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Wikipedia

Wisconsin

January 18, 2023

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Wisconsin (disambiguation).
"Badger State" redirects here. For other uses, see Badger State (disambiguation).

Wisconsin (/wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ (listen)) is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north.

Wisconsin
State
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Badger State, America's Dairyland[1][2][3][4][5]
Motto: 
Forward
Anthem: "On, Wisconsin!"
Map of the United States with Wisconsin highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodWisconsin Territory
Admitted to the UnionMay 29, 1848 (30th)
CapitalMadison
Largest cityMilwaukee
Largest metro and urban areasMilwaukee
Government
 • GovernorTony Evers (D)
 • Lieutenant GovernorSara Rodriguez (D)
LegislatureWisconsin Legislature
 • Upper houseSenate
 • Lower houseAssembly
JudiciaryWisconsin Supreme Court
U.S. senators
U.S. House delegation
  • 6 Republicans
  • 2 Democrats
(list)
Area
 • Total65,498.37 sq mi (169,640.0 km2)
 • Land54,153.1 sq mi (140,256 km2)
 • Rank25th[6]
Dimensions
 • Length311 mi (507 km)
 • Width260 mi (427 km)
Elevation
1,050 ft (320 m)
Highest elevation
(Timms Hill[7][8])
1,951 ft (595 m)
Lowest elevation
(Lake Michigan[7][8])
579 ft (176 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total5,893,718[9]
 • Rank20th
 • Density108.8/sq mi (42.0/km2)
  • Rank27th[10]
 • Median household income
$64,168[6]
 • Income rank
21st
DemonymsWisconsinite Cheesehead (colloquial)
Language
 • Official languageNone
 • Spoken language
Time zoneUTC– 06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC– 05:00 (CDT)
USPS abbreviation
WI
ISO 3166 codeUS-WI
Traditional abbreviationWis., Wisc.
Latitude42° 30' N to 47° 05′ N
Longitude86° 46′ W to 92° 54′ W
Websitewww.wisconsin.gov

The bulk of Wisconsin's population live in areas situated along the shores of Lake Michigan. The largest city, Milwaukee, anchors its largest metropolitan area, followed by Green Bay and Kenosha, the third- and fourth-most-populated Wisconsin cities respectively. The state capital, Madison, is currently the second-most-populated and fastest-growing city in the state.[13] Wisconsin is divided into 72 counties and as of the 2020 census had a population of nearly 5.9 million.[14]

Wisconsin's geography is diverse, having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area. The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupy the western part of the state, with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan. Wisconsin is third to Ontario and Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline. The northern portion of the state is home to the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest.

At the time of European contact the area was inhabited by Algonquian and Siouan nations, and today is home to eleven federally recognized tribes.[15] During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many European settlers entered the state, most of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia.[16][17] Wisconsin remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture,[18] particularly in respect to its cuisine, with foods such as bratwurst and kringle. Wisconsin is home to one UNESCO World Heritage Site, comprising two of the most significant buildings designed by Wisconsin-born architect Frank Lloyd Wright: his studio at Taliesin near Spring Green and his Jacobs I House in Madison.[19]

The state is one of the nation's leading dairy producers and is known as "America's Dairyland"; it is particularly famous for its cheese.[20][21] The state is also famous for its beer, particularly and historically in Milwaukee, most notably as the headquarters of the Miller Brewing Company. Wisconsin has some of the most permissive alcohol laws in the country and is well known for its drinking culture.[22][23] Its economy is dominated by manufacturing, healthcare, information technology, and agriculture—specifically dairy, cranberries and ginseng.[24] Tourism is also a major contributor to the state's economy.[25] The gross domestic product in 2020 was $348 billion.[26]

Etymology

The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact.[27] French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing (likely ᒣᔅᑯᐤᓯᣙ meskowsin) in his journal.[28] Subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in large numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845.[29]

The Algonquian word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. While interpretations vary, most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks. One leading theory holds that the name originated from the Miami word Meskonsing, meaning "it lies red", a reference to the setting of the Wisconsin River as it flows through the reddish sandstone of the Wisconsin Dells.[30] Other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning "red stone place", "where the waters gather", or "great rock".[31]

History

Main article: History of Wisconsin

Early history

 
Wisconsin in 1718, Guillaume de L'Isle map, with the approximate state area highlighted

Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures over the past 14,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation. These early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin.[32] After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering food from wild plants. Agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of this period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the "Effigy Mound culture", which built thousands of animal-shaped mounds across the landscape.[33] Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the fortified village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin.[34] The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk nations who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact.[35] Other Native American groups living in Wisconsin when Europeans first settled included the Ojibwa, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, and Pottawatomie, who migrated to Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and 1700.[36]

European settlements

Main articles: New France, Canada (New France), French and Indian War, Treaty of Paris (1763), Province of Quebec (1763–1791), and Indian Reserve (1763)
 
Jean Nicolet, depicted in a 1910 painting by Frank Rohrbeck, was probably the first European to explore Wisconsin. The mural is located in the Brown County Courthouse in Green Bay.

