat al-Duktur Qasim al-Riymawi" رئاسة الوزراء — دولة الدكتور قاسم الريماوي [The Cabinet — His Excellency Dr. Kassim al-Rimawi]. www.pm.gov.jo. from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  30. ^ Daniel Peterson (November 29, 2007). . The Florentine. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  31. ^ Amstutz, Bruce (1994). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. Diane Publishing. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-7881-1111-2.
  32. ^ "Namibia PM is Nahas Angula ... Educated in the US". Newsday. October 13, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  33. ^ . United Nations. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  34. ^ Reilly, Thomas (1997). Science and Football III. Taylor & Francis. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-419-22160-9.
  35. ^ "Charlemagne: Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz". The Economist. November 1, 2001. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  36. ^ (PDF). Columbia University. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  37. ^ "Gaston Eyskens Dies at Age 82; Led Six Governments in Belgium". The New York Times. January 5, 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  38. ^ "Ashraf Ghani: departing Afghan president who failed to make peace with Taliban". Thomson Reuters. August 15, 2021.
  39. ^ Alyssa Smith (October 7, 2010). . Columbia Communique. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  40. ^ Herb Jackson. . Estonian Office of the President. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  41. ^ "Columbia 250: Wellington Koo". Columbia University. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  42. ^ Kerry Brown (December 12, 2010). "Lee Huan obituary". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  43. ^ "Benjamin Mkapa". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  44. ^ (PDF). United Nations. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  45. ^ . Time. January 1, 1945. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  46. ^ "Profile: Mikhail Saakashvili". BBC News Online. January 25, 2004. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  47. ^ "Juan Bautista Sacasa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  48. ^ "Biography of Salim Ahmed Salim". United Nations. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  49. ^ a b . U.S. Department of Education. Archived from the original on November 25, 2005. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  50. ^ . Cultural China. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  51. ^ Boorman, Howard (1970). Biographical dictionary of Republican China. Columbia University Press. pp. 163–165.
  52. ^ "Charles Swart Dies; South African Was First State President". The New York Times. AP. July 18, 1982. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  53. ^ Reilly, Taylor (1997). Science and Football III. Taylor and Francis. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-419-22160-9.
  54. ^ Gerth, Karl (2004). China made: Consumer Culture and the creation of the nation. Harvard University. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-674-01654-5.
  55. ^ . Fulbright Association. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  56. ^ a b "Kofi Annan named a Columbia University fellow". San Diego Union-Tribune. May 15, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  57. ^ "Blue Velvet". Columbia Magazine. 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  58. ^ "Lucas Papademos". www.britannica.com. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  59. ^ "Robinson to take up new Columbia University professorship next week". The Irish Times. January 15, 2004. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  60. ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali". www.un.org. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  61. ^ "Member Profile Search – Columbia University". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  62. ^ Kathleen Elkins. "More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined". CNBC. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  63. ^ "The Columbia University Athletes Who Have Medaled at the Olympics Over the Years". Columbia News. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  64. ^ a b c d McCaughey, Robert (2003). Stand, Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New York. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-231-13008-0.
  65. ^ Keppel, Fredrick Paul (1914). Columbia. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 26.
  66. ^ a b c d e f Matthews, Brander; John Pine; Harry Peck; Munroe Smith (1904). A History of Columbia University: 1754–1904. London, England: Macmillan Company.
  67. ^ a b c Butler, Nicholas Murray (1912). An Official Guide to Columbia University. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
  68. ^ Stookey, Byron (1964). "SAMUEL CLOSSY, A. B., M. D , F. R. C. P. OF IRELAND: First Professor of Anatomy, King's College (Columbia), New York". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 38 (2): 153–167. ISSN 0007-5140. JSTOR 44451190. PMID 14133620. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  69. ^ Schecter, Barnet (2002). The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution. Walker & Company. ISBN 978-0-8027-1374-2.
  70. ^ McCullough, David (2005). 1776. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2671-4.
  71. ^ a b Moore, Nathanal Fischer (1846). A Historical Sketch of Columbia. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
  72. ^ Groce, C. G. (1937). William Samuel Johnson: A Maker of the Constitution. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
  73. ^ McCaughey, Robert (December 10, 2003). . Stand, Columbia – A History of Columbia University. Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  74. ^ Hewitt, Abram S (1965) [First published 1937 by Columbia University Press]. "Liberty, Learning, and Property : Dedication of the New Buildings of Columbia University, Morningside Heights, May 2, 1896" (PDF). In Nevins, Allan (ed.). Selected writings, with Introduction by Nicholas Murray Butler. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press. pp. 315–337. OCLC 264897. (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2018. the time has come for a new and nobler civilization," ... when ... "the wealth which has accumulated in this city by the joint association of its people, and to which every human being contributes by his industry, shall come to be regarded as a sacred trust to be administered in the public interest for works of beneficence to all.
  75. ^ "History – Columbia University in the City of New York". Columbia.edu. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  76. ^ Broad, William J. (October 30, 2007). "Why They Called It the Manhattan Project". The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2007.
  77. ^ "Columbia Daily Spectator 3 April 1928 — Columbia Spectator". Spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  78. ^ Asimov, I. (1979) In Memory Yet Green, Avon Books, pp. 156–157, 159–160, 240
  79. ^ "Columbia for Jews? The Untold Story of Seth Low Junior College" by Leeza Hirt, The Current, Fall 2016. (Retrieved January 18, 2020)
  80. ^ . Columbia School of General Studies. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  81. ^ . Gs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  82. ^ "University Senate". Senate.columbia.edu. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  83. ^ "History – Columbia University School of Professional Studies". Sps.columbia.edu. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  84. ^ "History – Columbia University in the City of New York". Columbia.edu. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  85. ^ "Columbia Removing 116th St. Pavement". The New York Times. August 19, 1953. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  86. ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2005). 1968: The Year That Rocked The World. New York, New York: Random House. pp. 194–199. ISBN 978-0-345-45582-6.
  87. ^ Bradley, Stefan (2009). Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960s. New York, New York: University of Illinois. pp. 5–19, 164–191. ISBN 978-0-252-03452-7.
  88. ^ Reception honors anniversary of CC coeducation | Columbia Daily Spectator. Columbiaspectator.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.
  89. ^ "Our Partnership with Columbia University | Barnard College". barnard.edu. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  90. ^ . Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  91. ^ "History – Faculty of Arts and Sciences". Fas.columbia.edu. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  92. ^ . Columbia Spectator. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  93. ^ "Butler Library: Self-Guided Tour" (PDF). Columbia University. (PDF) from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  94. ^ Robert D. Colburn (July 2002) National Historic Landmark Nomination: Philosophy Hall, National Park Service and Accompanying 13 photos, exterior and interior, from c.1922–2001
  95. ^ Carolyn Pitts (1987). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Low Memorial Library, Columbia". National Park Service.
  96. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University—Accompanying photos". National Park Service. 1983.
  97. ^ New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.
  98. ^ Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (3/2/1934–) (1996). New York SP Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter. File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, 1964 – 2013.
  99. ^ "Earl Hall at Columbia University Listed on National Register of Historic Places". NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  100. ^ Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (1980). New York SP Union Theological Seminary. File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, 1964 – 2013.
  101. ^ Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture. "Alma Mater (sculpture)". The Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  102. ^ Meredith Foster (February 11, 2011). . The Eye. Columbia Spectator. Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  103. ^ "What Is the Mace? A Guide to Columbia's Icons". Columbia University Record. May 19, 1999. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  104. ^ Richard P. Dober. (PDF). Dober, Lidsky, Craig and Associates, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 14, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  105. ^ Columbia, Manhatanville. "Manhattanville Columbia".
  106. ^ "Manhattanville in West Harlem". Retrieved April 1, 2007.
  107. ^ Williams, Timothy (November 20, 2006). "In West Harlem Land Dispute, It's Columbia vs. Residents". The New York Times.
  108. ^ Williams, Timothy (September 21, 2008). "2 Gas Stations, and a Family's Resolve, Confront Columbia Expansion Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  109. ^ Astor, Maggie; Kim Kirschenbaum (December 18, 2008). "M'ville Expansion Clears Last Major Hurdle, State Approves Eminent Domain". Columbia Spectator. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
  110. ^ . Press Release. May 20, 2009. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
  111. ^ Harder, Ben (July 28, 2020). "2020-21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings". health.usnews.com. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  112. ^ . NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  113. ^ . Columbia University. Archived from the original on December 12, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  114. ^ . Columbia Environmental Stewardship. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  115. ^ "Columbia Greenmarket". GrowNYC. September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  116. ^ . The College Sustainability Report Card. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  117. ^ . College Sustainability Report Card. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  118. ^ "U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)". Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  119. ^ "Columbia Transportation". transportation.columbia.edu. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  120. ^ "Class of 2025 Profile". Columbia University. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  121. ^ . Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 4, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  122. ^ "Columbia acceptance rate drops to record low 3.7 percent after 51 percent spike in applications". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  123. ^ "Financial Aid Statistics". Columbia University.
  124. ^ . Collegedata.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  125. ^ Lewin, Tamar (April 11, 2007). "Columbia to Receive $400 Million for Student Aid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  126. ^ "Columbia University to Offer Financial Aid to More Students". The New York Times. March 11, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  127. ^ Steinberg, Jacques (March 23, 2010). "Columbia, Michigan and Connecticut Among 25 Colleges to Add Common Application". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  128. ^ "The Named Scholars". Studentaffairs.columbia.edu. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  129. ^ Gross, Jessica (November 10, 2013). "Who Made That College Application?". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
  130. ^ a b "Faculties | Columbia University in the City of New York". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  131. ^ a b . Columbia University. Archived from the original on January 21, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  132. ^ "Columbia University Senate". Columbia University. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  133. ^ a b "Election packet" (PDF). 2017.
  134. ^ a b "Elections". Senate.columbia.edu.
  135. ^ "Office of the President: Lee Bollinger". Columbia.edu. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  136. ^ "List of Schools | Columbia University in the City of New York". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  137. ^ "Schools of Columbia University". Columbia University. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  138. ^ . Barnard.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  139. ^ "CHARTERS AND STATUTES : Columbia University in the City of New York" (PDF). Provost.columbia.edu. (PDF) from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  140. ^ "Cross-Registration: Columbia and Barnard College – Office of the University Registrar". Registrar.columbia.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  141. ^ . Gs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  142. ^ "Columbia-Juilliard Program | Columbia Undergraduate Admissions". Undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  143. ^ Patti, Jill Pasternak, Joe. "Crossing Boundaries from Past to Future: Pianist Conrad Tao on Crossover". Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  144. ^ a b "Charters and Statutes" (PDF). Secretary.columbia.edu.
  145. ^ "Charters and Statutes" (PDF). 2017. p. 97.
  146. ^ "Fact Sheet – Barnard College". Barnard.edu.
  147. ^ "Joint LLB/Juris Doctor (JD) with Columbia University, New York". University College London. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  148. ^ "Dual BA Program Between Columbia University and Sciences Po". Gs.columbia.edu. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  149. ^ "Joint Bachelor's Degree Program between City University of Hong Kong and Columbia University". Gs.columbia.edu. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  150. ^ . Gs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
  151. ^ . Undergrad.asmissions.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  152. ^ . Columbia University. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
  153. ^ Redden, Elizabeth (April 4, 2018). "Columbia, Trinity College Dublin start new dual B.A. program". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  154. ^ "Oxford/Cambridge Scholars Program: Academic Year | Undergraduate Global Engagement".
  155. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  156. ^ "Forbes America's Top Colleges List 2022". Forbes. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  157. ^ "Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings 2022". The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  158. ^ "2022-2023 Best National Universities". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  159. ^ "2022 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  160. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  161. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2023". Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  162. ^ "World University Rankings 2022". Times Higher Education. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  163. ^ "2022 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  164. ^ "Columbia University – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  165. ^ "Columbia University – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  166. ^ Morse, Robert (July 7, 2022). "U.S. News Unranks Columbia University in 2022 Best Colleges Rankings".
