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Wikipedia

Brooklyn

Brooklyn (/ˈbrʊklɪn/) is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, behind New York County (Manhattan).[5] Brooklyn is also New York City's most populous borough,[6] with 2,736,074 residents in 2020.[1]

Brooklyn
Kings County, New York
Clockwise from top left: Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones, Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch, Brooklyn Borough Hall, Coney Island
Motto(s): 
Eendraght Maeckt Maght
("Unity makes strength")
Interactive map outlining Brooklyn
Location within the state of New York
Coordinates: 40°41′34″N 73°59′25″W / 40.69278°N 73.99028°W / 40.69278; -73.99028Coordinates: 40°41′34″N 73°59′25″W / 40.69278°N 73.99028°W / 40.69278; -73.99028
Country United States
State New York
CountyKings (coterminous)
CityNew York City
Settled1634
Named forBreukelen, Netherlands
Government
 • TypeBorough
 • Borough PresidentAntonio Reynoso (D)
(Borough of Brooklyn)
 • District AttorneyEric Gonzalez (D)
(Kings County)
Area
 • Total97 sq mi (250 km2)
 • Land70.82 sq mi (183.4 km2)
 • Water26 sq mi (67 km2)
Highest elevation220 ft (67 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total2,736,074[1]
 • Density38,634/sq mi (14,917/km2)
 • Demonym
Brooklynite[3]
ZIP Code prefix
112
Area codes718/347/929, 917
GDP (2020)US$86.2 billion[4]
Websitewww.brooklyn-usa.org

Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen, Brooklyn is located on the westernmost edge of Long Island and shares a border with the borough of Queens. It has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan, across the East River, and is connected to Staten Island by way of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge. With a land area of 70.82 square miles (183.4 km2) and a water area of 26 square miles (67 km2), Kings County is the state of New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area.

Brooklyn was founded by the Dutch in the 17th century and grew into a busy port city by the 19th century. On January 1, 1898, after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s, in accordance to the new Municipal Charter of "Greater New York", Brooklyn was consolidated in and annexed (along with other areas) to form the current five borough structure of New York City. The borough continues to maintain some distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern Dutch as "Unity makes strength."

In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for hipsters,[7] with concomitant gentrification, dramatic house price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability.[8] Some new developments are required to include affordable housing units. Since the 2010s, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship, high technology start-up firms,[9][10] postmodern art[11] and design.[10]

Toponym

The name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch town of Breukelen. The oldest mention of the settlement in the Netherlands is in a charter of 953 by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I as Broecklede.[12] This form is made up of the words broeck, meaning bog or marshland, and lede, meaning small (dug) water stream specifically in peat areas.[13] Breuckelen on the American continent was established in 1646, and the name first appeared in print in 1663.[14][15][16]

Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen, and finally Breukelen.[17] The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated; some have claimed breuckelen means "broken land."[18] The current name, however, is the one that best reflects its meaning.[19][20]

History

The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of "Breuckelen" on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City of New York.

Colonial era

New Netherland

The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island's western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the Lenape, an Algonquian-speaking American Indian tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name "Canarsie". Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes. The Breuckelen settlement was named after Breukelen in the Netherlands; it was part of New Netherland. The Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English town names):[21] Gravesend: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Deborah Moody, named for 's-Gravenzande, Netherlands, or Gravesend, England; Brooklyn Heights: as Breuckelen in 1646, after the town now spelled Breukelen, Netherlands. Breuckelen was along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816; Flatlands: as Nieuw Amersfoort in 1647; Flatbush: as Midwout in 1652; Nieuw Utrecht in 1652, after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands; and Bushwick: as Boswijck in 1661.

 
A dining table from the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, in The Brooklyn Museum

The colony's capital of New Amsterdam, across the East River, obtained its charter in 1653. The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America's first tide mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. But the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman's 1824 compilation.[22]

Province of New York

 
Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766

Present-day Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the English captured the New Netherland colony in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo-Dutch War. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the English renamed the new capture for their naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of the then monarch King Charles II and future king himself as King James II. Brooklyn became a part of the West Riding of York Shire in the Province of New York, one of the Middle Colonies of nascent British America.

On November 1, 1683, Kings County was partitioned from the West Riding of York Shire, containing the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island,[23] as one of the "original twelve counties". This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity.

Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River Valley, this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of slaves among the population in the "Original Thirteen Colonies" along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America.[24]

Revolutionary War

 
The Battle of Long Island was fought across Kings County.

On August 27, 1776, the Battle of Long Island (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn') was fought, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and Grand Army Plaza.[25]

Washington, viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek and Old Stone House from atop a hill near the west end of present-day Atlantic Avenue, was reported to have emotionally exclaimed: "What brave men I must this day lose!".[25]

The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of New York Harbor. While Washington's defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs.[25]

The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling—and largely successful—Patriot intelligence network, headed by Washington himself.

The British set up a system of prison ships off the coast of Brooklyn in Wallabout Bay, where more American patriots died there than in combat on all the battlefield engagements of the American Revolutionary War combined. One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century.

Post-independence era

Urbanization

 
Winter Scene in Brooklyn, c. 1819–20, by Francis Guy (Brooklyn Museum)

The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay (border between Fort Greene and Williamsburgh) during the 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century.

The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834.

In a parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in the mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems.

However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburgh; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854.

By 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper.[26] It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842,[27] and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846.[28] On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle;[29] on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle.[30] The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough's soon-to-be-famous National League baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of major league baseball in 1957.

Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York,[31] and under Republican leadership, the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War. After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called Grand Army Plaza.

The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century. There were 4,402 by 1810, 7,175 in 1820 and 15,396 by 1830.[32] The city's population was 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars from New York City. Finally, in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City.[33]

Civil War

Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War. The most well-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn "Red Legged Devils". They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city. President Abraham Lincoln called them into service, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by the French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for quick assaults.

As a seaport and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union's strengths in shipping and manufacturing. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn.

Twin city

Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame". As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by decades of subordination by its old partner and rival. During this period, the affluent, contiguous districts of Fort Greene and Clinton Hill (then characterized collectively as The Hill) were home to such notable figures as Astral Oil Works founder Charles Pratt and his children, including local civic leader Charles Millard Pratt; Theosophical Society co-founder William Quan Judge; and Pfizer co-founders Charles Pfizer and Charles F. Erhart. Brooklyn Heights remained one of the New York metropolitan area's most august patrician redoubts into the early 20th century under the aegis of such figures as abolitionist clergyman Henry Ward Beecher, educator-politician Seth Low, merchant-banker Horace Brigham Claflin, attorney William Cary Sanger (who served for two years as United States Assistant Secretary of War under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt) and publisher Alfred Smith Barnes.

Economic growth continued, propelled by immigration and industrialization, and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from Gowanus to Greenpoint was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek. USS Monitor was the most famous product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg. After the Civil War, trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond Prospect Park (completed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in 1873 and widely heralded as an improvement upon the earlier Central Park) into the center of the county, as evinced by gradual settlement in comparatively rustic Windsor Terrace and Kensington. By century's end, Dean Alvord's Prospect Park South development in nearby Flatbush would serve as the template for contemporaneous "Victorian Flatbush" micro-neighborhoods and the post-consolidation emergence of outlying districts, such as Midwood and Marine Park. Along with Oak Park, Illinois, it also presaged the automobile and commuter rail-driven vogue for more remote prewar suburban communities, such as Garden City, New York and Montclair, New Jersey.

The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks, including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District.

Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation.

Sports in Brooklyn became a business. The Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to Ebbets Field, beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks, amusement parks, and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, and elsewhere in the southern part of the county.

 
Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886

Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Park Slope was rapidly urbanized, with its eastern summit soon emerging as the city's third "Gold Coast" district alongside Brooklyn Heights and The Hill. East of The Hill, Bedford-Stuyvesant coalesced as an upper middle class enclave for lawyers, shopkeepers, and merchants of German and Irish descent (notably exemplified by John C. Kelley, a water meter magnate and close friend of President Grover Cleveland), with nearby Crown Heights gradually fulfilling an analogous role for the city's Jewish population as development continued through the early 20th century. Northeast of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bushwick (by now a working class, predominantly German district) established a considerable brewery industry; the so-called "Brewer's Row" encompassed 14 breweries operating in a 14-block area in 1890. On the southwestern waterfront of Kings County, railroads and industrialization spread to Sunset Park (then coterminous with the city's sprawling, sparsely populated Eighth Ward) and adjacent Bay Ridge (hitherto a resort-like subsection of the Town of New Utrecht). Within a decade, the city had annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886; the Towns of Flatbush, Gravesend and New Utrecht in 1894; and the Town of Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County.

Seth Low as mayor

Low's time in office 1882-1885 was marked by a number of reforms:[34]

  • Low's major achievement as mayor was to secure a degree of "home rule" of the city. Previously, the State Government dictated city policies, hiring, salaries, and other affairs. Low managed to secure an unofficial veto over all Brooklyn bills in the State Assembly.
  • Low instituted a number of educational reforms. He was the first to integrate Brooklyn schools. He introduced free textbooks for all students, not just those who had taken a pauper's oath. He instituted a competitive examination for hiring teachers, instead of giving teaching jobs to pay political debts. He set aside $430,000 for the construction of new schools to accommodate 10,000 new students.
  • Low introduced Civil Service Code to all city employees, eliminating patronage jobs.
  • German Americans wanted to enjoy their local beer gardens on the Sabbath, in violation of state "dry" laws and the demands of local puritanical clergy. Low's compromise solution was that saloons could stay open as long as they were orderly. At the first sign of rowdiness, they would be closed.
  • Low served as a member of the board of the New York Bridge Company, the company that built the Brooklyn Bridge, and led an unsuccessful effort to remove Washington Roebling as the chief engineer on that project.[35]
  • Low raised the tax rate from $2.33 of $100 assessed valuation in 1881 to $2.59 in 1883.[34] He also went after property owners who had not paid back taxes. This increase in city revenue enabled him to reduce the city's debt and increase services. However, raising taxes proved extremely unpopular.
Mayors of the City of Brooklyn

Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until consolidation in 1898 into the City of Greater New York, whose own second mayor (1902–1903), Seth Low, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President.

Mayors of the City of Brooklyn[36]
Mayor   Party Start year End year
George Hall Democratic-Republican 1834 1834
Jonathan Trotter Democratic 1835 1836
Jeremiah Johnson Whig 1837 1838
Cyrus P. Smith Whig 1839 1841
Henry C. Murphy Democratic 1842 1842
Joseph Sprague Democratic 1843 1844
Thomas G. Talmage Democratic 1845 1845
Francis B. Stryker Whig 1846 1848
Edward Copland Whig 1849 1849
Samuel Smith Democratic 1850 1850
Conklin Brush Whig 1851 1852
Edward A. Lambert Democratic 1853 1854
George Hall Know Nothing 1855 1856
Samuel S. Powell Democratic 1857 1860
Martin Kalbfleisch Democratic 1861 1863
Alfred M. Wood Republican 1864 1865
Samuel Booth Republican 1866 1867
Martin Kalbfleisch Democratic 1868 1871
Samuel S. Powell Democratic 1872 1873
John W. Hunter Democratic 1874 1875
Frederick A. Schroeder Republican 1876 1877
James Howell Democratic 1878 1881
Seth Low Republican 1882 1885
Daniel D. Whitney Democratic 1886 1887
Alfred C. Chapin Democratic 1888 1891
David A. Boody Democratic 1892 1893
Charles A. Schieren Republican 1894 1895
Frederick W. Wurster Republican 1896 1897

New York City borough

 
Brooklyn in 1897

In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York were strengthened.

The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of Richmond and the western portion of Queens County, and the county of New York, which by then already included the Bronx, to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. Andrew Haswell Green and other progressives said yes, and eventually, they prevailed against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898.[37]

Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties, but the loss of Brooklyn's separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. Many newspapers of the day called the merger the "Great Mistake of 1898", and the phrase still elicits Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites.[38]

Geography

 
Location of Brooklyn (red) within New York City (remainder yellow)
 
USGS map of Brooklyn (2019)

Brooklyn is 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest by land area among the New York City's boroughs. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area.[6] Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough's western border constitutes the island's western tip.

Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including Jamaica Bay; the Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New York Bay, separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U.S. state of New Jersey; and the East River, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and numerous routes of the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in that borough's Jamaica neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of Brooklyn's East New York neighborhood.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 32 °F (0 °C) coldest month (January) isotherm, Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa),[39] with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum.[40] Brooklyn lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone.[41]

Climate data for JFK Airport, New York (1981–2010 normals,[42] extremes 1948–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22)
71
(22)
85
(29)
90
(32)
99
(37)
99
(37)
104
(40)
101
(38)
98
(37)
90
(32)
77
(25)
75
(24)
104
(40)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 56.8
(13.8)
57.9
(14.4)
68.5
(20.3)
78.1
(25.6)
84.9
(29.4)
92.1
(33.4)
94.5
(34.7)
92.7
(33.7)
87.4
(30.8)
78.0
(25.6)
69.1
(20.6)
60.1
(15.6)
96.6
(35.9)
Average high °F (°C) 39.1
(3.9)
41.8
(5.4)
49.0
(9.4)
59.0
(15.0)
68.5
(20.3)
78.0
(25.6)
83.2
(28.4)
81.9
(27.7)
75.3
(24.1)
64.5
(18.1)
54.3
(12.4)
44.0
(6.7)
61.6
(16.4)
Average low °F (°C) 26.3
(−3.2)
28.1
(−2.2)
34.2
(1.2)
43.5
(6.4)
52.8
(11.6)
62.8
(17.1)
68.5
(20.3)
67.8
(19.9)
60.8
(16.0)
49.6
(9.8)
40.7
(4.8)
31.5
(−0.3)
47.3
(8.5)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 9.8
(−12.3)
13.4
(−10.3)
19.1
(−7.2)
32.6
(0.3)
42.6
(5.9)
52.7
(11.5)
60.7
(15.9)
58.6
(14.8)
49.2
(9.6)
37.6
(3.1)
27.4
(−2.6)
16.3
(−8.7)
7.5
(−13.6)
Record low °F (°C) −2
(−19)
−2
(−19)
4
(−16)
20
(−7)
34
(1)
45
(7)
55
(13)
46
(8)
40
(4)
30
(−1)
19
(−7)
2
(−17)
−2
(−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.16
(80)
2.59
(66)
3.78
(96)
3.87
(98)
3.94
(100)
3.86
(98)
4.08
(104)
3.68
(93)
3.50
(89)
3.62
(92)
3.30
(84)
3.39
(86)
42.77
(1,086)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.3
(16)
8.3
(21)
3.5
(8.9)
0.8
(2.0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.2
(0.51)
4.7
(12)
23.8
(60)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 10.5 9.6 11.0 11.4 11.5 10.7 9.4 8.7 8.1 8.5 9.4 10.6 119.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 4.6 3.4 2.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.8 13.6
Average relative humidity (%) 64.9 64.4 63.4 64.1 69.5 71.5 71.4 71.7 71.9 69.1 67.9 66.3 68.0
Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)[43][44][45]
Climate data for Brooklyn, New York City (Avenue V)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 39.7
(4.3)
42.4
(5.8)
49.7
(9.8)
60.5
(15.8)
70.5
(21.4)
79.3
(26.3)
84.8
(29.3)
83.3
(28.5)
76.5
(24.7)
65.0
(18.3)
54.3
(12.4)
44.5
(6.9)
62.5
(16.9)
Average low °F (°C) 27.5
(−2.5)
29.1
(−1.6)
35.2
(1.8)
44.8
(7.1)
54.4
(12.4)
64.0
(17.8)
70.3
(21.3)
68.9
(20.5)
62.4
(16.9)
51.2
(10.7)
41.4
(5.2)
33.2
(0.7)
48.5
(9.2)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.53
(90)
2.97
(75)
4.37
(111)
3.85
(98)
4.03
(102)
4.44
(113)
4.85
(123)
3.92
(100)
3.92
(100)
4.02
(102)
3.23
(82)
4.00
(102)
47.13
(1,197)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.5
(17)
8.5
(22)
4.4
(11)
0.6
(1.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.2
(0.51)
4.3
(11)
24.5
(62)
Source: NOAA[46]

Boroughscape

 
The Downtown Brooklyn skyline, the Manhattan Bridge (far left), and the Brooklyn Bridge (near left) are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013.
 
View of the Brooklyn skyline from the Gowanus Canal in 2021.

Neighborhoods

 
Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic District
 
150–159 Willow Street, three original red-brick early 19th-century Federal Style houses in Brooklyn Heights

Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, the early to mid-20th century, Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish, then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave. Brooklyn's most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.[47]

The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Seattle.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54]

Community diversity

 
Imatra Society, consisting of Finnish immigrants, celebrating its summer festival in Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn in 1894.

Given New York City's role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. In 2010, 51.6% of the population was counted as members of religious congregations.[55] In 2014, there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn, the 10th most of all counties in the nation.[56] Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below:

Jewish American

Over 600,000 Jews, particularly Orthodox and Hasidic Jews, have become concentrated in such historically Jewish areas as Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Midwood, where there are many yeshivas, synagogues, and kosher restaurants, as well as many other Jewish businesses. Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods with a longstanding cultural lineage include Kensington, Canarsie, Sea Gate, and Crown Heights, home to the Chabad world headquarters. Neighborhoods with largely defunct yet historically notable Jewish populations include Flatbush, East Flatbush, Brownsville, East New York, Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay (particularly its Madison subsection). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in East Flatbush.[57][58]

The predominantly Jewish, Crown Heights (and later East Flatbush)-based Madison Democratic Club served as the borough's primary "clubhouse" political venue for decades until the ascendancy of Meade Esposito's rival, Canarsie-based Thomas Jefferson Democratic Club in the 1960s and 1970s, playing an integral role in the rise of such figures as Speaker of the New York State Assembly Irwin Steingut; his son, fellow Speaker Stanley Steingut; New York City Mayor Abraham Beame; real estate developer Fred Trump; Democratic district leader Beadie Markowitz; and political fixer Abraham "Bunny" Lindenbaum.

Many non-Orthodox Jews (ranging from observant members of various denominations to atheists of Jewish cultural heritage) are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope, with smaller observant and culturally Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island.

Chinese American

Over 200,000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn, primarily concentrated in Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Gravesend and Homecrest. Brooklyn is the borough that is home to the highest number of Chinatowns in New York City. The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which has become known for its Chinese culture since the opening of the now-defunct Winley Supermarket in 1986 spurred widespread settlement in the area. It is called "Brooklyn's Chinatown" and originally it was a small Chinese enclave with Cantonese speakers being the main Chinese population during the late 1980s and 1990s, but since the 2000s, the Chinese population in the area dramatically shifted to majority Fuzhounese Americans, which immensely contributed to expanding this Chinatown very dramatically rendering this Chinatown with the nicknames "Fuzhou Town (福州埠), Brooklyn" or the "Little Fuzhou (小福州)" of Brooklyn. Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration. Since the 2000s going forward, the growing concentration of the Cantonese speaking population in Brooklyn have dramatically shifted to Bensonhurst/Gravesend and Homecrest creating newer Chinatowns of Brooklyn and these newer Brooklyn Chinatowns are known as "Brooklyn's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong" due to their Chinese populations being overwhelmingly Cantonese populated.[59][60]

Caribbean and African American

Brooklyn's African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn's West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to the largest community of West Indians outside of the Caribbean. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are Jamaicans, Guyanese, and Haitians, there are West Indian immigrants from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn's West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands.[61] Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago, the West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway. The Brooklyn Academy of Music also holds the DanceAfrica festival in late May, featuring street vendors and dance performances showcasing food and culture from all parts of Africa.[62][63] Since the opening of the IND Fulton Street Line in 1936, Bedford-Stuyvesant has been home to one of the most famous African American communities in the United States. Working-class communities remain prevalent in Brownsville, East New York and Coney Island, while remnants of similar communities in Prospect Heights, Fort Greene and Clinton Hill have endured amid widespread gentrification.

Latino American

In the aftermath of World War II and subsequent urban renewal initiatives that decimated longtime Manhattan enclaves (most notably on the Upper West Side), Puerto Rican migrants began to settle in various waterfront industrial neighborhoods (including Sunset Park, Red Hook, and Gowanus), near the shipyards and factories where they worked. The borough's Latino population diversified after the 1965 Hart-Cellar Act loosened restrictions on immigration from elsewhere in Latin America. Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyn's Latino American community. Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence, along with an influx of many Dominicans, South Americans, Central Americans, and Mexicans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is Latino, its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park's population is 42% Latino, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn's main Latino groups are Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans, and Ecuadorians; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, Williamsburg's South Side and East New York. Mexicans (especially from the state of Puebla) now predominate alongside Chinese immigrants in Sunset Park, although remnants of the neighborhood's once-substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to reside below 39th Street. Save for Red Hook (which remained roughly one-fifth Latino American as of the 2010 Census), the South Side and Sunset Park, similar postwar communities in other waterfront neighborhoods (including western Park Slope, the north end of Greenpoint[64] and Boerum Hill, long considered the northern subsection of Gowanus) largely disappeared by the turn of the century due to various factors, including deindustrialization, ensuing gentrification and suburbanization among more affluent Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. A Panamanian enclave exists in Crown Heights.

Russian and Ukrainian American

Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians, who are mainly concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa, respectively. In the 1970s, Soviet Jews won the right to immigrate, and many ended up in Brighton Beach. In recent years, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown, and the area is now home to a diverse collection of immigrants from across the former USSR. Smaller concentrations of Russian and Ukrainian Americans are scattered elsewhere in south Brooklyn, including Bay Ridge, Bensonhurst, Homecrest, Coney Island and Mill Basin. A growing community of Uzbek Americans have settled alongside them in recent years due to their ability to speak Russian.[65][66]

Polish American

Brooklyn's Polish are historically concentrated in Greenpoint, home to Little Poland. Other longstanding settlements in Borough Park and Sunset Park have endured, while more recent immigrants are scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn alongside the Russian and Ukrainian American communities.

Italian American

Despite widespread migration to Staten Island and more suburban areas in metropolitan New York throughout the postwar era, notable concentrations of Italian Americans continue to reside in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, Bay Ridge, Bath Beach and Gravesend. Less perceptible remnants of older communities have persisted in Cobble Hill and Carroll Gardens, where the homes of the remaining Italian Americans can often be contrasted with more recent upper middle class residents through the display of small Madonna statues, the retention of plastic-metal stoop awnings and the use of Formstone in house cladding. All of the aforementioned neighborhoods have retained Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes and social clubs.

Arab/Muslim American

In the early 20th century, many Lebanese and Syrian Christians settled around Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue in Boerum Hill; more recently, this area has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district. More recent, predominantly Muslim Arab immigrants, especially Egyptians and Lebanese, have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to Bay Ridge, where many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal shops, Islamic shops and mosques line the commercial thoroughfares of Fifth and Third Avenues below 86th Street. Brighton Beach is home to a growing Pakistani American community, while Midwood is home to Little Pakistan along Coney Island Avenue recently renamed Muhammad Ali Jinnah way. Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Just to the north, Kensington is one of New York's several emerging Bangladeshi enclaves.

Irish American

Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn, with moderate concentrations[clarification needed] enduring in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace, Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Marine Park and Gerritsen Beach. Historical communities also existed in Vinegar Hill and other waterfront industrial neighborhoods, such as Greenpoint and Sunset Park. Paralleling the Italian American community, many moved to Staten Island and suburban areas in the postwar era. Those that stayed engendered close-knit, stable working-to-middle class communities through employment in the civil service (especially in law enforcement, transportation, and the New York City Fire Department) and the building and construction trades, while others were subsumed by the professional-managerial class and largely shed the Irish American community's distinct cultural traditions (including continued worship in the Catholic Church and other social activities, such as Irish stepdance and frequenting Irish American bars).[citation needed]

Indian American

While not as extensive as the Indian American population in Queens, younger professionals of Asian Indian origin are finding Brooklyn to be a convenient alternative to Manhattan to find housing. Nearly 30,000 Indian Americans call Brooklyn home.[citation needed]

Greek American

Brooklyn's Greek Americans live throughout the borough. A historical concentration has endured in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas, where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools, businesses and cultural institutions. Other businesses are situated in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. As in much of the New York metropolitan area, Greek-owned diners are found throughout the borough.

LGBTQ community

Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[67] The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and Prospect Heights has an LGBT residential presence.[68] Numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBT communities. Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.[69][70]

Artists-in-residence

Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, DUMBO, Red Hook, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists-in-residence. However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as Jersey City or Hoboken.[71]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
17312,150—    
17562,707+25.9%
17713,623+33.8%
17863,966+9.5%
17904,549+14.7%
18005,740+26.2%
18108,303+44.7%
182011,187+34.7%
183020,535+83.6%
184047,613+131.9%
1850138,822+191.6%
1860279,122+101.1%
1870419,921+50.4%
1880599,495+42.8%
1890838,547+39.9%
19001,166,582+39.1%
19101,634,351+40.1%
19202,018,356+23.5%
19302,560,401+26.9%
19402,698,285+5.4%
19502,738,175+1.5%
19602,627,319−4.0%
19702,602,012−1.0%
19802,230,936−14.3%
19902,300,664+3.1%
20002,465,326+7.2%
20102,504,700+1.6%
20202,736,074+9.2%
1731–1786[72]
U.S. Decennial Census[73]
1790–1960[74] 1900–1990[75]
1990–2000[76] 2010[77] 2020[1]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[78]
Jurisdiction Population Land area Density of population GDP †
Borough County Census
(2020)
square
miles
square
km
people/
sq. mile
people/
sq. km
billions
(2012 US$) 2
Bronx
1,472,654 42.2 109.3 34,920 13,482 $ 38.725
Kings
2,736,074 69.4 179.7 39,438 15,227 '$' 92.230
New York
1,694,263 22.7 58.8 74,781 28,872 $ 651.619
Queens
2,405,464 108.7 281.5 22,125 8,542 $ 88.578
Richmond
495,747 57.5 148.9 8,618 3,327 $ 14.806
8,804,190 302.6 783.8 29,095 11,234 $  885.958
20,215,751 47,126.4 122,056.8 429 166 $ 1,514.779
GDP = Gross Domestic Product    Sources:[79][80][81][82] and see individual borough articles.
Racial composition 2020[83] 2010[84] 1990[47] 1950[47] 1900[47]
White 37.6% 42.8% 46.9% 92.2% 98.3%
 —Non-Hispanic 35.4% 35.7% 40.1% n/a n/a
Black or African American 26.7% 34.3% 37.9% 7.6% 1.6%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 18.9% 19.8% 20.1% n/a n/a
Asian 13.6% 10.5% 4.8% 0.1% 0.1%
Two or more Races 8.7% 3.0% n/a n/a n/a

At the 2020 census, 2,736,074 people lived in Brooklyn. The United States Census Bureau had estimated Brooklyn's population increased 2.2% to 2,559,903 between 2010 and 2019. Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City's estimated population of 8,336,817; 33.5% of Long Island's population of 7,701,172; and 13.2% of New York State's population of 19,542,209.[85] In 2020, the government of New York City projected Brooklyn's population at 2,648,403.[86] The 2019 census estimates determined there were 958,567 households with an average of 2.66 persons per household.[87] There were 1,065,399 housing units in 2019 and a median gross rent of $1,426. Citing growth, Brooklyn gained 9,696 building permits at the 2019 census estimates program.