The first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, and it is traditionally assumed that he came ashore near Green Bay at Red Banks.[37] Pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans.[38] In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien.[39] Frenchmen like Nicholas Perrot continued to ply the fur trade across Wisconsin through the 17th and 18th centuries, but the French made no permanent settlements in Wisconsin before Great Britain won control of the region following the French and Indian War in 1763. Even so, French traders continued to work in the region after the war, and some, beginning with Charles de Langlade in 1764, settled in Wisconsin permanently, rather than returning to British-controlled Canada.[40]

 
French-Canadian voyageur Joseph Roi built the Tank Cottage in Green Bay in 1776. Located in Heritage Hill State Historical Park, it is the oldest standing building from Wisconsin's early years and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[41]

The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War, taking control of Green Bay in 1761 and gaining control of all of Wisconsin in 1763. Like the French, the British were interested in little but the fur trade. One notable event in the fur trading industry in Wisconsin occurred in 1791, when two free African Americans set up a fur trading post among the Menominee at present day Marinette. The first permanent settlers, mostly French Canadians, some Anglo-New Englanders and a few African American freedmen, arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control. Charles de Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler, establishing a trading post at Green Bay in 1745, and moving there permanently in 1764.[40] Settlement began at Prairie du Chien around 1781. The French residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay, referred to the town as "La Baye". However, British fur traders referred to it as "Green Bay", because the water and the shore assumed green tints in early spring. The old French title was gradually dropped, and the British name of "Green Bay" eventually stuck. The region coming under British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British. During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders, whereas the British, in an effort to make as much money as possible from the region, issued licenses for fur trading freely, both to British and to French residents. The fur trade in what is now Wisconsin reached its height under British rule, and the first self-sustaining farms in the state were established as well. From 1763 to 1780, Green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff, built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities.[42]

U.S. territory

Main articles: American Revolutionary War, Treaty of Paris (1783), Northwest Ordinance, Northwest Territory, Indiana Territory, Illinois Territory, Michigan Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, and Wisconsin Territory

Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the United States in 1783 after the American Revolutionary War. In 1787, it became part of the Northwest Territory. As territorial boundaries subsequently developed, it was then part of Indiana Territory from 1800 to 1809, Illinois Territory from 1809 to 1818, and Michigan Territory from 1818 to 1836. However, the British remained in control until after the War of 1812, the outcome of which finally established an American presence in the area.[43] Under American control, the economy of the territory shifted from fur trading to lead mining. The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from throughout the U.S. and Europe to the lead deposits located at Mineral Point, Dodgeville, and nearby areas. Some miners found shelter in the holes they had dug, and earned the nickname "badgers", leading to Wisconsin's identity as the "Badger State".[44] The sudden influx of white miners prompted tension with the local Native American population. The Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832 culminated in the forced removal of Native Americans from most parts of the state.[45]

Following these conflicts, Wisconsin Territory was created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20, 1836. By fall of that year, the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding what is now Milwaukee were occupied by farmers from the New England states.[46]

Statehood

Main articles: Admission to the Union and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

The Erie Canal facilitated the travel of both Yankee settlers and European immigrants to Wisconsin Territory. Yankees from New England and upstate New York seized a dominant position in law and politics, enacting policies that marginalized the region's earlier Native American and French-Canadian residents.[47] Yankees also speculated in real estate, platted towns such as Racine, Beloit, Burlington, and Janesville, and established schools, civic institutions, and Congregationalist churches.[48][49][50] At the same time, many Germans, Irish, Norwegians, and other immigrants also settled in towns and farms across the territory, establishing Catholic and Lutheran institutions.

The growing population allowed Wisconsin to gain statehood on May 29, 1848, as the 30th state. Between 1840 and 1850, Wisconsin's non-Indian population had swollen from 31,000 to 305,000. More than a third of residents (110,500) were foreign born, including 38,000 Germans, 28,000 British immigrants from England, Scotland, and Wales, and 21,000 Irish. Another third (103,000) were Yankees from New England and western New York state. Only about 63,000 residents in 1850 had been born in Wisconsin.[51]

Nelson Dewey, the first governor of Wisconsin, was a Democrat. Dewey oversaw the transition from the territorial to the new state government.[52] He encouraged the development of the state's infrastructure, particularly the construction of new roads, railroads, canals, and harbors, as well as the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers.[52] During his administration, the State Board of Public Works was organized.[52] Dewey, an abolitionist, was the first of many Wisconsin governors to advocate against the spread of slavery into new states and territories.[52]

Further information: Pioneer Women in Wisconsin

Civil War

Main article: Wisconsin in the American Civil War
 
The Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin, held the nation's first meeting of the Republican Party.

