The term first came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 15th century, particularly the British, denoting the Far East as the "farthest" of the three "Easts", beyond the Near East and the Middle East.[5] Likewise, during the Qing dynasty of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term "Tàixī (泰西)" – i.e., anything further west than the Arab world – was used to refer to the Western countries.
Since the mid-20th century, the term has mostly gone out of use for the region in international mass media outlets due to its eurocentric connotations.[6][7][8] The Russian Far East is sometimes excluded due to cultural and ethnic differences.[9]
Among Western Europeans, prior to the colonial era, Far East referred to anything further east than the Middle East. In the 16th century, King John III of Portugal called India a "rich and interesting country in the Far East[10] (Extremo Oriente)." The term was popularized during the period of the British Empire as a blanket term for lands to the east of British India.
In pre-World War I European geopolitics, Near East referred to the relatively nearby lands of the Ottoman Empire, Middle East denoted north-western South Asia and Central Asia, and the Far East meant countries along the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean. Many European languages have analogous terms, such as the French (Extrême-Orient), Spanish (Lejano Oriente), Portuguese (Extremo Oriente), German (Ferner Osten), Italian (Estremo Oriente), Polish (Daleki Wschód), Norwegian (Det fjerne Østen) and Dutch (Verre Oosten).
Cultural and geographic meaning
Significantly, the term evokes cultural as well as geographic separation; the Far East is not just geographically distant, but also culturally exotic. It never refers, for instance, to the culturally Western nations of Australia and New Zealand, which lie even farther to the east of Europe than East Asia itself. This combination of cultural and geographic subjectivity was well illustrated in 1939 by Robert Menzies, a Prime Minister of Australia. Reflecting on his country's geopolitical concerns with the onset of war, Menzies commented that: "The problems of the Pacific are different. What Great Britain calls the Far East is to us the Near North."[11]
Far East, in its usual sense, is comparable to terms such as the Orient (Latin for "East"), Eastern world, or simply the East, all of which may refer, broadly, to East and South-East Asia in general. Occasionally, albeit more in the past, the Russian Far East and South Asia have been deemed to be part of the Far East.
When Europeans traveled far to the east to reach Cathay, Japan and the Indies, they naturally gave those distant regions the general name 'Far East.' Americans who reached China, Japan and Southeast Asia by sail and steam across the Pacific could, with equal logic, have called that area the 'Far West.' For the people who live in that part of the world, however, it is neither 'East' nor 'West' and certainly not 'Far.' A more generally acceptable term for the area is 'East Asia,' which is geographically more precise and does not imply the outdated notion that Europe is the center of the civilized world.[8]
^"What is the Far East?". WorldAtlas. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
^. askoxford.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
^. Archived from the original on 20 July 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
^"Countries Comprising the Far East". Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
^"Where is the Middle East? The Near East? The Far East?". Dictionary.com. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
^Fields, Larry. "The Eurocentric Worldwiew: Misunderstanding East Asia" (PDF). asj.upd.edu.ph. p. 40. (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
^"A menagerie of monikers". The Economist. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
^ abReischauer, Edwin and John K Fairbank, East Asia: The Great Tradition, 1960.
^"East and Southeast Asia". ANDE. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
^Robert Sewell (1901). A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India. ISBN9788120601253.
^"Historical documents". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
^ Continental regions as per UN categorisations (map), except 12. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below (notes 6, 11–13, 15, 17–19, 21–23) may be in one or both of Asia and Europe, Africa, or Oceania.
^Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, but is considered European historically, culturally, and ethnically, and the vast majority of its population (78%) lives within its European part.
^Information listed is for Mainland China only. The Special administrative region (i.e. Hong Kong and Macau), the island territories under the control of the Republic of China (which includes the islands of Taiwan, Quemoy, and Matsu) are excluded.
^. Chinese Government. 31 October 2000. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013. For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.
^ Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
^No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak Cantonese, the de facto regional standard.
^Japan's National Diet have not officially enacted a law stating that the official language is Japanese.
^Macau is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.
^No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak Cantonese, the de facto regional standard.
Burghart, Sabine, Denis Park, and Liudmila Zakharova. "The DPRK’s economic exchanges with Russia and the EU since 2000: an analysis of institutional effects and the case of the Russian Far East." Asia Europe Journal 18.3 (2020): 281–303. on North Korea
Clyde, Paul Hibbert, and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975 (1975). online
Crofts, Alfred. A history of the Far East (1958) online
Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. East Asia: The great tradition and East Asia: The modern transformation (1960) [2 vol 1960] online, famous textbook.
