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Minnesota

February 21, 2023

This article is about the U.S. state. For the river, see Minnesota River. For other uses, see Minnesota (disambiguation).

Minnesota (/ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ (listen)) is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed, and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation. Roughly a third of the state is covered in forests, and it is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes" for having over 14,000 bodies of fresh water covering at least ten acres.[7] More than 60% of Minnesotans live in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, known as the "Twin Cities", the state's main political, economic, and cultural hub.[8] With a population of about 3.7 million, the Twin Cities is the 16th largest metropolitan area in the U.S. Other minor metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas in the state include Duluth, Mankato, Moorhead, Rochester, and St. Cloud.[9]

Minnesota
State
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Land of 10,000 Lakes;
North Star State; Gopher State
Motto: 
L'Étoile du Nord (French: The Star of the North)
Anthem: "Hail! Minnesota"
Map of the United States with Minnesota highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodMinnesota Territory
Admitted to the UnionMay 11, 1858 (32nd State in the Union)
CapitalSaint Paul
Largest cityMinneapolis
Largest metro and urban areasMinneapolis–Saint Paul
Government
 • GovernorTim Walz (DFL)
 • Lieutenant GovernorPeggy Flanagan (DFL)
LegislatureMinnesota Legislature
 • Upper houseSenate
 • Lower houseHouse of Representatives
JudiciaryMinnesota Supreme Court
U.S. senatorsAmy Klobuchar (DFL)
Tina Smith (DFL)
U.S. House delegation4 Democrats
4 Republicans (list)
Area
 • Total86,935.83 sq mi (225,163 km2)
 • Land79,626.74 sq mi (206,232 km2)
 • Water7,309.09 sq mi (18,930 km2)  8.40%
 • Rank12th
Dimensions
 • Lengthabout 400 mi (640 km)
 • Width200–350 mi (320–560 km)
Elevation
1,200 ft (370 m)
Highest elevation
(Eagle Mountain[1][a])
2,301 ft (701 m)
Lowest elevation
(Lake Superior[1][a][2])
602 ft (183 m)
Population
 (2022)
 • Total5,717,184[3]
 • Rank22nd
 • Density68.9/sq mi (26.6/km2)
  • Rank36th (2020 census)
 • Median household income
$74,593[4]
 • Income rank
13th
DemonymMinnesotan
Language
 • Official languagenone
 • Spoken language
Time zoneUTC– 06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC– 05:00 (CDT)
USPS abbreviation
MN
ISO 3166 codeUS-MN
Traditional abbreviationMinn.
Latitude43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N
Longitude89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W
Websitemn.gov
State symbols of Minnesota
List of state symbols
Living insignia
BirdCommon loon
ButterflyMonarch
FishWalleye
FlowerPink-and-white lady's slipper
MushroomCommon morel (Morchella esculenta)
TreeNorway pine[6]
Inanimate insignia
BeverageMilk
Food
GemstoneLake Superior agate
OtherPhotograph: Grace
Lists of United States state symbols

Minnesota, which gets its name from the Dakota language, has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since the Woodland period of the 11th century BCE. Between roughly 200 and 500 CE, two areas of the indigenous Hopewell tradition emerged: the Laurel complex in the north, and Trempealeau Hopewell in the Mississippi River Valley in the south. The Upper Mississippian culture, consisting of the Oneota people and other Siouan speakers, emerged around 1000 CE and lasted through the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century. French explorers and missionaries were the earliest Europeans to enter the region, encountering the Dakota, Ojibwe, and various Anishinaabe tribes. Much of what is now Minnesota formed part of the vast French holding of Louisiana, which the United States purchased in 1803. After several territorial reorganizations, the Minnesota Territory was admitted to the Union as the 32nd state in 1858. Minnesota's official motto, L'Étoile du Nord, is the only state motto in French; meaning "The Star of the North", it was adopted shortly after statehood and reflects both the state's early French explorers and its position as the northernmost state in the contiguous U.S.

As part of the American frontier, Minnesota attracted settlers and homesteaders from across the country, with its growth initially centered on timber, agriculture, and railroad construction. Into the early 20th century, European immigrants arrived in significant numbers, particularly from Scandinavia, Germany, and Central Europe; many were linked to the failed revolutions of 1848, which partly influenced the state's development as a center of labor and social activism.[10] Minnesota's rapid industrialization and urbanization precipitated major social, economic, and political changes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the state was at the forefront of labor rights, women's suffrage, and political reform.[11] Minnesota is considered Democratic-leaning, having voted for every Democratic presidential nominee since 1976, longer than any other U.S. state.[12]

Since the late 20th century, the core of Minnesota's economy has diversified, shifting from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services, finance, and health care; it is consequently one of the richest in terms of GDP and per capita income. The state is home to 11 federally recognized Native American reservations (seven Ojibwe, four Dakota), and remains a center of Scandinavian and German cultures with an influence of Lutheranism. In more recent decades, Minnesota has become more multicultural, driven by both larger domestic migration and immigration from Latin America, Asia, the Horn of Africa, and the Middle East; the state has the nation's largest population of Somali Americans and second largest Hmong population.[13] Minnesota's standard of living and level of education are among the highest in the U.S.,[14] and it is ranked among the best states in metrics such as employment, median income, safety, and governance.[15]

Etymology

The word Minnesota comes from the Dakota[16] name for the Minnesota River, which got its name from one of two words in Dakota: "mní sóta", which means "clear blue water",[17][18] or "Mníssota", which means "cloudy water".[19][20] Dakota people demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mní sóta.[20] Many places in the state have similar Dakota names, such as Minnehaha Falls ("curling water" or waterfall), Minneiska ("white water"), Minneota ("much water"), Minnetonka ("big water"), Minnetrista ("crooked water"), and Minneapolis, a hybrid word combining Dakota mní ("water") and -polis (Greek for "city").[21]

History

Main article: History of Minnesota
 
Map of Minnesota Territory 1849–1858

When Europeans arrived in North America, the Dakota people lived in what is now Minnesota. The first Europeans to enter the region were French voyageurs, fur traders who arrived in the 17th century. They used the Grand Portage to access trapping and trading areas further into Minnesota. The Anishinaabe (also known as Ojibwe or Chippewa) were migrating into Minnesota, causing tensions with the Dakota people,[22] and dislocated the Mdewakanton from their homelands along Mille Lacs Lake. Explorers such as Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, Father Louis Hennepin, Jonathan Carver, Henry Schoolcraft, and Joseph Nicollet mapped the state.

The region was part of Spanish Louisiana from 1762 to 1802.[23][24] The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War, when the Second Treaty of Paris was signed. Land west of the Mississippi was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase, though the Hudson's Bay Company disputed the Red River Valley until the Treaty of 1818, when the border on the 49th parallel was agreed upon.[25] In 1805 Zebulon Pike bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers to create a military reservation. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825.[26] Its soldiers built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls, which were harbingers of the water-powered industries around which Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and others had settled near the fort; in 1839 the army forced them off military lands, and most moved downriver, just outside the military reservation, to the area that became St. Paul.[27]

Minnesota was part of several territorial organizations between acquisition and statehood. From 1812 to 1821 it was part of the Territory of Missouri that corresponded with much of the Louisiana Purchase. It was briefly an unorganized territory (1821–1834) and was later consolidated with Wisconsin, Iowa and half the Dakotas to form the short-lived Territory of Michigan (1834–1836). From 1836 to 1848 Minnesota and Iowa were part of the Territory of Wisconsin. From 1838 to 1846 Minnesota west of the Mississippi River was part of the Territory of Iowa. Minnesota east of the Mississippi was part of Wisconsin until 1848. When Iowa gained statehood western Minnesota was in an Unorganized Territory again. Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3, 1849. The first territorial legislature, held on September 2, 1849,[28] was dominated by men of New England ancestry.[29] Thousands of pioneers had come to create farms and cut timber. Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858. The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed "the New England of the West".[30][31][32][33]

 
Settlers escaping the Dakota War of 1862

Treaties between the U.S. Government and the eastern Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and onto reservations. As conditions deteriorated for the eastern Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the Dakota War of 1862.[34] The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men, searching for food, killed a family of white settlers on August 17. That night, a faction of Little Crow's eastern Dakota decided to try and drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley. In the weeks that followed, Dakota warriors killed hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee the area.[35] The six-week war ended with the defeat of the eastern Dakota and 2,000 in custody, who were eventually exiled to the Crow Creek Reservation by the Great Sioux Reservation in Dakota Territory. The remaining 4,500 to 5,000 Dakota mostly fled the state into Rupert's Land.[25] As many as 800 settlers were killed during the war.[36]

Minnesota Governor Alexander Ramsey subsequently declared that "the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state”[37] and placed a bounty of $25/scalp on the heads of the eastern Dakota men. Over 1,600 eastern Dakota women, children, and elderly walked from the Lower Sioux Agency to Fort Snelling to be held until the spring thaw allowed riverboats to take them out of Minnesota to Crow Creek Indian Reservation.[38] William Crooks, commander of 6th Minnesota, had a palisade erected around the encampment on Pike Island, just below the fort, to protect native people from the soldiers and settlers.[39] Conditions there were poor and between 125 and 300 died of disease.[40][41] Around 400 Dakota men were tried after the war. 303 were sentenced to death, but Abraham Lincoln reviewed the convictions and approved 39 of the death sentences. In December 1862, 38 of them were hanged.[25]

In early 1863, Ramsey resigned as governor to become the Federal Indian Commissioner. His successor, Governor Henry Swift, raised the bounty to $200/scalp. A total of $325 was paid out to four people collecting bounties, including for Little Crow who was killed in July 1863.[41] Upon becoming Indian Commissioner, Ramsey set out to get Ojibwe lands too. In 1863 he negotiated the Treaty of Old Crossing, whereby the Ojibwe ceded all their land in northern Minnesota and moved to reservations.

Logging, farming, and railroads were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls and logging centers of Pine City, Marine on St. Croix, Stillwater, and Winona processed vast quantities of timber. These cities were on rivers that were ideal for transportation.[25] St. Anthony Falls was later tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers'" or "clear" flour which it replaced.[42] By 1900 Minnesota mills, led by Pillsbury, Northwestern, and the Washburn-Crosby Company (an ancestor of General Mills), were grinding 14.1% of the nation's grain.[43]

The state's iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the Vermilion and Mesabi ranges in the 1880s, followed by the Cuyuna Range in the early 1900s. The ore went by rail to Duluth and Two Harbors for ship transport east via the Great Lakes.[25]

Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota's economy was hit hard by the Great Depression, resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. New Deal programs provided some economic turnaround. The Civilian Conservation Corps and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This gave Natives a greater voice within the state and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native languages were no longer suppressed.[26]

After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized, with hybridization of corn and wheat, and farm machinery such as tractors and combines became the norm. University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to these developments as part of the Green Revolution.[26] Suburban development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation. Increased mobility in turn enabled more specialized jobs.[26]

Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the United States Navy. It later merged with Remington Rand, and then became Sperry Rand. William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC).[44] Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker Medtronic also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949.

The United States Navy and Coast Guard have recognized Minnesota with:

Geography

Main article: Geography of Minnesota
 
Scalable map of Minnesota, showing roads and major bodies of water

Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after Alaska) and northernmost contiguous state, as the isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods County is the only part of the 48 contiguous states north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest and part of North America's Great Lakes region. It shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are to the north. With 86,943 square miles (225,180 km2),[45] or approximately 2.25% of the United States,[46] Minnesota is the 12th-largest state.[47]

Geology

Main article: Geology of Minnesota
See also: List of lakes in Minnesota and List of Minnesota rivers
 
Tilted beds of the Middle Precambrian Thomson Formation in Jay Cooke State Park[48]

Minnesota has some of the earth's oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old (80% as old as the planet).[48][49] About 2.7 billion years ago basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean; the remains of this volcanic rock formed the Canadian Shield in northeast Minnesota.[48][50] The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Since a period of volcanism 1.1 billion years ago, Minnesota's geological activity has been more subdued, with no volcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, which left behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock.[48]

In more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the state's landscape and sculpted its terrain.[48] The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago.[48] These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift.[51] Much of the remainder of the state has fifty feet (15 m) or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago. Its flatbed now is the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling.[48] Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences earthquakes infrequently, most of them minor.[52]

The state's high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet (701 m), which is only 13 miles (21 km) away from the low point of 601 feet (183 m) at the shore of Lake Superior.[50][53] Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling peneplain.[48]

Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesota's northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed. Precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean.[54]

The state's nickname "Land of 10,000 Lakes" is apt, as there are 11,842 Minnesota lakes over 10 acres (4 ha) in size.[55] Minnesota's portion of Lake Superior is the largest at 962,700 acres (389,600 ha; 3,896 km2) and deepest (at 1,290 ft (390 m)) body of water in the state.[55] Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for 69,000 miles (111,000 km).[55] The Mississippi River begins its journey from its headwaters at Lake Itasca and crosses the Iowa border 680 miles (1,090 km) downstream.[55] It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling, by the St. Croix River near Hastings, by the Chippewa River at Wabasha, and by many smaller streams. The Red River drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada's Hudson Bay. Approximately 10.6 million acres (4,300,000 ha; 43,000 km2) of wetlands are within Minnesota's borders, the most of any state outside Alaska.[56]

Flora and fauna

Main article: Natural history of Minnesota

Minnesota has four ecological provinces: prairie parkland, in the southwestern and western parts of the state; the eastern broadleaf forest (Big Woods) in the southeast, extending in a narrowing strip to the state's northwestern part, where it transitions into tallgrass aspen parkland; and the northern Laurentian mixed forest, a transitional forest between the northern boreal forest and the broadleaf forests to the south.[57] These northern forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar.

Much of Minnesota's northern forest has undergone logging, leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest, where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400,000 acres (162,000 ha) of unlogged land.[58] Although logging continues, regrowth and replanting keep about a third of the state forested.[59] Nearly all Minnesota's prairies and oak savannas have been fragmented by farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development.[60]

While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten, elk, woodland caribou, and bison,[61] others like whitetail deer and bobcat thrive. Minnesota has the nation's largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska,[62] and supports healthy populations of black bears, moose, and gophers. Located on the Mississippi Flyway, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks, and game birds such as grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. It is home to birds of prey, including the largest number of breeding pairs of bald eagles in the lower 48 states as of 2007,[63] red-tailed hawks, and snowy owls. Hawk Ridge is one of the premier bird watching sites in North America. The lakes teem with sport fish such as walleye, bass, muskellunge, and northern pike, and brook, brown, and rainbow trout populate streams in the southeast and northeast.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Minnesota
 
Köppen climate types of Minnesota

Minnesota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The lowest temperature recorded was −60 °F (−51 °C) at Tower on February 2, 1996, and the highest was 114 °F (46 °C) at Moorhead on July 6, 1936.[64] Meteorological events include rain, snow, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, derechos, tornadoes, and high-velocity straight-line winds. The growing season varies from 90 days in the far northeast to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River, and average temperatures range from 37 to 49 °F (3 to 9 °C).[65] Average summer dewpoints range from about 58 °F (14 °C) in the south to about 48 °F (9 °C) in the north.[65][66] Average annual precipitation ranges from 19 to 35 inches (48 to 89 cm), and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.[65]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Minnesota[67]
Location July (°F) July (°C) January (°F) January (°C)
Minneapolis 83/64 28/18 23/7 −4/−13
Saint Paul 83/63 28/17 23/6 −5/−14
Rochester 82/63 28/17 23/3 −5/−16
Duluth 76/55 24/13 19/1 −7/−17
St. Cloud 81/58 27/14 18/−1 −7/−18
Mankato 86/62 30/16 23/3 −5/−16
International Falls 77/52 25/11 15/−6 −9/−21

Protected lands

Minnesota's first state park, Itasca State Park, was established in 1891, and is the source of the Mississippi River.[68] Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas, 58 state forests covering about four million acres (16,000 km2), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. The Chippewa and Superior national forests comprise 5.5 million acres (22,000 km2). The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, which encompasses over a million acres (4,000 km2) and a thousand lakes. To its west is Voyageurs National Park. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MNRRA) is a 72-mile-long (116 km) corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic, cultural, and geologic interest.[69]

Cities and towns

See also: List of cities in Minnesota and List of townships in Minnesota

Saint Paul, in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota's capital city since 1849, first as capital of the Territory of Minnesota, and then as the state capital since 1858.

Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are collectively known as the Twin Cities metropolitan area, the country's 16th-largest metropolitan area and home to about 55% of the state's population.[70] The remainder of the state is known as "Greater Minnesota" or "Outstate Minnesota".[71]

The state has 17 cities with populations above 50,000 as of the 2010 census. In descending order of population, they are Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Rochester, Duluth, Bloomington, Brooklyn Park, Plymouth, Saint Cloud, Woodbury, Eagan, Maple Grove, Coon Rapids, Eden Prairie, Minnetonka, Burnsville, Apple Valley, Blaine, and Lakeville.[72] Of these, only Rochester, Duluth, and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.

Minnesota's population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state's 87 counties lost residents over the same period.[73]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Minnesota
Source:[74]
Rank Name County Pop.
 
Minneapolis
 
Saint Paul 		1 Minneapolis Hennepin 425,336  
Rochester
 
Bloomington
2 Saint Paul Ramsey 307,193
3 Rochester Olmsted 121,465
4 Bloomington Hennepin 89,298
5 Duluth St. Louis 86,372
6 Brooklyn Park Hennepin 84,526
7 Plymouth Hennepin 79,828
8 Woodbury Washington 76,990
9 Lakeville Dakota 72,812
10 Blaine Anoka 70,935

The United States Navy has recognized multiple Minnesota communities.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Minnesota

Population

 
Minnesota 2020 Population Density Map
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18506,077—
1860172,0232,730.7%
1870439,706155.6%
1880780,77377.6%
18901,310,28367.8%
19001,751,39433.7%
19102,075,70818.5%
19202,387,12515.0%
19302,563,9537.4%
19402,792,3008.9%
19502,982,4836.8%
19603,413,86414.5%
19703,804,97111.5%
19804,075,9707.1%
19904,375,0997.3%
20004,919,47912.4%
20105,303,9257.8%
20205,706,4947.6%
2022 (est.)5,717,1840.2%
Source: 1910–2020[75]
2022 Estimate[3]
 
Map of counties in Minnesota by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
Legend

From fewer than 6,120 white settlers in 1850, Minnesota's enumerated population grew to over 1.7 million by 1900 and 3.4 million in 1960. Growth then slowed, rising 11% to 3.8 million in 1970, and an average of 9% over the next three decades to 4.9 million in the 2000 census.[73]

At the 2022 estimate Minnesota's population at 5,717,184 on July 1, 2022, a 0.19% increase since the 2020 United States census.[76] The rate of population change, and age and gender distributions, approximate the national average. Minnesota's center of population is in Hennepin County.[77]

At the 2010 census Minnesota's population was 5,303,925. The gender makeup of the state was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. 24.2% of the population was under age 18; 9.5% between 18 and 24; 26.3% from 25 to 44; 27.1% from 45 to 64; and 12.9% 65 or older.[78]

The table below shows the racial composition of Minnesota's population as of the 2020 census.

Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and Ethnicity[79] Alone Total
White (non-Hispanic) 76.3% 76.3
 
 80.2% 80.2
 
African American (non-Hispanic) 6.9% 6.9
 
 8.2% 8.2
 
Hispanic or Latino[b] — 6.1% 6.1
 
Asian 5.2% 5.2
 
 6.2% 6.2
 
Native American 1.0% 1
 
 2.3% 2.3
 
Pacific Islander 0.05% 0.05
 
 0.1% 0.1
 
Other 0.4% 0.4
 
 1.3% 1.3
 

According to the 2017 American Community Survey, 5.1% of Minnesota's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (3.5%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.2%).[80] The ancestry groups claimed by more than 5% of the population were German (33.8%), Norwegian (15.3%), Irish (10.5%), Swedish (8.1%), and English (5.4%).[81] Minnesota was also a major destination for a wave of Finnish immigrants in the early 20th century, along with Wisconsin and Michigan.[82] Among U.S. states, Minnesota has the highest number of Finnish-Americans, 100,545 as of 2019.[83]

In 2011 non-Hispanic whites accounted for 72.3% of all births,[84] but Minnesota's growing minority groups still form a smaller percentage of the population than in the nation as a whole.[85]

Minnesota has the country's largest Somali population,[86] with an estimated 57,000 people, the largest concentration outside of the Horn of Africa.[87]

 
The French Renaissance style Cathedral of St. Paul in the city of St. Paul

Religion

The majority of Minnesotans are Protestants, including a large Lutheran contingent, owing to the state's largely Northern European ethnic makeup. Roman Catholics (of largely German, Irish, French and Slavic descent) make up the largest single Christian denomination. A 2010 survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life showed that 32% of Minnesotans were affiliated with Mainline Protestant traditions, 21% were Evangelical Protestants, 28% Roman Catholic, 1% each Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, and Black Protestant, and smaller amounts of other faiths, with 13% unaffiliated.[88] According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, the denominations with the most adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 1,150,367; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 737,537; and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 182,439.[89] This is broadly consistent with the results of the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey, which also gives detailed percentages for many individual denominations.[90] The international Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference is headquartered in Mankato, Minnesota.[91] Although Christianity is dominant, Minnesota has a long history with non-Christian faiths. Ashkenazi Jewish pioneers set up Saint Paul's first synagogue in 1856.[92] Minnesota is home to more than 30 mosques, mostly in the Twin Cities metro area.[93] The Temple of ECK, the spiritual home of Eckankar, is based in Minnesota.[94]

Religious affiliation in Minnesota by movement (2014)[95]
Affiliation % of population
Christian 74 74
 
Protestant 50 50
 
Lutheran 26 26
 
Methodist 3 3
 
Pentecostal 3 3
 
Historically Black Protestant 2 2
 
Other Protestant 16 16
 
Roman Catholic 22 22
 
Mormon 1 1
 
Other Christian 1 1
 
Other religion or association 5 5
 
Judaism 1 1
 
Islam 1 1
 
Other and unspecified 3 3
 
Unaffiliated 20 20
 
Nothing in particular 13 13
 
Agnostic 4 4
 
Atheist 3 3
 

Economy

Main article: Economy of Minnesota
See also: List of Minnesota locations by per capita income

Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole.[96] Minnesota's economy had a gross domestic product of $383 billion in 2019,[97] with 33 of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies by revenue headquartered in Minnesota,[98] including Target, UnitedHealth Group, 3M, General Mills, U.S. Bancorp, Ameriprise, Hormel, Land O' Lakes, SuperValu, Best Buy, and Valspar. Private companies based in Minnesota include Cargill, the largest privately owned company in the United States,[99] and Carlson Companies, the parent company of Radisson Hotels.[100]

Minnesota's per capita personal income in 2019 was $58,834, the thirteenth-highest in the nation.[101] Its 2019 median household income was $74,593, ranking thirteenth in the U.S. and fifth among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.[102]

Industry and commerce

 
The IDS Tower, designed by Philip Johnson, is the state's tallest building,[103] reflecting César Pelli's Art Deco-style Wells Fargo Center.

Minnesota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by St. Anthony Falls. Although less than 1% of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector,[104] it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold.[105] The state is the nation's largest producer of sugar beets, sweet corn, and peas for processing, and farm-raised turkeys. Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans,[106] and has the most food cooperatives per capita in the United States.[107] Forestry remains strong, including logging, pulpwood processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world's iron ore for more than a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, taconite mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2016 the state produced 60% of the country's usable iron ore.[106] The mining boom created the port of Duluth, which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and biomedical firms, in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor shopping mall was Edina's Southdale Center, and its largest is Bloomington's Mall of America.

Minnesota is one of 45 U.S. states with its own lottery; its games include multi-jurisdiction draws, in-house draws, and other games.

Energy use and production

Further information: List of power stations in Minnesota

Minnesota produces ethanol fuel and is the first to mandate its use, a 10% mix (E10).[108] In 2019 there were more than 411 service stations supplying E85 fuel, comprising 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.[109] A 2% biodiesel blend has been required in diesel fuel since 2005. Minnesota is ranked in the top ten for wind energy production. The state gets nearly one fifth of all its electrical energy from wind.[110]

Xcel Energy is the state's largest utility and is headquartered in the state;[111] it is one of five investor-owned utilities.[112] There are also a number of municipal utilities.[112]

State taxes

Minnesota has a progressive income tax structure; the four brackets of state income tax rates are 5.35%, 7.05%, 7.85%, and 9.85%.[113] As of 2008 Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes.[114] In 2008 Minnesotans paid 10.2% of their income in state and local taxes; the U.S. average was 9.7%.[114] The state sales tax in Minnesota is 6.875%, but clothing, prescription drug medications and food items for home consumption are exempt.[115] The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.[116] Excise taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota.[115] Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Minnesota

Fine and performing arts

 
Sculpture of St. Urho in Menahga, Minnesota, in 2020

Minnesota's leading fine art museums include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, and The Museum of Russian Art (TMORA). All are in Minneapolis. The Minnesota Orchestra and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra are prominent full-time professional musical ensembles who perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities' community. The world-renowned Guthrie Theater moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006, boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River. Attendance at theatrical, musical, and comedy events in the area is strong. In the United States, Minneapolis's number of theater companies ranks behind only New York City's,[117] and about 2.3 million theater tickets were sold in the Twin Cities annually as of 2006.[118] The Minnesota Fringe Festival in Minneapolis is an annual celebration of theatre, dance, improvisation, puppetry, kids' shows, visual art, and musicals with more than 800 performances over 11 days. It is the country's largest non-juried performing arts festival.[119]

Literature

The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the prairie are the subject of Giants in the Earth by Ole Rolvaag and the Little House series of children's books by Laura Ingalls Wilder. Small-town life is portrayed grimly by Sinclair Lewis in the novel Main Street, and more gently and affectionately by Garrison Keillor in his tales of Lake Wobegon. St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as Winter Dreams and The Ice Palace (published in Flappers and Philosophers). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha was inspired by Minnesota and names many of the state's places and bodies of water. Minnesota native Robert Zimmerman (Bob Dylan) won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. Science fiction writer Marissa Lingen lives here.

Entertainment

Main article: Music of Minnesota
 
First Avenue nightclub, the heart of Minnesota's music community[50]

Minnesota musicians include Prince, Bob Dylan, Eddie Cochran, The Andrews Sisters, The Castaways, The Trashmen, Soul Asylum, David Ellefson, Chad Smith, John Wozniak, Hüsker Dü, Semisonic, The Replacements, Owl City, Holly Henry, Motion City Soundtrack, Atmosphere, and Dessa. Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture: the Andrews Sisters' "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was an iconic tune of World War II, while the Trashmen's "Surfin' Bird" and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s. In the 1980s, influential hit radio groups and musicians included Prince, The Original 7ven, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, The Jets, Lipps Inc., and Information Society.

Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy, theater, media, and film. The comic strip Peanuts was created by St. Paul native Charles M. Schulz. A Prairie Home Companion which first aired in 1974, became a long-running comedy radio show on National Public Radio. A cult scifi cable TV show, Mystery Science Theater 3000, was created by Joel Hodgson in Hopkins, and Minneapolis, MN. Another popular comedy staple developed in the 1990s, The Daily Show, was originated through Lizz Winstead and Madeleine Smithberg.

Joel and Ethan Coen, Terry Gilliam, Bill Pohlad, and Mike Todd contributed to the art of filmmaking as writers, directors, and producers. Notable actors from Minnesota include Loni Anderson, Richard Dean Anderson, James Arness, Jessica Biel, Rachael Leigh Cook, Julia Duffy, Mike Farrell, Judy Garland, Peter Graves, Josh Hartnett, Garrett Hedlund, Tippi Hedren, Jessica Lange, Kelly Lynch, E.G. Marshall, Laura Osnes, Melissa Peterman, Chris Pratt, Marion Ross, Jane Russell, Winona Ryder, Seann William Scott, Kevin Sorbo, Lea Thompson, Vince Vaughn, Jesse Ventura, and Steve Zahn.

Popular culture

See also: List of television shows and movies in Minnesota
 
A youth fiddle performance at the Minnesota State Fair

Stereotypical traits of Minnesotans include "Minnesota nice", Lutheranism, a strong sense of community and shared culture, and a distinctive brand of North Central American English sprinkled with Scandinavian expressions. Potlucks, usually with a variety of hotdishes, are popular small-town church activities. A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional lutefisk dinner to celebrate Christmas. Life in Minnesota has also been depicted or used as a backdrop, in movies such as Fargo, Grumpy Old Men, Grumpier Old Men, Juno, Drop Dead Gorgeous, Young Adult, A Serious Man, New in Town, Rio, The Mighty Ducks films, and in famous television series like Little House on the Prairie, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Golden Girls, Coach, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, How I Met Your Mother and Fargo. Major movies shot on location in Minnesota include That Was Then... This Is Now, Purple Rain, Airport, Beautiful Girls, North Country, Untamed Heart, Feeling Minnesota, Jingle All The Way, A Simple Plan, and The Mighty Ducks films.

The Minnesota State Fair, advertised as The Great Minnesota Get-Together, is an icon of state culture. In a state of 5.5 million people, there were more than 1.8 million visitors to the fair in 2014, setting a new attendance record.[120] The fair covers the variety of Minnesota life, including fine art, science, agriculture, food preparation, 4-H displays, music, the midway, and corporate merchandising. It is known for its displays of seed art, butter sculptures of dairy princesses, the birthing barn, and the "fattest pig" competition. One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick, such as Pronto Pups, cheese curds, and deep-fried candy bars. On a smaller scale, many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs.

Other large annual festivals include the Saint Paul Winter Carnival, the Minnesota Renaissance Festival, Minneapolis' Aquatennial and Mill City Music Festival, Moondance Jam in Walker, Sonshine Christian music festival in Willmar, the Judy Garland Festival in Grand Rapids, the Eelpout Festival on Leech Lake, and the WE Fest in Detroit Lakes.