Politics in early Wisconsin were defined by the greater national debate over slavery. A free state from its foundation, Wisconsin became a center of northern abolitionism. The debate became especially intense in 1854 after Joshua Glover, a runaway slave from Missouri, was captured in Racine. Glover was taken into custody under the Federal Fugitive Slave Law, but a mob of abolitionists stormed the prison where Glover was held and helped him escape to Canada. In a trial stemming from the incident, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional.[53] The Republican Party, founded on March 20, 1854, by anti-slavery expansion activists in Ripon, Wisconsin, grew to dominate state politics in the aftermath of these events.[54] During the Civil War, around 91,000 troops from Wisconsin fought for the Union.[55]

Economic progress

 
Drawing of Industrial Milwaukee in 1882

Wisconsin's economy also diversified during the early years of statehood. While lead mining diminished, agriculture became a principal occupation in the southern half of the state. Railroads were built across the state to help transport grains to market, and industries like J.I. Case & Company in Racine were founded to build agricultural equipment. Wisconsin briefly became one of the nation's leading producers of wheat during the 1860s.[56] Meanwhile, the lumber industry dominated in the heavily forested northern sections of Wisconsin, and sawmills sprang up in cities like La Crosse, Eau Claire, and Wausau. These economic activities had dire environmental consequences. By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state.[57] These conditions forced both wheat agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline.

 
The Daniel E. Krause Stone Barn in Chase was built in 1903, as dairy farming spread across the state.

Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairy production in order to make more sustainable and profitable use of their land. Many immigrants carried cheese-making traditions that, combined with the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by Stephen Babcock at the University of Wisconsin, helped the state build a reputation as "America's Dairyland".[58] Meanwhile, conservationists including Aldo Leopold helped re-establish the state's forests during the early 20th century,[59] paving the way for a more renewable lumber and paper milling industry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northern woodlands. Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early 20th century, driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving from Europe. Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and food processing to heavy machine production and tool-making, leading Wisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in total product value by 1910.[60]

20th century

 
Wisconsin Governor Robert La Follette addresses an assembly, 1905

The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of progressive politics championed by Robert M. La Follette. Between 1901 and 1914, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive statewide primary election system,[61] the first effective workplace injury compensation law,[62] and the first state income tax,[63] making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The progressive Wisconsin Idea also promoted the statewide expansion of the University of Wisconsin through the UW-Extension system at this time.[64] Later, UW economics professors John R. Commons and Harold Groves helped Wisconsin create the first unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932.[65]

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, citizens of Wisconsin were divided over issues such as creation of the United Nations, support for the European recovery, and the growth of the Soviet Union's power. However, when Europe divided into Communist and capitalist camps and the Communist revolution in China succeeded in 1949, public opinion began to move towards support for the protection of democracy and capitalism against Communist expansion.[66]

Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th century, ranging from the anti-communist crusades of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison that culminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in August 1970. The state undertook welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson during the 1990s.[67] The state's economy also underwent further transformations towards the close of the 20th century, as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a service economy based on medicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism.

Two U.S. Navy battleships, BB-9 and BB-64, were named for the state.

 
Wisconsin, from an altitude of 206 nautical miles (237 statute miles; 382 km) at 7:43:39 AM CDT on March 11, 2012 during Expedition 30 of the International Space Station.

21st century

In 2011, Wisconsin became the focus of some controversy when newly elected governor Scott Walker proposed, passed, and enacted the 2011 Wisconsin Act 10, which made large changes in the areas of collective bargaining, compensation, retirement, health insurance, and sick leave of public sector employees, among other changes.[68] A series of major protests by union supporters took place that year in response to the changes, and Walker survived a recall election held the next year, becoming the first governor in United States history to do so.[69] Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law,[70] abortion restrictions,[71] and legislation removing certain gun controls.[72][73][74]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Wisconsin
 
Wisconsin is divided into five geographic regions.
 
The Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin is characterized by bluffs carved in sedimentary rock by water from melting Ice Age glaciers.
 
Timms Hill is the highest natural point in Wisconsin at 1,951.5 ft (594.8 m); it is located in the Town of Hill, Price County.

Wisconsin is bordered by the Montreal River; Lake Superior and Michigan to the north; by Lake Michigan to the east; by Illinois to the south; and by Iowa to the southwest and Minnesota to the northwest. A border dispute with Michigan was settled by two cases, both Wisconsin v. Michigan, in 1934 and 1935. The state's boundaries include the Mississippi River and St. Croix River in the west, and the Menominee River in the northeast.

With its location between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The state is divided into five distinct regions. In the north, the Lake Superior Lowland occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the Northern Highland has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including the 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2) Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, as well as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point, Timms Hill. In the middle of the state, the Central Plain has some unique sandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland. The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. The ridges include the Niagara Escarpment that stretches from New York, the Black River Escarpment and the Magnesian Escarpment.[75][76][77]

In the southwest, the Western Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the Mississippi River. This region is part of the Driftless Area, which also includes portions of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. This area was not covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age, the Wisconsin Glaciation. Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest. Langlade County has a soil rarely found outside of the county called Antigo silt loam.[78]

Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with Germany's Hesse, Japan's Chiba Prefecture, Mexico's Jalisco, China's Heilongjiang, and Nicaragua.[79]

Climate

Further information: Climate change in Wisconsin
 
Köppen climate types of Wisconsin

Most of Wisconsin is classified as warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), while southern and southwestern portions are classified as hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa). The highest temperature ever recorded in the state was in the Wisconsin Dells, on July 13, 1936, where it reached 114 °F (46 °C). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the village of Couderay, where it reached −55 °F (−48 °C) on both February 2 and 4, 1996. Wisconsin also receives a large amount of regular snowfall averaging around 40 inches (100 cm) in the southern portions with up to 160 inches (410 cm) annually in the Lake Superior snowbelt each year.[80]