  167. ^ Hartocollis, Anemona (March 17, 2022). "U.S. News Ranked Columbia No. 2, but a Math Professor Has His Doubts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  168. ^ Diep, Francie (March 16, 2022). "Columbia Is Ranked No. 2 by 'U.S News.' A Professor Says Its Spot Is Based on False Data". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  169. ^ Hartocollis, Anemona (July 8, 2022). "Columbia Loses Its No. 2 Spot in the U.S. News Rankings". The New York Times.
  170. ^ "Havemeyer Hall" (PDF). www.acs.org. October 9, 1998.
  171. ^ . carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Center for Postsecondary Education. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  172. ^ Guenther, Katja (2015). Localization and Its Discontents: A Genealogy of Psychoanalysis and the Neuro Disciplines. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-226-28820-8.
  173. ^ (PDF). Columbia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  174. ^ Paez, Danny. "Incredible New Brain-Computer Interface Can Translate Thoughts Into Speech". Inverse. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  175. ^ "Artificial intelligence translates thoughts directly into speech in scientific first". The Independent. January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  176. ^ "Columbia Researchers Developed Technology That Can Translate Brain Activity Into Words". Fortune.com. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  177. ^ Herper, Matthew (July 26, 2001). . Forbes. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
  178. ^ a b (PDF). Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  179. ^ a b . Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
  180. ^ Reedy, Katie (November 28, 2006). "Patents Bring in the Cash to Columbia". Columbia Spectator. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  181. ^ "U.S. Military Veterans". Gs.columbia.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  182. ^ "About – Teachers College, Columbia University". Tc.columbia.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  183. ^ Topping, Seymour (2008). "History of The Pulitzer Prizes". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved September 13, 2011. Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler.
  184. ^ "The Bancroft Prizes | Columbia University Libraries". library.columbia.edu. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  185. ^ "Prizes". Columbia Journalism School. 2021.
  186. ^ "The Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize". Columbia University Irving Medical Center. June 14, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  187. ^ "40th Annual W. Alden Spencer Lecture and Award". zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu. August 1, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  188. ^ "The Vetlesen Prize | Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory". www.ldeo.columbia.edu. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  189. ^ "Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture". www.keenecenter.org. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  190. ^ "Edwin Howard Armstrong Memorial Award. Columbia University Electrical Engineering Department. | Scholars@Duke". scholars.duke.edu. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  191. ^ "ASPPH | Columbia Calling for Nominees: The Frank A. Calderone Prize in Public Health — Deadline June 30th". www.aspph.org. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  192. ^ "Columbia Receives Trust to Aid Music". The New York Times. May 16, 1940. p. 31. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  193. ^ "College Scorecard: Columbia University". United States Department of Education. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  194. ^ Columbia University (January 12, 2021). "Headcount Enrollment by School, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, Fall 2020" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  195. ^ "Facts and Figures | Columbia Financial Aid and Educational Financing". Cc-seas.financialaid.columbia.edu. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
  196. ^ . undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  197. ^ "Housing and Dining". Columbia University Office of Student Affairs. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  198. ^ Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
  199. ^ . Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  200. ^ "Fraternity and Sorority Life at Columbia". Columbia University. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  201. ^ "Columbia Daily Spectator". Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  202. ^ "Blue & White". Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  203. ^ "Bwog". Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  204. ^ "The Current: a journal of contemporary politics, culture, and Jewish affairs at Columbia University". The Current.
  205. ^ "Columbia Political Review". Retrieved December 26, 2008.
  206. ^ "AdHoc". Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  207. ^ . Archived from the original on August 4, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  208. ^ "About". October 8, 2014.
  209. ^ "About Quarto".
  210. ^ "4x4 About".
  211. ^ . Archived from the original on October 9, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
  212. ^ "The Mobius Strip". Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  213. ^ . Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
  214. ^ "Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal". cusj.columbia.edu.
  215. ^ "Journal of Politics & Society". Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  216. ^ . Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  217. ^ . East Asia Review. Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  218. ^ "The Birch". Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  219. ^ "History and Vision". Columbia Science Review. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  220. ^ . Archived from the original on August 4, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  221. ^ . Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  222. ^ "The Columbian". Columbia University. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  223. ^ . The Gadlfy. Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  224. ^ . Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  225. ^ "Current Musicology". Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  226. ^ "The Journal of Philosophy". Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  227. ^ "About Us: Mission Statement". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  228. ^ ""The Original FM": The Columbia University Radio Club". Columbia University. 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  229. ^ . Archived from the original on November 4, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  230. ^ . Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  231. ^ . Philolexian Society. February 1, 2010. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  232. ^ Jaynes, Gregory (December 5, 1987). "No, Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst Verse". The New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  233. ^ "Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team". Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  234. ^ . Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
  235. ^ Kathleen, Mary (June 7, 2010). . The Deal. Archived from the original on September 8, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  236. ^ Jon Swartz (September 17, 2013). "Square's Jack Dorsey goes recruiting in NYC". USA Today. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  237. ^ Cormier, Amanda (October 7, 2010). . The Eye. Archived from the original on November 2, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  238. ^ . Columbia University. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  239. ^ Kuchment, Anna (June 28, 2010). "Columbia Joins NYC Media Lab". The Record. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  240. ^ . Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  241. ^ Carft, Julie (July 29, 1989). "Image is Heavy Burden – Weightlifter Karyn Marshall Feels Pressure to Project 'Femininity, Intelligence'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  242. ^ Lidz, Franz (March 21, 1988). . Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  243. ^ Baker Field: Birthplace of Sports Television October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Columbia University.
  244. ^ "20th-Century Greats". Columbia University. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  245. ^ "Columbia Athletics Highlight". Columbia University. 2004. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  246. ^ Losing streak. Wikicu.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.
  247. ^ "Football Hosts Columbia in Liberty Cup Game on Saturday". Fordham University Athletics. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  248. ^ . Worldleaders.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  249. ^ . Worldleaders.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on September 17, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  250. ^ . Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  251. ^ "Notes and Keys Launched". Columbia Daily Spectator. February 26, 1909. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
January 08, 2023
columbia, university, other, uses, disambiguation, also, known, columbia, officially, city, york, private, research, university, york, city, established, 1754, king, college, grounds, trinity, church, manhattan, columbia, oldest, institution, higher, education. For other uses see Columbia University disambiguation Columbia University also known as Columbia and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York is a private research university in New York City Established in 1754 as King s College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence and a member of the Ivy League Columbia is ranked among the top universities in the world 9 10 Columbia UniversityCoat of armsLatin Universitas ColumbiaeFormer namesKing s College 1754 1784 Columbia College 1784 1896 1 53 60 MottoIn lumine Tuo videbimus lumen Latin Motto in English In Thy light shall we see light 2 TypeRoyal college 1754 1776 Private research university 1776 present EstablishedMay 25 1754 268 years ago 1754 05 25 AccreditationMSCHEAcademic affiliationsAAUURA568 GroupNAICUSpace grantEndowment 13 3 billion 2022 3 PresidentLee BollingerProvostMary Cunningham BoyceAcademic staff4 370 4 Students33 413 Fall 2019 5 Undergraduates6 398 Fall 2019 n 1 5 Postgraduates24 412 Fall 2019 5 LocationNew York New York United States40 48 27 N 73 57 43 W 40 80750 N 73 96194 W 40 80750 73 96194 Coordinates 40 48 27 N 73 57 43 W 40 80750 N 73 96194 W 40 80750 73 96194CampusLarge City 299 acres 1 21 km2 NewspaperColumbia Daily SpectatorColorsColumbia blue and white 8 NicknameLionsSporting affiliationsNCAA Division I FCS Ivy LeagueEARCMascotRoar ee the LionWebsitecolumbia eduColumbia was established by royal charter under George II of Great Britain It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay In 1896 the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University Columbia scientists and scholars have played a pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including brain computer interface the laser and maser 11 12 nuclear magnetic resonance 13 the first nuclear pile the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift 14 15 16 and much of the initial research and planning for the Manhattan Project during World War II Columbia is organized into twenty schools including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools The university s research efforts include the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory the Goddard Institute for Space Studies and accelerator laboratories with Big Tech firms such as Amazon and IBM 17 18 Columbia is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the MD degree 19 The university also annually administers the Pulitzer Prize With over 15 million volumes Columbia University Library is the third largest private research library in the United States 20 The university s endowment stands at 13 3 billion in 2022 among the largest of any academic institution As of December 2021 update its alumni faculty and staff have included seven Founding Fathers of the United States n 2 four U S presidents n 3 33 foreign heads of state n 4 two secretaries general of the United Nations n 5 ten justices of the United States Supreme Court one of whom currently serves 101 Nobel laureates 125 National Academy of Sciences members 61 53 living billionaires 62 22 Olympic medalists 63 33 Academy Award winners and 125 Pulitzer Prize recipients Contents 1 History 1 1 Colonial period 1 2 18th century 1 3 19th century to present 2 Campus 2 1 Morningside Heights 2 2 Other campuses 2 3 Sustainability 2 4 Transportation 3 Academics 3 1 Undergraduate admissions and financial aid 3 2 Organization 3 3 International partnerships 3 4 Rankings 3 5 Research 3 6 Military and veteran enrollment 3 7 Awards 4 Student life 4 1 Students 4 1 1 Publications 4 1 2 Broadcasting 4 1 3 Debate and Model UN 4 2 Technology and entrepreneurship 4 3 Athletics 4 4 World Leaders Forum 4 5 Other 5 Traditions 5 1 Orgo Night 5 2 Tree Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies 5 3 The Varsity Show 6 Notable people 6 1 Alumni 6 2 Faculty 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksHistoryMain article History of Columbia University Colonial period Samuel Johnson the first president of Columbia Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704 at which time Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts the missionary arm of the Church of England persuading the society that New York City was an ideal community in which to establish a college 64 However it was not until the founding of the College of New Jersey renamed Princeton across the Hudson River in New Jersey that the City of New York seriously considered founding a college 64 In 1746 an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college In 1751 the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents seven of whom were members of the Church of England to direct the funds accrued by the state lottery towards the foundation of a college 65 Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college s first president Dr Samuel Johnson 66 8 10 Dr Johnson was the only instructor of the college s first class which consisted of a mere eight students Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan 67 3 The college was officially founded on October 31 1754 as King s College by royal charter of George II making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the State of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States 19 In 1763 Dr Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper a graduate of The Queen s College Oxford and an ardent Tory In the charged political climate of the American Revolution his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777 Alexander Hamilton 67 3 The Irish anatomist Samuel Clossy was appointed professor of natural philosophy in October 1765 and later the college s first professor of anatomy in 1767 68 The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776 and was catastrophic for the operation of King s College which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783 The college s library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces 69 70 18th century King s College Hall 1790 After the Revolution the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality promising to make whatever changes to the school s charter the state might demand 66 59 The legislature agreed to assist the college and on May 1 1784 it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King s College 66 The Act created a board of regents to oversee the resuscitation of King s College and in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic the legislature