Health

Minnesotans have low rates of premature death, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, and occupational fatalities.[121][122] They have long life expectancies,[123] and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise.[121][124][125] These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation; however, in one of these rankings, Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of binge drinking.[121][126] While overall health indicators are strong, Minnesota does have significant health disparities in minority populations.[127]

On October 1, 2007, the Freedom to Breathe Act took effect, outlawing smoking in restaurants and bars in Minnesota.[128]

The Minnesota Department of Health is the primary state health agency responsible for public policy and regulation. Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics operated by a number of large providers including Allina Hospitals & Clinics, CentraCare Health System, Essentia Health, HealthPartners, M Health Fairview and the Mayo Clinic Health System. There are two teaching hospitals and medical schools in Minnesota. The University of Minnesota Medical School is a high-rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and its research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing biotechnology industry.[129] The Mayo Clinic, a world-renowned hospital based in Rochester, was founded by William Worrall Mayo, an immigrant from England.[130][131]

U.S. News & World Report's 2020–21 survey ranked 4,554 hospitals in the country in 12 specialized fields of care, and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in most fields. The hospital ranked first on the best hospitals honor roll. The only specialty where it fell outside the top ten was ophthalmology.[132] The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into cancer, Alzheimer's disease, heart health, obesity, and other areas.[133]

Education

Main article: Education in Minnesota
See also: List of colleges and universities in Minnesota, List of high schools in Minnesota, and List of school districts in Minnesota
 
The Richardsonian Romanesque Pillsbury Hall (1889) is one of the oldest buildings on the University of Minnesota Minneapolis campus.

One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a normal school in Winona. Minnesota's commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well-educated populace. In 2009, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Minnesota had the second-highest proportion of high school graduates, with 91.5% of people 25 and older holding a high school diploma, and the tenth-highest proportion of people with bachelor's degrees.[134] In 2015, Minneapolis was named the nation's "Most Literate City", while St. Paul placed fourth, according to a major annual survey.[135] In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth-grade students internationally in math and science, Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States, behind Massachusetts and Vermont.[136] In 2014, Minnesota students earned the tenth-highest average composite score in the nation on the ACT exam.[137] In 2013, nationwide in per-student public education spending, Minnesota ranked 21st.[138] While Minnesota has chosen not to implement school vouchers,[139] it is home to the first charter school.[140]

The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, including 37 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and five major campuses of the University of Minnesota system. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities, six of which rank among the nation's top 100 liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News & World Report.[141]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Minnesota

Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) at the state level and by regional and local governments at the local level. Principal transportation corridors radiate from the Twin Cities metropolitan area and along interstate corridors in Greater Minnesota. The major Interstate highways are Interstate 35 (I-35), I-90, and I-94, with I-35 and I-94 connecting the Minneapolis–St. Paul area, and I-90 traveling east–west along the southern edge of the state.[142] In 2006, a constitutional amendment was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40% dedicated to public transit.[143] There are nearly two dozen rail corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis–St. Paul or Duluth.[144] There is water transportation along the Mississippi River system and from the ports of Lake Superior.[145]

 
Two Metro Green Line trains on the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities campus

Minnesota's principal airport is Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport (MSP), a major passenger and freight hub for Delta Air Lines and Sun Country Airlines. Most other domestic carriers serve the airport. Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester, with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via Delta Connection carriers SkyWest Airlines, Compass Airlines, and Endeavor Air.[146]

Public transit services are available in the regional urban centers in Minnesota including Metro Transit in the Twin Cities, opt-out suburban operators Minnesota Valley Transit Authority, SouthWest Transit, Plymouth Metrolink, Maple Grove Transit and others. In Greater Minnesota transit services are provided by city systems such as Duluth Transit Authority, Mankato Transit System, MATBUS (Fargo-Moorhead), Rochester Public Transit, Saint Cloud Metro Bus, Winona Public Transit and others. Dial-a-Ride service is available for persons with disabilities in a majority of Minnesota Counties.[147]

In addition to bus services, Amtrak's daily Empire Builder (Chicago–Seattle/Portland) train runs through Minnesota, calling at the Saint Paul Union Depot and five other stations.[148] Intercity bus providers include Jefferson Lines, Greyhound, and Megabus. Local public transit is provided by bus networks in the larger cities and by two rail services. The Northstar Line commuter rail service runs from Big Lake to the Target Field station in downtown Minneapolis. From there, light rail runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the Green Line, and to the MSP airport and the Mall of America via the Blue Line.

Law and government

 
The historical coat of arms of Minnesota in 1876

Minnesota is governed pursuant to the Minnesota Constitution, which was adopted October 13, 1857, roughly one year before statehood.[149] Like all U.S. states and the federal government, Minnesota has a republican system of political representation with power divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.[150] The state constitution includes a bill of rights that reaffirms many of the same rights and freedoms as its federal counterpart, with some protected more strongly and explicitly.[149]

Executive

Main article: Governor of Minnesota
 
Governor Tim Walz

The executive branch is headed by the governor, currently Tim Walz, DFL (Democratic–Farmer–Labor), who took office on January 7, 2019. The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state, attorney general, and state auditor.

Constitutional officeholders:

Legislature

Main article: Minnesota Legislature
 
The Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, designed by Cass Gilbert

The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 67 districts, each with about 60,000 people. Each district has one senator and two representatives, each senatorial district being divided into A and B sections for members of the House. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.

Since 2023, both the House and Senate have had a slim DFL majority.[151]

Judiciary

Minnesota's court system has three levels. Most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the Minnesota Court of Appeals, consisting of 19 judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice Minnesota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the tax court, the workers' compensation court of appeals, first-degree murder convictions, and discretionary appeals from the court of appeals; it also has original jurisdiction over election disputes.[152]

Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established: the workers' compensation court of appeals, and the tax court, which deals with non-criminal tax cases.

Supreme Court Justices[153]

Associate Justices

Regional

In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. Regional development commissions (RDCs) provide technical assistance to local governments in the broad multi-county areas of the state. Along with this Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), such as the Metropolitan Council, provide planning and oversight of land use actions in metropolitan areas. Many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts.

Federal

Minnesota's United States senators are Democrats Amy Klobuchar and Tina Smith. The state has eight congressional districts; they are represented by Brad Finstad (1st district; R), Angie Craig (2nd; DFL), Dean Phillips (3rd; DFL), Betty McCollum (4th; DFL), Ilhan Omar (5th; DFL), Tom Emmer (6th; R), Michelle Fischbach (7th; R), and Pete Stauber (8th; R).

Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and Fergus Falls. Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in St. Louis, Missouri and St. Paul.

Tribal

The State of Minnesota was created by the United States federal government in the traditional and cultural range of lands occupied by the Dakota and Anishinaabe peoples as well as other Native American groups. After many years of unequal treaties and forced resettlement by the state and federal government, the tribes re-organized into sovereign tribal governments. Today, the tribal governments are divided into 11 semi-autonomous reservations that negotiate with the U.S. and the state on a bilateral basis:

Four Dakota Mdewakanton communities:

Seven Anishinaabe reservations:

The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and White Earth reservations.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Minnesota
See also: List of political parties in Minnesota, United States congressional delegations from Minnesota, Minnesota's congressional districts, and Political party strength in Minnesota
United States presidential election results for Minnesota[154]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 1,484,065 45.28% 1,717,077 52.40% 76,029 2.32%
2016 1,323,232 44.93% 1,367,825 46.44% 254,176 8.63%
2012 1,320,225 44.96% 1,546,167 52.65% 70,169 2.39%
2008 1,275,409 43.82% 1,573,354 54.06% 61,606 2.12%
2004 1,346,695 47.61% 1,445,014 51.09% 36,678 1.30%
2000 1,109,659 45.50% 1,168,266 47.91% 160,760 6.59%
1996 766,476 34.96% 1,120,438 51.10% 305,726 13.94%
1992 747,841 31.85% 1,020,997 43.48% 579,110 24.66%
1988 962,337 45.90% 1,109,471 52.91% 24,982 1.19%
1984 1,032,603 49.54% 1,036,364 49.72% 15,482 0.74%
1980 873,241 42.56% 954,174 46.50% 224,538 10.94%
1976 819,395 42.02% 1,070,440 54.90% 60,096 3.08%
1972 898,269 51.58% 802,346 46.07% 41,037 2.36%
1968 658,643 41.46% 857,738 54.00% 72,129 4.54%
1964 559,624 36.00% 991,117 63.76% 3,721 0.24%
1960 757,915 49.16% 779,933 50.58% 4,039 0.26%
1956 719,302 53.68% 617,525 46.08% 3,178 0.24%
1952 763,211 55.33% 608,458 44.11% 7,814 0.57%
1948 483,617 39.89% 692,966 57.16% 35,643 2.94%
1944 527,416 46.86% 589,864 52.41% 8,249 0.73%
1940 596,274 47.66% 644,196 51.49% 10,718 0.86%
1936 350,461 31.01% 698,811 61.84% 80,703 7.14%
1932 363,959 36.29% 600,806 59.91% 38,078 3.80%
1928 560,977 57.77% 396,451 40.83% 13,548 1.40%
1924 420,759 51.18% 55,913 6.80% 345,474 42.02%
1920 519,421 70.59% 142,994 19.43% 73,423 9.98%
1916 179,544 46.35% 179,152 46.25% 28,668 7.40%
1912 64,334 19.25% 106,426 31.84% 163,459 48.91%
1908 195,843 59.11% 109,401 33.02% 26,060 7.87%
1904 216,651 73.98% 55,187 18.84% 21,022 7.18%
1900 190,461 60.21% 112,901 35.69% 12,949 4.09%
1896 193,503 56.62% 139,735 40.89% 8,524 2.49%
1892 122,823 45.96% 100,920 37.76% 43,495 16.28%
1888 142,492 54.12% 104,385 39.65% 16,408 6.23%
1884 111,685 58.78% 70,065 36.87% 8,267 4.35%
1880 93,902 62.28% 53,315 35.36% 3,553 2.36%
1876 72,955 58.80% 48,587 39.16% 2,533 2.04%
1872 55,708 61.27% 35,211 38.73% 0 0.00%
1868 43,722 60.88% 28,096 39.12% 0 0.00%
1864 25,055 59.06% 17,367 40.94% 0 0.00%
1860 22,069 63.53% 11,920 34.31% 748 2.15%

Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, and populism has been a long-standing force among the state's political parties.[155][156] Minnesota has a consistently high voter turnout. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, 78.2% of eligible Minnesotans voted – the highest percentage of any U.S. state – versus the national average of 61.2%.[157] That figure was surpassed in 2020, when 79.96% of registered voters participated in the general election.[158] Voters can register on election day at their polling places with evidence of residency.[159]

Hubert Humphrey brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for Ronald Reagan in either of his presidential campaigns. Minnesota has voted for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1960, with the exception of 1972, when the state was won by Republican Richard Nixon.

Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level Democratic party has a different name, officially known as the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties.

The state has had active third-party movements. The Reform Party, now the Independence Party, was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major-party status. The Green Party, while no longer having major-party status, has a large presence in municipal government,[160] notably in Minneapolis and Duluth, where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Major-party status in Minnesota (which grants state funding for elections) is reserved to parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election (e.g., governor, secretary of state, U.S. president).

The state's U.S. Senate seats have generally been split since the early 1990s and in the 108th and 109th Congresses, Minnesota's congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party. In the 2006 mid-term election, Democrats were elected to all state offices, except governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans Tim Pawlenty and Carol Molnau narrowly won reelection. The DFL posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the party's U.S. House caucus by one. Keith Ellison (DFL) was elected as the first African American U.S. Representative from Minnesota, as well as the first Muslim elected to Congress nationwide.[161] In 2008, DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host Al Franken defeated incumbent Republican Norm Coleman in the U.S. Senate race by 312 votes out of three million cast.

In the 2010 election, Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years and, with Mark Dayton's election, the DFL party took the governor's office for the first time in 20 years. Two years later, the DFL regained control of both houses, and with Dayton in office, the party had same-party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990. Two years later, the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House,[162] and in 2016, the GOP also regained control of the State Senate.[163]

In 2018, the DFL retook control of the Minnesota House, while electing DFLer Tim Walz as Governor.

In a 2020 study, Minnesota was ranked as the 15th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[164]

Media

Main article: List of media in Minnesota
See also: List of newspapers in Minnesota

The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest media market in the United States, as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state's other top markets are Fargo–Moorhead (118th nationally), Duluth–Superior (137th), Rochester–Mason City–Austin (152nd), and Mankato (200th).[165]

Broadcast television in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when KSTP-TV began broadcasting.[166] Hubbard Broadcasting, which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota. Twin Cities CBS station WCCO-TV and FOX station KMSP-TV are owned-and-operated by their respective networks. There are 39 analog broadcast stations and 23 digital channels broadcast over Minnesota.

The four largest daily newspapers are the Star Tribune in Minneapolis, the Pioneer Press in Saint Paul, the Duluth News Tribune in Duluth, and the Post-Bulletin in Rochester. The Minnesota Daily is the largest student-run newspaper in the U.S.[167] Sites offering daily news on the Web include The UpTake, MinnPost, the Twin Cities Daily Planet, business news site Finance and Commerce and Washington D.C.-based Minnesota Independent. Weeklies including City Pages and monthly publications such as Minnesota Monthly are available.

Two of the largest public radio networks, Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and Public Radio International (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation, broadcasting on 46 radio stations as of 2019.[168][169] PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates.[170] The state's oldest radio station, KUOM-AM, was launched in 1922 and is among the 10-oldest radio stations in the United States. The University of Minnesota-owned station is still on the air, and since 1993 broadcasts a college rock format.

Sports, recreation and tourism

Minnesota has an active program of organized amateur and professional sports. Tourism has become an important industry, especially in the Lake region. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.[171]

Organized sports

Main article: Sports in Minnesota

Minnesota has professional men's teams in all major sports.

The Minnesota Vikings have played in the National Football League since their admission as an expansion franchise in 1961. They played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 through 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 until its demolition after the 2013 season for the construction of the team's new home, U.S. Bank Stadium. The Vikings' current stadium hosted Super Bowl LII in February 2018. Super Bowl XXVI was played in the Metrodome in 1992. The Vikings have advanced to the Super Bowl Super Bowl IV, Super Bowl VIII, Super Bowl IX, and Super Bowl XI, losing all four games to their AFC/AFL opponent

The Minnesota Twins have played in the Major League Baseball in the Twin Cities since 1961. The Twins began play as the original Washington Senators, a founding member of the American League in 1901, relocating to Minnesota in 1961. The Twins won the 1987 and 1991 World Series in seven-game matches where the home team was victorious in all games. The Twins also advanced to the 1965 World Series, where they lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games. The team has played at Target Field since 2010.

The Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association played in the Minneapolis Auditorium from 1947 to 1960, after which they relocated to Los Angeles. The Minnesota Timberwolves joined the NBA in 1989, and have played in Target Center since 1990.

The National Hockey League's Minnesota Wild play in St. Paul's Xcel Energy Center, and reached 300 consecutive sold-out games on January 16, 2008.[172] Previously, the Minnesota North Stars competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993, which played in and lost the 1981 and 1991 Stanley Cup Finals.

Minnesota United FC joined Major League Soccer as an expansion team in 2017, having played in the lower-division North American Soccer League from 2010 to 2016. The team plays at Allianz Field in St. Paul.[173] Previous professional soccer teams have included the Minnesota Kicks, which played at Metropolitan Stadium from 1976 to 1981, and the Minnesota Strikers from 1984 to 1988.

Minnesota also has minor-league professional sports teams. The Minnesota Swarm of the National Lacrosse League played at the Xcel Energy Center until the team moved to Georgia in 2015. The St. Paul Saints, who play at CHS Field in St. Paul, are the Triple-A minor league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins.

Professional women's sports include the Minnesota Lynx of the Women's National Basketball Association, winners of the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 WNBA Championships, Minnesota Aurora FC of the United Soccer League W-League, the Minnesota Vixen of the Independent Women's Football League, the Minnesota Valkyrie of the Legends Football League, and the Minnesota Whitecaps of the National Women's Hockey League.

The Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school competing in the Big Ten Conference. Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey: the University of Minnesota Duluth; Minnesota State University, Mankato; St. Cloud State University and Bemidji State University. There are nine NCAA Division II colleges in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference, and twenty NCAA Division III colleges in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and Upper Midwest Athletic Conference.[174][175]

Minneapolis has hosted the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship in 1951, 1992, 2001, and 2019.

The Hazeltine National Golf Club has hosted the U.S. Open, U.S. Women's Open, U.S. Senior Open and PGA Championship. The course also hosted the Ryder Cup in the fall of 2016, when it became one of two courses in the U.S. to host all major golf competitions. The Ryder Cup is scheduled to return in 2028.[176]

Interlachen Country Club has hosted the U.S. Open, U.S. Women's Open, and Solheim Cup.

Winter Olympic Games medalists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the gold medal 1980 ice hockey team (coached by Minnesota native Herb Brooks) and the bronze medalist U.S. men's curling team in the 2006 Winter Olympics. Swimmer Tom Malchow won an Olympic gold medal in the 2000 Summer games and a silver medal in 1996.

Grandma's Marathon is run every summer along the scenic North Shore of Lake Superior, and the Twin Cities Marathon winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the fall color season. Farther north, Eveleth is the location of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.

Outdoor recreation

 
Fishing on Bde Maka Ska in Minneapolis

Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity,[177] and many of these activities are outdoors. The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits.[178]

 
An old sauna cabin of Listening Point on the shores of Burntside Lake in Morse Township, Minnesota

In the warmer months, these activities often involve water. Weekend and longer trips to family cabins on Minnesota's numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents. Activities include water sports such as water skiing, which originated in the state,[179] boating, canoeing, and fishing. More than 36% of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska.[180]

Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze; ice fishing has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants.[181] Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long, harsh winters in ice sports such as skating, hockey, curling, and broomball, and snow sports such as cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, luge, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling.[182] Minnesota is the only U.S. state where bandy is played.[183]

State and national forests and the 72 state parks are used year-round for hunting, camping, and hiking. There are almost 20,000 miles (32,000 km) of snowmobile trails statewide.[184] Minnesota has more miles of bike trails than any other state,[185] and a growing network of hiking trails, including the 235-mile (378 km) Superior Hiking Trail in the northeast.[186] Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  2. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

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External links

Culture and history

  • Minnesota Historical Society
  • Minnesota Reflections
  • Minnesota State Guide from the Library of Congress

General

Government

  • Official website
  • Prairie Island Indian Community
  • Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
  • Lower Sioux Indian Community
  • The Upper Sioux Community Pejuhutazizi Oyate
  • Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
  • Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
  • Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
  • Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
  • Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
  • Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
  • White Earth Indian Reservation Tribal Council
  • Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians

Maps and demographics

  • Minnesota State Demographic Center
  • State Facts from USDA
  • Minnesota State Highway Map
  • Minnesota at OpenStreetMap

Tourism and recreation

  • Explore Minnesota
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Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on May 11, 1858 (32nd) 		Succeeded by

Coordinates: 46°N 94°W / 46°N 94°W / 46; -94 (State of Minnesota)