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for selected Wisconsin cities [°F (°C)]
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Green Bay 25/10
(−4/−12) 		29/13
(−2/−11) 		40/23
(5/−5) 		55/35
(13/1) 		67/45
(19/7) 		76/55
(25/13) 		81/59
(27/15) 		79/58
(26/14) 		71/49
(22/10) 		58/38
(14/4) 		43/28
(6/−2) 		30/15
(−1/−9)
Hurley 19/0
(−7/−18) 		26/4
(−4/−16) 		36/16
(2/−9) 		49/29
(9/−2) 		65/41
(18/5) 		73/50
(23/10) 		76/56
(25/13) 		75/54
(24/12) 		65/46
(18/8) 		53/35
(12/2) 		36/22
(2/−6) 		24/8
(−5/−14)
La Crosse 26/6
(−3/−14) 		32/13
(0/−11) 		45/24
(7/−4) 		60/37
(16/3) 		72/49
(22/9) 		81/58
(27/14) 		85/63
(29/17) 		82/61
(28/16) 		74/52
(23/11) 		61/40
(16/4) 		44/27
(7/−3) 		30/14
(−1/−10)
Madison 27/11
(−3/−12) 		32/15
(0/−9) 		44/25
(7/−4) 		58/36
(14/2) 		69/46
(21/8) 		79/56
(26/13) 		82/61
(28/16) 		80/59
(27/15) 		73/50
(23/10) 		60/39
(15/3) 		45/28
(7/−2) 		31/16
(−1/−9)
Milwaukee 29/16
(−2/−9) 		33/19
(0/−7) 		42/28
(6/−2) 		54/37
(12/3) 		65/47
(18/8) 		75/57
(24/14) 		80/64
(27/18) 		79/63
(26/17) 		71/55
(22/13) 		59/43
(15/6) 		46/32
(8/0) 		33/20
(0/−7)
Superior[81] 21/2
(−6/−17) 		26/6
(−3/−14) 		35/17
(2/−8) 		46/29
(8/-2) 		56/38
(13/3) 		66/47
(19/8) 		75/56
(24/13) 		74/57
(23/14) 		65/47
(18/8) 		52/36
(11/2) 		38/23
(3/−5) 		25/9
(−4/−13)
Climate data for Wisconsin (normals 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 66
(19) 		69
(21) 		89
(32) 		97
(36) 		109
(43) 		106
(41) 		114
(46) 		108
(42) 		104
(40) 		95
(35) 		84
(29) 		70
(21) 		114
(46)
Average high °F (°C) 23.9
(−4.5) 		29.2
(−1.6) 		40.6
(4.8) 		55.5
(13.1) 		67.3
(19.6) 		76.3
(24.6) 		80.4
(26.9) 		78.2
(25.7) 		69.8
(21.0) 		56.9
(13.8) 		41.2
(5.1) 		27.5
(−2.5) 		52.9
(11.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 15.0
(−9.4) 		19.6
(−6.9) 		30.5
(−0.8) 		44.0
(6.7) 		55.3
(12.9) 		64.7
(18.2) 		69.1
(20.6) 		67.1
(19.5) 		58.7
(14.8) 		46.5
(8.1) 		33.1
(0.6) 		19.4
(−7.0) 		43.6
(6.4)
Average low °F (°C) 3.7
(−15.7) 		6.3
(−14.3) 		18.3
(−7.6) 		31.6
(−0.2) 		42.6
(5.9) 		52.4
(11.3) 		57.2
(14.0) 		55.0
(12.8) 		47.1
(8.4) 		36.2
(2.3) 		23.7
(−4.6) 		10.6
(−11.9) 		31.8
(−0.1)
Record low °F (°C) −54
(−48) 		−55
(−48) 		−48
(−44) 		−20
(−29) 		7
(−14) 		20
(−7) 		27
(−3) 		22
(−6) 		10
(−12) 		−7
(−22) 		−34
(−37) 		−52
(−47) 		−55
(−48)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.15
(29) 		1.03
(26) 		1.80
(46) 		2.63
(67) 		3.54
(90) 		4.17
(106) 		3.79
(96) 		3.78
(96) 		3.75
(95) 		2.38
(60) 		2.00
(51) 		1.27
(32) 		31.29
(794)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 11.4
(29) 		9.5
(24) 		8.7
(22) 		3.2
(8.1) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.8
(2.0) 		4.9
(12) 		10.2
(26) 		48.7
(124)
Source: "Wisconsin State Climatology Office".