stipulated that the College within the City of New York heretofore called King s College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College 66 a reference to Columbia an alternative name for America which in turn comes from the name of Christopher Columbus The Regents finally became aware of the college s defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee which was headed by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton In April of that same year a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to a separate board of 24 trustees 71 65 70 The 1797 Taylor Map of New York City showing The College at its Park Place then Robinson Street location Note earlier location Trinity Church lower left On May 21 1787 William Samuel Johnson the son of Dr Samuel Johnson was unanimously elected president of Columbia College Prior to serving at the university Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention 72 For a period in the 1790s with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay Both President George Washington and Vice President John Adams attended the college s commencement on May 6 1789 as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution 66 74 19th century to present See also Student activism at Columbia University The Gothic Revival library and law school buildings on the Madison Avenue campus Low Memorial Library c 1900 Alma Mater In November 1813 the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons a new school created by the Regents of New York forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons 71 53 60 The college s enrollment structure and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned In 1857 the college moved from the King s College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue where it remained for the next forty years During the last half of the 19th century under the leadership of President F A P Barnard the president that Barnard College is named after the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university s refusal to accept women 73 By this time the college s investments in New York real estate became a primary source of steady income for the school mainly owing to the city s expanding population 67 5 8 In 1896 university president Seth Low moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights 66 74 Under the leadership of Low s successor Nicholas Murray Butler who served for over four decades Columbia rapidly became the nation s major institution for research setting the multiversity model that later universities would adopt 19 Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University Butler founded Teachers College as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor with philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge 64 Teachers College is currently affiliated as the university s Graduate School of Education 75 Research into the atom by faculty members John R Dunning I I Rabi Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia s physics department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the Manhattan Project 76 In 1928 Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College 64 77 The college was closed in 1936 due to the adverse effects of the Great Depression and its students were subsequently taught at Morningside Heights although they did not belong to any college but to the university at large 78 79 There was an evening school called University Extension which taught night classes for a fee to anyone willing to attend In 1947 the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the School of General Studies in response to the return of GIs after World War II 80 In 1995 the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full fledged liberal arts college for non traditional students those who have had an academic break of one year or more or are pursuing dual degrees and was fully integrated into Columbia s traditional undergraduate curriculum 81 Within the same year the Division of Special Programs later the School of Continuing Education and now the School of Professional Studies was established to reprise the former role of University Extension 82 While the School of Professional Studies only offered non degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages it now offers degree programs in a diverse range of professional and inter disciplinary fields 83 In the aftermath of World War II the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the university and in response the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946 drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science economics and history 84 The Columbia University Bicentennial was celebrated in 1954 85 During the 1960s Columbia experienced large scale student activism which reached a climax in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus The incident forced the resignation of Columbia s president Grayson Kirk and the establishment of the University Senate 86 87 Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983 after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College the all female institution affiliated with the university to merge the two schools 88 Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College 89 During the late 20th century the university underwent significant academic structural and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university For much of the 19th century the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science Philosophy and Pure Science In 1979 these faculties were merged into the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 90 In 1991 the faculties of Columbia College the School of General Studies the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences the School of the Arts and the School of Professional Studies were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools In 2010 the School of International and Public Affairs which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences became an independent faculty 91 CampusMorningside Heights College Walk The majority of Columbia s graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morningside Heights on Seth Low s late 19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location The campus was designed along Beaux Arts planning principles by the architects McKim Mead amp White Columbia s main campus occupies more than six city blocks or 32 acres 13 ha in Morningside Heights New York City a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions The university owns over 7 800 apartments in Morningside Heights housing faculty graduate students and staff Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories purpose built or converted are located on campus or in Morningside Heights Columbia University has an extensive tunnel system more than a century old with the oldest portions predating the present campus Some of these remain accessible to the public while others have been cordoned off 92 Butler Library The Nicholas Murray Butler Library known simply as Butler Library is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System and is one of the largest buildings on the campus Proposed as South Hall by the university s former president Nicholas Murray Butler as expansion plans for Low Memorial Library stalled the new library was funded by Edward Harkness benefactor of Yale s residential college system and designed by his favorite architect James Gamble Rogers It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946 The library design is neo classical in style Its facade features a row of columns in the Ionic order above which are inscribed the names of great writers philosophers and thinkers most of whom are read by students engaged in the Core Curriculum of Columbia College 93 As of 2020 update Columbia s library system includes over 15 0 million volumes making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States 20 Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places Low Memorial Library a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus is listed for its architectural significance Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio 94 Also listed is Pupin Hall another National Historic Landmark which houses the physics and astronomy departments Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world s first atom splitting in Copenhagen Denmark 95 96 Other buildings listed include Casa Italiana the Delta Psi Alpha Chapter building of St Anthony Hall Earl Hall and the buildings of the affiliated Union Theological Seminary 97 98 99 100 Union Theological Seminary A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library McKim Mead amp White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus Draped in an academic gown the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne The scroll like arms of the throne end in lamps representing sapientia and doctrina A book signifying knowledge balances on her lap and an owl the attribute of wisdom is hidden in the folds of her gown Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat terminating with a crown of King s College which refers to Columbia s origin as a royal charter institution in 1754 A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture The statue was dedicated on September 23 1903 as a gift of Mr amp Mrs Robert Goelet and was originally covered in golden leaf During the Columbia University protests of 1968 a bomb damaged the sculpture but it has since been repaired 101 The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student given that Barnard is a women s college 102 103 The Steps alternatively known as Low Steps or the Urban Beach are a popular meeting area for Columbia students The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus South Field to its upper terrace With a design inspired by the City Beautiful movement the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students faculty and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings events and ceremonies McKim s classical facade epitomizes late 19th century new classical designs with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure 104 Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library Other campuses Lamont Campus entrance in Palisades New York The entrance to the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Washington Heights In April 2007 the university purchased more than two thirds of a 17 acres 6 9 ha site for a new campus in Manhattanville an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia s Business School School of International and Public Affairs Columbia School of the Arts and the Jerome L Greene Center for Mind Brain and Behavior where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson s and Alzheimer s 105 106 The 7 billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings except three that are historically significant the Studebaker Building Prentis Hall and the Nash Building eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses and relocating tenants in 132 apartments Replacing these buildings created 6 8 million square feet 630 000 m2 of space for the university Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land to residents rights 107 108 Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition As of December 2008 update the State of New York s Empire State Development Corporation approved use of eminent domain which through declaration of Manhattanville s blighted status gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use 109 On May 20 2009 the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan 110 NewYork Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and Cornell University According to U S News amp World Report s 2020 21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings it is ranked fourth overall and second among university hospitals 111 Columbia s medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U S and four hospitals overseas Health related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center a 20 acre 8 1 ha campus located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights fifty blocks uptown Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the NewYork Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan and the Payne Whitney Westchester a psychiatric institute located in White Plains New York 112 On the northern tip of Manhattan island in the neighborhood of Inwood Columbia owns the 26 acre 11 ha Baker Field which includes the Lawrence A Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports outdoor track and tennis There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River the 157 acre 64 ha Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory and Earth Institute in Palisades New York A fourth is the 60 acre 24 ha Nevis Laboratories in Irvington New York for the study of particle and motion physics A satellite site in Paris France holds classes at Reid Hall 19 Sustainability In 2006 the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university s environmental footprint The U S Green Building Council selected the university s Manhattanville plan for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED Neighborhood Design pilot program The plan commits to incorporating smart growth new urbanism and green building design principles 113 Columbia is one of the 2030 Challenge Partners a group of nine universities in the city of New York that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse emissions by 30 within the next ten years Columbia University adopts LEED standards for all new construction and major renovations The university requires a minimum of Silver but through its design and review process seeks to achieve higher levels This is especially challenging for lab and research buildings with their intensive energy use however the university also uses lab design guidelines that seek to maximize energy efficiency while protecting the safety of researchers 114 Every Thursday and Sunday of the month Columbia hosts a greenmarket where local farmers can sell their produce to residents of the city In addition from April to November Hodgson s farm a local New York gardening center joins the market bringing a large selection of plants and blooming flowers The market is one of the many operated at different points throughout the city by the non profit group GrowNYC 115 Dining services at Columbia spends 36 percent of its food budget on local products in addition to serving sustainably harvested seafood and fair trade coffee on campus 116 Columbia has been rated B by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives 117 Access to Columbia is enhanced by the 116th Street Columbia University subway station 1 train on the IRT Broadway Seventh Avenue Line According to the A W Kuchler U S potential natural vegetation types Columbia University would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak 104 with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest 25 118 Transportation Columbia Transportation is the bus service of the university operated by Academy Bus Lines The buses are open to all Columbia faculty students Dodge Fitness Center members and anyone else who holds a Columbia ID card In addition all TSC students can ride the buses 119 In the New York City Subway the train serves the university at 116th Street Columbia University The M4 M104 and M60 buses stop on Broadway while the M11 stops on Amsterdam Avenue AcademicsUndergraduate admissions and financial aid Van Amringe Quadrangle and Memorial Admissions statistics2021 enteringclass 120 Change vs 2016 121 Admit rate3 9 2 1 Yield rate66 5 1 4 Test scores middle 50 SAT Total1510 1560 10 median Columbia University received 60 551 applications for the class of 2025 entering 2021 and a total of around 2 218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3 66 122 Columbia is a racially diverse school with approximately 52 of all students identifying themselves as persons of color Additionally 50 of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia The average grant size awarded to these students is 46 516 123 In 2015 2016 annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was 50 526 with a total cost of attendance of 65 860 including room and board 124 Annual gifts fund raising and an increase in spending from the university s endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students On April 11 2007 Columbia University announced a 400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education 125 As of 2008 update undergraduates from families with incomes as high as 60 000 a year will have the projected cost of attending the university including room board and academic fees fully paid for by the university That same year the university ended loans for incoming and then current students who were on financial aid replacing loans that were traditionally part of aid packages with grants from the university However this does not apply to international students transfer students visiting students or students in the School of General Studies 126 In the fall of 2010 admission to Columbia s undergraduate colleges Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering began accepting the Common Application The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy League university to switch to the Common Application 127 Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee Designations include John W Kluge Scholars John Jay Scholars C Prescott Davis Scholars Global Scholars Egleston Scholars and Science Research Fellows Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first year applicants According to Columbia the first four designated scholars distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements dynamism intellectual curiosity the originality and independence of their thinking and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences 128 In 1919 Columbia established a student application process characterized by The New York Times as the first modern college application The application required a photograph of the applicant the maiden name of the applicant s mother and the applicant s religious background 129 Organization Columbia Graduate Professional Schools 130 College school Year foundedVagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons 1767College of Dental Medicine 1852Columbia Law School 1858Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science 1864Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 1880Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation 1881Teachers College Columbia University affiliate 1887Columbia University School of Nursing 1892Columbia University School of Social Work 1898Graduate School of Journalism 1912Columbia Business School 1916Mailman School of Public Health 1922School of International and Public Affairs 1946School of the Arts 1965School of Professional Studies 1995Columbia Climate School 2021Columbia Undergraduate Schools 130 College school Year foundedColumbia College 1754Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science 1864Barnard College affiliate 1889Columbia University School of General Studies 1947Columbia University is an independent privately supported nonsectarian institution of higher education Its official corporate name is The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York The university s first charter was granted in 1754 by King George II however its modern charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature The university is governed by 24 trustees customarily including the president who serves ex officio The trustees themselves are responsible for choosing their successors Six of the 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association Another six are nominated by the board in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate The remaining 12 including the president are nominated by the trustees themselves through their internal processes The term of office for trustees is six years Generally they serve for no more than two consecutive terms The trustees appoint the president and other senior administrative officers of the university and review and confirm faculty appointments as required They determine the university s financial and investment policies authorize the budget supervise the endowment direct the management of the university s real estate and other assets and otherwise oversee the administration and management of the university 131 Low Memorial Library The University Senate was established by the trustees after a university wide referendum in 1969 It succeeded to the powers of the University Council which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty deans and other administrators to regulate inter Faculty affairs and consider issues of university wide concern The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university These include the president of the university the provost the deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences all of whom serve ex officio and five additional representatives appointed by the president from the university s administration The president serves as the Senate s presiding officer The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies physical development budget and external relations of the university It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students 132 133 134 The president of Columbia University who is selected by the trustees in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate and who serves at the trustees pleasure is the chief executive officer of the university Assisting the president in administering the university are the provost the senior executive vice president the executive vice president for health and biomedical sciences several other vice presidents the general counsel the secretary of the university and the deans of the faculties all of whom are appointed by the trustees on the nomination of the president and serve at their pleasure 131 Lee C Bollinger became the 19th president of Columbia University on June 1 2002 As president of the University of Michigan he played a leading role in the twin Supreme Court cases Grutter v Bollinger and Gratz v Bollinger which upheld the use of student diversity as a compelling justification for affirmative action in higher education 135 The Barnard College Class of 1913 processes down the steps of Low Library Columbia has four official undergraduate colleges Columbia College the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree the School of General Studies the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non traditional students undertaking full or part time study and Barnard College 136 137 Barnard College is a women s liberal arts college and an academic affiliate in which students receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University Their degrees are signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College 138 139 Barnard students are also eligible to cross register classes that are available through the Barnard Catalogue and alumnae can join the Columbia Alumni Association 140 Joint degree programs are available through Union Theological Seminary the Jewish Theological Seminary of America 141 as well as through the Juilliard School 142 143 Teachers College and Barnard College are official faculties of the university both colleges presidents are deans under the university governance structure 144 The Columbia University Senate includes faculty and student representatives from Teachers College and Barnard College who serve two year terms all senators are accorded full voting privileges regarding matters impacting the entire university Teachers College is an affiliated financially independent graduate school with their own Board of Trustees 133 134 Pursuant to an affiliation agreement Columbia is given the authority to confer degrees and diplomas to the graduates of Teachers College The degrees are signed by presidents of Teachers College and Columbia University in a manner analogous to the university s other graduate schools 145 146 144 Columbia s General Studies school also has joint undergraduate programs available through University College London 147 Sciences Po 148 City University of Hong Kong 149 Trinity College Dublin 150 and the Juilliard School 151 The university also has several Columbia Global Centers in Amman Beijing Istanbul Mumbai Nairobi Paris Rio de Janeiro Santiago and Tunis 152 International partnerships Columbia students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as Sciences Po 153 Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales EHESS Ecole normale superieure ENS Pantheon Sorbonne University King s College London London School of Economics University College London and the University of Warwick Select students can study at either the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge for a year if approved by both Columbia and either Oxford or Cambridge 154 Columbia also has a dual MA program with the Aga Khan University in London Rankings Academic rankingsNationalARWU 155 6Forbes 156 5THE WSJ 157 16U S News amp World Report 158 18Washington Monthly 159 25GlobalARWU 160 8QS 161 22THE 162 11U S News amp World Report 163 7 National Program Rankings 164 Program RankingBiological Sciences 11Business 8Chemistry 12Computer Science 11Earth Sciences 5Economics 9Engineering 13English 8Fine Arts 10Health Care Management 15History 5Law 4Mathematics 7Medicine Primary Care 75Medicine Research 3Nursing Doctorate 5Nursing Master s 6Nursing Anesthesia 22Nursing Midwifery 13Occupational Therapy 8Physical Therapy 25Physics 9Political Science 8Psychology 12Public Affairs 23Public Health 4Social Work 5Sociology 11Statistics 5 Global Program Rankings 165 Program RankingArts amp Humanities 18Biology amp Biochemistry 20Cardiac amp Cardiovascular Systems 3Chemistry 33Clinical Medicine 10Computer Science 36Economics amp Business 8Electrical amp Electronic Engineering 102Engineering 114Environment Ecology 36Geosciences 4Immunology 32Materials Science 57Mathematics 11Microbiology 33Molecular Biology amp Genetics 18Neuroscience amp Behavior 7Oncology 32Pharmacology amp Toxicology 46Physics 12Plant amp Animal Science 202Psychiatry Psychology 4Social Sciences amp Public Health 8Space Science 37Surgery 27 Columbia University is ranked 18th in the United States and seventh globally for 2022 2023 by U S News amp World Report In the previous year Columbia was ranked sixth in the United States although this was later found to have partly resulted from inaccurate statistics submitted by the university resulting in its temporary delisting from the rankings 166 QS University Rankings listed Columbia as fifth in the United States Ranked 15th among U S colleges for 2020 by The Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education in recent years it has been ranked as high as second Individual colleges and schools were also nationally ranked by U S News amp World Report for its 2021 edition Columbia Law School was ranked fourth the Mailman School of Public Health fourth the School of Social Work tied for third Columbia Business School eighth the College of Physicians and Surgeons tied for sixth for research and tied for 31st for primary care the School of Nursing tied for 11th in the master s program and tied for first in the doctorate nursing program and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science graduate was ranked tied for 14th In 2021 Columbia was ranked seventh in the world sixth in the United States by Academic Ranking of World Universities sixth in the world by U S News amp World Report 19th in the world by QS World University Rankings and 11th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities along with Harvard MIT and Stanford in the 2019 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance In 2022 Columbia s reporting of metrics used for university ranking was criticized by Professor of Mathematics Michael Thaddeus who argued key data supporting the ranking was inaccurate dubious or highly misleading 167 168 Subsequently U S News amp World Report unranked Columbia from its 2022 list of Best Colleges saying that it could not verify the data submitted by the university 169 Columbia s Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation was ranked the second most admired graduate program by Architectural Record in 2020 In 2015 Columbia University was ranked the first in the state by average professor salaries In 2011 the Mines ParisTech Professional Ranking of World Universities ranked Columbia third best university for forming CEOs in the US and 12th worldwide Research Havemeyer Hall a National Historic Chemical Landmark where deuterium was discovered in 1931 Research conducted in Havemeyer has led to at least seven Nobel Prizes 170 Columbia is classified among R1 Doctoral Universities Very high research activity 171 Columbia was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of Principles of Neural Science described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the neuroscience bible 172 The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel James H Schwartz and Thomas Jessell Columbia was the birthplace of FM radio and the laser 173 The first brain computer interface capable of translating brain signals into speech was developed by neuroengineers at Columbia 174 175 176 The MPEG 2 algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou a Columbia professor of electrical engineering Biologist Martin Chalfie was the first to introduce the use of Green Fluorescent Protein GFP in labeling cells in intact organisms 177 Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification SLS technology for making LCDs System Management Arts SMARTS Session Initiation Protocol SIP which is used for audio video chat instant messaging and whiteboarding pharmacopeia Macromodel software for computational chemistry a new and better recipe for glass concrete Blue LEDs and Beamprop used in photonics 178 Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year 178 More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market These include Remicade for arthritis Reopro for blood clot complications Xalatan for glaucoma Benefix Latanoprost a glaucoma treatment shoulder prosthesis homocysteine testing for cardiovascular disease and Zolinza for cancer therapy 179 Columbia Technology Ventures formerly Science and Technology Ventures as of 2008 update manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements 179 Patent related deals earned Columbia more than 230 million in the 2006 fiscal year according to the university more than any university in the world 180 Columbia owns many unique research facilities such as the Columbia Institute for Tele Information dedicated to telecommunications and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies which is an astronomical observatory affiliated with NASA Military and veteran enrollment Columbia is a long standing participant of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Yellow Ribbon Program allowing eligible veterans to pursue a Columbia undergraduate degree regardless of socioeconomic status for over 70 years 181 As a part of the Eisenhower Leader Development Program ELDP in partnership with the United States Military Academy at West Point Columbia is the only school in the Ivy League to offer a graduate degree program in organizational psychology to aid military officers in tactical decision making and strategic management 182 Awards President Lee Bollinger presents the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction to Jeffrey Eugenides Several prestigious awards are administered by Columbia University most notably the Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize in history 183 184 Other prizes which are awarded by the Graduate School of Journalism include the Alfred I duPont Columbia University Award the National Magazine Awards the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes the John Chancellor Award and the Lukas Prizes which include the J Anthony Lukas Book Prize and Mark Lynton History Prize 185 The university also administers the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize which is considered an important precursor to the Nobel Prize 51 of its 101 recipients having gone on to win