Green, Michael. By More Than Providence: Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific Since 1783 (2019) excerpt
Iriye, Akira. After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931. (1965).
Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong (Scribner, 1997). online
Louis, Wm Roger. "The road to Singapore: British imperialism in the Far East, 1932–42." in The fascist challenge and the policy of appeasement (Routledge, 2021) pp. 352–388.
Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.
Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (1904) online
Paine, S. C. M. The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 (2014) excerpt
Ring, George C. Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
Solomon, Richard H., and Masataka Kosaka, eds. The Soviet Far East military buildup: nuclear dilemmas and Asian security (Routledge, 2021).
Stephan, John J. The Russian Far East (Stanford University Press, 2022).
Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times (1964) online free
Vogel, Ezra. China and Japan: Facing History (2019) excerpt
Woodcock, George. The British in the Far East (1969) online.
east, other, uses, disambiguation, european, terminology, geographical, region, that, encompasses, easternmost, portion, asian, continent, including, east, north, particularly, russian, southeast, asia, south, asia, sometimes, also, included, economic, cultura. For other uses see Far East disambiguation In European terminology 1 the Far East is the geographical region that encompasses the easternmost portion of the Asian continent including East North particularly the Russian Far East and Southeast Asia 2 South Asia is sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons 3 4 Far EastLocation of the Far East geographically defined Chinese nameTraditional Chinese遠東Simplified Chinese远东Literal meaningFar EastTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYuǎn DōngTongyong PinyinYuǎn DōngYue CantoneseJyutpingJyun5 Dung1Southern MinHokkien POJoan tongBurmese nameBurmeseအရ ဖ ဒ သIPA ʔeʃḛbja de8a Vietnamese nameVietnamese alphabetViễn ĐongChữ Han遠東Thai nameThaitawnxxkikl Tawan ok klaiKorean nameHangul극동Hanja極東TranscriptionsRevised RomanizationGeuk DongMcCune ReischauerKŭk TongMongolian nameMongolian CyrillicAls Dornod Als DornodJapanese nameKanji極東HiraganaきょくとうKatakanaキョクトウTranscriptionsRomanizationKyoku TōMalay nameMalayتيمور جاءوه Timur JauhIndonesian nameIndonesianTimur JauhFilipino nameTagalogSilanganan poetic Malayong Silangan literal Tamil nameTamilத ர க ழக க Tura KiḻakkuPortuguese namePortugueseExtremo OrienteRussian nameRussianDalnij Vostok IPA ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok RomanizationDal niy VostokLao nameLaoຕາເວ ນອອກໄກ Taven ok kaiKhmer nameKhmerច ងប ព Chong BopeaTetum nameTetumDok Lorosa eThe term first came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 15th century particularly the British denoting the Far East as the farthest of the three Easts beyond the Near East and the Middle East 5 Likewise during the Qing dynasty of the 19th and early 20th centuries the term Taixi 泰西 i e anything further west than the Arab world was used to refer to the Western countries Since the mid 20th century the term has mostly gone out of use for the region in international mass media outlets due to its eurocentric connotations 6 7 8 The Russian Far East is sometimes excluded due to cultural and ethnic differences 9 Contents 1 Popularization 2 Cultural and geographic meaning 3 Territories and regions conventionally included in the Far East 4 Cities 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingPopularization EditAmong Western Europeans prior to the colonial era Far East referred to anything further east than the Middle East In the 16th century King John III of Portugal called India a rich and interesting country in the Far East 10 Extremo Oriente The term was popularized during the period of the British Empire as a blanket term for lands to the east of British India In pre World War I European geopolitics Near East referred to the relatively nearby lands of the Ottoman Empire Middle East denoted north western South Asia and Central Asia and the Far East meant countries along the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean Many European languages have analogous terms such as the French Extreme Orient Spanish Lejano Oriente Portuguese Extremo Oriente German Ferner Osten Italian Estremo Oriente Polish Daleki Wschod Norwegian Det fjerne Osten and Dutch Verre Oosten Cultural and geographic meaning EditSignificantly the term evokes cultural as well as geographic separation the Far East is not just geographically distant but also culturally exotic It never refers for instance to the culturally Western nations of Australia and New Zealand which lie even farther to the east of Europe than East Asia itself This combination of cultural and geographic subjectivity was well illustrated in 1939 by Robert Menzies a Prime Minister of Australia Reflecting on his country s geopolitical concerns with the onset of war Menzies commented that The problems of the Pacific are different What Great Britain calls the Far East is to us the Near North 11 Far East in its usual sense is comparable to terms such as the Orient Latin for East Eastern world or simply the East all of which may refer broadly to