Demographics

Population

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18201,444—
18303,635151.7%
184030,945751.3%
1850305,391886.9%
1860775,881154.1%
18701,054,67035.9%
18801,315,45724.7%
18901,693,33028.7%
19002,069,04222.2%
19102,333,86012.8%
19202,632,06712.8%
19302,939,00611.7%
19403,137,5876.8%
19503,434,5759.5%
19603,951,77715.1%
19704,417,73111.8%
19804,705,7676.5%
19904,891,7694.0%
20005,363,6759.6%
20105,686,9866.0%
20205,893,7183.6%
Source: 1910–2020[82]
 
Wisconsin 2020 Population Density Map

Racial/Ethnic Makeup of Wisconsin treating Hispanics as a Separate Category (2017)[83]

  White Non-Hispanic (81.21%)
  Black Non-Hispanic (6.25%)
  Native American Non-Hispanic (0.77%)
  Asian Non-Hispanic (2.74%)
  Pacific Islander Non-Hispanic (0.06%)
  Other Non-Hispanic (0.16%)
  Two or more races Non-Hispanic (1.95%)
  Hispanic Any Race (6.86%)

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wisconsin was 5,822,434 on July 1, 2019, a 2.4% increase since the 2010 United States census.[84] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 150,659 people (i.e., 614,771 births minus 464,112 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 12,755 people. Immigration resulted in a net increase of 59,251 people, and migration from within the U.S. resulted in a net decrease of 72,006 people.[85]

Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and Ethnicity[86] Alone Total
White (non-Hispanic) 78.6% 78.6
 
 81.9% 81.9
 
Hispanic or Latino[a] — 7.6% 7.6
 
African American (non-Hispanic) 6.2% 6.2
 
 7.3% 7.3
 
Asian 3.0% 3
 
 3.6% 3.6
 
Native American 0.8% 0.8
 
 2.0% 2
 
Pacific Islander 0.03% 0.03
 
 0.1% 0.1
 
Other 0.3% 0.3
 
 1.1% 1.1
 
Wisconsin historical population by race
Racial composition 1990[87] 2000[88] 2010[89] 2020[90]
White 92.2% 88.9% 86.2% 80.4%
Black 5.0% 5.7% 6.3% 6.4%
Asian 1.1% 1.7% 2.3% 3.0%
Native 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.0%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander		 – – – –
Other race 0.9% 1.6% 2.4% 3.1%
Two or more races – 1.3% 1.8% 6.1%

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 6.5% of Wisconsin's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (4.7%), Puerto Rican (0.9%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (0.7%).[91] The five largest ancestry groups were: German (40.5%), Irish (10.8%), Polish (8.8%), Norwegian (7.7%), and English (5.7%).[92] German is the most common ancestry in every county in the state, except Menominee, Trempealeau, and Vernon.[93] Wisconsin has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state.[94]

Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous. Following the period of French fur traders, the next wave of settlers were miners, many of whom were Cornish, who settled the southwestern area of the state. The next wave was dominated by "Yankees", migrants of English descent from New England and upstate New York; in the early years of statehood, they dominated the state's heavy industry, finance, politics, and education. Between 1850 and 1900, the immigrants were mostly Germans, Scandinavians (the largest group being Norwegian), Irish, and Poles. In the 20th century, a number of African Americans and Mexicans settled in Milwaukee; and after the end of the Vietnam War came an influx of Hmongs.

The various ethnic groups settled in different areas of the state. Although German immigrants settled throughout the state, the largest concentration was in Milwaukee. Norwegian immigrants settled in lumbering and farming areas in the north and west. Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants settled primarily in urban areas.[95] Menominee County is the only county in the eastern United States with a Native American majority.

African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. 86% of Wisconsin's African-American population live in four cities: Milwaukee, Racine, Beloit, Kenosha, with Milwaukee home to nearly three-fourths of the state's black Americans. In the Great Lakes region, only Detroit and Cleveland have a higher percentage of African-American residents.[citation needed]

33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is Hmong, with significant communities in Milwaukee, Wausau, Green Bay, Sheboygan, Appleton, Madison, La Crosse, Eau Claire, Oshkosh, and Manitowoc.[96]

Of the residents of Wisconsin, 71.7% were born in Wisconsin, 23.0% were born in a different US state, 0.7% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.6% were foreign born.[97]

Birth data
 
Map of counties in Wisconsin by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
Legend

Note: Births in table add to over 100%, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race or ethnicity of mother
Race 2013[98] 2014[99] 2015[100] 2016[101] 2017[102] 2018[103] 2019[104] 2020[105]
White: 55,485 (83.2%) 55,520 (82.7%) 55,350 (82.6%) ... ... ... ... ...
> non-Hispanic White 49,357 (74.0%) 49,440 (73.6%) 49,024 (73.1%) 47,994 (72.0%) 46,309 (71.3%) 45,654 (71.2%) 44,784 (70.8%) 42,715 (70.5%)
Black 6,956 (10.4%) 7,328 (10.9%) 7,386 (11.0%) 6,569 (9.9%) 6,864 (10.6%) 6,622 (10.3%) 6,859 (10.8%) 6,429 (10.6%)
Asian 3,197 (4.8%) 3,333 (5.0%) 3,276 (4.9%) 3,220 (4.8%) 3,017 (4.6%) 3,155 (4.9%) 2,942 (4.6%) 2,870 (4.7%)
American Indian 1,011 (1.5%) 980 (1.5%) 1,029 (1.5%) 689 (1.0%) 745 (1.1%) 707 (1.1%) 664 (1.0%) 573 (0.9%)
Hispanic (of any race) 6,398 (9.6%) 6,375 (9.5%) 6,604 (9.9%) 6,504 (9.8%) 6,368 (9.8%) 6,365 (9.9%) 6,463 (10.2%) 6,438 (10.6%)
Total Wisconsin 66,649 (100%) 67,161 (100%) 67,041 (100%) 66,615 (100%) 64,975 (100%) 64,098 (100%) 63,270 (100%) 60,594 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion

Religion in Wisconsin (2014)[106]
religion percent
Protestant
 
 44%
Catholic
 
 25%
Unaffiliated
 
 25%
Jewish
 
 1%
Eastern Orthodox
 
 1%
Jehovah's Witness
 
 1%
Islam
 
 1%
Other faith
 
 1%

The percentage of Wisconsin residents who belong to various affiliations as of 2014 were:[107] Christian 81% (Protestant 50%, Roman Catholic 29%), Mormon 0.5%, Jewish 0.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Buddhist 0.5%, Hindu 0.5%, and unaffiliated 15%.

Christianity is the predominant religion of Wisconsin. As of 2008, the three largest denominational groups in Wisconsin were Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, and Mainline Protestant.[108] As of 2010, the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents in Wisconsin (at 1,425,523), followed by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 414,326 members, and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 223,279 adherents.[109] The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, the synod with the fourth highest numbers of adherents in Wisconsin, has their headquarters in Waukesha, Wisconsin.[110]

Crime

Main article: Crime in Wisconsin

Statewide FBI Crime statistics for 2009 include 144 murders/non-negligent manslaughter; 1,108 rapes; 4,850 robberies; 8,431 aggravated assaults; and 147,486 property crimes.[111] Wisconsin also publishes its own statistics through the Bureau of Justice Information and Analysis.[112] The state reported 14,603 violent crimes in 2009, with a clearance rate (% solved) of 50%.[113] The state reported 4,633 sexual assaults in 2009, with an overall clearance rate for sexual assaults of 57%.

Government

 
The Wisconsin State Capitol is located on the isthmus between Lake Mendota and Lake Monona, in the city of Madison.

Wisconsin's Constitution outlines the structure and function of state government, which is organized into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Wisconsin Blue Book is the primary published reference about the government and politics of the state. Re-published every two years, copies are available from state legislators.

In a 2020 study, Wisconsin was ranked as the 25th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[114]

Executive

 
Executive seal of Wisconsin

The executive branch is headed by the governor. The current governor, Tony Evers, assumed office on January 7, 2019. In addition to the governor, the executive branch includes five other elected constitutional officers: Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, Treasurer, and State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Four members of the Wisconsin executive branch are Democrats. The Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin is a non-partisan position.

Legislative

The Wisconsin State Legislature is Wisconsin's legislative branch. The Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Assembly and the Senate.

 
The Senate Chamber of the Wisconsin State Capitol

Judicial

Wisconsin's court system has four levels: municipal courts, circuit courts, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. Municipal courts typically handle cases involving local ordinance matters. The circuit courts are Wisconsin's trial courts, they have original jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases within the state. Challenges to circuit court rulings are heard by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, consisting of sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. As the state's highest appellate court, the Wisconsin Supreme Court may hear both appeals from lower courts and original actions. In addition to deciding cases, the Supreme Court is responsible for administering the state's court system and regulating the practice of law in Wisconsin.[115]

Federal

In the United States Senate Wisconsin is represented by Ron Johnson and Tammy Baldwin. Wisconsin is divided into eight congressional districts.

Taxes

 
Wisconsin Budget (2021)
Main articles: Sales taxes in the United States, Property tax in the United States, and State income tax

Wisconsin collects personal income taxes (based on five income brackets) which range from 4% to 7.65%. The state sales and use tax rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%.[116] Milwaukee County and four surrounding counties have an additional temporary 0.1% tax that helps fund the Miller Park baseball stadium, which was completed in 2001.

The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real property tax, or their residential property tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles, but does levy an annual registration fee. Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major methods of funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except for agricultural land. In order to provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined by its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used to distribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities.

Wisconsin does not assess a tax on intangible property. Wisconsin does not collect inheritance taxes. Until January 1, 2008, Wisconsin's estate tax was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates.[117]

There are no toll roads in Wisconsin; highway construction and maintenance are funded in part by motor fuel tax revenues, and the remaining balance is drawn from the State General Fund. Non-highway road construction and maintenance are funded by local governments (municipalities or counties).