Ethnic groups

Ancestry in Brooklyn Borough (2014-2018)[88][89][90][not specific enough to verify]
Origin percent
African American (Does not include West Indian or African)
16.4%
West Indian American (Except Hispanic Groups)
11.5%
East Asian American (Includes Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, etc.)
8.4%
English American (*Includes "American" ancestry)
7.6%
Puerto Rican American
5.7%
Italian American
4.8%
Russian and Eastern European (Includes Russian, Ukrainian, Soviet Union, etc.)
4.3%
Central European (Includes Slovakian, Slovenian, Slavic, Czech, etc.)
4.2%
Mexican American
4.1%
Irish American
3.8%
Dominican American
3.5%
German American
2.8%
South Asian American
2.4%
South American (Includes Peruvian, Ecuadorian, Argentinian, etc.)
2.3%
Sub-Saharan African (Includes Ethiopian, Nigerian, etc.)
2%
Central American (Includes Honduran, Salvadoran, Costa Rican, etc.)
1.9%
Other[a]
14.7%

The 2020 American Community Survey estimated the racial and ethnic makeup of Brooklyn was 35.4% non-Hispanic white, 26.7% Black or African American, 0.9% American Indian or Alaska Native, 13.6% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 4.1% two or more races, and 18.9% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.[91] According to the 2010 United States census, Brooklyn's population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn's population.[92] In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino.[93]

Languages

Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity. As of 2010, 54.1% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 17.2% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.5% (148,012) Chinese, 5.3% (121,607) Russian, 3.5% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.8% (63,019) French Creole, 1.4% (31,004) Italian, 1.2% (27,440) Hebrew, 1.0% (23,207) Polish, 1.0% (22,763) French, 1.0% (21,773) Arabic, 0.9% (19,388) various Indic languages, 0.7% (15,936) Urdu, and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0.5% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.9% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn's population ages 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[94]

Culture

Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema, and theater. The Brooklyn accent has often been portrayed as the "typical New York accent" in American media, although this accent and stereotype are supposedly fading out.[95] Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.[96]

Cultural venues

Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Philharmonic, and the second-largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the Brooklyn Museum.

The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5  million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children's Museum, the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens.

The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art-house BAM Rose Cinemas. Bargemusic and St. Ann's Warehouse are on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district. Brooklyn Technical High School has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after Radio City Music Hall), with a seating capacity of over 3,000.[97]

Media

Local periodicals

Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Bay Currents (Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View, The Brooklyn Paper, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, is Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including The New York Times, the New York Daily News, and the New York Post.

The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail, as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet. Hello Mr. is also published in Brooklyn.

Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others are now defunct, including BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed "Pulse of Brooklyn" and then the "Pulse of New York").[98]

Ethnic press

Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa, the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn.[99] Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet, Hamodia, an Orthodox Jewish daily and The Jewish Press, an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them is the quarterly "L'Idea", a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn.[citation needed]Our Time Press published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of "The Local paper with the Global-View".

Television

The City of New York has an official television station, run by NYC Media, which features programming based in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Community Access Television is the borough's public access channel.[100] Its studios are at the BRIC Arts Media venue, called BRIC House, located on Fulton Street in the Fort Greene section of the borough.[101]

Events

Economy

 
The USS North Carolina, launched at Brooklyn Navy Yard, June 1940
 
Newer buildings near East River State Park

Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.[104]

Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction.[104]

Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a high-tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms.[104]

Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products.[105] The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant.[106]

First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The Missouri, the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered, was built there, as was the Maine, whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish–American War. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint. From 1968 to 1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer.[107] Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard.

Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors.[108] Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.[109] As of August 2008, the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%.[110]

Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.[111][112]

The rezoning of Downtown Brooklyn has generated over US$10 billion of private investment and $300 million in public improvements since 2004. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous high technology start-up companies, as Silicon Alley, the metonym for New York City's entrepreneurship ecosystem, has expanded from Lower Manhattan into Brooklyn.[113]

Parks and other attractions

Sports

Brooklyn's major professional sports team is the NBA's Brooklyn Nets. The Nets moved into the borough in 2012, and play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in Uniondale, New York and in New Jersey.[117] In April 2020, the New York Liberty of the WNBA were sold to the Nets' owners and moved their home venue from Madison Square Garden to the Barclays Center.

Barclays Center was also the home arena for the NHL's New York Islanders full-time from 2015 to 2018, then part-time from 2018 to 2020 (alternating with Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale). The Islanders had originally played at Nassau Coliseum full-time since their inception until 2015 when their lease at the venue expired and the team moved to Barclays Center. In 2020, the team returned to Nassau Coliseum full-time for one season before moving to the UBS Arena in Elmont, New York in 2021.

Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Joe Torre, Sandy Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina.

In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn's Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton Oval.[118] During this "Brooklyn era", baseball evolved into the modern game: the first fastball, first changeup, first batting average, first triple play, first pro baseball player, first enclosed ballpark, first scorecard, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn.[119]

Brooklyn's most famous historical team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, named for "trolley dodgers" played at Ebbets Field.[120] In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O'Malley, the team's owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn's ball club.

After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the Brooklyn Cyclones, a minor league team that plays in MCU Park in Coney Island. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets. The New York Cosmos of the NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017.[121]

Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in 1926, who played at Ebbets Field.[122]

In Rugby union, Rugby United New York joined Major League Rugby in 2019, and play their home games at MCU Park. In Rugby league, existing USARL club Brooklyn Kings joined the professional North American Rugby League competition for its inaugural 2021 season.

Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay. Species caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder.[123][124][125]

Government and politics

Since its consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor–council system. The centralized government of New York City is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. On the other hand, the Brooklyn Public Library is an independent nonprofit organization partially funded by the government of New York City, but also by the government of New York State, the U.S. federal government, and private donors.

The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with the local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough; it was a violation of the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" reading of the Fourteenth Amendment.[126]

Since 1990, the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Brooklyn's current Borough President is Antonio Reynoso who replaced Eric Adams when Adams took office as Mayor of New York City.

Democrats hold most public offices, and the borough leans heavily Democratic. As of November 2017, 89.1% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats.[127] Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Pockets of Republican influence exist in Gravesend, Bensonhurst, Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights and Midwood.

Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. The District Attorney of Kings County is Eric Gonzalez, who replaced Democrat Kenneth P. Thompson following his death in October 2016.[128] Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city's Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies.

Federal representation

Education

 
Brooklyn Tech as seen from Ashland Place in Fort Greene
 
The Brooklyn College library, part of the original campus laid out by Randolph Evans, now known as "East Quad"
 
Brooklyn Law School's 1994 new classical "Fell Hall" tower, by architect Robert A. M. Stern
 
NYU Tandon Wunsch Building
 
St. Francis College Administration Building

Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Non-charter public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education,[129] the largest public school system in the United States.

Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States.[130] Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is across the street from Fort Greene Park. This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6 million and is 12 stories high. It covers about half of a city block.[131] Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni[132] (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and a large number of graduates attending prestigious universities.

Higher education

Public colleges

Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The college ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review's 2006 guidebook, America's Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second-generation Americans. Founded in 1970, Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York. The college offers programs at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as adult and continuing education classes for central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights.

CUNY's New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution—which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later—was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech.

SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner Robert F. Furchgott was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center's students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State.

Private colleges

Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students.[133]

Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels.

Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school's Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include a library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all.

The New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the United States' second oldest private institute of technology, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown's MetroTech Center, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise New York University (NYU).[134][135][136][137]

St. Francis College is a Catholic college in Brooklyn Heights founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today, over 2,400 students attend the small liberal arts college. St. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by Forbes magazine and U.S. News & World Report.[138][139][140]

Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as Saint Joseph's College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg.

Community colleges

Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system in Manhattan Beach.

Brooklyn Public Library

 
The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza.

As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the Brooklyn Public Library[141] offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza.

There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half-mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography, and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities.

Transportation

Public transport

About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without automobiles. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City.[142]

 
Atlantic Terminal is a major hub in Brooklyn

Brooklyn features extensive public transit. Nineteen New York City Subway services, including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn, include:

Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park,[144] as well as a subway line to Spring Creek.[145][146]

Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars, but many were replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan.[147] New York's famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: East New York, Nostrand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is near the Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center subway station, with ten connecting subway services.

In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit.[148][149] The ferry opened in May 2017,[150][151] with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal.[152]

A streetcar line, the Brooklyn–Queens Connector, was proposed by the city in February 2016,[153] with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024.[154]

Roadways

 
Williamsburg Bridge, as seen from Wallabout Bay with Greenpoint and Long Island City in background

Most of the limited-access expressways and parkways are in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn, where the borough's two interstate highways are located; Interstate 278, which uses the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, traverses Sunset Park and Brooklyn Heights, while Interstate 478 is an unsigned route designation for the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, which connects to Manhattan.[155] Other prominent roadways are the Prospect Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and the Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78[156] and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878.[157] Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue.

Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix "East". South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the "West" designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A–Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by "North" and "South" in Williamsburg, and "Bay", "Beach", "Brighton", "Plumb", "Paerdegat" or "Flatlands" along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin.

Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg Bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (also known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Pulaski Bridge, the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge, the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), and the Grand Street Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula.

Waterways

Brooklyn was long a major shipping port, especially at the Brooklyn Army Terminal and Bush Terminal in Sunset Park. Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor, while the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal in Red Hook is a focal point for New York's growing cruise industry. The Queen Mary 2, one of the world's largest ocean liners, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton, England.[152] The Brooklyn waterfront formerly employed tens of thousands of borough residents and acted as an incubator for industries across the entire city, and the decline of the port exacerbated Brooklyn's decline in the second half of the 20th century.

In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city.[148][149] The ferry opened in May 2017,[150][151] offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan, Midtown, Long Island City, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan. Ferries to Coney Island are also planned.[152] NY Waterway offers tours and charters. SeaStreak also offers a weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11/Wall Street downtown and East 34th Street Ferry Landing in midtown. A Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel, originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then-new Port Authority of New York is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area.

 
Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge Park

Partnerships with districts of foreign cities

Hospitals and healthcare

See also

Notes

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Further reading

Published before 1950

  • Howard, Henry Ward Beecher (1893). The Eagle and Brooklyn: the record of the progress of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Vol. 1. Brooklyn : The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
  • W. Williams (1850), "Brooklyn", Appleton's northern and eastern traveller's guide, New York: D. Appleton
  • Henry Reed Stiles (1867), A history of the city of Brooklyn, Brooklyn: Pub. by subscription, OL 14012527M
  • "Brooklyn", Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876
  • Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1898). Almanac: 1898 (2nd ed.). Brooklyn: [S.l. : s.n.], Brooklyn Daily Eagle).
  • Harrington Putnam (1899), "Brooklyn", in Lyman P. Powell (ed.), Historic towns of the middle states, New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, OCLC 248109
  • Ernest Ingersoll (1906), "Greater New York: Brooklyn", Rand, McNally & Co.'s handy guide to New York City, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and other districts included in the enlarged city (20th ed.), Chicago: Rand, McNally, OCLC 29277709
  • Edward Hungerford (1913), "Across the East River", The Personality of American Cities, New York: McBride, Nast & Company
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brooklyn" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–649.
  • Federal Writers' Project (1940). "New York City: Brooklyn". New York: a Guide to the Empire State. American Guide Series. New York: Oxford University Press. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008915889.