either a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine or Nobel Prize in Chemistry as of October 2018 the W Alden Spencer Award the Vetlesen Prize which is known as the Nobel Prize of geology the Japan U S Friendship Commission Prize for the Translation of Japanese Literature the oldest such award the Edwin Howard Armstrong award the Calderone Prize in public health and the Ditson Conductor s Award 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 Student lifeStudents Student body composition as of May 2 2022 Race and ethnicity 193 TotalWhite 33 33 Foreign national 18 18 Asian 17 17 Hispanic 15 15 Other a 10 10 Black 7 7 Economic diversityLow income b 19 19 Affluent c 81 81 In 2020 Columbia University s student population was 31 455 8 842 students in undergraduate programs and 22 613 in postgraduate programs with 45 of the student population identifying themselves as a minority 194 Twenty six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below 60 000 16 of students at Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants 195 which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below 40 000 Seventeen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four year college 196 On campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering share housing in the on campus residence halls First year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn Carman Hall Furnald Hall Hartley Hall John Jay Hall or Wallach Hall originally Livingston Hall Upperclassmen participate in a room selection process wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor or apartment style housing with their friends The Columbia University School of General Studies Barnard College and graduate schools have their own apartment style housing in the surrounding neighborhood 197 Columbia University is home to many fraternities sororities and co educational Greek organizations Approximately 10 15 of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life 198 Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta chapter of Alpha Delta Phi 199 The InterGreek Council is the self governing student organization that provides guidelines and support to its member organizations within each of the three councils at Columbia the Interfraternity Council Panhellenic Council and Multicultural Greek Council The three council presidents bring their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as one Greek community The InterGreek Council meetings provide opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other work together and advocate for community needs 200 Publications Copies of the Columbia Daily Spectator being sold during the 1962 63 New York City newspaper strike The Art Deco cover of the November 1931 edition of the Jester celebrating the opening of the George Washington Bridge The Columbia Daily Spectator is the nation s second oldest continuously operating daily student newspaper 201 The Blue and White 202 is a monthly literary magazine established in 1890 that discusses campus life and local politics Bwog 203 originally an offshoot of The Blue and White but now fully independent is an online campus news and entertainment source The Morningside Post is a student run multimedia news publication Political publications include The Current a journal of politics culture and Jewish Affairs 204 the Columbia Political Review the multi partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union 205 and AdHoc which denotes itself as the progressive campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues and arts events 206 Columbia Magazine is the alumni magazine of Columbia serving all 340 000 of the university s alumni Arts and literary publications include The Columbia Review the nation s oldest college literary magazine 207 Surgam the literary magazine of The Philolexian Society 208 Quarto Columbia University s official undergraduate literary magazine 209 4x4 a student run alternative to Quarto 210 Columbia a nationally regarded literary journal the Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism 211 and The Mobius Strip an online arts and literary magazine 212 Inside New York is an annual guidebook to New York City written edited and published by Columbia undergraduates Through a distribution agreement with Columbia University Press the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores 213 Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal prints original science research in its two annual publications 214 The Journal of Politics amp Society is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences 215 Publius is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008 and published biannually 216 the Columbia East Asia Review allows undergraduates throughout the world to publish original work on China Japan Korea Tibet and Vietnam and is supported by the Weatherhead East Asian Institute 217 The Birch is an undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student run journal of its kind 218 the Columbia Economics Review is the undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Economics Department and the Columbia Science Review is a science magazine that prints general interest articles and faculty profiles 219 Humor publications on Columbia s campus include The Fed a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper and the Jester of Columbia 220 221 Other publications include The Columbian the undergraduate colleges annually published yearbook 222 the Gadfly a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates 223 and Rhapsody in Blue an undergraduate urban studies magazine 224 Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current Musicology and The Journal of Philosophy 225 226 During the spring semester graduate students in the Journalism School publish The Bronx Beat a bi weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University s Graduate School of Journalism the Columbia Journalism Review CJR examines day to day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance The magazine is published six times a year 227 Broadcasting Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate campus radio broadcasting WKCR FM and CTV Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard s radio station WBAR WKCR the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri state area claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world owing to the university s affiliation with Major Edwin Armstrong The station went operational on July 18 1939 from a 400 foot antenna tower in Alpine New Jersey broadcasting the first FM transmission in the world Initially WKCR was not a radio station but an organization concerned with the technology of radio communications As membership grew however the nascent club turned its efforts to broadcasting Armstrong helped the students in their early efforts donating a microphone and turntables when they designed their first makeshift studio in a dorm room 228 The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan Columbia Television CTV is the nation s second oldest student television station and the home of CTV News a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students 229 230 Debate and Model UN The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802 making it the oldest student group at Columbia as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country 231 The society annually administers the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest 232 The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the American Parliamentary Debate Association and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia s campus as well as public debates on issues affecting the university 233 The Columbia International Relations Council and Association CIRCA oversees Columbia s Model United Nations activities CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus and trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Model UN 234 Technology and entrepreneurship Pupin Hall the physics building showing the rooftop Rutherfurd Observatory Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City Over the past 20 years graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies 235 The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs CORE was founded in 1999 The student run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus Each year CORE hosts dozens of events including talks StartupColumbia a conference and venture competition for 250 000 and Ignite CU a weekend for undergrads interested in design engineering and entrepreneurship Notable speakers include Peter Thiel Jack Dorsey 236 Alexis Ohanian Drew Houston and Mark Cuban As of 2006 CORE had awarded graduate and undergraduate students over 100 000 in seed capital CampusNetwork an on campus social networking site called Campus Network that preceded Facebook was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003 Mark Zuckerberg later asked Goldberg to join him in Palo Alto to work on Facebook but Goldberg declined the offer 237 The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science offers a minor in Technical Entrepreneurship through its Center for Technology Innovation and Community Engagement SEAS entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and worldwide made possible through partners such as Microsoft Corporation 238 On June 14 2010 Mayor Michael R Bloomberg launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations in New York s media industry Situated at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering the lab is a consortium of Columbia University New York University and New York City Economic Development Corporation acting to connect companies with universities in new technology research The Lab is modeled after similar ones at MIT and Stanford and was established with a 250 000 grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation 239 Athletics Robert K Kraft Field at Lawrence A Wien Stadium Main article Columbia Lions See also C RockA member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA in Division I FCS Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the Ivy League The football Lions play home games at the 17 000 seat Robert K Kraft Field at Lawrence A Wien Stadium The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball softball soccer lacrosse field hockey tennis track and rowing as well as the new Campbell Sports Center which opened in January 2013 The basketball fencing swimming amp diving volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus 240 Triple Crown winner and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Lou Gehrig Former students include Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman Marcellus Wiley and world champion women s weightlifter Karyn Marshall 241 242 On May 17 1939 fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers at Columbia s Baker Field making it the first televised regular athletic event in history 243 244 Columbia University athletics has a long history with many accomplishments in athletic fields In 1870 Columbia played against Rutgers University in the second intercollegiate rugby football game in the history of the sport Eight years later Columbia crew won the famed Henley Royal Regatta in the first ever defeat for an English crew rowing in English waters In 1900 Olympian and Columbia College student Maxie Long set the first official world record in the 400 meters with a time of 47 8 seconds In 1983 Columbia men s soccer went 18 0 and was ranked first in the nation but lost to Indiana 1 0 in double overtime in the NCAA championship game nevertheless the team went further toward the NCAA title than any Ivy League soccer team in history 245 The football program unfortunately is best known for its record of futility set during the 1980s between 1983 and 1988 the team lost 44 games in a row which is still the record for the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision The streak was broken on October 8 1988 with a 16 13 victory over arch rival Princeton University That was the Lions first victory at Wien Stadium which had been opened during the losing streak and was already four years old 246 A new tradition has developed with the Liberty Cup The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the football game between Fordham and Columbia Universities two of the only three NCAA Division I football teams in New York City 247 World Leaders Forum World Leaders Forum at Low Memorial Library Established in 2003 by university president Lee C Bollinger the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government religion industry finance and academia The World Leaders Forum is a year around event series that strives to provide a platform for uninhibited speech among nations and cultures while educating students about problems and progress around the globe 248 Past forum speakers include former president of the United States Bill Clinton the prime minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee former president of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin president of the Republic of Mozambique Joaquim Alberto Chissano president of the Republic of Bolivia Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert president of the Republic of Romania Ion Iliescu president of the Republic of Latvia Vaira Vike Freiberga the first female president of Finland Tarja Halonen President Yudhoyono of Indonesia President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Iraq President Jalal Talabani the 14th Dalai Lama president of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad financier George Soros Mayor of New York City Michael R Bloomberg President Vaclav Klaus of the Czech Republic President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner of Argentina former Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and Al Gore 249 Other Earl Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its role in serving as a venue for meetings and dances of the Columbia Queer Alliance The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896 and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia s schools 250 The Notes and Keys the oldest a cappella group at Columbia was founded in 1909 251 There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater including the Columbia Players King s Crown Shakespeare Troupe KCST Columbia Musical Theater Society CMTS NOMADS New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students LateNite Theatre Columbia University Performing Arts League CUPAL Black Theatre Ensemble BTE sketch comedy group Chowdah and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch 252 The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual lesbian gay transgender and questioning student population It is the oldest gay student organization in the world founded as the Student Homophile League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson 253 254 Columbia University campus military groups include the U S Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC In the 2005 06 academic year the Columbia Military Society Columbia s student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates was renamed the Hamilton Society for students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton 255 The largest student service organization at Columbia is Community Impact CI Founded in 1981 CI provides food clothing shelter education job training and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities CI consists of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs which serve more than 8 000 people each year 256 Columbia has several secret societies including St Anthony Hall which was founded at the university in 1847 and two senior societies the Nacoms and Sachems 257 258 TraditionsFurther information Columbia University traditions Orgo Night The Columbia University Marching Band in 2018 In one of the school s longest lasting traditions begun in 1975 at midnight before the Organic Chemistry exam often the first day of final exams the Columbia University Marching Band invaded and briefly occupied the main undergraduate reading room in Butler Library to