International relations

A Mexican consulate opened in Milwaukee on July 1, 2016.[118] Wisconsin has had a diplomatic relationship with the Japanese prefecture of Chiba since 1990.[79]

Politics

See also: Political party strength in Wisconsin and Recall elections in Wisconsin
United States presidential election results for Wisconsin[119]
Year Republican / Whig Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 1,610,184 48.82% 1,630,866 49.45% 56,991 1.73%
2016 1,405,284 47.22% 1,382,536 46.45% 188,330 6.33%
2012 1,407,966 45.89% 1,620,985 52.83% 39,483 1.29%
2008 1,262,393 42.31% 1,677,211 56.22% 43,813 1.47%
2004 1,478,120 49.32% 1,489,504 49.70% 29,383 0.98%
2000 1,237,279 47.61% 1,242,987 47.83% 118,341 4.55%
1996 845,029 38.48% 1,071,971 48.81% 279,169 12.71%
1992 930,855 36.78% 1,041,066 41.13% 559,193 22.09%
1988 1,047,499 47.80% 1,126,794 51.41% 17,315 0.79%
1984 1,198,800 54.19% 995,847 45.02% 17,369 0.79%
1980 1,088,845 47.90% 981,584 43.18% 202,792 8.92%
1976 1,004,987 47.83% 1,040,232 49.50% 56,117 2.67%
1972 989,430 53.40% 810,174 43.72% 53,286 2.88%
1968 809,997 47.89% 748,804 44.27% 132,737 7.85%
1964 638,495 37.74% 1,050,424 62.09% 2,896 0.17%
1960 895,175 51.77% 830,805 48.05% 3,102 0.18%
1956 954,844 61.58% 586,768 37.84% 8,946 0.58%
1952 979,744 60.95% 622,175 38.71% 5,451 0.34%
1948 590,959 46.28% 647,310 50.70% 38,531 3.02%
1944 674,532 50.37% 650,413 48.57% 14,207 1.06%
1940 679,206 48.32% 704,821 50.15% 21,495 1.53%
1936 380,828 30.26% 802,984 63.80% 74,748 5.94%
1932 347,741 31.19% 707,410 63.46% 59,657 5.35%
1928 544,205 53.52% 450,259 44.28% 22,367 2.20%
1924 311,614 37.06% 68,115 8.10% 461,097 54.84%
1920 498,576 71.10% 113,422 16.17% 89,282 12.73%
1916 220,822 49.39% 191,363 42.80% 34,949 7.82%
1912 130,596 32.65% 164,230 41.06% 105,149 26.29%
1908 247,747 54.52% 166,662 36.67% 40,032 8.81%
1904 280,315 63.21% 124,205 28.01% 38,921 8.78%
1900 265,760 60.06% 159,163 35.97% 17,578 3.97%
1896 268,135 59.93% 165,523 37.00% 13,751 3.07%
1892 171,101 46.05% 177,325 47.72% 23,155 6.23%
1888 176,553 49.79% 155,232 43.77% 22,829 6.44%
1884 161,135 50.38% 146,453 45.79% 12,247 3.83%
1880 144,398 54.04% 114,644 42.91% 8,145 3.05%
1876 130,067 50.57% 123,926 48.19% 3,184 1.24%
1872 104,994 54.60% 86,477 44.97% 834 0.43%
1868 108,900 56.25% 84,703 43.75% 0 0.00%
1864 83,458 55.88% 65,884 44.12% 0 0.00%
1860 86,113 56.59% 65,021 42.73% 1,049 0.69%
1856 66,090 55.30% 52,843 44.22% 579 0.48%
1852 22,210 34.34% 33,658 52.04% 8,814 13.63%
1848 13,747 35.10% 15,001 38.30% 10,418 26.60%

During the Civil War, Wisconsin was a Republican state; in fact, it is the state that gave birth to the Republican Party, although ethno-religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the coalition. The Bennett Law campaign of 1890 dealt with foreign language teaching in schools. Many Germans switched to the Democratic Party because of the Republican Party's support of the law.[120]

Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive movement, and on the other, the Republican and anti-Communist Joe McCarthy. From the early 20th century, the Socialist Party of America had a base in Milwaukee. The phenomenon was referred to as "sewer socialism" because the elected officials were more concerned with public works and reform than with revolution (although revolutionary socialism existed in the city as well). Its influence faded in the late 1950s largely because of the red scare and racial tensions.[121] The first Socialist mayor of a large city in the United States was Emil Seidel, elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist, Daniel Hoan, was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940; and a third, Frank P. Zeidler, from 1948 to 1960. Succeeding Frank Zeidler, the last of Milwaukee's Socialist mayors, Henry Maier, a former Wisconsin State Senator and member of the Democratic Party was elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1960. Maier remained in office for 28 years, the longest-serving mayor in Milwaukee history. Socialist newspaper editor Victor Berger was repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative, although he was prevented from serving for some time because of his opposition to the First World War.

Through the first half of the 20th century, Wisconsin's politics were dominated by Robert La Follette and his sons, originally of the Republican Party, but later of the revived Progressive Party. Since 1945, the state has maintained a close balance between Republicans and Democrats. Recent leading Republicans include former Governor Tommy Thompson and Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner; prominent Democrats include Senators Herb Kohl and Russ Feingold, the only Senator to vote against the Patriot Act in 2001, and Congressman David Obey.[122]

Federal elections

See also: United States presidential elections in Wisconsin
 
Wisconsin congressman Paul Ryan was the 2012 Republican Party nominee for vice-president.