Published 1950–present

  • Carbone, Tommy, "Growing Up Greenpoint – A Kid's Life in 1970s Brooklyn." Burnt Jacket Publishing, 2018.
  • Curran, Winifred. "Gentrification and the nature of work: exploring the links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Environment And Planning A. 36 (2004): 1243–1258.
  • Curran, Winifred. "'From the Frying Pan to the Oven': Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Urban Studies (2007) 44#8 pp: 1427–1440.
  • Golenbock, Peter. Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers (Courier Corporation, 2010)
  • Harris, Lynn. "Park Slope: Where Is the Love?" The New York Times May 18, 2008
  • Henke, Holger, "The West Indian Americans," Greenwood Press: Westport (CT) 2001.
  • Livingston, E. H. President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War (1994)
  • McCullough, David W., and Jim Kalett. Brooklyn...and How It Got That Way (1983); guide to neighborhoods; many photos
  • McCullough, David. The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge (2001)
  • Ment, David. The shaping of a city: A brief history of Brooklyn (1979)
  • Trezza, Frank J.
  • Robbins, Michael W., ed. Brooklyn: A State of Mind. Workman Publishing, New York, 2001.
  • Shepard, Benjamin Heim / Noonan, Mark J.: Brooklyn Tides. The Fall and Rise of a Global Borough (transcript Verlag, 2018)
  • Snyder-Grenier, Ellen M. Brooklyn!: an illustrated history (Temple University Press, 2004)
  • Warf, Barney. "The reconstruction of social ecology and neighborhood change in Brooklyn." Environment and Planning D (1990) 8#1 pp: 73–96.
  • Wellman, Judith. Brooklyn's Promised Land: The Free Black Community of Weeksville, New York (2014)
  • Wilder, Craig Steven. A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636–1990 (Columbia University Press, 2013)

External links

  • Official website of the Brooklyn Borough President

History

  • Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Brooklyn, various dates.
  • (from the Brooklyn Public Library)
  • Crossing Brooklyn Ferry by Walt Whitman
  • Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, in Kings County on Long-Island. (1824) An Online Electronic Text Edition. by Gabriel Furman
  • "Becoming Wards One By One" The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (May 4, 1894). p. 12.