February 21, 2023
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This article is about the U S state For the river see Minnesota River For other uses see Minnesota disambiguation Minnesota ˌ m ɪ n ɪ ˈ s oʊ t e listen is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States It is the 12th largest U S state in area and the 22nd most populous with over 5 75 million residents Minnesota is home to western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture deciduous forests in the southeast now partially cleared farmed and settled and the less populated North Woods used for mining forestry and recreation Roughly a third of the state is covered in forests and it is known as the Land of 10 000 Lakes for having over 14 000 bodies of fresh water covering at least ten acres 7 More than 60 of Minnesotans live in the Minneapolis Saint Paul metropolitan area known as the Twin Cities the state s main political economic and cultural hub 8 With a population of about 3 7 million the Twin Cities is the 16th largest metropolitan area in the U S Other minor metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas in the state include Duluth Mankato Moorhead Rochester and St Cloud 9 MinnesotaStateFlagSealNickname s Land of 10 000 Lakes North Star State Gopher StateMotto L Etoile du Nord French The Star of the North Anthem Hail Minnesota Map of the United States with Minnesota highlightedCountryUnited StatesBefore statehoodMinnesota TerritoryAdmitted to the UnionMay 11 1858 32nd State in the Union CapitalSaint PaulLargest cityMinneapolisLargest metro and urban areasMinneapolis Saint PaulGovernment GovernorTim Walz DFL Lieutenant GovernorPeggy Flanagan DFL LegislatureMinnesota Legislature Upper houseSenate Lower houseHouse of RepresentativesJudiciaryMinnesota Supreme CourtU S senatorsAmy Klobuchar DFL Tina Smith DFL U S House delegation4 Democrats4 Republicans list Area Total86 935 83 sq mi 225 163 km2 Land79 626 74 sq mi 206 232 km2 Water7 309 09 sq mi 18 930 km2 8 40 Rank12thDimensions Lengthabout 400 mi 640 km Width200 350 mi 320 560 km Elevation1 200 ft 370 m Highest elevation Eagle Mountain 1 a 2 301 ft 701 m Lowest elevation Lake Superior 1 a 2 602 ft 183 m Population 2022 Total5 717 184 3 Rank22nd Density68 9 sq mi 26 6 km2 Rank36th 2020 census Median household income 74 593 4 Income rank13thDemonymMinnesotanLanguage Official languagenone Spoken languageEnglish 88 9 Spanish Somali Hmong 5 Time zoneUTC 06 00 Central Summer DST UTC 05 00 CDT USPS abbreviationMNISO 3166 codeUS MNTraditional abbreviationMinn Latitude43 30 N to 49 23 NLongitude89 29 W to 97 14 WWebsitemn wbr govState symbols of MinnesotaList of state symbolsLiving insigniaBirdCommon loonButterflyMonarchFishWalleyeFlowerPink and white lady s slipperMushroomCommon morel Morchella esculenta TreeNorway pine 6 Inanimate insigniaBeverageMilkFoodFruit Honeycrisp appleMuffin BlueberryMushroom MorelGemstoneLake Superior agateOtherPhotograph GraceLists of United States state symbolsMinnesota which gets its name from the Dakota language has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since the Woodland period of the 11th century BCE Between roughly 200 and 500 CE two areas of the indigenous Hopewell tradition emerged the Laurel complex in the north and Trempealeau Hopewell in the Mississippi River Valley in the south The Upper Mississippian culture consisting of the Oneota people and other Siouan speakers emerged around 1000 CE and lasted through the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century French explorers and missionaries were the earliest Europeans to enter the region encountering the Dakota Ojibwe and various Anishinaabe tribes Much of what is now Minnesota formed part of the vast French holding of Louisiana which the United States purchased in 1803 After several territorial reorganizations the Minnesota Territory was admitted to the Union as the 32nd state in 1858 Minnesota s official motto L Etoile du Nord is the only state motto in French meaning The Star of the North it was adopted shortly after statehood and reflects both the state s early French explorers and its position as the northernmost state in the contiguous U S As part of the American frontier Minnesota attracted settlers and homesteaders from across the country with its growth initially centered on timber agriculture and railroad construction Into the early 20th century European immigrants arrived in significant numbers particularly from Scandinavia Germany and Central Europe many were linked to the failed revolutions of 1848 which partly influenced the state s development as a center of labor and social activism 10 Minnesota s rapid industrialization and urbanization precipitated major social economic and political changes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the state was at the forefront of labor rights women s suffrage and political reform 11 Minnesota is considered Democratic leaning having voted for every Democratic presidential nominee since 1976 longer than any other U S state 12 Since the late 20th century the core of Minnesota s economy has diversified shifting from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services finance and health care it is consequently one of the richest in terms of GDP and per capita income The state is home to 11 federally recognized Native American reservations seven Ojibwe four Dakota and remains a center of Scandinavian and German cultures with an influence of Lutheranism In more recent decades Minnesota has become more multicultural driven by both larger domestic migration and immigration from Latin America Asia the Horn of Africa and the Middle East the state has the nation s largest population of Somali Americans and second largest Hmong population 13 Minnesota s standard of living and level of education are among the highest in the U S 14 and it is ranked among the best states in metrics such as employment median income safety and governance 15 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Geology 3 2 Flora and fauna 3 3 Climate 3 4 Protected lands 4 Cities and towns 5 Demographics 5 1 Population 5 2 Religion 6 Economy 6 1 Industry and commerce 6 2 Energy use and production 6 3 State taxes 7 Culture 7 1 Fine and performing arts 7 2 Literature 7 3 Entertainment 7 4 Popular culture 8 Health 9 Education 10 Transportation 11 Law and government 11 1 Executive 11 2 Legislature 11 3 Judiciary 11 4 Regional 11 5 Federal 11 6 Tribal 12 Politics 13 Media 14 Sports recreation and tourism 14 1 Organized sports 14 2 Outdoor recreation 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links 18 1 Culture and history 18 2 General 18 3 Government 18 4 Maps and demographics 18 5 Tourism and recreationEtymologyThe word Minnesota comes from the Dakota 16 name for the Minnesota River which got its name from one of two words in Dakota mni sota which means clear blue water 17 18 or Mnissota which means cloudy water 19 20 Dakota people demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mni sota 20 Many places in the state have similar Dakota names such as Minnehaha Falls curling water or waterfall Minneiska white water Minneota much water Minnetonka big water Minnetrista crooked water and Minneapolis a hybrid word combining Dakota mni water and polis code ell promoted to code el Greek for city 21 HistoryMain article History of Minnesota Map of Minnesota Territory 1849 1858 When Europeans arrived in North America the Dakota people lived in what is now Minnesota The first Europeans to enter the region were French voyageurs fur traders who arrived in the 17th century They used the Grand Portage to access trapping and trading areas further into Minnesota The Anishinaabe also known as Ojibwe or Chippewa were migrating into Minnesota causing tensions with the Dakota people 22 and dislocated the Mdewakanton from their homelands along Mille Lacs Lake Explorers such as Daniel Greysolon Sieur du Lhut Father Louis Hennepin Jonathan Carver Henry Schoolcraft and Joseph Nicollet mapped the state The region was part of Spanish Louisiana from 1762 to 1802 23 24 The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War when the Second Treaty of Paris was signed Land west of the Mississippi was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase though the Hudson s Bay Company disputed the Red River Valley until the Treaty of 1818 when the border on the 49th parallel was agreed upon 25 In 1805 Zebulon Pike bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers to create a military reservation The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825 26 Its soldiers built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls which were harbingers of the water powered industries around which Minneapolis later grew Meanwhile squatters government officials and others had settled near the fort in 1839 the army forced them off military lands and most moved downriver just outside the military reservation to the area that became St Paul 27 Minnesota was part of several territorial organizations between acquisition and statehood From 1812 to 1821 it was part of the Territory of Missouri that corresponded with much of the Louisiana Purchase It was briefly an unorganized territory 1821 1834 and was later consolidated with Wisconsin Iowa and half the Dakotas to form the short lived Territory of Michigan 1834 1836 From 1836 to 1848 Minnesota and Iowa were part of the Territory of Wisconsin From 1838 to 1846 Minnesota west of the Mississippi River was part of the Territory of Iowa Minnesota east of the Mississippi was part of Wisconsin until 1848 When Iowa gained statehood western Minnesota was in an Unorganized Territory again Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3 1849 The first territorial legislature held on September 2 1849 28 was dominated by men of New England ancestry 29 Thousands of pioneers had come to create farms and cut timber Minnesota became the 32nd U S state on May 11 1858 The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed the New England of the West 30 31 32 33 Settlers escaping the Dakota War of 1862 Treaties between the U S Government and the eastern Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and onto reservations As conditions deteriorated for the eastern Dakota tensions rose leading to the Dakota War of 1862 34 The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men searching for food killed a family of white settlers on August 17 That night a faction of Little Crow s eastern Dakota decided to try and drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley In the weeks that followed Dakota warriors killed hundreds of settlers causing thousands to flee the area 35 The six week war ended with the defeat of the eastern Dakota and 2 000 in custody who were eventually exiled to the Crow Creek Reservation by the Great Sioux Reservation in Dakota Territory The remaining 4 500 to 5 000 Dakota mostly fled the state into Rupert s Land 25 As many as 800 settlers were killed during the war 36 Minnesota Governor Alexander Ramsey subsequently declared that the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state 37 and placed a bounty of 25 scalp on the heads of the eastern Dakota men Over 1 600 eastern Dakota women children and elderly walked from the Lower Sioux Agency to Fort Snelling to be held until the spring thaw allowed riverboats to take them out of Minnesota to Crow Creek Indian Reservation 38 William Crooks commander of 6th Minnesota had a palisade erected around the encampment on Pike Island just below the fort to protect native people from the soldiers and settlers 39 Conditions there were poor and between 125 and 300 died of disease 40 41 Around 400 Dakota men were tried after the war 303 were sentenced to death but Abraham Lincoln reviewed the convictions and approved 39 of the death sentences In December 1862 38 of them were hanged 25 In early 1863 Ramsey resigned as governor to become the Federal Indian Commissioner His successor Governor Henry Swift raised the bounty to 200 scalp A total of 325 was paid out to four people collecting bounties including for Little Crow who was killed in July 1863 41 Upon becoming Indian Commissioner Ramsey set out to get Ojibwe lands too In 1863 he negotiated the Treaty of Old Crossing whereby the Ojibwe ceded all their land in northern Minnesota and moved to reservations Logging farming and railroads were mainstays of Minnesota s early economy The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls and logging centers of Pine City Marine on St Croix Stillwater and Winona processed vast quantities of timber These cities were on rivers that were ideal for transportation 25 St Anthony Falls was later tapped to provide power for flour mills Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota patent flour which commanded almost double the price of bakers or clear flour which it replaced 42 By 1900 Minnesota mills led by Pillsbury Northwestern and the Washburn Crosby Company an ancestor of General Mills were grinding 14 1 of the nation s grain 43 Phelps Mill in Otter Tail County The state s iron mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the Vermilion and Mesabi ranges in the 1880s followed by the Cuyuna Range in the early 1900s The ore went by rail to Duluth and Two Harbors for ship transport east via the Great Lakes 25 Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century Nevertheless farming remained prevalent Minnesota s economy was hit hard by the Great Depression resulting in lower prices for farmers layoffs among iron miners and labor unrest Compounding the adversity western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935 New Deal programs provided some economic turnaround The Civilian Conservation Corps and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self government This gave Natives a greater voice within the state and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native languages were no longer suppressed 26 After World War II industrial development quickened New technology increased farm productivity through automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle machine milking at dairy farms and raising chickens in large buildings Planting became more specialized with hybridization of corn and wheat and farm machinery such as tractors and combines became the norm University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to these developments as part of the Green Revolution 26 Suburban development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation Increased mobility in turn enabled more specialized jobs 26 Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the United States Navy It later merged with Remington Rand and then became Sperry Rand William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation CDC 44 Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company Medical device maker Medtronic also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949 The United States Navy and Coast Guard have recognized Minnesota with USS Minnesota 1855 steam frigate USS Minnesota BB 22 Connecticut class battleship USS Minnesota SSN 783 Virginia class submarine USS Minnesotan ID 4545 SS Gopher State T ACS 4 GeographyMain article Geography of Minnesota Scalable map of Minnesota showing roads and major bodies of water Minnesota is the second northernmost U S state after Alaska and northernmost contiguous state as the isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods County is the only part of the 48 contiguous states north of the 49th parallel The state is part of the U S region known as the Upper Midwest and part of North America s Great Lakes region It shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east Iowa is to the south North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are to the north With 86 943 square miles 225 180 km2 45 or approximately 2 25 of the United States 46 Minnesota is the 12th largest state 47 Geology Main article Geology of Minnesota See also List of lakes in Minnesota and List of Minnesota rivers Tilted beds of the Middle Precambrian Thomson Formation in Jay Cooke State Park 48 Minnesota has some of the earth s oldest rocks gneisses that are about 3 6 billion years old 80 as old as the planet 48 49 About 2 7 billion years ago basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean the remains of this volcanic rock formed the Canadian Shield in northeast Minnesota 48 50 The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota Since a period of volcanism 1 1 billion years ago Minnesota s geological activity has been more subdued with no volcanism or mountain formation but with repeated incursions of the sea which left behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock 48 In more recent times massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the state s landscape and sculpted its terrain 48 The Wisconsin glaciation left 12 000 years ago 48 These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift 51 Much of the remainder of the state has fifty feet 15 m or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13 000 years ago Its flatbed now is the fertile Red River valley and its outflow glacial River Warren carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling 48 Minnesota is geologically quiet today it experiences earthquakes infrequently most of them minor 52 Palisade Head on Lake Superior was formed from a Precambrian rhyolitic lava flow 48 The state s high point is Eagle Mountain at 2 301 feet 701 m which is only 13 miles 21 km away from the low point of 601 feet 183 m at the shore of Lake Superior 50 53 Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation much of the state is a gently rolling peneplain 48 Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesota s northeast in rural Hibbing forming a triple watershed Precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean 54 The state s nickname Land of 10 000 Lakes is apt as there are 11 842 Minnesota lakes over 10 acres 4 ha in size 55 Minnesota s portion of Lake Superior is the largest at 962 700 acres 389 600 ha 3 896 km2 and deepest at 1 290 ft 390 m body of water in the state 55 Minnesota has 6 564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for 69 000 miles 111 000 km 55 The Mississippi River begins its journey from its headwaters at Lake Itasca and crosses the Iowa border 680 miles 1 090 km downstream 55 It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling by the St Croix River near Hastings by the Chippewa River at Wabasha and by many smaller streams The Red River drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada s Hudson Bay Approximately 10 6 million acres 4 300 000 ha 43 000 km2 of wetlands are within Minnesota s borders the most of any state outside Alaska 56 Flora and fauna Main article Natural history of Minnesota Minnesota has four ecological provinces prairie parkland in the southwestern and western parts of the state the eastern broadleaf forest Big Woods in the southeast extending in a narrowing strip to the state s northwestern part where it transitions into tallgrass aspen parkland and the northern Laurentian mixed forest a transitional forest between the northern boreal forest and the broadleaf forests to the south 57 These northern forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar Much of Minnesota s northern forest has undergone logging leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400 000 acres 162 000 ha of unlogged land 58 Although logging continues regrowth and replanting keep about a third of the state forested 59 Nearly all Minnesota s prairies and oak savannas have been fragmented by farming grazing logging and suburban development 60 While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten elk woodland caribou and bison 61 others like whitetail deer and bobcat thrive Minnesota has the nation s largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska 62 and supports healthy populations of black bears moose and gophers Located on the Mississippi Flyway Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks and game birds such as grouse pheasants and turkeys It is home to birds of prey including the largest number of breeding pairs of bald eagles in the lower 48 states as of 2007 63 red tailed hawks and snowy owls Hawk Ridge is one of the premier bird watching sites in North America The lakes teem with sport fish such as walleye bass muskellunge and northern pike and brook brown and rainbow trout populate streams in the southeast and northeast Climate Main article Climate of Minnesota Koppen climate types of Minnesota Minnesota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate with cold winters and hot summers The lowest temperature recorded was 60 F 51 C at Tower on February 2 1996 and the highest was 114 F 46 C at Moorhead on July 6 1936 64 Meteorological events include rain snow blizzards thunderstorms hail derechos tornadoes and high velocity straight line winds The growing season varies from 90 days in the far northeast to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River and average temperatures range from 37 to 49 F 3 to 9 C 65 Average summer dewpoints range from about 58 F 14 C in the south to about 48 F 9 C in the north 65 66 Average annual precipitation ranges from 19 to 35 inches 48 to 89 cm and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years 65 Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Minnesota 67 Location July F July C January F January C Minneapolis 83 64 28 18 23 7 4 13Saint Paul 83 63 28 17 23 6 5 14Rochester 82 63 28 17 23 3 5 16Duluth 76 55 24 13 19 1 7 17St Cloud 81 58 27 14 18 1 7 18Mankato 86 62 30 16 23 3 5 16International Falls 77 52 25 11 15 6 9 21Protected lands Pose Lake in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Minnesota s first state park Itasca State Park was established in 1891 and is the source of the Mississippi River 68 Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas 58 state forests covering about four million acres 16 000 km2 and numerous state wildlife preserves all managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources The Chippewa and Superior national forests comprise 5 5 million acres 22 000 km2 The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness which encompasses over a million acres 4 000 km2 and a thousand lakes To its west is Voyageurs National Park