East and South East Asia in general Occasionally albeit more in the past the Russian Far East and South Asia have been deemed to be part of the Far East Commenting on such terms John K Fairbank and Edwin O Reischauer both professors of East Asian Studies at Harvard University wrote in East Asia The Great Tradition When Europeans traveled far to the east to reach Cathay Japan and the Indies they naturally gave those distant regions the general name Far East Americans who reached China Japan and Southeast Asia by sail and steam across the Pacific could with equal logic have called that area the Far West For the people who live in that part of the world however it is neither East nor West and certainly not Far A more generally acceptable term for the area is East Asia which is geographically more precise and does not imply the outdated notion that Europe is the center of the civilized world 8 Today the term remains in the names of some longstanding institutions including the Far Eastern Federal University in Vladivostok Far Eastern University in Manila the Far East University in South Korea and Far East the periodical magazine of the Missionary Society of St Columban Furthermore the United States and United Kingdom have historically incorporated Far East in the names of several military units and commands in the region such as the British Royal Navy s Far East Fleet for instance Territories and regions conventionally included in the Far East EditName of region 12 andterritory with flag Area km2 Population Population density per km2 Capital Forms of government Currency Official languagesNorth Asia Russia 13 14 6 952 600 8 371 257 1 2 Moscow 15 Federal semi presidential republic Ruble Russian and 27 other co official languagesSoutheast Asia Brunei 5 765 417 200 72 11 Bandar Seri Begawan Absolute Islamic Sultanate Brunei dollar Malay and English Cambodia 181 035 16 245 729 81 8 Phnom Penh Constitutional monarchy Riel Khmer Christmas Island 16 135 1 843 10 39 Flying Fish Cove External territory of Australia Australian dollar None 17 Cocos Keeling Islands 18 14 544 43 0 West Island External territory of Australia Australian dollar None 19 Indonesia 1 904 569 261 115 456 138 0 Jakarta Presidential republic Rupiah Indonesian Laos 237 955 6 758 353 26 7 Vientiane Socialist Republic Kip Lao Malaysia 330 803 32 049 700 92 0 Kuala Lumpur Federal constitutional monarchy Parliamentary democracy Ringgit Malay Myanmar Burma 676 578 53 582 855 76 0 Naypyidaw Unitary presidentialconstitutional republic Kyat Burmese Philippines 300 000 100 981 437 336 0 Manila Unitary presidentialconstitutional republic Philippine peso Piso Filipino and English Singapore 722 5 5 638 700 7 804 0 Singapore Parliamentary republic Singapore dollar Malay English Chinese Mandarin and Tamil Thailand 513 120 68 863 514 132 1 Bangkok Constitutional monarchy Parliamentary democracy Baht Thai Timor Leste East Timor 15 410 1 167 242 78 0 Dili Parliamentary republic U S dollar Centavo coins Tetum and Portuguese Vietnam 331 212 94 569 072 276 03 Hanoi One party Socialist Republic đồng VietnameseEast Asia China 20 9 598 094 21 1 371 821 094 22 145 0 Beijing One party socialist republic Yuan Renminbi Chinese Mandarin 23 Hong Kong 24 1 108 7 448 900 6 777 0 Hong Kong Special administrative regionof the People s Republic of China Hong Kong dollar Chinese 25 English Japan 377 973 126 440 000 334 0 Tokyo Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy Yen None 26 Macau 27 115 3 653 100 21 340 0 Macau Special administrative regionof the People s Republic of China Pataca Chinese 28 Portuguese Mongolia 1 566 000 3 081 677 1 97 Ulaanbaatar Parliamentary republic Togrog Mongolian North Korea 120 540 25 368 620 212 0 Pyongyang Juche unitarian dictatorship Socialist Republic North Korean won Korean South Korea 100 363 51 446 201 507 0 Seoul Unitary presidential republic South Korean won Korean Taiwan 29 36 197 23 577 271 650 0 Taipei Semi presidential system New Taiwan dollar Chinese Mandarin Cities EditFurther information Cities of East Asia List of cities in East South and Southeast Asia by population and List of ports and harbors of the Pacific OceanSee also Edit Look up far east in Wiktionary the free dictionary Asia Pacific East Asia East Asian cultural sphere East West dichotomy Far West a term for Europe Four Asian Tigers Hong Kong Singapore South Korea and Taiwan Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere Japanese idea from the 1930s 1940s Inner Asia List of Mongol states List of Turkic dynasties and countries North Asia Russian Far East Siberia Ural region Northeast Asia Orient South Asia Southeast Asia Tropical Asia Turkic migrationOrganizations ASEAN 3 Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia East Asian Community Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Southeast Asian Fisheries Development CenterReferences Edit What is the Far East WorldAtlas 1 August 2017 Retrieved 9 June 2022 Oxford Dictionaries Dictionary Thesaurus amp Grammar askoxford com Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 The Far Eastern Economic Review for example covers news from India and Sri Lanka Archived from the original on 20 July 2006 Retrieved 10 January 2009 Countries Comprising the Far East Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Retrieved 11 December 2022 Where is the