distract and entertain studying students with some forty five minutes of raucous jokes and music beginning and ending with the singing of the school s fight song Roar Lion Roar 259 After the main show before a crowd that routinely began filling the room well before the announced midnight start time the Band led a procession to several campus locations including the residential quadrangle of Barnard College for more music and temporary relief from the stress of last minute studying In December 2016 following several years of complaints from students who said that some Orgo Night scripts and advertising posters were offensive to minority groups 260 as well as a The New York Times article on the Band s crass treatment of sexual assault on campus 261 University administrators banned the Marching Band from performing its Orgo Night show in the traditional Butler Library location Protests and allegations of censorship 262 followed but University President Lee Bollinger said that complaints and publicity about the shows had nothing to do with the prohibition 263 The Band instead performed at midnight as usual outside the main entrance of Butler Library The Band s official alumni organization the Columbia University Band Alumni Association registered protests with the administration 264 and an ad hoc group of alumni writing under the name A Hamiltonius published a series of pamphlets addressing their dissatisfaction with the ban 265 but at the end of the spring 2017 semester the university administration held firm 266 prompting the Marching Band to again stage its show outside the building For Orgo Night December 2017 Band members quietly infiltrated the library with their musical instruments during the evening and popped up at midnight to perform the show inside despite the ban 267 Prior to the spring 2018 exam period the administration warned the group s leaders against a repeat and restated the injunction warning of sanctions the Band again staged its Orgo Night show in front of the library 268 Tree Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies Tree Lighting at College Walk The first modern Yule Log ceremony in John Jay Hall 1910 The campus Tree Lighting ceremony was inaugurated in 1998 It celebrates the illumination of the medium sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent Hall and Hamilton Hall on the east end and Dodge Hall and Pulitzer Hall on the west just before finals week in early December The lights remain on until February 28 Students meet at the sundial for free hot chocolate performances by a cappella groups and speeches by the university president and a guest 269 Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia s older holiday traditions the lighting of the Yule Log The Christmas ceremony dates to a period prior to the American Revolutionary War but lapsed before being revived by President Nicholas Murray Butler in 1910 A troop of students dressed as Continental Army soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sundial to the lounge of John Jay Hall where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols The Christmas ceremony is accompanied by a reading of A Visit From St Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore and Yes Virginia There is a Santa Claus by Francis Pharcellus Church 270 The Varsity Show Main article Varsity Show The Varsity Show is an annual musical written by and for students and was established in 1894 making it one of Columbia s oldest traditions Past writers and directors have included Columbians Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein Lorenz Hart I A L Diamond Herman Wouk and Eric Garcetti The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events 271 Notable peopleMain article List of Columbia University people Alumni See also List of Columbia University alumni and attendees List of Columbia University people in politics military and law and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty The university has graduated many notable alumni including five Founding Fathers of the United States an author of the United States Constitution and a member of the Committee of Five Three United States presidents have attended Columbia 272 as well as ten Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States including three Chief Justices As of 2011 update 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners have attended Columbia 273 As of 2006 update there were 101 National Academy members who were alumni 274 In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires Columbia ranked second after Harvard 275 276 Former U S Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U S President Barack Obama 277 Associate Justice of the U S Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg 278 former U S Secretary of State Madeleine Albright 279 former chairman of the U S Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan 280 U S Attorney General Eric Holder and U S Solicitor General Donald Verrilli Jr 281 The university has also educated 29 foreign heads of state including president of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili president of East Timor Jose Ramos Horta president of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves and other historical figures such as Wellington Koo Radovan Karadzic Gaston Eyskens and T V Soong One of the architects of the Constitution of India Dr B R Ambedkar was also an alumnus of Columbia 282 Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world Notable members of the Astor family 283 284 attended Columbia while other business graduates include investor Warren Buffett 285 former CEO of PBS and NBC Larry Grossman 286 chairman of Wal Mart S Robson Walton 287 Bain Capital Co Managing Partner Jonathan Lavine 288 289 Thomson Reuters CEO Tom Glocer 290 291 New York Stock Exchange president Lynn Martin 292 and AllianceBernstein Chairman and CEO Lewis A Sanders 293 CEO s of top Fortune 500 companies include James P Gorman of Morgan Stanley 294 Robert J Stevens of Lockheed Martin 295 Philippe Dauman of Viacom 296 Robert Bakish of Paramount Global 297 298 Ursula Burns of Xerox 299 Devin Wenig of EBay 300 Vikram Pandit of Citigroup 301 Ralph Izzo of Public Service Enterprise Group 302 303 Gail Koziara Boudreaux of Anthem 304 and Frank Blake of The Home Depot 305 Notable labor organizer and women s educator Louise Leonard McLaren received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia 306 In science and technology Columbia alumni include founder of IBM Herman Hollerith 307 inventor of FM radio Edwin Armstrong 308 Francis Mechner integral in development of the nuclear submarine Hyman Rickover 309 founder of Google China Kai Fu Lee 310 scientists Stephen Jay Gould 311 Robert Millikan 312 Helium neon laser inventor Ali Javan and Mihajlo Pupin 313 chief engineer of the New York City Subway William Barclay Parsons 314 philosophers Irwin Edman 315 and Robert Nozick 316 economist Milton Friedman 317 psychologist Harriet Babcock 318 archaeologist Josephine Platner Shear 319 and sociologists Lewis A Coser and Rose Laub Coser 320 321 Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts including composers Richard Rodgers 322 Oscar Hammerstein II 323 Lorenz Hart 324 and Art Garfunkel 325 and painter Georgia O Keeffe 326 Five United States Poet Laureates received their degrees from Columbia Columbia alumni have made an indelible mark in the field of American poetry and literature with such people as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg pioneers of the Beat Generation 327 and Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston seminal figures in the Harlem Renaissance 328 329 all having attended the university Other notable writers who attended Columbia include authors Isaac Asimov 330 J D Salinger 331 Upton Sinclair 332 Ursula K Le Guin 333 Danielle Valore Evans 334 and Hunter S Thompson 335 University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry with 33 alumni and former students winning a combined 43 Academy Awards as of 2011 update 273 Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors Sidney Lumet 12 Angry Men 336 and Kathryn Bigelow The Hurt Locker 337 screenwriters Howard Koch Casablanca 338 and Joseph L Mankiewicz All About Eve 339 and actors James Cagney 340 Ed Harris and Timothee Chalamet 341 Notable Columbia University alumni include Alexander Hamilton Founding Father of the United States author of The Federalist Papers first United States Secretary of the Treasury King s College John Jay Founding Father of the United States author of The Federalist Papers first Chief Justice of the United States second Governor of New York King s College Robert R Livingston Founding Father of the United States drafter of the Declaration of Independence first United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs King s College Gouverneur Morris Founding Father of the United States author of the United States Constitution United States Senator from New York King s College DeWitt Clinton United States Senator from New York sixth Governor of New York responsible for construction of Erie Canal Columbia College Barack Obama 44th President of the United States United States Senator from Illinois Nobel laureate Columbia College Franklin D Roosevelt 32nd President of the United States 44th Governor of New York Columbia Law School Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States 25th Vice President of the United States 33rd Governor of New York Nobel laureate Columbia Law School Wellington Koo acting President of the Republic of China judge of the International Court of Justice Columbia College Graduate School of Arts and Sciences B R Ambedkar Founding Father of India architect of the Constitution of India First Minister of Law and Justice Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Ruth Bader Ginsburg Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Columbia Law School Neil Gorsuch Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Columbia College Charles Evans Hughes 11th Chief Justice of the United States 44th United States Secretary of State 35th Governor of New York Columbia Law School Harlan Fiske Stone 12th Chief Justice of the United States 52nd United States Attorney General Columbia Law School William Barr 77th and 85th United States Attorney General Columbia College Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Hamilton Fish 26th United States Secretary of State United States Senator from New York 16th Governor of New York Columbia College Madeleine Albright 64th United States Secretary of State first female Secretary of State School of International and Public Affairs Frances Perkins fourth United States Secretary of Labor first female member of any U S Cabinet Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Robert A Millikan Nobel laureate measured the elementary electric charge Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Isidor Isaac Rabi Nobel Laureate discovered nuclear magnetic resonance Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Julian S Schwinger Nobel laureate pioneer of quantum field theory Columbia College Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Milton Friedman Nobel laureate leading member of the Chicago school of economics Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Simon Kuznets Nobel laureate invented concept of GDP Milton Friedman s doctoral advisor School of General Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Alan Greenspan 13th Chair of the Federal Reserve Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Warren Buffett CEO of Berkshire Hathaway one of the world s wealthiest people Columbia Business School Herman Hollerith inventor co founder of IBM School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Robert Kraft billionaire owner of the New England Patriots chairman and CEO of the Kraft Group Columbia College Richard Rodgers legendary Emmy Grammy Oscar and Tony award winning composer Pulitzer Prize winner Columbia College Langston Hughes Harlem Renaissance poet novelist and playwright School of Engineering and Applied Science Zora Neale Hurston Harlem Renaissance author anthropologist and filmmaker Barnard College Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Allen Ginsberg poet founder of the Beat Generation Columbia College Jack Kerouac poet founder of the Beat Generation Columbia College Isaac Asimov science fiction writer biochemist School of General Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences J D Salinger novelist The Catcher in the Rye School of General Studies Amelia Earhart first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean School of General Studies Jake Gyllenhaal actor and film producer Columbia CollegeFaculty As of 2021 Columbia employs 4 381 faculty including 70 members of the National Academy of Sciences 342 178 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 343 and 65 members of the National Academy of Medicine 344 In total the Columbia faculty has included 52 Nobel laureates 12 National Medal of Science recipients 345 and 32 National Academy of Engineering members 346 Columbia University faculty played particularly important roles during World War II and the creation of the New Deal under President Franklin D Roosevelt who attended Columbia Law School The three core members of Roosevelt s Brain Trust Adolf A Berle Raymond Moley and Rexford Tugwell were law professors at Columbia 347 The Statistical Research Group which used statistics to analyze military problems during World War II was composed of Columbia researchers and faculty including George Stigler and Milton Friedman 348 Columbia faculty and researchers including Enrico Fermi Leo Szilard Eugene T Booth John R Dunning George B Pegram Walter Zinn Chien Shiung Wu Francis G Slack Harold Urey Herbert L Anderson and Isidor Isaac Rabi also played a significant role during the early phases of the Manhattan Project 349 Following the rise of Nazi Germany the exiled Institute for Social Research at Goethe University Frankfurt would affiliate itself with Columbia from 1934 to 1950 350 It was during this period that thinkers including Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer and Herbert Marcuse wrote and published some of the most seminal works of the Frankfurt School including Reason and Revolution Dialectic of Enlightenment and Eclipse of Reason 351 Professors Edward Said author of Orientalism and Gayatri Spivak are generally considered as founders of the field of postcolonialism 352 353 other professors that have significantly contributed to the field include Hamid Dabashi and Joseph Massad 354 355 The works of professors Kimberle Crenshaw Patricia J Williams and Kendall Thomas were foundational to the field of critical race theory 356 Columbia and its affiliated faculty have also made significant contributions to the study of religion The affiliated Union Theological Seminary is a center of liberal Christianity in the United States having served as the birthplace of Black theology through the efforts of faculty including James H Cone and Cornel West 357 358 and Womanist theology through the works of Katie Cannon Emilie Townes and Delores S Williams 359 360 361 Likewise the Jewish Theological Seminary of America was the birthplace of Conservative Judaism movement in the United States which was founded and led by faculty members including Solomon Schechter Alexander Kohut and Louis Ginzberg in the early 20th century and is a major center for Jewish studies in general 362 Other schools of thought in the humanities Columbia professors made significant contributions toward include the Dunning School founded by William Archibald Dunning 363 364 the anthropological schools of historical particularism and cultural relativism founded by Franz Boas 365 and functional psychology whose founders and proponents include John Dewey James McKeen Cattell Edward L Thorndike and Robert S Woodworth 366 Notable figures that have served as the president of Columbia University include 34th President of the United States Dwight D Eisenhower 4th Vice President of the United States George Clinton Founding Father and U S Senator from Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Nobel Peace Prize laureate Nicholas Murray Butler and First Amendment scholar Lee Bollinger 27 Notable Columbia University faculty include Zbigniew Brzezinski Sonia Sotomayor Kimberle Crenshaw Lee Bollinger Franz Boas Margaret Mead Edward Sapir John Dewey Charles A Beard Max Horkheimer Herbert Marcuse Edward Said Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak Orhan Pamuk Edwin Howard Armstrong Enrico Fermi Chien Shiung Wu Tsung Dao Lee Jack Steinberger Joachim Frank Joseph Stiglitz Jeffrey Sachs Robert Mundell Thomas Hunt Morgan Eric Kandel Richard Axel Andrei OkounkovSee also New York City portalColumbia Glacier a glacier in Alaska U S named for Columbia University Columbia MM a text based mail client developed at Columbia University Columbia Non neutral Torus a small stellarator at the Columbia University Plasma Physics Laboratory Columbia Princeton Electronic Music Center an album of electronic music released in 1961 Columbia Revolt a black and white 1968 documentary film Columbia Scholastic Press Association Columbia School of Linguistics Columbia Spelling Board a historic etymological organization Columbia University Partnership for International Development Columbia Encyclopedia Mount Columbia a mountain in Colorado U S named for Columbia University Nutellagate a controversy surrounding high Nutella consumption at Columbia University The Strawberry Statement a non fiction account of the 1968 protests Columbia University in popular cultureNotes Other consists of Multiracial Americans amp those who prefer to not say The percentage of students who received an income based federal Pell grant intended for low income students The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum Citations This figure does not include the Columbia University School of General Studies which though it is technically an undergraduate school of the university is generally not counted as such when calculating student body size and admission rates 6 7 Including General Studies students the university overall would have an undergraduate enrollment of 9 001 students for 2019 Founding Fathers include five alumni Alexander Hamilton 21 John Jay 22 Robert R Livingston 23 Egbert Benson 24 and Gouverneur Morris 25 Additionally Founding Fathers George Clinton 26 and William Samuel Johnson 27 served as presidents of the university Three presidents have attended Columbia Theodore Roosevelt Franklin D Roosevelt and Barack Obama Dwight D Eisenhower served as the president of the university from 1948 to 1953 Alumni who served as foreign heads of state include Muhammad Fadhel al Jamali Iraq 1953 54 28 Kassim al Rimawi Jordan 1980 29 Giuliano Amato Italy 1992 1993 and 2000 2001 30 Hafizullah Amin Afghanistan 1979 31 Nahas Angula Namibia 2005 12 32 Marek Belka Poland 2004 05 33 Chen Gongbo China 1944 45 34 Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz Poland 1996 97 35 Gaston Eyskens Belgium 1949 50 1958 61 and 1968 73 36 Mark Eyskens Belgium 1981 37 Ashraf Ghani Afghanistan 2014 21 38 Jose Ramos Horta East Timor 2007 12 and 2022 39 Toomas Hendrik Ilves Estonia 2006 16 40 Wellington Koo China 1926 27 41 Lee Huan Taiwan 1989 90 42 Benjamin Mkapa Tanzania 1995 2005 43 Mohammad Musa Shafiq Afghanistan 1972 73 44 Nwafor Orizu Nigeria 1965 6 45 Mikheil Saakashvili Georgia 2004 13 46 Juan Bautista Sacasa Nicaragua 1933 36 47 Salim Ahmed Salim Tanzania 1984 85 48 Ernesto Samper Colombia 1994 98 49 T V Soong China 1945 47 50 Sun Fo China 1932 Taiwan 1948 49 51 C R Swart South Africa 1959 67 52 Tang Shaoyi China 1912 53 Abdul Zahir Afghanistan 1971 72 49 and Zhou Ziqi China 1922 54 Faculty and fellows include Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazil 1995 2002 55 Alfred Gusenbauer Austria 2007 2008 56 Vaclav Havel Czechoslovakia 1989 1992 Czech Republic 1993 2003 57 Lucas Papademos Greece 2011 2012 58 Mary Robinson Ireland 1990 1997 59 Boutros Boutros Ghali taught as a Fulbright Research Scholar from 1954 to 1955 60 Kofi Annan was a global fellow at SIPA from 2009 to 2018 56 References Moore Nathanal Fischer 1846 A Historical Sketch of Columbia New York New York Columbia University Press Psalms 36 9 As of June 30 2022 Consolidated Financial Statements June 30 2022 and 2021 PDF finance columbia edu Columbia University October 12 2022 p 26 Retrieved October 30 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Full time Faculty Distribution by School Division Fall 2009 2019 PDF Office of the Provost Columbia University Archived PDF from the original on June 21 2019 Retrieved March 23 2020 a b c Fall Headcount Enrollment by School 2009 2018 PDF Columbia University Office of Provost May 23 2019 Columbia University usnews com 2020 Archived from the original on March 2 2017 Retrieved July 30 2021 How many students attend Columbia Columbia Undergraduate Admissions undergrad admissions columbia edu Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 30 2021 Columbia University Brand Guide PDF December 1 2017 Retrieved August 9 2018 National University Rankings Usnews com Retrieved November 19 2018 Best Global Universities Rankings Usnews com October 30 2018 Retrieved November 19 2018 Nykolaiszyn J M June 1 2009 Curating Oral Histories From Interview to Archive Oral History Review 36 2 302 304 doi 10 1093 ohr ohp054 ISSN 0094 0798 S2CID 161615270 Taylor Nick 2000 Laser the inventor the Nobel laureate and the thirty year patent war New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 684 83515 0 OCLC 44594104 Isidor Isaac Rabi Aps org Retrieved December 2 2018 N D Opdyke et al Paleomagnetic study of Antarctic deep sea cores Science 154 1966 349 357 Heirtzler J R et al Marine magnetic anomalies geomagnetic field reversals and motions of the ocean floor and continents Journal of Geophysical Research 73 1968 2119 2136 Pitman W and M Talwani Sea floor spreading in the North Atlantic GSA Bulletin 83 1972 619 646 Columbia Engineering and Amazon Announce Creation of New York AI Research Center Columbia Engineering September 21 2020 Retrieved September 14 2021 Columbia University and IBM Establish New Center to Accelerate Innovation in Blockchain and Data Transparency Columbia Engineering Engineering columbia edu July 17 2018 Retrieved January 23 2019 a b c d A Brief History of Columbia Columbia University 2011 Retrieved April 14 2011 a b Mian Anam Roebuck Gary 2020 ARL Statistics 2018 2019 Washington DC Association of Research Libraries p 45 Chernow Ron 2004 Alexander Hamilton Penguin Books p 51 ISBN 978 1 59420 009 0 A Brief Biography of John Jay The Papers of John Jay Columbia University 2002 Dangerfield George 1960 Chancellor Robert R Livingston of New York 1746 1813 New York New York Harcourt Brace and Co Egbert Benson Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved April 16 2011 Wright Robert K Jr 1987 Gouverneur Morris Soldier Statesmen of the Constitution United States Army Center of Military History CMH Pub 71 25 Archived from the original on October 9 2019 Retrieved April 13 2011 From Alexander Hamilton to George Clinton 26 November 1784 17 July 1787 Founders Online Retrieved June 18 2021 a b Columbia University President Profiles Columbia University Libraries library columbia edu Retrieved June 18 2021 Muhammad Fadhel al Jamali Experiences In Arab Affairs Harvard University Archived from the original on July 17 2012 Retrieved April 18 2011 Riasat al Wuzara Dawlat al Duktur Qasim al Riymawi رئاسة الوزراء دولة الدكتور قاسم الريماوي The Cabinet His Excellency Dr Kassim al Rimawi www pm gov jo Archived from the original on May 28 2016 Retrieved August 17 2021 Daniel Peterson November 29 2007 An Interview with Giuliano Amato The Florentine Archived from the original on December 31 2015 Retrieved April 18 2011 Amstutz Bruce 1994 Afghanistan The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation Diane Publishing p 303 ISBN 978 0 7881 1111 2 Namibia PM is Nahas Angula Educated in the US Newsday October 13 2009 Retrieved April 18 2011 The Biography of Marek Belka United Nations Archived from the original on February 5 2009 Retrieved April 18 2011 Reilly Thomas 1997 Science and Football III Taylor amp Francis pp 46 47 ISBN 978 0 419 22160 9 Charlemagne Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz The Economist November 1 2001 Retrieved June 17 2011 Honorary Degree Recipients PDF Columbia University p 8 Archived from the original PDF on September 13 2011 Retrieved April 18 2011 Gaston Eyskens Dies at Age 82 Led Six Governments in Belgium The New York Times January 5 1988 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 16 2021 Ashraf Ghani departing Afghan president who failed to make peace with Taliban Thomson Reuters August 15 2021 Alyssa Smith October 7 2010 State Building Challenges in Timor Leste Columbia Communique Archived from the original on August 13 2011 Retrieved April 18 2011 Herb Jackson From Estonia to Leonia Estonian Office of the President Archived from the original on May 14 2011 Retrieved April 18 2011 Columbia 250 Wellington Koo Columbia University Retrieved April 18 2011 Kerry Brown December 12 2010 Lee Huan obituary The Guardian UK Retrieved April 18 2010 Benjamin Mkapa Encyclopedia com Retrieved April 18 2011 Historical Note on Afghanistan PDF United Nations p 15 Archived from the original PDF on July 23 2011 Retrieved April 11 2011 Education Prince with a Purpose Time January 1 1945 Archived from the original on June 26 2007 Retrieved June 17 2011 Profile Mikhail Saakashvili BBC News Online January 25 2004 Retrieved April 18 2011 Juan Bautista Sacasa Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved June 17 2011 Biography of Salim Ahmed Salim United Nations Retrieved April 18 2011 a b U S Students yesterday world leaders tomorrow U S Department of Education Archived from the original on November 25 2005 Retrieved April 11 2011 T V Soong Song Ziwen A Prominent Businessman and Politician in Republic of China Cultural China Archived from the original on October 5 2011 Retrieved June 17 2011 Boorman Howard 1970 Biographical dictionary of Republican China Columbia University Press pp 163 165 Charles Swart Dies South African Was First State President The New York Times AP July 18 1982 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 17 2021 Reilly Taylor 1997 Science and Football III Taylor and Francis p 348 ISBN 978 0 419 22160 9 Gerth Karl 2004 China made Consumer Culture and the creation of the nation Harvard University p 224 ISBN 978 0 674 01654 5 Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fulbright Association Archived from the original on March 16 2011 Retrieved April 18 2011 a b Kofi Annan named a Columbia University fellow San Diego Union Tribune May 15 2009 Retrieved July 18 2022 Blue Velvet Columbia Magazine 2012 Retrieved July 18 2022 Lucas Papademos www britannica com Retrieved July 18 2022 Robinson to take up new Columbia University professorship next week The Irish Times January 15 2004 Retrieved July 18 2022 Boutros Boutros Ghali www un org Retrieved July 18 2022 Member Profile Search Columbia University National Academy of Sciences Retrieved March 18 2022 Kathleen Elkins More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford MIT and Yale combined CNBC Retrieved July 5 2018 The Columbia University Athletes Who Have Medaled at the Olympics Over the Years Columbia News Retrieved August 7 2021 a b c d McCaughey Robert 2003 Stand Columbia A History of Columbia University in the City of New York New York New York Columbia University Press p 1 ISBN 978 0 231 13008 0 Keppel Fredrick Paul 1914 Columbia Oxford England Oxford University Press p 26 a b c d e f Matthews Brander John Pine Harry Peck Munroe Smith 1904 A History of Columbia University 1754 1904 London England Macmillan Company a b c Butler Nicholas Murray 1912 An Official Guide to Columbia University New York New York Columbia University Press Stookey Byron 1964 SAMUEL CLOSSY A B M D F R C P OF IRELAND First Professor of Anatomy King s College Columbia New York Bulletin of the History of Medicine 38 2 153 167 ISSN 0007 5140 JSTOR 44451190 PMID 14133620 Retrieved October 15 2020 Schecter Barnet 2002 The Battle for New York The City at the Heart of the American Revolution Walker amp Company ISBN 978 0 8027 1374 2 McCullough David 2005 1776 Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 7432 2671 4 a b Moore Nathanal Fischer 1846 A Historical Sketch of Columbia New York New York Columbia University Press Groce C G 1937 William Samuel Johnson A Maker of the Constitution New York New York Columbia University Press McCaughey Robert December 10 2003 Leading American University Producers of PhDs 1861 1900 Stand Columbia A History of Columbia University Columbia University Press Archived from the original on September 9 2006 Retrieved August 10 2006 Hewitt Abram S 1965 First published 1937 by Columbia University Press Liberty Learning and Property Dedication of the New Buildings of Columbia University Morningside Heights May 2 1896 PDF In Nevins Allan ed Selected writings with Introduction by Nicholas Murray Butler Port Washington N Y Kennikat Press pp 315 337 OCLC 264897 Archived PDF from the original on October 25 2018 the time has come for a new and nobler civilization when the wealth which has accumulated in this city by the joint association of its people and to which every human being contributes by his industry shall come to be regarded as a sacred trust to be administered in the public interest for works of beneficence to all History Columbia University in the City of New York Columbia edu Retrieved July 11 2017 Broad William J October 30 2007 Why They Called It the Manhattan Project The New York Times Retrieved October 30 2007 Columbia Daily Spectator 3 April 1928 Columbia Spectator Spectatorarchive library columbia edu Retrieved November 24 2016 Asimov I 1979 In Memory Yet Green Avon Books pp 156 157 159 160 240 Columbia for Jews The Untold Story of Seth Low Junior College by Leeza Hirt The Current Fall 2016 Retrieved January 18 2020 School of General Studies History Columbia School of General Studies Archived from the original on July 19 2011 Retrieved June 10 2011 What makes GS different from Columbia s traditional undergraduate colleges Gs columbia edu Archived from the original on November 23 2016 Retrieved November 24 2016 University Senate Senate columbia edu Retrieved November 24 2016 History Columbia University School of Professional Studies Sps columbia edu Retrieved November 24 2016 History Columbia University in the City of New York Columbia edu Retrieved November 24 2016 Columbia Removing 116th St Pavement The New York Times August 19 1953 Retrieved July 16 2022 Kurlansky Mark 2005 1968 The Year That Rocked The World New York New York Random House pp 194 199 ISBN 978 0 345 45582 6 Bradley Stefan 2009 Harlem vs Columbia University Black Student Power in the Late 1960s New York New York University of Illinois pp 5 19 164 191 ISBN 978 0 252 03452 7 Reception honors anniversary of CC coeducation Columbia Daily Spectator Columbiaspectator com Retrieved on September 7 2013 Our Partnership with Columbia University Barnard College barnard edu Retrieved May 15 2021 GSAS at a Glance Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Archived from the original on March 10 2014 Retrieved November 24 2016 History Faculty of Arts and Sciences Fas columbia edu Retrieved November 24 2016 Unearthing the Underground Columbia Spectator Archived from the original on May 5 2021 Retrieved May 5 2021 Butler Library Self Guided Tour PDF Columbia University Archived PDF from the original on September 22 2006 Retrieved April 11 2011 Robert D Colburn July 2002 National Historic Landmark Nomination Philosophy Hall National Park Service and Accompanying 13 photos exterior and interior from c 1922 2001 Carolyn Pitts 1987 National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Low Memorial Library Columbia National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Pupin Physics Laboratories Columbia University Accompanying photos National Park Service 1983 New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Dolkart Andrew S Postal Matthew A 2009 Postal Matthew A ed Guide to New York City