The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area MNRRA is a 72 mile long 116 km corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis St Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic cultural and geologic interest 69 Cities and townsSee also List of cities in Minnesota and List of townships in Minnesota National Farmers Bank in Owatonna by Louis Sullivan Saint Paul in east central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River has been Minnesota s capital city since 1849 first as capital of the Territory of Minnesota and then as the state capital since 1858 Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota s most populous city Minneapolis they and their suburbs are collectively known as the Twin Cities metropolitan area the country s 16th largest metropolitan area and home to about 55 of the state s population 70 The remainder of the state is known as Greater Minnesota or Outstate Minnesota 71 The state has 17 cities with populations above 50 000 as of the 2010 census In descending order of population they are Minneapolis Saint Paul Rochester Duluth Bloomington Brooklyn Park Plymouth Saint Cloud Woodbury Eagan Maple Grove Coon Rapids Eden Prairie Minnetonka Burnsville Apple Valley Blaine and Lakeville 72 Of these only Rochester Duluth and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area Minnesota s population continues to grow primarily in the urban centers The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott counties doubled between 1980 and 2000 while 40 of the state s 87 counties lost residents over the same period 73 Largest cities or towns in Minnesota Source 74 Rank Name County Pop Minneapolis Saint Paul 1 Minneapolis Hennepin 425 336 Rochester Bloomington2 Saint Paul Ramsey 307 1933 Rochester Olmsted 121 4654 Bloomington Hennepin 89 2985 Duluth St Louis 86 3726 Brooklyn Park Hennepin 84 5267 Plymouth Hennepin 79 8288 Woodbury Washington 76 9909 Lakeville Dakota 72 81210 Blaine Anoka 70 935 The United States Navy has recognized multiple Minnesota communities DemographicsMain article Demographics of Minnesota Population Minnesota 2020 Population Density Map Historical population CensusPop Note 18506 077 1860172 0232 730 7 1870439 706155 6 1880780 77377 6 18901 310 28367 8 19001 751 39433 7 19102 075 70818 5 19202 387 12515 0 19302 563 9537 4 19402 792 3008 9 19502 982 4836 8 19603 413 86414 5 19703 804 97111 5 19804 075 9707 1 19904 375 0997 3 20004 919 47912 4 20105 303 9257 8 20205 706 4947 6 2022 est 5 717 1840 2 Source 1910 2020 75 2022 Estimate 3 Map of counties in Minnesota by racial plurality per the 2020 U S censusLegend Non Hispanic White 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 Native American 50 60 From fewer than 6 120 white settlers in 1850 Minnesota s enumerated population grew to over 1 7 million by 1900 and 3 4 million in 1960 Growth then slowed rising 11 to 3 8 million in 1970 and an average of 9 over the next three decades to 4 9 million in the 2000 census 73 At the 2022 estimate Minnesota s population at 5 717 184 on July 1 2022 a 0 19 increase since the 2020 United States census 76 The rate of population change and age and gender distributions approximate the national average Minnesota s center of population is in Hennepin County 77 At the 2010 census Minnesota s population was 5 303 925 The gender makeup of the state was 49 6 male and 50 4 female 24 2 of the population was under age 18 9 5 between 18 and 24 26 3 from 25 to 44 27 1 from 45 to 64 and 12 9 65 or older 78 The table below shows the racial composition of Minnesota s population as of the 2020 census Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census Race and Ethnicity 79 Alone TotalWhite non Hispanic 76 3 76 3 80 2 80 2 African American non Hispanic 6 9 6 9 8 2 8 2 Hispanic or Latino b 6 1 6 1 Asian 5 2 5 2 6 2 6 2 Native American 1 0 1 2 3 2 3 Pacific Islander 0 05 0 05 0 1 0 1 Other 0 4 0 4 1 3 1 3 According to the 2017 American Community Survey 5 1 of Minnesota s population were of Hispanic or Latino origin of any race Mexican 3 5 Puerto Rican 0 2 Cuban 0 1 and other Hispanic or Latino origin 1 2 80 The ancestry groups claimed by more than 5 of the population were German 33 8 Norwegian 15 3 Irish 10 5 Swedish 8 1 and English 5 4 81 Minnesota was also a major destination for a wave of Finnish immigrants in the early 20th century along with Wisconsin and Michigan 82 Among U S states Minnesota has the highest number of Finnish Americans 100 545 as of 2019 83 In 2011 non Hispanic whites accounted for 72 3 of all births 84 but Minnesota s growing minority groups still form a smaller percentage of the population than in the nation as a whole 85 Minnesota has the country s largest Somali population 86 with an estimated 57 000 people the largest concentration outside of the Horn of Africa 87 The French Renaissance style Cathedral of St Paul in the city of St Paul Religion The majority of Minnesotans are Protestants including a large Lutheran contingent owing to the state s largely Northern European ethnic makeup Roman Catholics of largely German Irish French and Slavic descent make up the largest single Christian denomination A 2010 survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life showed that 32 of Minnesotans were affiliated with Mainline Protestant traditions 21 were Evangelical Protestants 28 Roman Catholic 1 each Jewish Muslim Buddhist and Black Protestant and smaller amounts of other faiths with 13 unaffiliated 88 According to the Association of Religion Data Archives the denominations with the most adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 1 150 367 the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 737 537 and the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod with 182 439 89 This is broadly consistent with the results of the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey which also gives detailed percentages for many individual denominations 90 The international Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference is headquartered in Mankato Minnesota 91 Although Christianity is dominant Minnesota has a long history with non Christian faiths Ashkenazi Jewish pioneers set up Saint Paul s first synagogue in 1856 92 Minnesota is home to more than 30 mosques mostly in the Twin Cities metro area 93 The Temple of ECK the spiritual home of Eckankar is based in Minnesota 94 Religious affiliation in Minnesota by movement 2014 95 Affiliation of populationChristian 74 74 Protestant 50 50 Lutheran 26 26 Methodist 3 3 Pentecostal 3 3 Historically Black Protestant 2 2 Other Protestant 16 16 Roman Catholic 22 22 Mormon 1 1 Other Christian 1 1 Other religion or association 5 5 Judaism 1 1 Islam 1 1 Other and unspecified 3 3 Unaffiliated 20 20 Nothing in particular 13 13 Agnostic 4 4 Atheist 3 3 EconomyMain article Economy of Minnesota See also List of Minnesota locations by per capita income Once primarily a producer of raw materials Minnesota s economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole 96 Minnesota s economy had a gross domestic product of 383 billion in 2019 97 with 33 of the United States top 1 000 publicly traded companies by revenue headquartered in Minnesota 98 including Target UnitedHealth Group 3M General Mills U S Bancorp Ameriprise Hormel Land O Lakes SuperValu Best Buy and Valspar Private companies based in Minnesota include Cargill the largest privately owned company in the United States 99 and Carlson Companies the parent company of Radisson Hotels 100 Minnesota s per capita personal income in 2019 was 58 834 the thirteenth highest in the nation 101 Its 2019 median household income was 74 593 ranking thirteenth in the U S and fifth among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast 102 Industry and commerce The IDS Tower designed by Philip Johnson is the state s tallest building 103 reflecting Cesar Pelli s Art Deco style Wells Fargo Center Minnesota s earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by St Anthony Falls Although less than 1 of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector 104 it remains a major part of the state s economy ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold 105 The state is the nation s largest producer of sugar beets sweet corn and peas for processing and farm raised turkeys Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans 106 and has the most food cooperatives per capita in the United States 107 Forestry remains strong including logging pulpwood processing and paper production and forest products manufacturing Minnesota was famous for its soft ore mines which produced a significant portion of the world s iron ore for more than a century Although the high grade ore is now depleted taconite mining continues using processes developed locally to save the industry In 2016 the state produced 60 of the country s usable iron ore 106 The mining boom created the port of Duluth which continues to be important for shipping ore coal and agricultural products The manufacturing sector now includes technology and biomedical firms in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry The nation s first indoor shopping mall was Edina s Southdale Center and its largest is Bloomington s Mall of America Minnesota is one of 45 U S states with its own lottery its games include multi jurisdiction draws in house draws and other games Energy use and production Further information List of power stations in Minnesota Minnesota produces ethanol fuel and is the first to mandate its use a 10 mix E10 108 In 2019 there were more than 411 service stations supplying E85 fuel comprising 85 ethanol and 15 gasoline 109 A 2 biodiesel blend has been required in diesel fuel since 2005 Minnesota is ranked in the top ten for wind energy production The state gets nearly one fifth of all its electrical energy from wind 110 Xcel Energy is the state s largest utility and is headquartered in the state 111 it is one of five investor owned utilities 112 There are also a number of municipal utilities 112 State taxesMinnesota has a progressive income tax structure the four brackets of state income tax rates are 5 35 7 05 7 85 and 9 85 113 As of 2008 Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes 114 In 2008 Minnesotans paid 10 2 of their income in state and local taxes the U S average was 9 7 114 The state sales tax in Minnesota is 6 875 but clothing prescription drug medications and food items for home consumption are exempt 115 The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes such as the 0 5 supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis 116 Excise taxes are levied on alcohol tobacco and motor fuel The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota 115 Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county municipality school district and special taxing districts CultureMain article Culture of Minnesota Fine and performing arts The Minneapolis Institute of Art s Neoclassical north facade designed by McKim Mead and White Sculpture of St Urho in Menahga Minnesota in 2020 Minnesota s leading fine art museums include the Minneapolis Institute of Art the Walker Art Center the Frederick R Weisman Art Museum and The Museum of Russian Art TMORA All are in Minneapolis The Minnesota Orchestra and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra are prominent full time professional musical ensembles who perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities community The world renowned Guthrie Theater moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006 boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River Attendance at theatrical musical and comedy events in the area is strong In the United States Minneapolis s number of theater companies ranks behind only New York City s 117 and about 2 3 million theater tickets were sold in the Twin Cities annually as of 2006 118 The Minnesota Fringe Festival in Minneapolis is an annual celebration of theatre dance improvisation puppetry kids shows visual art and musicals with more than 800 performances over 11 days It is the country s largest non juried performing arts festival 119 Literature The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the prairie are the subject of Giants in the Earth by Ole Rolvaag and the Little House series of children s books by Laura Ingalls Wilder Small town life is portrayed grimly by Sinclair Lewis in the novel Main Street and more gently and affectionately by Garrison Keillor in his tales of Lake Wobegon St Paul native F Scott Fitzgerald writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as Winter Dreams and The Ice Palace published in Flappers and Philosophers Henry Wadsworth Longfellow s epic poem The Song of Hiawatha was inspired by Minnesota and names many of the state s places and bodies of water Minnesota native Robert Zimmerman Bob Dylan won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature Science fiction writer Marissa Lingen lives here Entertainment Main article Music of Minnesota First Avenue nightclub the heart of Minnesota s music community 50 Minnesota musicians include Prince Bob Dylan Eddie Cochran The Andrews Sisters The Castaways The Trashmen Soul Asylum David Ellefson Chad Smith John Wozniak Husker Du Semisonic The Replacements Owl City Holly Henry Motion City Soundtrack Atmosphere and Dessa Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture the Andrews Sisters Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy was an iconic tune of World War II while the Trashmen s Surfin Bird and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s In the 1980s influential hit radio groups and musicians included Prince The Original 7ven Jimmy Jam amp Terry Lewis The Jets Lipps Inc and Information Society Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy theater media and film The comic strip Peanuts was created by St Paul native Charles M Schulz A Prairie Home Companion which first aired in 1974 became a long running comedy radio show on National Public Radio A cult scifi cable TV show Mystery Science Theater 3000 was created by Joel Hodgson in Hopkins and Minneapolis MN Another popular comedy staple developed in the 1990s The Daily Show was originated through Lizz Winstead and Madeleine Smithberg Joel and Ethan Coen Terry Gilliam Bill Pohlad and Mike Todd contributed to the art of filmmaking as writers directors and producers Notable actors from Minnesota include Loni Anderson Richard Dean Anderson James Arness Jessica Biel Rachael Leigh Cook Julia Duffy Mike Farrell Judy Garland Peter Graves Josh Hartnett Garrett Hedlund Tippi Hedren Jessica Lange Kelly Lynch E G Marshall Laura Osnes Melissa Peterman Chris Pratt Marion Ross Jane Russell Winona Ryder Seann William Scott Kevin Sorbo Lea Thompson Vince Vaughn Jesse Ventura and Steve Zahn Popular culture See also List of television shows and movies in Minnesota A youth fiddle performance at the Minnesota State Fair Stereotypical traits of Minnesotans include Minnesota nice Lutheranism a strong sense of community and shared culture and a distinctive brand of North Central American English sprinkled with Scandinavian expressions Potlucks usually with a variety of hotdishes are popular small town church activities A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional lutefisk dinner to celebrate Christmas Life in Minnesota has also been depicted or used as a backdrop in movies such as Fargo Grumpy Old Men Grumpier Old Men Juno Drop Dead Gorgeous Young Adult A Serious Man New in Town Rio The Mighty Ducks films and in famous television series like Little House on the Prairie The Mary Tyler Moore Show The Golden Girls Coach The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show How I Met Your Mother and Fargo Major movies shot on location in Minnesota include That Was Then This Is Now Purple Rain Airport Beautiful Girls North Country Untamed Heart Feeling Minnesota Jingle All The Way A Simple Plan and The Mighty Ducks films The Minnesota State Fair advertised as The Great Minnesota Get Together is an icon of state culture In a state of 5 5 million people there were more than 1 8 million visitors to the fair in 2014 setting a new attendance record 120 The fair covers the variety of Minnesota life including fine art science agriculture food preparation 4 H displays music the midway and corporate merchandising It is known for its displays of seed art butter sculptures of dairy princesses the birthing barn and the fattest pig competition One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick such as Pronto Pups cheese curds and deep fried candy bars On a smaller scale many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs Other large annual festivals include the Saint Paul Winter Carnival the Minnesota Renaissance Festival Minneapolis Aquatennial and Mill City Music Festival Moondance Jam in Walker Sonshine Christian music festival in Willmar the Judy Garland Festival in Grand Rapids the Eelpout Festival on Leech Lake and the WE Fest in Detroit Lakes Health The Mayo Clinic in Rochester Minnesotans have low rates of premature death infant mortality cardiovascular disease and occupational fatalities 121 122 They have long life expectancies 123 and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise 121 124 125 These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation however in one of these rankings Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of binge drinking 121 126 While overall health indicators are strong Minnesota does have significant health disparities in minority populations 127 On October 1 2007 the Freedom to Breathe Act took effect outlawing smoking in restaurants and bars in Minnesota 128 The Minnesota Department of Health is the primary state health agency responsible for public policy and regulation Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics operated by a number of large providers including Allina Hospitals amp Clinics CentraCare Health System Essentia Health HealthPartners M Health Fairview and the Mayo Clinic Health System There are two teaching hospitals and medical schools in Minnesota The University of Minnesota Medical School is a high rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment and its research activities contribute significantly to the state s growing biotechnology industry 129 The Mayo Clinic a world renowned hospital based in Rochester was founded by William Worrall Mayo an immigrant from England 130 131 U S News amp World Report s 2020 21 survey ranked 4 554 hospitals in the country in 12 specialized fields of care and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in most fields The hospital ranked first on the best hospitals honor roll The only specialty where it fell outside the top ten was ophthalmology 132 The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics a state funded program that conducts research into cancer Alzheimer s disease heart health obesity and other areas 133 EducationMain article Education in Minnesota See also List of colleges and universities in Minnesota List of high schools in Minnesota and List of school districts in Minnesota The Richardsonian Romanesque Pillsbury Hall 1889 is one of the oldest buildings on the University of Minnesota Minneapolis campus One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a normal school in Winona Minnesota s commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well educated populace In 2009 according to the U S Census Bureau Minnesota had the second highest proportion of high school graduates with 91 5 of people 25 and older holding a high school diploma and the tenth highest proportion of people with bachelor s degrees 134 In 2015 Minneapolis was named the nation s Most Literate City while St Paul placed fourth according to a major annual survey 135 In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth grade students internationally in math and science Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States behind Massachusetts and Vermont 136 In 2014 Minnesota students earned the tenth highest average composite score in the nation on the ACT exam 137 In 2013 nationwide in per student public education spending Minnesota ranked 21st 138 While Minnesota has chosen not to implement school vouchers 139 it is home to the first charter school 140 The state supports a network of public universities and colleges including 37 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System and five major campuses of the University of Minnesota system It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities six of which rank among the nation s top 100 liberal arts colleges according to U S News amp World Report 141 TransportationMain article Transportation in Minnesota The Aerial Lift Bridge at Duluth Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation MnDOT at the state level and by regional and local governments at the local level Principal transportation corridors radiate from the Twin Cities metropolitan area and along interstate corridors in Greater Minnesota The major Interstate highways are Interstate 35 I 35 I 90 and I 94 with I 35 and I 94 connecting the Minneapolis St Paul area and I 90 traveling east west along the southern edge of the state 142 In 2006 a constitutional amendment was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation with at least 40 dedicated to public transit 143 There are nearly two dozen rail corridors in Minnesota most of which go through Minneapolis St Paul or Duluth 144 There is water transportation along the Mississippi River system and from the ports of Lake Superior 145 Two Metro Green Line trains on the University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus Minnesota s principal airport is Minneapolis St Paul International Airport MSP a major passenger and freight hub for Delta Air Lines and Sun Country Airlines Most other domestic carriers serve the airport Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via Delta Connection carriers SkyWest Airlines Compass Airlines and Endeavor Air 146 Public transit services are available in the regional urban centers in Minnesota including Metro Transit in the Twin Cities opt out suburban operators Minnesota Valley Transit Authority SouthWest Transit Plymouth Metrolink Maple Grove Transit and others In Greater Minnesota transit services are provided by city systems such as Duluth Transit Authority Mankato Transit System MATBUS Fargo