Middle East The Near East The Far East Dictionary com 24 February 2012 Retrieved 19 October 2021 Fields Larry The Eurocentric Worldwiew Misunderstanding East Asia PDF asj upd edu ph p 40 Archived PDF from the original on 22 October 2015 Retrieved 9 June 2022 A menagerie of monikers The Economist 7 January 2010 Retrieved 9 July 2011 a b Reischauer Edwin and John K Fairbank East Asia The Great Tradition 1960 East and Southeast Asia ANDE Retrieved 19 October 2021 Robert Sewell 1901 A Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar A Contribution to the History of India ISBN 9788120601253 Historical documents Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Continental regions as per UN categorisations map except 12 Depending on definitions various territories cited below notes 6 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 may be in one or both of Asia and Europe Africa or Oceania Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia but is considered European historically culturally and ethnically and the vast majority of its population 78 lives within its European part Only the Russian Far East Moscow is located in Europe Christmas Island is an External Territory of Australia English does not have de jure status in Christmas Island and in Australia but it is the de facto language of communication in government The Cocos Keeling Islands are an External Territory of Australia English does not have de jure status in the Cocos Keeling Islands and in Australia but it is the de facto language of communication in government The state is commonly known as simply China which is subsumed by the eponymous entity and civilisation China Figures given are for Mainland China only and do not include Hong Kong Macau and Taiwan Includes PRC administered area Aksai Chin and Trans Karakoram Tract both territories claimed by India Information listed is for Mainland China only The Special administrative region i e Hong Kong and Macau the island territories under the control of the Republic of China which includes the islands of Taiwan Quemoy and Matsu are excluded Law of the People s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language Order of the President No 37 Chinese Government 31 October 2000 Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 Retrieved 21 June 2013 For purposes of this Law the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect and the standardized Chinese characters Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the People s Republic of China No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory Residents predominantly speak Cantonese the de facto regional standard Japan s National Diet have not officially enacted a law stating that the official language is Japanese Macau is a Special Administrative Region of the People s Republic of China No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory Residents predominantly speak Cantonese the de facto regional standard Figures are for the area under the de facto control of the Republic of China ROC government commonly referred to as Taiwan Claimed in whole by the PRC see political status of Taiwan Further reading EditBurghart Sabine Denis Park and Liudmila Zakharova The DPRK s economic exchanges with Russia and the EU since 2000 an analysis of institutional effects and the case of the Russian Far East Asia Europe Journal 18 3 2020 281 303 on North KoreaClyde Paul Hibbert and Burton F Beers The Far East A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses 1830 1975 1975 online Crofts Alfred A history of the Far East 1958 online Fairbank John K Edwin Reischauer and Albert M Craig East Asia The great tradition and East Asia The modern transformation 1960 2 vol 1960 online famous textbook Green Michael By More Than Providence Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific Since 1783 2019 excerpt Iriye Akira After Imperialism The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921 1931 1965 Keay John Empire s End A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong Scribner 1997 onlineLouis Wm Roger The road to Singapore British imperialism in the Far East 1932 42 in The fascist challenge and the policy of appeasement Routledge 2021 pp 352 388 Macnair Harley F amp Donald Lach Modern Far Eastern International Relations 2nd ed 1955 1950 edition online free 780pp focus on 1900 1950 Norman Henry The Peoples and Politics of the Far East Travels and studies in the British French Spanish and Portuguese colonies Siberia China Japan Korea Siam and Malaya 1904 online Paine S C M The Wars for Asia 1911 1949 2014 excerpt Ring George C Religions of the Far East Their History to the Present Day Kessinger Publishing 2006 Solomon Richard H and Masataka Kosaka eds The Soviet Far East military buildup nuclear dilemmas and Asian security Routledge 2021 Stephan John J The Russian Far East Stanford University Press 2022 Vinacke Harold M A History of the Far East in Modern Times 1964 online free Vogel Ezra China and Japan Facing History 2019 excerpt Woodcock George The British in the Far East 1969 online Portals Geography Asia China Indonesia Japan Malaysia North Korea Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Thailand Vietnam Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Far East amp oldid 1149086841, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