brooklyn, this, article, about, borough, york, city, other, uses, disambiguation, borough, york, city, coextensive, with, kings, county, state, york, kings, county, most, populous, county, state, york, second, most, densely, populated, county, united, states, . This article is about the borough in New York City For other uses see Brooklyn disambiguation Brooklyn ˈ b r ʊ k l ɪ n is a borough of New York City coextensive with Kings County in the U S state of New York Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York and the second most densely populated county in the United States behind New York County Manhattan 5 Brooklyn is also New York City s most populous borough 6 with 2 736 074 residents in 2020 1 Brooklyn Kings County New YorkBorough and countyClockwise from top left Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn brownstones Soldiers and Sailors Arch Brooklyn Borough Hall Coney IslandFlagSealMotto s Eendraght Maeckt Maght Unity makes strength Interactive map outlining BrooklynLocation within the state of New YorkCoordinates 40 41 34 N 73 59 25 W 40 69278 N 73 99028 W 40 69278 73 99028 Coordinates 40 41 34 N 73 59 25 W 40 69278 N 73 99028 W 40 69278 73 99028Country United StatesState New YorkCountyKings coterminous CityNew York CitySettled1634Named forBreukelen NetherlandsGovernment TypeBorough Borough PresidentAntonio Reynoso D Borough of Brooklyn District AttorneyEric Gonzalez D Kings County Area Total97 sq mi 250 km2 Land70 82 sq mi 183 4 km2 Water26 sq mi 67 km2 Highest elevation 2 220 ft 67 m Population 2020 Total2 736 074 1 Density38 634 sq mi 14 917 km2 DemonymBrooklynite 3 ZIP Code prefix112Area codes718 347 929 917GDP 2020 US 86 2 billion 4 Websitewww wbr brooklyn usa wbr orgNamed after the Dutch village of Breukelen Brooklyn is located on the westernmost edge of Long Island and shares a border with the borough of Queens It has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan across the East River and is connected to Staten Island by way of the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge With a land area of 70 82 square miles 183 4 km2 and a water area of 26 square miles 67 km2 Kings County is the state of New York s fourth smallest county by land area and third smallest by total area Brooklyn was founded by the Dutch in the 17th century and grew into a busy port city by the 19th century On January 1 1898 after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s in accordance to the new Municipal Charter of Greater New York Brooklyn was consolidated in and annexed along with other areas to form the current five borough structure of New York City The borough continues to maintain some distinct culture Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves Brooklyn s official motto displayed on the Borough seal and flag is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength In the first decades of the 21st century Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for hipsters 7 with concomitant gentrification dramatic house price increases and a decrease in housing affordability 8 Some new developments are required to include affordable housing units Since the 2010s Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship high technology start up firms 9 10 postmodern art 11 and design 10 Contents 1 Toponym 2 History 2 1 Colonial era 2 1 1 New Netherland 2 1 2 Province of New York 2 1 3 Revolutionary War 2 2 Post independence era 2 2 1 Urbanization 2 2 2 Civil War 2 2 3 Twin city 2 2 3 1 Seth Low as mayor 2 2 3 2 Mayors of the City of Brooklyn 2 3 New York City borough 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Boroughscape 4 Neighborhoods 4 1 Community diversity 4 1 1 Jewish American 4 1 2 Chinese American 4 1 3 Caribbean and African American 4 1 4 Latino American 4 1 5 Russian and Ukrainian American 4 1 6 Polish American 4 1 7 Italian American 4 1 8 Arab Muslim American 4 1 9 Irish American 4 1 10 Indian American 4 1 11 Greek American 4 1 12 LGBTQ community 4 1 13 Artists in residence 5 Demographics 5 1 Ethnic groups 5 2 Languages 6 Culture 6 1 Cultural venues 6 2 Media 6 2 1 Local periodicals 6 2 2 Ethnic press 6 2 3 Television 6 3 Events 7 Economy 8 Parks and other attractions 8 1 Sports 9 Government and politics 9 1 Federal representation 10 Education 10 1 Higher education 10 1 1 Public colleges 10 1 2 Private colleges 10 1 3 Community colleges 11 Brooklyn Public Library 12 Transportation 12 1 Public transport 12 2 Roadways 12 3 Waterways 13 Partnerships with districts of foreign cities 14 Hospitals and healthcare 15 See also 15 1 General links 15 2 History of neighborhoods 15 3 General history 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 18 1 Published before 1950 18 2 Published 1950 present 19 External links 19 1 HistoryToponym EditThe name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch town of Breukelen The oldest mention of the settlement in the Netherlands is in a charter of 953 by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I as Broecklede 12 This form is made up of the words broeck meaning bog or marshland and lede meaning small dug water stream specifically in peat areas 13 Breuckelen on the American continent was established in 1646 and the name first appeared in print in 1663 14 15 16 Over the past two millennia the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola Broccke Brocckede Broiclede Brocklandia Broekclen Broikelen Breuckelen and finally Breukelen 17 The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations including Breucklyn Breuckland Brucklyn Broucklyn Brookland Brockland Brocklin and Brookline Brook line There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated some have claimed breuckelen means broken land 18 The current name however is the one that best reflects its meaning 19 20 History EditFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Brooklyn The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch founded town of Breuckelen on the East River shore of Long Island grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City then confined to Manhattan and the Bronx the remaining rural areas of Kings County and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island to form the modern City of New York Colonial era Edit New Netherland EditThe Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island s western edge which was then largely inhabited by the Lenape an Algonquian speaking American Indian tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name Canarsie Bands were associated with place names but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes The Breuckelen settlement was named after Breukelen in the Netherlands it was part of New Netherland The Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes listed here by their later English town names 21 Gravesend in 1645 settled under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Deborah Moody named for s Gravenzande Netherlands or Gravesend England Brooklyn Heights as Breuckelen in 1646 after the town now spelled Breukelen Netherlands Breuckelen was along Fulton Street now Fulton Mall between Hoyt Street and Smith Street according to H Stiles and P Ross Brooklyn Heights or Clover Hill is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816 Flatlands as Nieuw Amersfoort in 1647 Flatbush as Midwout in 1652 Nieuw Utrecht in 1652 after the city of Utrecht Netherlands and Bushwick as Boswijck in 1661 A dining table from the Dutch village of Brooklyn c 1664 in The Brooklyn Museum The colony s capital of New Amsterdam across the East River obtained its charter in 1653 The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America s first tide mill It was built by the Dutch and the foundation can be seen today But the area was not formally settled as a town Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman s 1824 compilation 22 Province of New York Edit Village of Brooklyn and environs 1766 Present day Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the English captured the New Netherland colony in 1664 a prelude to the Second Anglo Dutch War New Netherland was taken in a naval action and the English renamed the new capture for their naval commander James Duke of York brother of the then monarch King Charles II and future king himself as King James II Brooklyn became a part of the West Riding of York Shire in the Province of New York one of the Middle Colonies of nascent British America On November 1 1683 Kings County was partitioned from the West Riding of York Shire containing the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island 23 as one of the original twelve counties This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River Valley this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of slaves among the population in the Original Thirteen Colonies along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America 24 Revolutionary War Edit Further information Battle of Long Island and New York and New Jersey campaign The Battle of Long Island was fought across Kings County On August 27 1776 the Battle of Long Island also known as the Battle of Brooklyn was fought the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared and the largest of the entire conflict British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green Wood Cemetery Prospect Park and Grand Army Plaza 25 Washington viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek and Old Stone House from atop a hill near the west end of present day Atlantic Avenue was reported to have emotionally exclaimed What brave men I must this day lose 25 The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later leaving the British in control of New York Harbor While Washington s defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs 25 The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict The British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate though the region was also the center of the fledgling and largely successful Patriot intelligence network headed by Washington himself The British set up a system of prison ships off the coast of Brooklyn in Wallabout Bay where more American patriots died there than in combat on all the battlefield engagements of the American Revolutionary War combined One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century Post independence era Edit Urbanization Edit Winter Scene in Brooklyn c 1819 20 by Francis Guy Brooklyn Museum The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay border between Fort Greene and Williamsburgh during the 19th century and two thirds of the 20th century The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn directly across from Lower Manhattan which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817 Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York Town and Village were combined to form the first kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834 In a parallel development the Town of Bushwick farther up the river saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827 which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851 Industrial deconcentration in the mid century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and purposely created non aligning street grids with different naming systems However the East River shore was growing too fast for the three year old infant City of Williamsburgh it along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854 By 1841 with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G Stevens the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper 26 It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America The publisher changed to L Van Anden on April 19 1842 27 and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1 1846 28 On May 14 1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 29 on September 5 1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle 30 The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century The borough s soon to be famous National League baseball team the Brooklyn Dodgers also assisted with this Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters strike and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of major league baseball in 1957 Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York 31 and under Republican leadership the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces this place is now called Grand Army Plaza The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century There were 4 402 by 1810 7 175 in 1820 and 15 396 by 1830 32 The city s population was 25 000 in 1834 but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift Every time a rash of burglaries broke out officials blamed burglars from New York City Finally in 1855 a modern police force was created employing 150 men Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs In 1857 the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City 33 Civil War Edit Fervent in the Union cause the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War The most well known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn Red Legged Devils They fought from 1861 to 1864 wore red the entire war and were the only regiment named after a city President Abraham Lincoln called them into service making them part of a handful of three year enlisted soldiers in April 1861 Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War the 14th wore a uniform inspired by the French Chasseurs a light infantry used for quick assaults As a seaport and a manufacturing center Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union s strengths in shipping and manufacturing The two combined in shipbuilding the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn Twin city Edit Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty The poem calls New York Harbor the air bridged harbor that twin cities frame As a twin city to New York it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by decades of subordination by its old partner and rival During this period the affluent contiguous districts of Fort Greene and Clinton Hill then characterized collectively as The Hill were home to such notable figures as Astral Oil Works founder Charles Pratt and his children including local civic leader Charles Millard Pratt Theosophical Society co founder William Quan Judge and Pfizer co founders Charles Pfizer and Charles F Erhart Brooklyn Heights remained one of the New York metropolitan area s most august patrician redoubts into the early 20th century under the aegis of such figures as abolitionist clergyman Henry Ward Beecher educator politician Seth Low merchant banker Horace Brigham Claflin attorney William Cary Sanger who served for two years as United States Assistant Secretary of War under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt and publisher Alfred Smith Barnes Economic growth continued propelled by immigration and industrialization and Brooklyn established itself as the third most populous American city for much of the 19th century The waterfront from Gowanus to Greenpoint was developed with piers and factories Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek USS Monitor was the most famous product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg After the Civil War trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond Prospect Park completed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in 1873 and widely heralded as an improvement upon the earlier Central Park into the center of the county as evinced by gradual settlement in comparatively rustic Windsor Terrace and Kensington By century s end Dean Alvord s Prospect Park South development in nearby Flatbush would serve as the template for contemporaneous Victorian Flatbush micro neighborhoods and the post consolidation emergence of outlying districts such as Midwood and Marine Park Along with Oak Park Illinois it also presaged the automobile and commuter rail driven vogue for more remote prewar suburban communities such as Garden City New York and Montclair New Jersey Brooklyn Bridge in 1883 by Currier and Ives The rapidly growing population needed more water so the City built centralized waterworks including the Ridgewood Reservoir The municipal Police Department however was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department BFD also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn maintained their rustic independence The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852 The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation Sports in Brooklyn became a business The Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and elsewhere Early in the next century under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers they brought baseball to Ebbets Field beyond Prospect Park Racetracks amusement parks and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach Coney Island and elsewhere in the southern part of the county Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn 1886 Toward the end of the 19th century the City of Brooklyn experienced its final explosive growth spurt Park Slope was rapidly urbanized with its eastern summit soon emerging as the city s third Gold Coast district alongside Brooklyn Heights and The Hill East of The Hill Bedford Stuyvesant coalesced as an upper middle class enclave for lawyers shopkeepers and merchants of German and Irish descent notably exemplified by John C Kelley a water meter magnate and close friend of President Grover Cleveland with nearby Crown Heights gradually fulfilling an analogous role for the city s Jewish population as development continued through the early 20th century Northeast of Bedford Stuyvesant Bushwick by now a working class predominantly German district established a considerable brewery industry the so called Brewer s Row encompassed 14 breweries operating in a 14 block area in 1890 On the southwestern waterfront of Kings County railroads and industrialization spread to Sunset Park then coterminous with the city s sprawling sparsely populated Eighth Ward and adjacent Bay Ridge hitherto a resort like subsection of the Town of New Utrecht Within a decade the city had annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886 the Towns of Flatbush Gravesend and New Utrecht in 1894 and the Town of Flatlands in 1896 Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County Seth Low as mayor Edit Low s time in office 1882 1885 was marked by a number of reforms 34 Low s major achievement as mayor was to secure a degree of home rule of the city Previously the State Government dictated city policies hiring salaries and other affairs Low managed to secure an unofficial veto over all Brooklyn bills in the State Assembly Low instituted a number of educational reforms He was the first to integrate Brooklyn schools He introduced free textbooks for all students not just those who had taken a pauper s oath He instituted a competitive examination for hiring teachers instead of giving teaching jobs to pay political debts He set aside 430 000 for the construction of new schools to accommodate 10 000 new students Low introduced Civil Service Code to all city employees eliminating patronage jobs German Americans wanted to enjoy their local beer gardens on the Sabbath in violation of state dry laws and the demands of local puritanical clergy Low s compromise solution was that saloons could stay open as long as they were orderly At the first sign of rowdiness they would be closed Low served as a member of the board of the New York Bridge Company the company that built the Brooklyn Bridge and led an unsuccessful effort to remove Washington Roebling as the chief engineer on that project 35 Low raised the tax rate from 2 33 of 100 assessed valuation in 1881 to 2 59 in 1883 34 He also went after property owners who had not paid back taxes This increase in city revenue enabled him to reduce the city s debt and increase services However raising taxes proved extremely unpopular Mayors of the City of Brooklyn Edit See also List of mayors of New York City and Brooklyn borough presidents Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until consolidation in 1898 into the City of Greater New York whose own second mayor 1902 1903 Seth Low had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885 Since 1898 Brooklyn has in place of a separate mayor elected a Borough President Mayors of the City of Brooklyn 36 Mayor Party Start year End yearGeorge Hall Democratic Republican 1834 1834Jonathan Trotter Democratic 1835 1836Jeremiah Johnson Whig 1837 1838Cyrus P Smith Whig 1839 1841Henry C Murphy Democratic 1842 1842Joseph Sprague Democratic 1843 1844Thomas G Talmage Democratic 1845 1845Francis B Stryker Whig 1846 1848Edward Copland Whig 1849 1849Samuel Smith Democratic 1850 1850Conklin Brush Whig 1851 1852Edward A Lambert Democratic 1853 1854George Hall Know Nothing 1855 1856Samuel S Powell Democratic 1857 1860Martin Kalbfleisch Democratic 1861 1863Alfred M Wood Republican 1864 1865Samuel Booth Republican 1866 1867Martin Kalbfleisch Democratic 1868 1871Samuel S Powell Democratic 1872 1873John W Hunter Democratic 1874 1875Frederick A Schroeder Republican 1876 1877James Howell Democratic 1878 1881Seth Low Republican 1882 1885Daniel D Whitney Democratic 1886 1887Alfred C Chapin Democratic 1888 1891David A Boody Democratic 1892 1893Charles A Schieren Republican 1894 1895Frederick W Wurster Republican 1896 1897New York City borough Edit Further information History of New York City 1898 1945 Brooklyn in 1897 In 1883 the Brooklyn Bridge was completed transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only and the City of Brooklyn s ties to the City of New York were strengthened The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region whether to join with the county of Richmond and the western portion of Queens County and the county of New York which by then already included the Bronx to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York Andrew Haswell Green and other progressives said yes and eventually they prevailed against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces In 1894 residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge effective in 1898 37 Kings County retained its status as one of New York State s counties but the loss of Brooklyn s separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time Many newspapers of the day called the merger the Great Mistake of 1898 and the phrase still elicits Brooklyn pride among old time Brooklynites 38 Geography Edit Location of Brooklyn red within New York City remainder yellow USGS map of Brooklyn 2019 Brooklyn is 97 square miles 250 km2 in area of which 71 square miles 180 km2 is land 73 and 26 square miles 67 km2 is water 27 the borough is the second largest by land area among the New York City s boroughs However Kings County coterminous with Brooklyn is New York State s fourth smallest county by land area and third smallest by total area 6 Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island and the borough s western border constitutes the island s western tip Brooklyn s water borders are extensive and varied including Jamaica Bay the Atlantic Ocean The Narrows separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge Upper New York Bay separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U S state of New Jersey and the East River separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel the Brooklyn Bridge the Manhattan Bridge the Williamsburg Bridge and numerous routes of the New York City Subway To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens which contains John F Kennedy International Airport in that borough s Jamaica neighborhood approximately two miles from the border of Brooklyn s East New York neighborhood Climate Edit Under the Koppen climate classification using the 32 F 0 C coldest month January isotherm Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate Cfa 39 with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round with nearly 50 in 1 300 mm yearly The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually and averages 57 of possible sunshine annually accumulating 2 535 hours of sunshine per annum 40 Brooklyn lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone 41 Climate data for JFK Airport New York 1981 2010 normals 42 extremes 1948 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 71 22 71 22 85 29 90 32 99 37 99 37 104 40 101 38 98 37 90 32 77 25 75 24 104 40 Mean maximum F C 56 8 13 8 57 9 14 4 68 5 20 3 78 1 25 6 84 9 29 4 92 1 33 4 94 5 34 7 92 7 33 7 87 4 30 8 78 0 25 6 69 1 20 6 60 1 15 6 96 6 35 9 Average high F C 39 1 3 9 41 8 5 4 49 0 9 4 59 0 15 0 68 5 20 3 78 0 25 6 83 2 28 4 81 9 27 7 75 3 24 1 64 5 18 1 54 3 12 4 44 0 6 7 61 6 16 4 Average low F C 26 3 3 2 28 1 2 2 34 2 1 2 43 5 6 4 52 8 11 6 62 8 17 1 68 5 20 3 67 8 19 9 60 8 16 0 49 6 9 8 40 7 4 8 31 5 0 3 47 3 8 5 Mean minimum F C 9 8 12 3 13 4 10 3 19 1 7 2 32 6 0 3 42 6 5 9 52 7 11 5 60 7 15 9 58 6 14 8 49 2 9 6 37 6 3 1 27 4 2 6 16 3 8 7 7 5 13 6 Record low F C 2 19 2 19 4 16 20 7 34 1 45 7 55 13 46 8 40 4 30 1 19 7 2 17 2 19 Average precipitation inches mm 3 16 80 2 59 66 3 78 96 3 87 98 3 94 100 3 86 98 4 08 104 3 68 93 3 50 89 3 62 92 3 30 84 3 39 86 42 77 1 086 Average snowfall inches cm 6 3 16 8 3 21 3 5 8 9 0 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 51 4 7 12 23 8 60 Average precipitation days 0 01 inch 10 5 9 6 11 0 11 4 11 5 10 7 9 4 8 7 8 1 8 5 9 4 10 6 119 4Average snowy days 0 1 inch 4 6 3 4 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 8 13 6Average relative humidity 64 9 64 4 63 4 64 1 69 5 71 5 71 4 71 7 71 9 69 1 67 9 66 3 68 0Source NOAA relative humidity 1961 1990 43 44 45 Climate data for Brooklyn New York City Avenue V Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high F C 39 7 4 3 42 4 5 8 49 7 9 8 60 5 15 8 70 5 21 4 79 3 26 3 84 8 29 3 83 3 28 5 76 5 24 7 65 0 18 3 54 3 12 4 44 5 6 9 62 5 16 9 Average low F C 27 5 2 5 29 1 1 6 35 2 1 8 44 8 7 1 54 4 12 4 64 0 17 8 70 3 21 3 68 9 20 5 62 4 16 9 51 2 10 7 41 4 5 2 33 2 0 7 48 5 9 2 Average precipitation inches mm 3 53 90 2 97 75 4 37 111 3 85 98 4 03 102 4 44 113 4 85 123 3 92 100 3 92 100 4 02 102 3 23 82 4 00 102 47 13 1 197 Average snowfall inches cm 6 5 17 8 5 22 4 4 11 0 6 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 51 4 3 11 24 5 62 Source NOAA 46 Boroughscape Edit The Downtown Brooklyn skyline the Manhattan Bridge far left and the Brooklyn Bridge near left are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013 View of the Brooklyn skyline from the Gowanus Canal in 2021 Neighborhoods EditSee also List of Brooklyn neighborhoods and New York City ethnic enclaves Landmark 19th century rowhouses on tree lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic District Park Slope 150 159 Willow Street three original red brick early 19th century Federal Style houses in Brooklyn Heights Brooklyn s neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition For example the early to mid 20th century Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents since the 1970s it has been majority African American Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave Brooklyn s most populous racial group white declined from 97 2 in 1930 to 46 9 by 1990 47 The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States Of these most come from Chicago Detroit San Francisco Washington D C Baltimore Philadelphia Boston Cincinnati and Seattle 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Community diversity Edit Imatra Society consisting of Finnish immigrants celebrating its summer festival in Fort Hamilton Brooklyn in 1894 Given New York City s role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality religion race and domiciliary partnership In 2010 51 6 of the population was counted as members of religious congregations 55 In 2014 there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn the 10th most of all counties in the nation 56 Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City Among the most prominent are listed below Jewish American Edit Main article Jews in New York City Over 600 000 Jews particularly Orthodox and Hasidic Jews have become concentrated in such historically Jewish areas as Borough Park Williamsburg and Midwood where there are many yeshivas synagogues and kosher restaurants as well as many other Jewish businesses Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods with a longstanding cultural lineage include Kensington Canarsie Sea Gate and Crown Heights home to the Chabad world headquarters Neighborhoods with largely defunct yet historically notable Jewish populations include Flatbush East Flatbush Brownsville East New York Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay particularly its Madison subsection Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in East Flatbush 57 58 The predominantly Jewish Crown Heights and later East Flatbush based Madison Democratic Club served as the borough s primary clubhouse political venue for decades until the ascendancy of Meade Esposito s rival Canarsie based Thomas Jefferson Democratic Club in the 1960s and 1970s playing an integral role in the rise of such figures as Speaker of the New York State Assembly Irwin Steingut his son fellow Speaker Stanley Steingut New York City Mayor Abraham Beame real estate developer Fred Trump Democratic district leader Beadie Markowitz and political fixer Abraham Bunny Lindenbaum Many non Orthodox Jews ranging from observant members of various denominations to atheists of Jewish cultural heritage are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope with smaller observant and culturally Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights Cobble Hill Brighton Beach and Coney Island Chinese American Edit Main articles Chinatowns in Brooklyn and Chinese Americans in New York City Over 200 000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn primarily concentrated in Sunset Park Bensonhurst Gravesend and Homecrest Brooklyn is the borough that is home to the highest number of Chinatowns in New York City The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue which has become known for its Chinese culture since the opening of the now defunct Winley Supermarket in 1986 spurred widespread settlement in the area It is called Brooklyn s Chinatown and originally it was a small Chinese enclave with Cantonese speakers being the main Chinese population during the late 1980s and 1990s but since the 2000s the Chinese population in the area dramatically shifted to majority Fuzhounese Americans which immensely contributed to expanding this Chinatown very dramatically rendering this Chinatown with the nicknames Fuzhou Town 福州埠 Brooklyn or the Little Fuzhou 小福州 of Brooklyn Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration Since the 2000s going forward the growing concentration of the Cantonese speaking population in Brooklyn have dramatically shifted to Bensonhurst Gravesend and Homecrest creating newer Chinatowns of Brooklyn and these newer Brooklyn Chinatowns are known as Brooklyn s Little Hong Kong Guangdong due to their Chinese populations being overwhelmingly Cantonese populated 59 60 Caribbean and African American Edit Main article Caribbeans in New York City Brooklyn s African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn Brooklyn s West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights Flatbush East Flatbush Kensington and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn Brooklyn is home to the largest community of West Indians outside of the Caribbean Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are Jamaicans Guyanese and Haitians there are West Indian immigrants from nearly every part of the Caribbean Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn s West Indian restaurants and bakeries Brooklyn has an annual celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre Lenten celebrations in the islands 61 Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago the West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway The Brooklyn Academy of Music also holds the DanceAfrica festival in late May featuring street vendors and dance performances showcasing food and culture from all parts of Africa 62 63 Since the opening of the IND Fulton Street Line in 1936 Bedford Stuyvesant has been home to one of the most famous African American communities in the United States Working class communities remain prevalent in Brownsville East New York and Coney Island while remnants of similar communities in Prospect Heights Fort Greene and Clinton Hill have endured amid widespread gentrification Latino American Edit Further information Puerto Rican migration to New York City and Nuyorican In the aftermath of World War II and subsequent urban renewal initiatives that decimated longtime Manhattan enclaves most notably on the Upper West Side Puerto Rican migrants began to settle in various waterfront industrial neighborhoods including Sunset Park Red Hook and Gowanus near the shipyards and factories where they worked The borough s Latino population diversified after the 1965 Hart Cellar Act loosened restrictions on immigration from elsewhere in Latin America Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyn s Latino American community Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence along with an influx of many Dominicans South Americans Central Americans and Mexicans As nearly 80 of Bushwick s population is Latino its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items Sunset Park s population is 42 Latino made up of these various ethnic groups Brooklyn s main Latino groups are Puerto Ricans Mexicans Dominicans and Ecuadorians they are spread out throughout the borough Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick Williamsburg s South Side and East New York Mexicans especially from the state of Puebla now predominate alongside Chinese immigrants in Sunset Park although remnants of the neighborhood s once substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to reside below 39th Street Save for Red Hook which remained roughly one fifth Latino American as of the 2010 Census the South Side and Sunset Park similar postwar communities in other waterfront neighborhoods including western Park Slope the north end of Greenpoint 64 and Boerum Hill long considered the northern subsection of Gowanus largely disappeared by the turn of the century due to various factors including deindustrialization ensuing gentrification and suburbanization among more affluent Dominicans and Puerto Ricans A Panamanian enclave exists in Crown Heights Russian and Ukrainian American Edit Main article Russian Americans in New York City Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians who are mainly concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa respectively In the 1970s Soviet Jews won the right to immigrate and many ended up in Brighton Beach In recent years the non Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown and the area is now home to a diverse collection of immigrants from across the former USSR Smaller concentrations of Russian and Ukrainian Americans are scattered elsewhere in south Brooklyn including Bay Ridge Bensonhurst Homecrest Coney Island and Mill Basin A growing community of Uzbek Americans have settled alongside them in recent years due to their ability to speak Russian 65 66 Polish American Edit Brooklyn s Polish are historically concentrated in Greenpoint home to Little Poland Other longstanding settlements in Borough Park and Sunset Park have endured while more recent immigrants are scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn alongside the Russian and Ukrainian American communities Italian American Edit Main article Italians in New York City Despite widespread migration to Staten Island and more suburban areas in metropolitan New York throughout the postwar era notable concentrations of Italian Americans continue to reside in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst Dyker Heights Bay Ridge Bath Beach and Gravesend Less perceptible remnants of older communities have persisted in Cobble Hill and Carroll Gardens where the homes of the remaining Italian Americans can often be contrasted with more recent upper middle class residents through the display of small Madonna statues the retention of plastic metal stoop awnings and the use of Formstone in house cladding All of the aforementioned neighborhoods have retained Italian restaurants bakeries delicatessens pizzerias cafes and social clubs Arab Muslim American Edit In the early 20th century many Lebanese and Syrian Christians settled around Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue in Boerum Hill more recently this area has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district More recent predominantly Muslim Arab immigrants especially Egyptians and Lebanese have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn particularly to Bay Ridge where many Middle Eastern restaurants hookah lounges halal shops Islamic shops and mosques line the commercial thoroughfares of Fifth and Third Avenues below 86th Street Brighton Beach is home to a growing Pakistani American community while Midwood is home to Little Pakistan along Coney Island Avenue recently renamed Muhammad Ali Jinnah way Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue Just to the north Kensington is one of New York s several emerging Bangladeshi enclaves Irish American Edit Third fourth and fifth generation Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn with moderate concentrations clarification needed enduring in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace Park Slope Bay Ridge Marine Park and Gerritsen Beach Historical communities also existed in Vinegar Hill and other waterfront industrial neighborhoods such as Greenpoint and Sunset Park Paralleling the Italian American community many moved to Staten Island and suburban areas in the postwar era Those that stayed engendered close knit stable working to middle class communities through employment in the civil service especially in law enforcement transportation and the New York City Fire Department and the building and construction trades while others were subsumed by the professional managerial class and largely shed the Irish American community s distinct cultural traditions including continued worship in the Catholic Church and other social activities such as Irish stepdance and frequenting Irish American bars citation needed Indian American Edit While not as extensive as the Indian American population in Queens younger professionals of Asian Indian origin are finding Brooklyn to be a convenient alternative to Manhattan to find housing Nearly 30 000 Indian Americans call Brooklyn home citation needed Greek American Edit Brooklyn s Greek Americans live throughout the borough A historical concentration has endured in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic focused schools businesses and cultural institutions Other businesses are situated in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue As in much of the New York metropolitan area Greek owned diners are found throughout the borough LGBTQ community Edit Main article LGBT culture in New York City Brooklyn Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same sex couples Same sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter 67 The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians and Prospect Heights has an LGBT residential presence 68 Numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBT communities Brooklyn Liberation March the largest transgender rights demonstration in LGBTQ history took place on June 14 2020 stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene focused on supporting Black transgender lives drawing an estimated 15 000 to 20 000 participants 69 70 Artists in residence Edit Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn including Williamsburg DUMBO Red Hook and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists in residence However rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey such as Jersey City or Hoboken 71 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of BrooklynHistorical populationYearPop 17312 150 17562 707 25 9 17713 623 33 8 17863 966 9 5 17904 549 14 7 18005 740 26 2 18108 303 44 7 182011 187 34 7 183020 535 83 6 184047 613 131 9 1850138 822 191 6 1860279 122 101 1 1870419 921 50 4 1880599 495 42 8 1890838 547 39 9 19001 166 582 39 1 19101 634 351 40 1 19202 018 356 23 5 19302 560 401 26 9 19402 698 285 5 4 19502 738 175 1 5 19602 627 319 4 0 19702 602 012 1 0 19802 230 936 14 3 19902 300 664 3 1 20002 465 326 7 2 20102 504 700 1 6 20202 736 074 9 2 1731 1786 72 U S Decennial Census 73 1790 1960 74 1900 1990 75 1990 2000 76 2010 77 2020 1 Source U S Decennial Census 78 New York City s five boroughsvteJurisdiction Population Land area Density of population GDP Borough County Census 2020 square miles squarekm people sq mile people sq km billions 2012 US 2The Bronx Bronx 1 472 654 42 2 109 3 34 920 13 482 38 725Brooklyn Kings 2 736 074 69 4 179 7 39 438 15 227 92 230Manhattan New York 1 694 263 22 7 58 8 74 781 28 872 651 619Queens Queens 2 405 464 108 7 281 5 22 125 8 542 88 578Staten Island Richmond 495 747 57 5 148 9 8 618 3 327 14 806City of New York 8 804 190 302 6 783 8 29 095 11 234 885 958State of New York 20 215 751 47 126 4 122 056 8 429 166 1 514 779 GDP Gross Domestic Product Sources 79 80 81 82 and see individual borough articles Racial composition 2020 83 2010 84 1990 47 1950 47 1900 47 White 37 6 42 8 46 9 92 2 98 3 Non Hispanic 35 4 35 7 40 1 n a n aBlack or African American 26 7 34 3 37 9 7 6 1 6 Hispanic or Latino of any race 18 9 19 8 20 1 n a n aAsian 13 6 10 5 4 8 0 1 0 1 Two or more Races 8 7 3 0 n a n a n aAt the 2020 census 2 736 074 people lived in Brooklyn The United States Census Bureau had estimated Brooklyn s population increased 2 2 to 2 559 903 between 2010 and 2019 Brooklyn s estimated population represented 30 7 of New York City s estimated population of 8 336 817 33 5 of Long Island s population of 7 701 172 and 13 2 of New York State s population of 19 542 209 85 In 2020 the government of New York City projected Brooklyn s population at 2 648 403 86 The 2019 census estimates determined there were 958 567 households with an average of 2 66 persons per household 87 There were 1 065 399 housing units in 2019 and a median gross rent of 1 426 Citing growth Brooklyn gained 9 696 building permits at the 2019 census estimates program Ethnic groups Edit Ancestry in Brooklyn Borough 2014 2018 88 89 90 not specific enough to verify Origin percentAfrican American Does not include West Indian or African 16 4 West Indian American Except Hispanic Groups 11 5 East Asian American Includes Chinese Japanese Vietnamese etc 8 4 English American Includes American ancestry 7 6 Puerto Rican American 5 7 Italian American 4 8 Russian and Eastern European Includes Russian Ukrainian Soviet Union etc 4 3 Central European Includes Slovakian Slovenian Slavic Czech etc 4 2 Mexican American 4 1 Irish American 3 8 Dominican American 3 5 German American 2 8 South Asian American 2 4 South American Includes Peruvian Ecuadorian Argentinian etc 2 3 Sub Saharan African Includes Ethiopian Nigerian etc 2 Central American Includes Honduran Salvadoran Costa Rican etc 1 9 Other a 14 7 The 2020 American Community Survey estimated the racial and ethnic makeup of Brooklyn was 35 4 non Hispanic white 26 7 Black or African American 0 9 American Indian or Alaska Native 13 6 Asian 0 1 Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 4 1 two or more races and 18 9 Hispanic or Latin American of any race 91 According to the 2010 United States census Brooklyn s population was 42 8 White including 35 7 non Hispanic White 34 3 Black including 31 9 non Hispanic black 10 5 Asian 0 5 Native American 0 0 rounded Pacific Islander 3 0 Multiracial American and 8 8 from other races Hispanics and Latinos made up 19 8 of Brooklyn s population 92 In 2010 Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race ethnicity and religion Overall the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic Latino 93 Languages Edit Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity As of 2010 54 1 1 240 416 of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language while 17 2 393 340 spoke Spanish 6 5 148 012 Chinese 5 3 121 607 Russian 3 5 79 469 Yiddish 2 8 63 019 French Creole 1 4 31 004 Italian 1 2 27 440 Hebrew 1 0 23 207 Polish 1 0 22 763 French 1 0 21 773 Arabic 0 9 19 388 various Indic languages 0 7 15 936 Urdu and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0 5 12 305 of the population over the age of five In total 45 9 1 051 456 of Brooklyn s population ages 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English 94 Culture EditMain article Culture of Brooklyn See also Culture of New York City LGBT culture in New York City Brooklyn and Media of New York City The Brooklyn Museum on Eastern Parkway Brooklyn Botanic Garden The Soldiers and Sailors Arch at Grand Army Plaza Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature cinema and theater The Brooklyn accent has often been portrayed as the typical New York accent in American media although this accent and stereotype are supposedly fading out 95 Brooklyn s official colors are blue and gold 96 Cultural venues Edit Brooklyn hosts the world renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music the Brooklyn Philharmonic and the second largest public art collection in the United States housed in the Brooklyn Museum The Brooklyn Museum opened in 1897 is New York City s second largest public art museum It has in its permanent collection more than 1 5 million objects from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art The Brooklyn Children s Museum the world s first museum dedicated to children opened in December 1899 The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection over 30 000 cultural objects and natural history specimens The Brooklyn Academy of Music BAM includes a 2 109 seat opera house an 874 seat theater and the art house BAM Rose Cinemas Bargemusic and St Ann s Warehouse are on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district Brooklyn Technical High School has the second largest auditorium in New York City after Radio City Music Hall with a seating capacity of over 3 000 97 Media Edit Local periodicals Edit Brooklyn has several local newspapers The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Bay Currents Oceanfront Brooklyn Brooklyn View The Brooklyn Paper and Courier Life Publications Courier Life Publications owned by Rupert Murdoch s News Corporation is Brooklyn s largest chain of newspapers Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies including The New York Times the New York Daily News and the New York Post The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet Hello Mr is also published in Brooklyn Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn Several others are now defunct including BKLYN Magazine a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy that saw itself as a vehicle for high end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80 000 high income households Brooklyn Bridge Magazine The Brooklynite a free glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman and NRG edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene but expanded in scope to become the self proclaimed Pulse of Brooklyn and then the Pulse of New York 98 Ethnic press Edit Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press El Diario La Prensa the largest and oldest Spanish language daily newspaper in the United States maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn 99 Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn Queens Catholic paper The Tablet Hamodia an Orthodox Jewish daily and The Jewish Press an Orthodox Jewish weekly Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn Over 60 ethnic groups writing in 42 languages publish some 300 non English language magazines and newspapers in New York City Among them is the quarterly L Idea a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974 In addition many newspapers published abroad such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica are available in Brooklyn citation needed Our Time Press published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of The Local paper with the Global View Television Edit The City of New York has an official television station run by NYC Media which features programming based in Brooklyn Brooklyn Community Access Television is the borough s public access channel 100 Its studios are at the BRIC Arts Media venue called BRIC House located on Fulton Street in the Fort Greene section of the borough 101 Events Edit The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade mid to late June is a costume and float parade 102 Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan s Hot Dog Eating Contest July 4 102 The annual Labor Day Carnival also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June 103 Economy EditSee also Economy of New York City The USS North Carolina launched at Brooklyn Navy Yard June 1940 Newer buildings near East River State Park Brooklyn s job market is driven by three main factors the performance of the national and city economy population flows and the borough s position as a convenient back office for New York s businesses 104 Forty four percent of Brooklyn s employed population or 410 000 people work in the borough more than half of the borough s residents work outside its boundaries As a result economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough s jobseekers Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services retailing and construction 104 Since the late 20th century Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan the rapid growth of a high tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO and strong growth in support services such as accounting personal supply agencies and computer services firms 104 Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing but since 1975 Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing based to a service based economy In 2004 215 000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector while 27 500 worked in manufacturing Although manufacturing has declined a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture fabricated metals and food products 105 The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers but the plant shut down in 2008 However new light manufacturing concerns packaging organic and high end food have sprung up in the old plant 106 First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801 the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70 000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough The Missouri the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered was built there as was the Maine whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish American War The iron sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint From 1968 to 1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer 107 Later tenants include industrial design firms food processing businesses artisans and the film and television production industry About 230 private sector firms providing 4 000 jobs are at the Yard Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors 108 Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses In 2000 91 of the approximately 38 704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees 109 As of August 2008 update the borough s unemployment rate was 5 9 110 Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010 111 112 The rezoning of Downtown Brooklyn has generated over US 10 billion of private investment and 300 million in public improvements since 2004 Brooklyn is also attracting numerous high technology start up companies as Silicon Alley the metonym for New York City s entrepreneurship ecosystem has expanded from Lower Manhattan into Brooklyn 113 Parks and other attractions EditSee also Tourism in New York City Kwanzan Cherries in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden Astroland in Coney Island Brooklyn Botanic Garden adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52 acre 21 ha botanical garden which includes a cherry tree esplanade a one acre 0 4 ha rose garden a Japanese hill and pond garden a fragrance garden a water lily pond esplanade several conservatories a rock garden a native flora garden a bonsai tree collection and children s gardens and discovery exhibits Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s but it grew as one of America s first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York The Cyclone rollercoaster built in 1927 is on the National Register of Historic Places The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but has undergone a renaissance 114 Floyd Bennett Field the first municipal airport in New York City and long closed for operations is now part of the National Park System Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains Green Wood Cemetery founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838 is an early Rural cemetery It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn Queens border part of Gateway National Recreation Area New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York s subway commuter rail and bus systems it is at Court Street a former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street Line Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres 2 37 km2 115 The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux who created Manhattan s Central Park Attractions include the Long Meadow a 90 acre 36 ha meadow the Picnic House which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests Litchfield Villa Prospect Park Zoo the Boathouse housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center 116 Brooklyn s only lake covering 60 acres 24 ha the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood The park contains the Prison Ship Martyrs Monument a monument to American prisoners during the revolutionary war Sports Edit Main article Sports in Brooklyn Barclays Center in Pacific Park within Prospect Heights home of the Nets and Liberty Brooklyn s major professional sports team is the NBA s Brooklyn Nets The Nets moved into the borough in 2012 and play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights Previously the Nets had played in Uniondale New York and in New Jersey 117 In April 2020 the New York Liberty of the WNBA were sold to the Nets owners and moved their home venue from Madison Square Garden to the Barclays Center Barclays Center was also the home arena for the NHL s New York Islanders full time from 2015 to 2018 then part time from 2018 to 2020 alternating with Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale The Islanders had originally played at Nassau Coliseum full time since their inception until 2015 when their lease at the venue expired and the team moved to Barclays Center In 2020 the team returned to Nassau Coliseum full time for one season before moving to the UBS Arena in Elmont New York in 2021 Brooklyn also has a storied sports history It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno Vince Lombardi Mike Tyson Joe Torre Sandy Koufax Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington North Carolina In the earliest days of organized baseball Brooklyn teams dominated the new game The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24 1845 Brooklyn s Excelsiors Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid 1850s through the Civil War and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play such as at Mapleton Oval 118 During this Brooklyn era baseball evolved into the modern game the first fastball first changeup first batting average first triple play first pro baseball player first enclosed ballpark first scorecard first known African American team first black championship game first road trip first gambling scandal and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn 119 Brooklyn s most famous historical team the Brooklyn Dodgers named for trolley dodgers played at Ebbets Field 120 In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era In 1955 the Dodgers perennial National League pennant winners won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations Just two years later the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles Walter O Malley the team s owner at the time is still vilified even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn s ball club After a 43 year hiatus professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the Brooklyn Cyclones a minor league team that plays in MCU Park in Coney Island They are an affiliate of the New York Mets The New York Cosmos of the NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017 121 Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in 1926 who played at Ebbets Field 122 In Rugby union Rugby United New York joined Major League Rugby in 2019 and play their home games at MCU Park In Rugby league existing USARL club Brooklyn Kings joined the professional North American Rugby League competition for its inaugural 2021 season Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay there is a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay Species caught include Black Fish Porgy Striped Bass Black Sea Bass Fluke and Flounder 123 124 125 Government and politics EditSee also Government and politics in Brooklyn Brooklyn Borough Hall Since its consolidation with New York City in 1898 Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a strong mayor council system The centralized government of New York City is responsible for public education correctional institutions public safety recreational facilities sanitation water supply and welfare services On the other hand the Brooklyn Public Library is an independent nonprofit organization partially funded by the government of New York City but also by the government of New York State the U S federal government and private donors The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with the local authority Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate which was responsible for creating and approving the city s budget and proposals for land use In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn the most populous borough had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island the least populous borough it was a violation of the high court s 1964 one man one vote reading of the Fourteenth Amendment 126 Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies the City Council the New York state government and corporations Brooklyn s current Borough President is Antonio Reynoso who replaced Eric Adams when Adams took office as Mayor of New York City Democrats hold most public offices and the borough leans heavily Democratic As of November 2017 89 1 of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats 127 Party platforms center on affordable housing education and economic development Pockets of Republican influence exist in Gravesend Bensonhurst Bay Ridge Dyker Heights and Midwood Each of the city s five counties coterminous with each borough has its own criminal court system and District Attorney the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote The District Attorney of Kings County is Eric Gonzalez who replaced Democrat Kenneth P Thompson following his death in October 2016 128 Brooklyn has 16 City Council members the largest number of any of the five boroughs Brooklyn has 18 of the city s 59 community districts each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city s Uniform Land Use Review Procedure Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies Federal representation EditEducation EditSee also Education in New York City and List of high schools in New York City Brooklyn Tech as seen from Ashland Place in Fort Greene The Brooklyn College library part of the original campus laid out by Randolph Evans now known as East Quad Brooklyn Law School s 1994 new classical Fell Hall tower by architect Robert A M Stern NYU Tandon Wunsch Building St Francis College Administration Building Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions Non charter public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education 129 the largest public school system in the United States Brooklyn Technical High School commonly called Brooklyn Tech a New York City public high school is the largest specialized high school for science mathematics and technology in the United States 130 Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922 Brooklyn Tech is across the street from Fort Greene Park This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about 6 million and is 12 stories high It covers about half of a city block 131 Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni 132 including two Nobel Laureates its academics and a large number of graduates attending prestigious universities Higher education Edit Public colleges Edit Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City The college ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review s 2006 guidebook America s Best Value Colleges Many of its students are first and second generation Americans Founded in 1970 Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York The college offers programs at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels as well as adult and continuing education classes for central Brooklyn residents corporations government agencies and community organizations Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights CUNY s New York City College of Technology City Tech of The City University of New York CUNY Downtown Brooklyn Brooklyn Heights is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education Established in 1946 City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School That institution which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide In 1971 Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech SUNY Downstate College of Medicine founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860 is the oldest hospital based medical school in the United States The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine College of Health Related Professions College of Nursing School of Public Health School of Graduate Studies and University Hospital of Brooklyn The Nobel Prize winner Robert F Furchgott was a member of its faculty Half of the Medical Center s students are minorities or immigrants The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State Private colleges Edit Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909 According to the Leiter Report a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students 133 Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6 417 undergraduate students The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs at the graduate and undergraduate levels Pratt Institute in Clinton Hill is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering architecture and the arts Some buildings in the school s Brooklyn campus are official landmarks Pratt has over 4700 students with most at its Brooklyn campus Graduate programs include a library and information science architecture and urban planning Undergraduate programs include architecture construction management writing critical and visual studies industrial design and fine arts totaling over 25 programs in all The New York University Tandon School of Engineering the United States second oldest private institute of technology founded in 1854 has its main campus in Downtown s MetroTech Center a commercial civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor NYU Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise New York University NYU 134 135 136 137 St Francis College is a Catholic college in Brooklyn Heights founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars Today over 2 400 students attend the small liberal arts college St Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by Forbes magazine and U S News amp World Report 138 139 140 Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions such as Saint Joseph s College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg Community colleges Edit Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system in Manhattan Beach Brooklyn Public Library Edit The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza As an independent system separate from the New York and Queens public library systems the Brooklyn Public Library 141 offers thousands of public programs millions of books and use of more than 850 free Internet accessible computers It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn including English Russian Chinese Spanish Hebrew and Haitian Creole as well as French Yiddish Hindi Bengali Polish Italian and Arabic The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza There are 58 library branches placing one within a half mile of each Brooklyn resident In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual amp Performing Arts Library VPA in the BAM Cultural District which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public The collections will include the subjects of art theater dance music film photography and architecture A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn s arts communities Transportation EditPublic transport Edit See also Transportation in New York City About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without automobiles The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City 142 Coney Island Stillwell Avenue subway station Atlantic Terminal is a major hub in Brooklyn Brooklyn features extensive public transit Nineteen New York City Subway services including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle traverse the borough Approximately 92 8 of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway despite the fact some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly served by subway service Major stations out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn include Atlantic Avenue Barclays Center Broadway Junction DeKalb Avenue Jay Street MetroTech Coney Island Stillwell Avenue 143 Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park 144 as well as a subway line to Spring Creek 145 146 Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars but many were replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan 147 New York s famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn although they are less numerous in the borough There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn East New York Nostrand Avenue and Atlantic Terminal the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road The terminal is near the Atlantic Avenue Barclays Center subway station with ten connecting subway services In February 2015 Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit 148 149 The ferry opened in May 2017 150 151 with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwestern Brooklyn A third route the Rockaway ferry makes one stop in the borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal 152 A streetcar line the Brooklyn Queens Connector was proposed by the city in February 2016 153 with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024 154 Roadways Edit See also Brooklyn streets and List of lettered Brooklyn avenues The Marine Parkway Bridge Williamsburg Bridge as seen from Wallabout Bay with Greenpoint and Long Island City in background Most of the limited access expressways and parkways are in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn where the borough s two interstate highways are located Interstate 278 which uses the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn Queens Expressway traverses Sunset Park and Brooklyn Heights while Interstate 478 is an unsigned route designation for the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel which connects to Manhattan 155 Other prominent roadways are the Prospect Expressway New York State Route 27 the Belt Parkway and the Jackie Robinson Parkway formerly the Interborough Parkway Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway an extension of I 78 156 and the Cross Brooklyn Expressway I 878 157 Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue Fourth Avenue 86th Street Kings Highway Bay Parkway Ocean Parkway Eastern Parkway Linden Boulevard McGuinness Boulevard Flatbush Avenue Pennsylvania Avenue and Nostrand Avenue Much of Brooklyn has only named streets but Park Slope Bay Ridge Sunset Park Bensonhurst and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest East of Dahill Road lettered avenues like Avenue M run east and west and numbered streets have the prefix East South of Avenue O related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the West designation This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street and the avenues range from A Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods notably Albemarle Beverley Cortelyou Dorchester Ditmas Foster Farragut Glenwood Quentin Numbered streets prefixed by North and South in Williamsburg and Bay Beach Brighton Plumb Paerdegat or Flatlands along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges the Brooklyn Manhattan and Williamsburg Bridges a vehicular tunnel the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel also known as the Hugh L Carey Tunnel and several subway tunnels The Verrazzano Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island Though much of its border is on land Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens including the Pulaski Bridge the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge the Kosciuszko Bridge part of the Brooklyn Queens Expressway and the Grand Street Bridge all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula Waterways Edit Brooklyn was long a major shipping port especially at the Brooklyn Army Terminal and Bush Terminal in Sunset Park Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor while the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal in Red Hook is a focal point for New York s growing cruise industry The Queen Mary 2 one of the world s largest ocean liners was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge the longest suspension bridge in the United States She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton England 152 The Brooklyn waterfront formerly employed tens of thousands of borough residents and acted as an incubator for industries across the entire city and the decline of the port exacerbated Brooklyn s decline in the second half of the 20th century In February 2015 Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city 148 149 The ferry opened in May 2017 150 151 offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan Midtown Long Island City and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan Ferries to Coney Island are also planned 152 NY Waterway offers tours and charters SeaStreak also offers a weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11 Wall Street downtown and East 34th Street Ferry Landing in midtown A Cross Harbor Rail Tunnel originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then new Port Authority of New York is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge ParkPartnerships with districts of foreign cities EditSee also New York City Sister cities Anzio Lazio Italy since 1990 Huế Vietnam Gdynia Poland since 1991 158 Besiktas Istanbul Province Turkey since 2005 159 Leopoldstadt Vienna Austria since 2007 160 161 162 London Borough of Lambeth United Kingdom 163 Bnei Brak Israel 164 Konak Izmir Turkey since 2010 165 Chaoyang District Beijing China since 2014 166 Yiwu China since 2014 166 Uskudar Istanbul Turkey since 2015 167 Hospitals and healthcare EditMain article List of hospitals in Brooklyn Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center 168 Kings County Hospital Center NYC Health Hospitals Kings County NYU Langone hospital Brooklyn Methodist hospital Maimonides Hospital Mt Sinai Brooklyn SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTERSee also EditGeneral links Edit List of people from Brooklyn List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County New York History of neighborhoods Edit Bedford Stuyvesant Bushwick Canarsie Coney Island Crown Heights East Williamsburg Flatbush Gravesend Greenpoint New Utrecht Park Slope Williamsburg General history Edit Brooklyn Visual Heritage History of New York City List of former municipalities in New York City Timeline of Brooklyn history Portals New York City New York state Notes Edit Mostly Multiracial American other Asian or other European ancestryReferences Edit a b c 2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer US Census Bureau Retrieved August 12 2021 Battle Hill Moynihan Colin F Y I The New York Times September 19 1999 Accessed December 17 2019 There are well known names for inhabitants of four boroughs Manhattanites Brooklynites Bronxites and Staten Islanders But what are residents of Queens called Local Area Gross Domestic Product 2020 Bureau of Economic Analysis released December 12 2019 Accessed December 17 2019 GCT PH1 Population Housing Units Area and Density 2000 United States County by State and for Puerto Rico from the Census 2000 Summary File 1 SF 1 100 Percent Data dead link United States Census Bureau Retrieved September 18 2016 a b 2010 Gazetteer for New York State United States Census Bureau Retrieved September 18 2016 Henry Alford May 1 2013 How I Became a Hipster The New York Times Archived from the original on May 2 2013 Retrieved March 30 2016 Oshrat Carmiel April 9 2015 Brooklyn Home Prices Jump 18 to Record as Buyers Compete Bloomberg com Bloomberg L P Retrieved July 27 2020 19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York s New Start Up Hotspot CB Insights October 19 2015 Retrieved March 30 2016 a b Vanessa Friedman April 30 2016 Brooklyn s Wearable Revolution The New York Times Retrieved April 30 2016 Alexandria Symonds April 29 2016 One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist s Futuristic New Practice The New York Times Archived from the original on April 30 2016 Retrieved April 29 2016 Manten A A June 19 2020 Hoe oud is Breukelen Tijdschrift Historische Kring Breukelen 1983 volume 2 72 hdl 1874 215105 via Utrecht University Faber Hans June 19 2020 Attingahem Bridge www frisiacoasttrail com Carroll Maurice September 16 1971 Historical District Named in Brooklyn The New York Times Retrieved July 16 2017 Dexter Franklin B April 1885 The History of Connecticut as Illustrated by the Names of Her Towns Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society American Antiquarian Society 438 Powell Lyman Pierson 1899 Historic Towns of the Middle States G P Putnam s sons p 216 Retrieved July 16 2017 Winter J M Van 1998 Sources concerning the hospitallers of St John in the Netherlands 14th 18th centuries Brill p 765 ISBN 9004108033 Retrieved July 16 2017 Ellis Edward Robb 2011 The Epic of New York City A Narrative History Basic Books p 42 ISBN 9780465030538 Retrieved July 16 2017 Rensselaer Schuyler Van 1909 History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century New York under the Stuarts Macmillan p 149 Retrieved July 16 2017 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Brooklyn Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 647 649 Brooklyn Daily Eagle Archived June 29 2014 at the Wayback Machine Map of six townships Notes Geographical and Historical relating to the Town of Brooklyn in Kings County on Long Island N Y Col Laws ch4 1 122 Slavery Here Right in Brooklyn and Out on Long Island Brooklyn Daily Eagle December 29 1891 p 2 Retrieved October 18 2017 a b c McCullough David 1776 Simon amp Schuster 2005 ISBN 978 0 7432 2671 4 The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat October 26 1841 Retrieved July 29 2014 via Newspapers com The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat October 26 1841 Retrieved July 29 2014 via Newspapers com The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat bklyn newspapers com Newspapers com October 26 1841 Retrieved July 29 2014 The 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Areas PDF www bea gov Bureau of Economic Analysis Retrieved November 2 2021 Key Population amp Housing Characteristics 2020 Census Results for New York City PDF New York City Department of City Planning August 2021 pp 21 25 29 33 Retrieved November 7 2021 Kings County Brooklyn Borough New York State amp County QuickFacts U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 17 2016 U S Census Bureau QuickFacts New York New York city New York Suffolk County New York Nassau County New York Queens County Queens Borough New York Kings County Brooklyn Borough New York www census gov Retrieved October 15 2019 NYC Open Data 2020 population View based on Projected Population 2010 2040 data cityofnewyork us 2019 U S Census Bureau QuickFacts Kings County Brooklyn Borough New York www census gov Archived from the original on May 14 2021 Retrieved March 19 2021 U S Census Bureau 2018 People Reporting Ancestry American Community Survey 1 year estimates Retrieved from https censusreporter org U S Census Bureau 2014 2018 Asian Alone by Selected Groups American Community Survey 5 year estimates Retrieved from https censusreporter org U S Census Bureau 2018 Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin American Community Survey 1 year estimates Retrieved from https censusreporter org Key Population amp Housing Characteristics 2020 Census Results for New York City PDF New York City Department of City Planning August 2021 pp 21 25 29 33 Retrieved November 7 2021 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics 2010 Demographic Profile Data United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved April 1 2016 The Racial Dot Map One Dot Per Person for the Entire U S Archived from the original on September 21 2013 Kings County New York Modern Language Association Archived from the original on August 15 2013 Retrieved August 10 2013 Sheila McClear February 6 2010 Why the classic Noo Yawk accent is fading away New York Post Retrieved March 29 2016 Borough of Brooklyn blue and gold Archived October 1 2006 at the Wayback Machine Brooklyn Technical High School K430 Borough of Brooklyn Schools nyc gov October 31 2008 Retrieved October 24 2010 Leon Neykakh July 5 2006 Latest Boom in Brooklyn is in Failures of Glossy Magazines New York Sun Contact Archived June 12 2010 at the Wayback Machine ImpreMedia Retrieved June 1 2010 BRIC Brooklyn s Community Access Television qptv org www qptv org Archived from the original on December 25 2019 Retrieved November 21 2019 admini BRIC March 9 2016 About BRIC BRIC a b Ward Nathan August September 2005 Brooklyn Rising American Heritage Archived from the original on May 27 2007 The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival The Art of Bklyn Retrieved June 30 2017 a b c Domain For Sale www afternic com Archived from the original on February 1 2015 New York City Economic Development Corporation Brooklyn Borough Update March 2004 2 Archived February 1 2015 at the Wayback Machine Food Start Ups Find a Home in 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of Prospect Park Prospect Park Alliance 2008 Retrieved November 29 2008 Audubon New York National Audubon Society 2008 Archived from the original on January 16 2009 Retrieved November 29 2008 Nets History Timeline From 1967 to Today Brooklyn Nets Retrieved March 11 2022 BrooklynBallParks com Other Parks www covehurst net Rare Sport for Connoisseurs How Baseball Was Born in Brooklyn Oldbrooklynbaseball com Archived from the original on February 2 2011 Retrieved October 24 2010 Ebbets Field Archived October 9 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 10 2007 Elstein Aaron Renowned Cosmos soccer team faces possible extinction sport s governing body has moved to relegate the team Pele once played for to a lower division Crain s New York Business September 11 2017 Retrieved September 16 2017 In 2009 the NASL was revived and the Cosmos reappeared soon after But few attended games at Hofstra University on Long Island and after piling up about 30 million in losses the Cosmos were about to shut down again last year when Commisso rescued the team and moved it to Coney Island s MCU Park the 7 000 seat home of the Brooklyn Cyclones minor league baseball team Ebbets Field History Pro Football Reference com Retrieved September 16 2017 Brooklyn Living Brooklyn Fishing brooklyn living com Marilyn Jean IV Sheepshead Bay Brooklyn New York Party Charter Fishing Boat mj2fishing com I FISH NY Saltwater Fishing Guide for New York City Area dec ny gov NYS Dept of Environmental Conservation Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection Board of Estimate of City of New York v Morris Retrieved June 12 2006 Enrollment info PDF elections ny gov Archived PDF from the original on November 17 2017 Fermino Christina Carrega Woodby Jennifer Cuomo to let acting Brooklyn DA Eric Gonzalez finish term despite push for Public Advocate Letitia James nydailynews com 2020 CENSUS SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP Kings County NY PDF U S Census Bureau Archived PDF from the original on July 22 2022 Retrieved 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Transportation Campaign and the Pratt Center for Community Development Retrieved May 16 2015 Subway Map PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority September 2021 Retrieved September 17 2021 nycsubway org IND Second System 1929 Plan 1968 NYCTA Expansion Plans Picture Second Avenue Sagas Retrieved December 6 2013 Program for Action maps from thejoekorner com Brooklyn Bus Map PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority October 2020 Retrieved December 1 2020 a b Mcgeehan Patrick June 15 2016 De Blasio s 325 Million Ferry Push Rides to 5 Boroughs at Subway Price The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 15 2016 Retrieved June 28 2016 a b New York City s Ferry Service Set to Launch in 2017 NBC New York Retrieved May 9 2016 a b NYC launches ferry service with Queens East River routes Daily News New York Associated Press May 1 2017 Archived from the original on May 1 2017 Retrieved May 1 2017 a b Levine Alexandra S Wolfe Jonathan May 1 2017 New York Today Our City s New Ferry The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 1 2017 a b c Route Map PDF NYC Ferry 2017 Archived from the original PDF on June 28 2017 Retrieved July 13 2017 Citywide Ferry Service to Launch in June 2017 Official Says DNAinfo New York March 3 2016 Archived from the original on September 23 2016 Retrieved September 22 2016 Grynbaum Michael M February 3 2016 Mayor de Blasio to Propose Streetcar Line Linking Brooklyn and Queens The New York Times Archived from the original on February 3 2016 Retrieved February 4 2016 Shilling Erik January 1 2018 All 52 Highways and Parkways in the New York City Area Ranked Jalopnik Retrieved February 17 2020 Bushwick Expressway I 78 unbuilt Nycroads com Retrieved October 24 2010 Cross Brooklyn Expressway I 878 unbuilt Nycroads com Retrieved October 24 2010 Gdynia Twin Cities Gdynia pl Archived from the original on January 21 2016 Brooklyn Borough President Brooklyn usa org Archived from the original on May 25 2011 Retrieved October 24 2010 BP Borough Pres Markowitz joins Vienna deputy mayor to announce new district partnership March 05 Brooklyn usa org March 5 2007 Archived from the original on May 25 2011 Retrieved October 24 2010 Vienna in New York 2007 Wieninternational at March 15 2007 Archived from the original on July 6 2011 Retrieved October 24 2010 Brooklyn in Leopoldstadt Wieninternational at July 5 2007 Archived from the original on September 14 2010 Retrieved October 24 2010 International Center for Journalists Archived from the original on September 10 2014 Retrieved September 9 2014 The Brooklyn Paper September 19 2008 Brooklyn Borough President PDF Archived from the original PDF on December 13 2010 a b Brooklyn Borough President Archived from the original on September 10 2014 Brooklyn Uskudar Istanbul and New York s iconic districts join forces Dailysabah com August 12 2015 Retrieved May 16 2018 Brookdale Hospital Archived from the original on April 13 2015 Further reading EditSee also Bibliography of the history of Brooklyn Published before 1950 Edit Howard Henry Ward Beecher 1893 The Eagle and Brooklyn the record of the progress of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle Vol 1 Brooklyn The Brooklyn Daily Eagle W Williams 1850 Brooklyn Appleton s northern and eastern traveller s guide New York D Appleton Henry Reed Stiles 1867 A history of the city of Brooklyn Brooklyn Pub by subscription OL 14012527M Brooklyn Appleton s Illustrated Hand Book of American Cities New York D Appleton and Company 1876 Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1898 Almanac 1898 2nd ed Brooklyn S l s n Brooklyn Daily Eagle Harrington Putnam 1899 Brooklyn in Lyman P Powell ed Historic towns of the middle states New York G P Putnam s sons OCLC 248109 Ernest Ingersoll 1906 Greater New York Brooklyn Rand McNally amp Co s handy guide to New York City Brooklyn Staten Island and other districts included in the enlarged city 20th ed Chicago Rand McNally OCLC 29277709 Edward Hungerford 1913 Across the East River The Personality of American Cities New York McBride Nast amp Company Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Brooklyn Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 647 649 Federal Writers Project 1940 New York City Brooklyn New York a Guide to the Empire State American Guide Series New York Oxford University Press hdl 2027 mdp 39015008915889 Published 1950 present Edit Carbone Tommy Growing Up Greenpoint A Kid s Life in 1970s Brooklyn Burnt Jacket Publishing 2018 Curran Winifred Gentrification and the nature of work exploring the links in Williamsburg Brooklyn Environment And Planning A 36 2004 1243 1258 Curran Winifred From the Frying Pan to the Oven Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg Brooklyn Urban Studies 2007 44 8 pp 1427 1440 Golenbock Peter Bums An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers Courier Corporation 2010 Harris Lynn Park Slope Where Is the Love The New York Times May 18 2008 Henke Holger The West Indian Americans Greenwood Press Westport CT 2001 Livingston E H President Lincoln s Third Largest City Brooklyn and The Civil War 1994 McCullough David W and Jim Kalett Brooklyn and How It Got That Way 1983 guide to neighborhoods many photos McCullough David The Great Bridge The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge 2001 Ment David The shaping of a city A brief history of Brooklyn 1979 Trezza Frank J Brooklyn Navy Yard 1966 1986 the Yard was still a Shipyard not an Industrial Park Robbins Michael W ed Brooklyn A State of Mind Workman Publishing New York 2001 Shepard Benjamin Heim Noonan Mark J Brooklyn Tides The Fall and Rise of a Global Borough transcript Verlag 2018 Snyder Grenier Ellen M Brooklyn an illustrated history Temple University Press 2004 Warf Barney The reconstruction of social ecology and neighborhood change in Brooklyn Environment and Planning D 1990 8 1 pp 73 96 Wellman Judith Brooklyn s Promised Land The Free Black Community of Weeksville New York 2014 Wilder Craig Steven A Covenant with Color Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636 1990 Columbia University Press 2013 External links EditBrooklyn at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Travel information from Wikivoyage Wikisource has original text related to this article Brooklyn Official website of the Brooklyn Borough PresidentHistory Edit Digital Public Library of America Items related to Brooklyn various dates The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Online 1841 1902 from the Brooklyn Public Library Crossing Brooklyn Ferry by Walt Whitman Notes Geographical and Historical relating to the Town of Brooklyn in Kings County on Long Island 1824 An Online Electronic Text Edition by Gabriel Furman Becoming Wards One By One The Brooklyn Daily Eagle May 4 1894 p 12 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brooklyn amp oldid 1134330478, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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