Moorhead Rochester Public Transit Saint Cloud Metro Bus Winona Public Transit and others Dial a Ride service is available for persons with disabilities in a majority of Minnesota Counties 147 In addition to bus services Amtrak s daily Empire Builder Chicago Seattle Portland train runs through Minnesota calling at the Saint Paul Union Depot and five other stations 148 Intercity bus providers include Jefferson Lines Greyhound and Megabus Local public transit is provided by bus networks in the larger cities and by two rail services The Northstar Line commuter rail service runs from Big Lake to the Target Field station in downtown Minneapolis From there light rail runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the Green Line and to the MSP airport and the Mall of America via the Blue Line Law and government The historical coat of arms of Minnesota in 1876 Minnesota is governed pursuant to the Minnesota Constitution which was adopted October 13 1857 roughly one year before statehood 149 Like all U S states and the federal government Minnesota has a republican system of political representation with power divided into three branches executive legislative and judicial 150 The state constitution includes a bill of rights that reaffirms many of the same rights and freedoms as its federal counterpart with some protected more strongly and explicitly 149 Executive Main article Governor of Minnesota Governor Tim Walz The executive branch is headed by the governor currently Tim Walz DFL Democratic Farmer Labor who took office on January 7 2019 The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies called commissioners The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state attorney general and state auditor Constitutional officeholders Governor Tim Walz DFL Lt Governor Peggy Flanagan DFL Secretary of State Steve Simon DFL Attorney General Keith Ellison DFL State Auditor Julie Blaha DFL Legislature Main article Minnesota Legislature The Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul designed by Cass Gilbert The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives The state has 67 districts each with about 60 000 people Each district has one senator and two representatives each senatorial district being divided into A and B sections for members of the House Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years Since 2023 both the House and Senate have had a slim DFL majority 151 Judiciary Minnesota s court system has three levels Most cases start in the district courts which are courts of general jurisdiction There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the Minnesota Court of Appeals consisting of 19 judges who typically sit in three judge panels The seven justice Minnesota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the tax court the workers compensation court of appeals first degree murder convictions and discretionary appeals from the court of appeals it also has original jurisdiction over election disputes 152 Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established the workers compensation court of appeals and the tax court which deals with non criminal tax cases Supreme Court Justices 153 Chief Justice Lorie GildeaAssociate Justices Barry Anderson David Lillehaug Natalie Hudson Margaret Chutich Anne McKeig Paul ThissenRegional In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning Regional development commissions RDCs provide technical assistance to local governments in the broad multi county areas of the state Along with this Metropolitan Planning Organizations MPOs such as the Metropolitan Council provide planning and oversight of land use actions in metropolitan areas Many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts Federal Minnesota s United States senators are Democrats Amy Klobuchar and Tina Smith The state has eight congressional districts they are represented by Brad Finstad 1st district R Angie Craig 2nd DFL Dean Phillips 3rd DFL Betty McCollum 4th DFL Ilhan Omar 5th DFL Tom Emmer 6th R Michelle Fischbach 7th R and Pete Stauber 8th R Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota in Minneapolis St Paul Duluth and Fergus Falls Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in St Louis Missouri and St Paul Tribal The State of Minnesota was created by the United States federal government in the traditional and cultural range of lands occupied by the Dakota and Anishinaabe peoples as well as other Native American groups After many years of unequal treaties and forced resettlement by the state and federal government the tribes re organized into sovereign tribal governments Today the tribal governments are divided into 11 semi autonomous reservations that negotiate with the U S and the state on a bilateral basis Four Dakota Mdewakanton communities Prairie Island Indian Community Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community Lower Sioux Indian Reservation Upper Sioux Community Pejuhutazizi OyateSeven Anishinaabe reservations Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Grand Portage Band of Chippewa Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe White Earth Band of Ojibwe Red Lake Band of ChippewaThe first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte Fond du Lac Grand Portage Leech Lake Mille Lacs and White Earth reservations PoliticsMain article Politics of Minnesota See also List of political parties in Minnesota United States congressional delegations from Minnesota Minnesota s congressional districts and Political party strength in Minnesota United States presidential election results for Minnesota 154 Year Republican Democratic Third partyNo No No 2020 1 484 065 45 28 1 717 077 52 40 76 029 2 32 2016 1 323 232 44 93 1 367 825 46 44 254 176 8 63 2012 1 320 225 44 96 1 546 167 52 65 70 169 2 39 2008 1 275 409 43 82 1 573 354 54 06 61 606 2 12 2004 1 346 695 47 61 1 445 014 51 09 36 678 1 30 2000 1 109 659 45 50 1 168 266 47 91 160 760 6 59 1996 766 476 34 96 1 120 438 51 10 305 726 13 94 1992 747 841 31 85 1 020 997 43 48 579 110 24 66 1988 962 337 45 90 1 109 471 52 91 24 982 1 19 1984 1 032 603 49 54 1 036 364 49 72 15 482 0 74 1980 873 241 42 56 954 174 46 50 224 538 10 94 1976 819 395 42 02 1 070 440 54 90 60 096 3 08 1972 898 269 51 58 802 346 46 07 41 037 2 36 1968 658 643 41 46 857 738 54 00 72 129 4 54 1964 559 624 36 00 991 117 63 76 3 721 0 24 1960 757 915 49 16 779 933 50 58 4 039 0 26 1956 719 302 53 68 617 525 46 08 3 178 0 24 1952 763 211 55 33 608 458 44 11 7 814 0 57 1948 483 617 39 89 692 966 57 16 35 643 2 94 1944 527 416 46 86 589 864 52 41 8 249 0 73 1940 596 274 47 66 644 196 51 49 10 718 0 86 1936 350 461 31 01 698 811 61 84 80 703 7 14 1932 363 959 36 29 600 806 59 91 38 078 3 80 1928 560 977 57 77 396 451 40 83 13 548 1 40 1924 420 759 51 18 55 913 6 80 345 474 42 02 1920 519 421 70 59 142 994 19 43 73 423 9 98 1916 179 544 46 35 179 152 46 25 28 668 7 40 1912 64 334 19 25 106 426 31 84 163 459 48 91 1908 195 843 59 11 109 401 33 02 26 060 7 87 1904 216 651 73 98 55 187 18 84 21 022 7 18 1900 190 461 60 21 112 901 35 69 12 949 4 09 1896 193 503 56 62 139 735 40 89 8 524 2 49 1892 122 823 45 96 100 920 37 76 43 495 16 28 1888 142 492 54 12 104 385 39 65 16 408 6 23 1884 111 685 58 78 70 065 36 87 8 267 4 35 1880 93 902 62 28 53 315 35 36 3 553 2 36 1876 72 955 58 80 48 587 39 16 2 533 2 04 1872 55 708 61 27 35 211 38 73 0 0 00 1868 43 722 60 88 28 096 39 12 0 0 00 1864 25 055 59 06 17 367 40 94 0 0 00 1860 22 069 63 53 11 920 34 31 748 2 15 Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry and populism has been a long standing force among the state s political parties 155 156 Minnesota has a consistently high voter turnout In the 2008 U S presidential election 78 2 of eligible Minnesotans voted the highest percentage of any U S state versus the national average of 61 2 157 That figure was surpassed in 2020 when 79 96 of registered voters participated in the general election 158 Voters can register on election day at their polling places with evidence of residency 159 Hubert Humphrey brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976 longer than any other state Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for Ronald Reagan in either of his presidential campaigns Minnesota has voted for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1960 with the exception of 1972 when the state was won by Republican Richard Nixon Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major party status in Minnesota but its state level Democratic party has a different name officially known as the Minnesota Democratic Farmer Labor Party DFL It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer Labor parties The state has had active third party movements The Reform Party now the Independence Party was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998 The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major party status The Green Party while no longer having major party status has a large presence in municipal government 160 notably in Minneapolis and Duluth where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices Major party status in Minnesota which grants state funding for elections is reserved to parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election e g governor secretary of state U S president The state s U S Senate seats have generally been split since the early 1990s and in the 108th and 109th Congresses Minnesota s congressional delegation was split with four representatives and one senator from each party In the 2006 mid term election Democrats were elected to all state offices except governor and lieutenant governor where Republicans Tim Pawlenty and Carol Molnau narrowly won reelection The DFL posted double digit gains in both houses of the legislature elected Amy Klobuchar to the U S Senate and increased the party s U S House caucus by one Keith Ellison DFL was elected as the first African American U S Representative from Minnesota as well as the first Muslim elected to Congress nationwide 161 In 2008 DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host Al Franken defeated incumbent Republican Norm Coleman in the U S Senate race by 312 votes out of three million cast In the 2010 election Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years and with Mark Dayton s election the DFL party took the governor s office for the first time in 20 years Two years later the DFL regained control of both houses and with Dayton in office the party had same party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990 Two years later the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House 162 and in 2016 the GOP also regained control of the State Senate 163 In 2018 the DFL retook control of the Minnesota House while electing DFLer Tim Walz as Governor In a 2020 study Minnesota was ranked as the 15th easiest state for citizens to vote in 164 MediaMain article List of media in MinnesotaSee also List of newspapers in Minnesota KSTP studios The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research The state s other top markets are Fargo Moorhead 118th nationally Duluth Superior 137th Rochester Mason City Austin 152nd and Mankato 200th 165 Broadcast television in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27 1948 when KSTP TV began broadcasting 166 Hubbard Broadcasting which owns KSTP is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota Twin Cities CBS station WCCO TV and FOX station KMSP TV are owned and operated by their respective networks There are 39 analog broadcast stations and 23 digital channels broadcast over Minnesota The four largest daily newspapers are the Star Tribune in Minneapolis the Pioneer Press in Saint Paul the Duluth News Tribune in Duluth and the Post Bulletin in Rochester The Minnesota Daily is the largest student run newspaper in the U S 167 Sites offering daily news on the Web include The UpTake MinnPost the Twin Cities Daily Planet business news site Finance and Commerce and Washington D C based Minnesota Independent Weeklies including City Pages and monthly publications such as Minnesota Monthly are available Two of the largest public radio networks Minnesota Public Radio MPR and Public Radio International PRI are based in the state MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation broadcasting on 46 radio stations as of 2019 168 169 PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates 170 The state s oldest radio station KUOM AM was launched in 1922 and is among the 10 oldest radio stations in the United States The University of Minnesota owned station is still on the air and since 1993 broadcasts a college rock format Sports recreation and tourismMinnesota has an active program of organized amateur and professional sports Tourism has become an important industry especially in the Lake region In the North Country what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing has attracted a large urban audience within driving range 171 Organized sports Main article Sports in Minnesota The University of North Dakota and St Cloud State University during the WCHA Final Five at the Xcel Energy Center Minnesota has professional men s teams in all major sports The Minnesota Vikings have played in the National Football League since their admission as an expansion franchise in 1961 They played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 through 1981 and in the Hubert H Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 until its demolition after the 2013 season for the construction of the team s new home U S Bank Stadium The Vikings current stadium hosted Super Bowl LII in February 2018 Super Bowl XXVI was played in the Metrodome in 1992 The Vikings have advanced to the Super Bowl Super Bowl IV Super Bowl VIII Super Bowl IX and Super Bowl XI losing all four games to their AFC AFL opponentThe Minnesota Twins have played in the Major League Baseball in the Twin Cities since 1961 The Twins began play as the original Washington Senators a founding member of the American League in 1901 relocating to Minnesota in 1961 The Twins won the 1987 and 1991 World Series in seven game matches where the home team was victorious in all games The Twins also advanced to the 1965 World Series where they lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games The team has played at Target Field since 2010 The Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association played in the Minneapolis Auditorium from 1947 to 1960 after which they relocated to Los Angeles The Minnesota Timberwolves joined the NBA in 1989 and have played in Target Center since 1990 The National Hockey League s Minnesota Wild play in St Paul s Xcel Energy Center and reached 300 consecutive sold out games on January 16 2008 172 Previously the Minnesota North Stars competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993 which played in and lost the 1981 and 1991 Stanley Cup Finals Minnesota United FC joined Major League Soccer as an expansion team in 2017 having played in the lower division North American Soccer League from 2010 to 2016 The team plays at Allianz Field in St Paul 173 Previous professional soccer teams have included the Minnesota Kicks which played at Metropolitan Stadium from 1976 to 1981 and the Minnesota Strikers from 1984 to 1988 Minnesota also has minor league professional sports teams The Minnesota Swarm of the National Lacrosse League played at the Xcel Energy Center until the team moved to Georgia in 2015 The St Paul Saints who play at CHS Field in St Paul are the Triple A minor league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins Professional women s sports include the Minnesota Lynx of the Women s National Basketball Association winners of the 2011 2013 2015 and 2017 WNBA Championships Minnesota Aurora FC of the United Soccer League W League the Minnesota Vixen of the Independent Women s Football League the Minnesota Valkyrie of the Legends Football League and the Minnesota Whitecaps of the National Women s Hockey League The Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota is a National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Division I school competing in the Big Ten Conference Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey the University of Minnesota Duluth Minnesota State University Mankato St Cloud State University and Bemidji State University There are nine NCAA Division II colleges in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference and twenty NCAA Division III colleges in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and Upper Midwest Athletic Conference 174 175 Minneapolis has hosted the NCAA Men s Division I Basketball Championship in 1951 1992 2001 and 2019 The Hazeltine National Golf Club has hosted the U S Open U S Women s Open U S Senior Open and PGA Championship The course also hosted the Ryder Cup in the fall of 2016 when it became one of two courses in the U S to host all major golf competitions The Ryder Cup is scheduled to return in 2028 176 Interlachen Country Club has hosted the U S Open U S Women s Open and Solheim Cup Winter Olympic Games medalists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the gold medal 1980 ice hockey team coached by Minnesota native Herb Brooks and the bronze medalist U S men s curling team in the 2006 Winter Olympics Swimmer Tom Malchow won an Olympic gold medal in the 2000 Summer games and a silver medal in 1996 Grandma s Marathon is run every summer along the scenic North Shore of Lake Superior and the Twin Cities Marathon winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the fall color season Farther north Eveleth is the location of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame Outdoor recreation Fishing on Bde Maka Ska in Minneapolis Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity 177 and many of these activities are outdoors The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits 178 An old sauna cabin of Listening Point on the shores of Burntside Lake in Morse Township Minnesota In the warmer months these activities often involve water Weekend and longer trips to family cabins on Minnesota s numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents Activities include water sports such as water skiing which originated in the state 179 boating canoeing and fishing More than 36 of Minnesotans fish second only to Alaska 180 Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze ice fishing has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants 181 Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long harsh winters in ice sports such as skating hockey curling and broomball and snow sports such as cross country skiing alpine skiing luge snowshoeing and snowmobiling 182 Minnesota is the only U S state where bandy is played 183 State and national forests and the 72 state parks are used year round for hunting camping and hiking There are almost 20 000 miles 32 000 km of snowmobile trails statewide 184 Minnesota has more miles of bike trails than any other state 185 and a growing network of hiking trails including the 235 mile 378 km Superior Hiking Trail in the northeast 186 Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross country skiing during the winter See also United States portal Minnesota portalIndex of Minnesota related articles Outline of MinnesotaNotes a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry References a b Elevations and Distances in the United States United States Geological Survey 2001 Archived from the original on October 15 2011 Retrieved October 24 2011 Lake Superior Water Levels Archived August 7 2016 at the Wayback Machine Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Updated daily a b U S Census Bureau QuickFacts QuickFacts U S Census Bureau 2021 Estimate Archived from the original on January 1 2023 Retrieved January 1 2023 Median Annual Household Income The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved May 14 2019 Minnesota State Demographic Center Immigration amp Language Archived from the original on August 24 2019 Retrieved November 30 2019 Minnesota State Tree Red Pine Norway Pine statesymbolsusa org State Symbols USA Archived from the original on May 25 2017 Retrieved May 21 2017 Downing John A May 17 2021 Minnesota Land of How Many Lakes Minnesota Sea Grant Archived from the original on January 1 2023 Our Estimates Latest annual estimates of Minnesota and its Economic Development Regions population and households 2021 Population Data Minnesota State Demographic Center August 2018 Archived from the original on May 13 2019 Retrieved May 13 2019 Greater Minnesota Refined amp Revisited PDF Greater Minnesota Status Report Minnesota State Demographic Center January 2017 Archived PDF from the original on April 12 2019 Retrieved May 13 2019 Jerabek Esther The transition of a new world Bohemia PDF Minnesota Historical Society Archived PDF from the original on February 24 2021 Retrieved May 10 2020 Backerud Thomas K August 26 2014 What it meant to be progressive in turn of the century Minnesota MinnPost Archived from the original on June 24 2021 Retrieved June 22 2021 Ostermeier Eric September 3 2015 Republicans and Democrats Have Record Presidential Winning Streaks in 36 States Smart Politics Archived from the original on November 11 2020 Retrieved June 18 2022 Lee Mai Na M October 5 2021 Hmong and Hmong Americans in Minnesota MNopedia Archived from the original on October 6 2021 Retrieved October 6 2021 Frohlich Thomas Hess Alexander E M Kent Alexander Serenbetz Robert September 23 2014 America s Most and Least Educated States 24 7 WallStreet Archived from the original on February 3 2015 Retrieved February 2 2015 Minnesota Rankings and Facts Archived June 22 2021 at the Wayback Machine US News Best States Good Question How Did Minnesota Get Its Name CBS Minnesota May 11 2015 Archived from the original on July 16 2019 Retrieved September 9 2019 New Lakota dictionary Lakota Language Consortium 2008 Mnisota Dakota Dictionary Online University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies 2010 Archived from the original on October 2 2013 Retrieved October 6 2016 Mnisota Dakota Dictionary Online University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies 2010 Archived from the original on May 25 2017 Retrieved October 6 2016 a b Minnesota State Minnesota Historical Society Archived from the original