Landmarks 4th ed New York John Wiley amp Sons p 195 ISBN 978 0 470 28963 1 Department of the Interior National Park Service 3 2 1934 1996 New York SP Delta Psi Alpha Chapter File Unit National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records New York 1964 2013 Earl Hall at Columbia University Listed on National Register of Historic Places NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project Retrieved May 5 2021 Department of the Interior National Park Service 1980 New York SP Union Theological Seminary File Unit National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records New York 1964 2013 Smithsonian American Art Museum s Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture Alma Mater sculpture The Smithsonian Institution Retrieved April 14 2011 Meredith Foster February 11 2011 The Myth of the College Sweetheart The Eye Columbia Spectator Archived from the original on March 7 2011 Retrieved April 14 2011 What Is the Mace A Guide to Columbia s Icons Columbia University Record May 19 1999 Retrieved April 16 2011 Richard P Dober The Steps at Low Library PDF Dober Lidsky Craig and Associates Inc Archived from the original PDF on August 14 2011 Retrieved April 11 2011 Columbia Manhatanville Manhattanville Columbia Manhattanville in West Harlem Retrieved April 1 2007 Williams Timothy November 20 2006 In West Harlem Land Dispute It s Columbia vs Residents The New York Times Williams Timothy September 21 2008 2 Gas Stations and a Family s Resolve Confront Columbia Expansion Plan The New York Times Retrieved March 28 2010 Astor Maggie Kim Kirschenbaum December 18 2008 M ville Expansion Clears Last Major Hurdle State Approves Eminent Domain Columbia Spectator Retrieved August 12 2009 Columbia Manhattanville Project Press Release May 20 2009 Archived from the original on May 6 2010 Retrieved August 12 2009 Harder Ben July 28 2020 2020 21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings health usnews com Retrieved July 6 2021 NYP Weschster NewYork Presbyterian Hospital Archived from the original on October 4 2011 Retrieved April 18 2011 Manhattanville in West Harlem Columbia University Archived from the original on December 12 2014 Retrieved April 11 2011 Projects Green Buildings Columbia Environmental Stewardship Archived from the original on May 8 2014 Retrieved April 11 2011 Columbia Greenmarket GrowNYC September 30 2007 Retrieved April 11 2011 Columbia University Green Report Card The College Sustainability Report Card Archived from the original on March 12 2014 Retrieved April 11 2011 Columbia University Green Report Card College Sustainability Report Card Archived from the original on March 12 2014 Retrieved April 18 2011 U S Potential Natural Vegetation Original Kuchler Types v2 0 Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions Retrieved August 14 2019 Columbia Transportation transportation columbia edu Retrieved May 6 2021 Class of 2025 Profile Columbia University Retrieved March 18 2022 Common Data Set 2015 2016 Columbia University Archived from the original on June 4 2017 Retrieved March 18 2022 Columbia acceptance rate drops to record low 3 7 percent after 51 percent spike in applications Columbia Daily Spectator Retrieved May 15 2021 Financial Aid Statistics Columbia University Columbia University Tuition And Costs Collegedata com Archived from the original on September 11 2018 Retrieved November 22 2016 Lewin Tamar April 11 2007 Columbia to Receive 400 Million for Student Aid The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 15 2021 Columbia University to Offer Financial Aid to More Students The New York Times March 11 2008 Retrieved March 28 2010 Steinberg Jacques March 23 2010 Columbia Michigan and Connecticut Among 25 Colleges to Add Common Application The New York Times Retrieved April 11 2011 The Named Scholars Studentaffairs columbia edu Retrieved August 3 2015 Gross Jessica November 10 2013 Who Made That College Application The New York Times Magazine Archived from the original on January 1 2022 Retrieved August 31 2018 a b Faculties Columbia University in the City of New York www columbia edu Retrieved May 22 2022 a b Board of Trustees Columbia University Archived from the original on January 21 2011 Retrieved April 17 2011 Columbia University Senate Columbia University Retrieved April 17 2011 a b Election packet PDF 2017 a b Elections Senate columbia edu Office of the President Lee Bollinger Columbia edu Retrieved April 14 2011 List of Schools Columbia University in the City of New York www columbia edu Retrieved October 25 2021 Schools of Columbia University Columbia University Retrieved April 17 2011 Frequently Asked Questions Barnard College Barnard edu Archived from the original on February 25 2019 Retrieved March 23 2019 CHARTERS AND STATUTES Columbia University in the City of New York PDF Provost columbia edu Archived PDF from the original on June 21 2018 Retrieved March 23 2019 Cross Registration Columbia and Barnard College Office of the University Registrar Registrar columbia edu Retrieved March 23 2019 JTS Joint Program Gs columbia edu Archived from the original on December 23 2017 Retrieved January 19 2018 Columbia Juilliard Program Columbia Undergraduate Admissions Undergrad admissions columbia edu Retrieved January 19 2018 Patti Jill Pasternak Joe Crossing Boundaries from Past to Future Pianist Conrad Tao on Crossover Retrieved January 19 2018 a b Charters and Statutes PDF Secretary columbia edu Charters and Statutes PDF 2017 p 97 Fact Sheet Barnard College Barnard edu Joint LLB Juris Doctor JD with Columbia University New York University College London Retrieved July 29 2016 Dual BA Program Between Columbia University and Sciences Po Gs columbia edu Retrieved August 3 2015 Joint Bachelor s Degree Program between City University of Hong Kong and Columbia University Gs columbia edu Retrieved August 12 2016 Dual BA Program Trinity College Dublin Gs columbia edu Archived from the original on December 11 2017 Retrieved January 6 2018 Columbia Juilliard Exchange Undergrad asmissions columbia edu Archived from the original on August 10 2017 Retrieved August 5 2015 Columbia University Global Centers Columbia University Archived from the original on October 28 2011 Retrieved May 4 2011 Redden Elizabeth April 4 2018 Columbia Trinity College Dublin start new dual B A program Inside Higher Ed Retrieved September 21 2020 Oxford Cambridge Scholars Program Academic Year Undergraduate Global Engagement ShanghaiRanking s Academic Ranking of World Universities Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Retrieved September 13 2022 Forbes America s Top Colleges List 2022 Forbes Retrieved September 13 2022 Wall Street Journal Times Higher Education College Rankings 2022 The Wall Street Journal Times Higher Education Retrieved July 26 2022 2022 2023 Best National Universities U S News amp World Report Retrieved September 13 2022 2022 National University Rankings Washington Monthly Retrieved September 13 2022 ShanghaiRanking s Academic Ranking of World Universities Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Retrieved September 13 2022 QS World University Rankings 2023 Quacquarelli Symonds Retrieved July 26 2022 World University Rankings 2022 Times Higher Education Retrieved July 26 2022 2022 Best Global Universities Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved July 26 2022 Columbia University U S News Best Grad School Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved October 18 2021 Columbia University U S News Best Global University Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved April 27 2020 Morse Robert July 7 2022 U S News Unranks Columbia University in 2022 Best Colleges Rankings Hartocollis Anemona March 17 2022 U S News Ranked Columbia No 2 but a Math Professor Has His Doubts The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 12 2022 Diep Francie March 16 2022 Columbia Is Ranked No 2 by U S News A Professor Says Its Spot Is Based on False Data The Chronicle of Higher Education Retrieved May 12 2022 Hartocollis Anemona July 8 2022 Columbia Loses Its No 2 Spot in the U S News Rankings The New York Times Havemeyer Hall PDF www acs org October 9 1998 Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup carnegieclassifications iu edu Center for Postsecondary Education Archived from the original on July 18 2020 Retrieved July 18 2020 Guenther Katja 2015 Localization and Its Discontents A Genealogy of Psychoanalysis and the Neuro Disciplines Chicago University of Chicago Press p 155 ISBN 978 0 226 28820 8 Columbia To Go PDF Columbia University Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2007 Retrieved April 29 2007 Paez Danny Incredible New Brain Computer Interface Can Translate Thoughts Into Speech Inverse Retrieved January 30 2019 Artificial intelligence translates thoughts directly into speech in scientific first The Independent January 29 2019 Retrieved January 30 2019 Columbia Researchers Developed Technology That Can Translate Brain Activity Into Words Fortune com Retrieved January 30 2019 Herper Matthew July 26 2001 Biotech s Glowing Breakthrough Forbes Archived from the original on February 25 2008 Retrieved February 27 2008 a b New Inventions New Discoveries PDF Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures Archived from the original PDF on June 13 2007 Retrieved April 29 2007 a b Science and Technology Ventures Success Stories Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures Archived from the original on February 21 2008 Retrieved February 27 2008 Reedy Katie November 28 2006 Patents Bring in the Cash to Columbia Columbia Spectator Retrieved July 11 2016 U S Military Veterans Gs columbia edu Retrieved March 23 2019 About Teachers College Columbia University Tc columbia edu Retrieved March 23 2019 Topping Seymour 2008 History of The Pulitzer Prizes The Pulitzer Prizes Columbia University Retrieved September 13 2011 Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler The Bancroft Prizes Columbia University Libraries library columbia edu Retrieved May 9 2021 Prizes Columbia Journalism School 2021 The Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize Columbia University Irving Medical Center June 14 2018 Retrieved May 9 2021 40th Annual W Alden Spencer Lecture and Award zuckermaninstitute columbia edu August 1 2018 Retrieved June 11 2021 The Vetlesen Prize Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory www ldeo columbia edu Retrieved May 9 2021 Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture www keenecenter org Retrieved May 9 2021 Edwin Howard Armstrong Memorial Award Columbia University Electrical Engineering Department Scholars Duke scholars duke edu Retrieved May 9 2021 ASPPH Columbia Calling for Nominees The Frank A Calderone Prize in Public Health Deadline June 30th www aspph org Retrieved June 11 2021 Columbia Receives Trust to Aid Music The New York Times May 16 1940 p 31 Retrieved February 20 2021 College Scorecard Columbia University United States Department of Education Retrieved May 8 2022 Columbia University January 12 2021 Headcount Enrollment by School Race Ethnicity and Citizenship Fall 2020 PDF Archived PDF from the original on May 19 2020 Retrieved June 8 2021 Facts and Figures Columbia Financial Aid and Educational Financing Cc seas financialaid columbia edu Retrieved January 28 2019 Quick Fact First Generation Columbia Undergraduate Admissions undergrad admissions columbia edu Archived from the original on April 1 2019 Retrieved April 1 2019 Housing and Dining Columbia University Office of Student Affairs Retrieved April 16 2011 Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life Archived April 19 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 12 2007 The Alpha Delta Phi Society About Us Archived from the original on February 7 2011 Retrieved April 11 2011 Fraternity and Sorority Life at Columbia Columbia University Retrieved April 17 2011 Columbia Daily Spectator Retrieved August 10 2006 Blue amp White Retrieved August 10 2006 Bwog Retrieved April 28 2022 The Current a journal of contemporary politics culture and Jewish affairs at Columbia University The Current Columbia Political Review Retrieved December 26 2008 AdHoc Retrieved August 10 2006 The Columbia Review Archived from the original on August 4 2006 Retrieved August 10 2006 About October 8 2014 About Quarto 4x4 About Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism Archived from the original on October 9 2006 Retrieved December 7 2006 The Mobius Strip Retrieved August 10 2006 Inside New York Archived from the original on July 3 2011 Retrieved October 26 2009 Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal cusj columbia edu Journal of Politics amp Society Retrieved August 10 2006 Publius About Archived from the original on July 27 2011 Retrieved April 17 2011 East Asia Review About Us East Asia Review Archived from the original on April 20 2011 Retrieved April 17 2011 The Birch Retrieved August 10 2006 History and Vision Columbia Science Review Retrieved April 17 2011 The Fed Archived from the original on August 4 2006 Retrieved August 10 2006 Jester of Columbia Archived from the original on July 13 2011 Retrieved August 10 2006 The Columbian Columbia University Retrieved April 17 2011 The Gadfly About The Gadlfy Archived from the original on May 9 2011 Retrieved April 17 2011 The Rhapsody Columbia University Archived from the original on June 24 2010 Retrieved April 17 2011 Current Musicology Retrieved August 10 2006 The Journal of Philosophy Retrieved August 10 2006 About Us Mission Statement Columbia Journalism Review Retrieved April 16 2011 The Original FM The Columbia University Radio Club Columbia University 2009 Retrieved January 12 2013 CTV News Archived from the original on November 4 2006 Retrieved August 10 2006 CTV Archived from the original on August 20 2006 Retrieved August 10 2006 History Philolexian Society February 1 2010 Archived from the original on February 5 2020 Retrieved April 11 2011 Jaynes Gregory December 5 1987 No Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst Verse The New York Times Retrieved April 16 2011 Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team Retrieved August 10 2006 CIRCA About Archived from the original on July 25 2011 Retrieved August 10 2006 Kathleen Mary June 7 2010 Mecca on the Hudson The Deal Archived from the original on September 8 2010 Retrieved October 30 2010 Jon Swartz September 17 2013 Square s Jack Dorsey goes recruiting in NYC USA Today Retrieved August 3 2015 Cormier Amanda October 7 2010 Columbia s Web 3 0 The Eye Archived from the original on November 2 2010 Retrieved October 30 2010 Engaged Entrepreneurship Columbia University Archived from the original on December 10 2010 Retrieved April 16 2011 Kuchment Anna June 28 2010 Columbia Joins NYC Media Lab The Record Retrieved May 15 2021 Athletics Columbia University Archived from the original on June 23 2012 Retrieved April 16 2011 Carft Julie July 29 1989 Image is Heavy Burden Weightlifter Karyn Marshall Feels Pressure to Project Femininity Intelligence Los Angeles Times Retrieved October 2 2009 Lidz Franz March 21 1988 A Lift For Wall Street Sports Illustrated Archived from the original on October 11 2011 Retrieved June 28 2009 Baker Field Birthplace of Sports Television Archived October 7 2008 at the Wayback Machine Columbia University 20th Century Greats Columbia University Retrieved April 11 2011 Columbia Athletics Highlight Columbia University 2004 Retrieved April 11 2011 Losing streak Wikicu com Retrieved on September 7 2013 Football Hosts Columbia in Liberty Cup Game on Saturday Fordham University Athletics Retrieved May 15 2021 About the World Leaders Forum Worldleaders columbia edu Archived from the original on August 28 2015 Retrieved August 3 2015 Participants Columbia University World Leaders Forum Worldleaders columbia edu Archived from the original on September 17 2010 Retrieved October 30 2010 Columbia University Orchestra Archived from the original on June 24 2015 Retrieved August 3 2015 Notes and Keys Launched Columbia Daily Spectator February 26 1909 Retrieved July 12 2021 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.