on September 1 2007 Retrieved April 26 2008 Minnehaha Creek Minnesota Historical Society Archived from the original on April 30 2011 Retrieved April 26 2008 TimePieces Minnesota Historical Society Archived from the original on September 17 2006 Retrieved September 19 2006 Louisiana Purchase History Facts amp Map Encyclopedia Britannica Archived from the original on May 1 2015 Retrieved December 31 2014 Chamberlain Charles Faber Lo Spanish Colonial Louisiana Know Louisiana Archived from the original on February 19 2018 Retrieved February 18 2018 a b c d e Lass William E 1998 1977 Minnesota A History 2nd ed New York NY W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 04628 1 a b c d Gilman Rhoda R July 1 1991 The Story of Minnesota s Past St Paul Minnesota Minnesota Historical Society Press ISBN 978 0 87351 267 1 Historic Fort Snelling Minnesota Historical Society Press Archived from the original on July 16 2012 Retrieved July 6 2006 City History Welcome to the City of Crystal MN Archived from the original on October 27 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 New England in the Life of the World A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 112 A Collection of Confusable Phrases By Yuri Dolgopolov page 309 Minnesota A History of the State By Theodore Christian Blegen page 202 203 Sketches of Minnesota the New England of the West With incidents of travel in that territory during the summer of 1849 With a map by E S SEYMOUR page xii Northern Lights The Stories of Minnesota s Past By Dave Kenney Hillary Wackman Nancy O Brien Wagner page 94 Kunnen Jones Marianne August 21 2002 Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising University of Cincinnati Archived from the original on June 19 2008 Retrieved June 6 2007 Anderson Gary Clayton 2019 Massacre in Minnesota The Dakota War of 1862 the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History Norman University of Oklahoma Press P 107 ISBN 978 0 8061 6434 2 Steil Mark and Tim Post Hundreds of settlers killed in attacks Archived February 23 2018 at the Wayback Machine Minnesota Public Radio September 26 2002 The controversial career of Minnesota s first territorial governor Alexander Ramsey MINNPOST web page By Jayne Becker October 1 2018 1 Archived November 4 2020 at the Wayback Machine U S Dakota War s aftermath a dark moment in Fort Snelling history Pioneer Press Nick Woltman May 2019 2 Archived December 27 2020 at the Wayback Machine Biewen John December 11 2012 Part 10 Payback for the Dakota banishment Minnesota Public Radio Archived from the original on December 3 2020 Retrieved September 21 2020 Forced Marches amp Imprisonment The U S Dakota War of 1862 Minnesota Historical Society August 23 2012 Archived from the original on March 20 2013 Retrieved July 6 2013 a b Minnesota Bounties On Dakota Men During The US Dakota War Hamline University C Rotel 2013 3 Archived September 22 2017 at the Wayback Machine Hazen Theodore R New Process Milling of 1850 70 Pond Lily Mill Restorations Archived from the original on June 19 2013 Retrieved May 11 2007 Danbom David B Spring 2003 Flour Power The Significance of Flour Milling at the Falls Minnesota History 58 5 271 285 Engineering Research Associates Records 1946 1959 Hagley Museum and Library Archived from the original on June 22 2006 Retrieved November 26 2006 Just the Facts Minnesota North Star official state government site Archived from the original on April 1 2009 Retrieved on July 4 2009 Facts and figures Infoplease 2007 Archived from the original on June 15 2013 Retrieved April 9 2008 Land and Water Area of States 2008 Information Please 2011 Archived from the original on July 20 2013 Retrieved October 13 2014 a b c d e f g h i Ojakangas Richard W Charles L Matsch 1982 Minnesota s Geology Illus Dan Breedy Minneapolis Minnesota University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 0953 6 Geologic Time Age of the Earth United States Geological Survey October 9 1997 Archived from the original on December 23 2005 Retrieved April 9 2008 a b c Breining Greg December 2005 Compass American Guides Minnesota 3rd Edition 3rd ed Compass American Guides ISBN 978 1 4000 1484 2 Natural history Minnesota s geology Minnesota DNR 2008 Archived from the original on October 10 2006 Retrieved April 9 2008 Table Showing Minnesota Earthquakes University of Minnesota Morris Archived from the original on March 27 2008 Retrieved April 9 2008 118 km 73 mi SW of Thunder Bay Ontario Canada Topographic map U S G S via terraserver microsoft com July 1 1964 Archived from the original on October 9 2013 Retrieved April 13 2010 Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America National Atlas October 2 2007 Archived from the original on May 13 2008 Retrieved April 9 2008 a b c d Lakes rivers amp wetlands MN Facts Minnesota DNR 2008 Archived from the original on June 29 2013 Retrieved April 9 2008 Seeley Mark W 2006 Minnesota Weather Almanac Minnesota Historical Society press ISBN 978 0 87351 554 2 Ecological Provinces Archived October 20 2017 at the Wayback Machine Ecological Classification System Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 1999 Retrieved on May 3 2008 Heinselman Miron 1996 The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem Minneapolis Minnesota University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 2805 6 Bewer Tim 2004 Moon Handbooks Minnesota First ed Avalon Travel Publishing ISBN 978 1 56691 482 6 Upper Midwest forest savanna transition NA0415 Terrestrial Ecoregions World Wildlife Fund 2001 Archived from the original on April 29 2001 Retrieved September 3 2012 archived from original June 11 2008 Bison disappeared in the mid 19th century the last bison was reported in southwest Minnesota in 1879 Moyle J B 1965 Big Game in Minnesota Technical Bulletin no 9 Minnesota Department of Conservation Division of Game and Fish Section of Research and Planning p 172 As referenced in Anfinson Scott F 1997 Southwestern Minnesota Archaeology St Paul Minnesota Minnesota Historical Society p 20 ISBN 978 0 87351 355 5 Gray Wolf Factsheet Archived October 20 2017 at the Wayback Machine U S Fish and Wildlife Service January 2007 Retrieved on May 3 2008 Center for Biological Diversity www biologicaldiversity org Archived from the original on March 23 2018 Retrieved December 15 2011 Minnesota climate extremes University of Minnesota Archived from the original on October 5 2006 Retrieved May 3 2008 a b c Climate of Minnesota PDF National Weather Service Forecast Office Archived from the original PDF on May 28 2008 Retrieved May 3 2008 104 Years of Twin Cities Dew Point Temperature Records 1902 2006 Minnesota Climatology Office March 7 2006 Archived from the original on May 26 2007 Retrieved April 6 2008 Minnesota climate averages Weatherbase Archived from the original on October 9 2015 Retrieved November 9 2015 Itasca State Park Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Archived from the original on April 3 2008 Retrieved May 3 2008 Places To Go National Park Service U S Department of the Interior Archived from the original on April 13 2013 Retrieved May 3 2008 Hibbs James November 1 2016 Analysis of the 2015 Population and Household Estimates Presentation Demographic Reports and Analysis Minnesota State Demographics Center p 2 Archived PDF from the original on June 28 2018 Retrieved June 28 2018 Minnesota s estimated population in 2015 is 5 485 238 Over half 54 8 of Minnesota s population lives in the seven Twin Cities area counties that make up Region 11 The population of Region 11 has surpassed three million Greater Minnesota Refined and Revisited PDF Minnesota State Demographics Center State of Minnesota Department of Administration Archived PDF from the original on June 28 2018 Retrieved June 28 2018 Population Estimates Minnesota Demographic Center Archived from the original on 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The New York Times August 9 2017 Religious Composition of Minnesota Maps U S Religious Landscape Survey Pew Research Center 2010 Archived from the original on May 6 2015 Retrieved March 19 2010 The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report www thearda com Archived from the original on December 3 2013 Retrieved December 16 2013 American Religious Identification Survey Exhibit 15 The Graduate Center City University of New York Archived from the original on April 14 2012 Retrieved November 24 2006 Contact Archived from the original on April 26 2019 Retrieved July 14 2019 Gilman Rhonda R 1989 The Story of Minnesota s Past Saint Paul Minnesota Minnesota Historical Society Press p 99 ISBN 978 0 87351 267 1 Mosques and Islamic schools in Minneapolis St Paul Minnesota salatomatic com your guide to mosques amp Islamic schools Archived from the original on May 28 2014 Retrieved October 28 2014 Lewis James 2014 Cults A Reference and Guide p 127 The Pew Forum America s Changing Religious Landscape Archived from the original on December 4 2017 Retrieved December 3 2017 Environmental Information Report App D Socioeconomic Information PDF US MN May 30 2003 Archived from the original PDF on February 5 2007 Retrieved November 19 2006 Gross Domestic Product GDP by State US Bureau of Economic Analysis October 2 2020 Archived from the original on October 23 2018 Retrieved November 10 2020 States Fortune 500 CNN Money 2006 Archived from the original on June 22 2013 Retrieved March 25 2009 Forbes 2008 Largest US Private Cos Forbes Archived from the original on January 22 2009 Retrieved January 25 2009 Our Brands Carlson Companies Archived from the original on October 24 2007 Retrieved January 5 2010 State Personal Income 2019 US Bureau of Economic Analysis Archived from the original on October 22 2018 Retrieved November 10 2020 United States and States R2001 Median Household Income Census gov US Census Bureau Archived from the original on November 16 2020 Retrieved November 10 2020 Coleman Nick March 24 2008 Capella Tower sports a cap but it can t topple the IDS Star Tribune Archived from the original on November 26 2012 Retrieved November 19 2009 Minnesota DP 3 Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics 2000 US Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 12 2020 Retrieved November 26 2006 Census of Agriculture Minnesota State Profile PDF US Department of Agriculture Archived from the original PDF on October 1 2006 Retrieved December 3 2006 a b Wealth of Resources Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development Archived from the original on December 12 2006 Retrieved November 26 2006 The Co Op Advantage Minnesota Monthly Greenspring August 2008 Archived from the original on January 15 2013 Retrieved February 10 2012 Hawaii to meet E10 mandate with imported ethanol Ethanol Producer Magazine Archived from the original on June 12 2013 Retrieved December 3 2012 Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State US Department of Energy Archived from the original on February 11 2019 Retrieved February 24 2019 Minnesota Profile Analysis U S Energy Information Administration March 15 2018 Archived from the original on September 29 2018 Retrieved September 28 2018 Xcel quarterly profits up 35 buoyed by rate increases Star Tribune Archived from the original on February 9 2020 Retrieved May 1 2020 a b About MN s Municipal Utilities Minnesota Municipal Utilities Association www mmua org Archived from the original on March 3 2020 Retrieved May 1 2020 Minnesota Income Tax Rates and Brackets Income Tax Rates for 2013 MN Department of Revenue Archived from the original on September 21 2017 Retrieved August 28 2013 a b Minnesota s State and Local Tax Burden 1977 2008 The Tax Foundation Archived from the original on April 1 2010 Retrieved June 6 2010 a b Sales and Use Tax Instruction Book PDF MN Department of Revenue July 2009 Archived from the original PDF on October 27 2011 Retrieved June 6 2010 Local Sales Tax and Use PDF MN Department of Revenue Archived from the original PDF on October 9 2006 Retrieved November 26 2006 Tormoen Erik November 22 2017 Fake News The Twin Cities Theater Scene s Claim to Fame Minnesota Monthly Archived from the original on January 18 2020 Retrieved October 12 2020 Royce Graydon Royce April 1 2006 New Guthrie casts a huge shadow over theater scene Minneapolis Star Tribune via SavetheGuthrie org Archived from the original on May 18 2006 Retrieved May 6 2007 How to fringe Fresh Art Delivered Daily Minnesota Fringe Festival 2006 Archived from the original on November 14 2006 Retrieved November 22 2006 General Information Attendance Minnesota State Fair Archived from the original on December 9 2014 Retrieved December 9 2014 a b c America s Health Rankings 2009 United Health Foundation 2009 Archived from the original on January 15 2013 Retrieved December 3 2012 Statemaster Health Statistics Death Rate per 100 000 Statemaster Archived from the original on April 15 2013 Retrieved August 16 2006 Explore Minnesota Living PDF Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development Archived PDF from the original on August 22 2006 Retrieved August 16 2006 The Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State Using 2 and 3 year Averages 2003 to 2005 PDF Health Insurance Coverage 2005 U S Census Bureau Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division August 29 2006 Archived from the original PDF on October 6 2006 Retrieved November 24 2006 Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State Statemaster 2002 Archived from the original on May 13 2013 Retrieved August 16 2006 Health Statistics Health Index by state Statemaster Archived from the original on May 25 2013 Retrieved August 16 2006 Olsen Jeremy January 11 2018 Despite progress ethnic health disparities persist in Minnesota Star Tribune Archived from the original on November 24 2018 Retrieved November 23 2018 Put Em Out Minnesota Smoking Ban Kicks In Monday WCCO September 30 2007 Archived from the original on December 27 2007 Retrieved December 3 2012 University of Minnesota Medical Milestones University of Minnesota Medical School 2002 Archived from the original on August 30 2006 Retrieved August 14 2006 Richard Burkewood Welbourn 1990 The History of Endocrine Surgery Greenwood Publishing Group pp 353 ISBN 978 0 275 92586 4 Archived from the original on September 6 2015 Retrieved June 27 2015 Francis J Haddy Theresa B Haddy July 12 2011 Minnesota Physicians in the 1862 Sioux Uprising AuthorHouse ISBN 978 1 4634 0264 8 Archived from the original on August 17 2016 Retrieved March 4 2016 Best Hospitals by Specialty U S News amp World Report 2021 Archived from the original on August 2 2016 Retrieved June 7 2021 Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics University of Minnesota Medical School 2002 Archived from the original on August 16 2006 Retrieved August 14 2006 Table 233 Educational Attainment by State 1990 to 2009 PDF Census gov Archived PDF from the original on October 17 2011 Minneapolis ranked most literate city USA Today Archived from the original on October 20 2017 Retrieved September 2 2017 Ryan Julia October 24 2013 Report American Education Isn t Mediocre It s Deeply Unequal The Atlantic Archived from the original on March 27 2017 Retrieved March 10 2017 Newsroom Press Kit Digital Media Library and Press Releases ACT Archived from the original on April 15 2015 The states that spend the most and the least on education in one map Washington Post Archived from the original on June 3 2018 Retrieved August 20 2016 Hallman Charles March 14 2007 School vouchers Who stands to gain at what cost Minnesota Spokesman Recorder Archived from the original on July 23 2014 Charter Schools Minnesota Department of Education 2007 Archived from the original on February 22 2007 Retrieved May 6 2007 Best Colleges 2009 Liberal Arts Rankings USNews com 2009 Archived from the original on March 14 2009 Retrieved March 25 2009 2007 2008 Official Highway Map PDF Map Minnesota Department of Transportation Archived from the original PDF on April 8 2008 Retrieved April 7 2008 Transportation amendment update Minnesota Department of Transportation 2006 Archived from the original on June 26 2008 Retrieved April 7 2008 Minnesota Rail System PDF Map Minnesota Department of Transportation 2007 Archived from the original PDF on April 8 2008 Retrieved April 7 2007 Minnesota Ports and Waterways Minnesota Department of Transportation Archived from the original on March 17 2008 Retrieved April 7 2008 Delta Air Lines Map Delta Air Lines 2015 Archived from the original on October 25 2015 Retrieved October 24 2015 Minnesota Public Transit Association Transit in Minnesota Minnesota Public Transit Authority Archived from the original on November 28 2018 Retrieved November 28 2018 Amtrak Train and Bus Stations in the Midwest Amtrak Archived from the original on January 19 2013 Retrieved January 21 2013 a b Constitution of the State of Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes Archived from the original on May 2 2017 Retrieved August 9 2021 Minnesota Government State of Minnesota Archived from the original on October 18 2006 Retrieved October 20 2006 Faircloth Ryan November 7 2022 Democrats take control of the Minnesota Legislature Star Tribune Retrieved January 26 2023 Minnesota Supreme Court Court Information Office State of Minnesota Archived from the original doc on November 1 2006 Retrieved October 19 2006 Minnesota Supreme Court Archived from the original on December 1 2018 Retrieved December 1 2018 Leip David Presidential General Election Results Comparison Minnesota US Election Atlas Retrieved October 27 2022 Pomeroy Leigh 2007 Populism Is Alive and Well in Southern Minnesota Minnesota Monitor Archived from the original on October 8 2007 Retrieved August 4 2008 Grayson Katharine September 18 2006 Study Minnesota tops nation in voter turnout Minneapolis St Paul Business Journal Archived from the original on 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Legislature Archived February 17 2017 at the Wayback Machine Minnesota Public Radio November 5 2014 J Pomante II Michael Li Quan December 15 2020 Cost of Voting in the American States 2020 Election Law Journal Rules Politics and Policy 19 4 503 509 doi 10 1089 elj 2020 0666 S2CID 225139517 Archived from the original on October 25 2021 Retrieved January 14 2022 210 Designated Market Areas 03 04 Nielsen Media Archived from the original on May 17 2006 Retrieved November 26 2006 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS History kstp com Archived from the original on October 11 2007 Retrieved March 28 2007 Daily Board of Directors The Minnesota Daily Archived from the original on April 8 2008 Retrieved April 28 2008 About MPR Minnesota Public Radio Archived from the original on September 18 2008 Retrieved August 17 2006 MPR Stations Minnesota Public Radio Archived from the original on October 3 2019 Retrieved October 11 2019 PRI factsheet Public Radio International Archived from the original on December 18 2008 Retrieved May 7 2007 Aaron Shapiro The Lure of the North Woods Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest University of Minnesota Press 2015 Recap Flames 3 Wild 2 SO Minnesota Wild January 17 2008 Archived from the original on January 18 2008 Retrieved April 7 2008 Van Berkel Jessie December 12 2016 Minnesota United officials say big dig at stadium site will begin in spring Star Tribune Archived from the original on December 13 2016 Retrieved April 7 2017 NCAA Directory Minnesota NCAA Archived from the original on September 20 2018 Retrieved September 20 2018 Upper Midwest Athletic Conference History Upper Midwest Athletic Conference Archived from the original on May 3 2009 Retrieved April 13 2009 Club Hazeltine National Golf Hazeltine National Golf Club Premier Golf Destination hazeltinenational com Archived from the original on August 16 2018 Retrieved November 21 2015 Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State Statemaster 2002 Archived from the original on May 13 2013 Retrieved April 7 2008 Green Hunters Minnesota DNR Fish amp Wildlife Today Archived from the original on February 1 2008 Retrieved April 7 2008 Water Skiing History ABC of Skiing MaxLifestyle net Go Skiing like Max 2006 Archived from the original on April 21 2008 Retrieved April 7 2008 Managing for Results PDF Minnesota DNR Archived PDF from the original on April 6 2008 Retrieved April 7 2008 Benjamin Robert W July 15 2006 Ice Fishing can be a very exciting experience Buzzle com Archived from the original on July 30 2012 Retrieved April 7 2008 Turning Snow into Sport Explore Minnesota Experiences Minnesota Department of Tourism Archived from the original on April 1 2008 Retrieved April 7 2008 Home USA Bandy Archived from the original on February 11 2018 Retrieved January 3 2015 Snowmobiling Minnesota Minnesota Department of Tourism Archived from the original on June 4 2008 Retrieved April 7 2008 Take to the Trails Explore Minnesota Biking Minnesota Department of Tourism Archived from the original on January 27 2008 Retrieved April 7 2008 Superior Hiking Trail Minnesota Department of Tourism Archived from the original on December 31 2010 Retrieved December 2 2006 External linksMinnesota at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Culture and history Minnesota Historical Society Minnesota Place Names Minnesota Reflections Minnesota State Guide from the Library of CongressGeneral Minnesota at CurlieGovernment Official website Indian Affairs Council State of Minnesota Prairie Island Indian Community Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community Lower Sioux Indian Community The Upper Sioux Community Pejuhutazizi Oyate Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe White Earth Indian Reservation Tribal Council Red Lake Band of Chippewa IndiansMaps and demographics Minnesota State Demographic Center State Facts from USDA Minnesota State Highway Map Minnesota at OpenStreetMapTourism and recreation Explore Minnesota Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Minnesota travel guide from Wikivoyage Preceded byCalifornia List of U S states by date of statehoodAdmitted on May 11 1858 32nd Succeeded byOregon Coordinates 46 N 94 W 46 N 94 W 46 94 State of Minnesota Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Minnesota amp oldid 1140664981, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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