In 2020, Wisconsin leaned back in the Democratic party's direction as Joe Biden won the state by an even narrower margin of 0.7%. Biden's win was largely carried by Milwaukee and Dane counties with the rural areas of the state being carried by Trump.[123]

Wisconsin has leaned Democratic in recent presidential elections, although Donald Trump managed to win the state in 2016 by a narrow margin of 0.8%. This marked the first time Wisconsin voted for a Republican presidential candidate since 1984, when every state except Minnesota and Washington D.C. went Republican. In 2012, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney chose Wisconsin Congressman Paul Ryan, a native of Janesville, as his running mate against incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. Obama nevertheless carried Wisconsin by a margin of 53% to 46%. Both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were quite close, with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising, in accord with its status as a "swing", or pivot, state. Al Gore carried the presidential vote in 2000 by 5,700 votes, and John Kerry won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11,000 votes. Barack Obama carried the state in 2008 by 381,000 votes (56%).

Republicans had a stronghold in the Fox Valley, but elected a Democrat, Steve Kagen, of Appleton, for the 8th Congressional District in 2006. However, Kagen survived only two terms and was replaced by Republican Reid Ribble in the Republican Party's sweep of Wisconsin in November 2010, the first time the Republican Party had taken back both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship in the same election. The City of Milwaukee heads the list of Wisconsin's Democratic strongholds, which also includes Madison and the state's Native American reservations. Wisconsin's largest Congressional district, the 7th, had voted Democratic since 1969. Its representative, David Obey, chaired the powerful House Appropriations Committee.[124] However, Obey retired and the once-Democratic seat was taken by Republican Sean Duffy in November 2010. The 2010 elections saw a huge Republican resurgence in Wisconsin. Republicans took control of the governor's office and both houses of the state legislature. Republican Ron Johnson defeated Democratic incumbent U.S. Senator Russ Feingold and Republicans took two previously Democratic-held House seats, creating a 5–3 Republican majority House delegation.

State elections

 
The 2011 Wisconsin Act 10 led to large protests around the state capitol building in Madison.[125]

At the statewide level, Wisconsin is competitive, with control regularly alternating between the two parties. In 2006, Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the Bush administration, and the Iraq War. The retiring GOP 8th District Congressman, Mark Green, of Green Bay, ran against the incumbent Governor Jim Doyle. Green lost by 8% statewide, making Doyle the first Democratic governor to be re-elected in 32 years. The Republicans lost control of the state Senate. Although Democrats gained eight seats in the state Assembly, Republicans retained a five-vote majority. In 2008, Democrats regained control of the State Assembly by a 52–46 margin, marking the first time since 1986 that the governor and state legislature were both Democratic.[126]

With the election of Scott Walker in 2010, Republicans won both chambers of the legislature and the governorship, the first time all three changed partisan control in the same election. His first year in office saw the introduction of the 2011 Wisconsin Act 10, which removed collective bargaining rights for state employees. On February 14, 2011, the Wisconsin State Capitol erupted with protests when the Legislature took up a bill that would end most collective bargaining rights for state employees, except for wages, to address the $3.6 billion deficit. The protests attracted tens of thousands of people each day,[when?] and garnered international attention. The Assembly passed the bill 53–42 on March 10 after the State Senate passed it the night before, and sent it to the Governor for his signature.[127] In response to the bill, enough signatures were gathered to force a recall election against Governor Walker. Tom Barrett, the mayor of Milwaukee and Walker's 2010 opponent, won the Democratic primary and faced Walker again. Walker won the election by 53% to 46% and became the first governor in United States history to retain his seat after a recall election.

Following the 2014 general election on November 4, 2014, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, State Attorney General and State Treasurer were all Republicans, while the Secretary of State was a Democrat.[128] However, Walker was defeated for a third term in 2018 by Democrat Tony Evers. Democratic U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin was also elected to a second term and Democrats won all constitutional statewide offices on the ballot including Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, and State Treasurer, the first time this happened in Wisconsin since 1982. Later however, in April 2019, conservative judge Brian Hagedorn defeated his liberal opponent Lisa Neubauer by 6,100 votes.

Economy

See also: Wisconsin locations by per capita income
 
The U.S. Bank Center in downtown Milwaukee is home to the headquarters of Foley & Lardner, Robert W. Baird & Company, Sensient Technologies Corporation, and is the Milwaukee office for U.S. Bank, IBM, and CBRE.

In 2019 Wisconsin's gross state product was $349.416 billion, making it 21st among U.S. states.[129] The economy of Wisconsin is driven by manufacturing, agriculture, and health care. The state's economic output from manufacturing was $48.9 billion in 2008, making it the tenth largest among states in manufacturing gross domestic product.[130] Manufacturing accounts for about 20% of the state's gross domestic product, a proportion that is third among all states.[131] The per capita personal income was $35,239 in 2008. In March 2017, the state's unemployment rate was 3.4% (seasonally adjusted).[132]

In quarter four of 2011, the largest employers in Wisconsin were:

  1. Wal-Mart
  2. University of Wisconsin–Madison
  3. Milwaukee Public Schools
  4. U.S. Postal Service
  5. Wisconsin Department of Corrections
  6. Menards
  7. Marshfield Clinic
  8. Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs
  9. Target Corporation, and
  10. City of Milwaukee.[133]

Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in Wisconsin
See also: Wisconsin dairy industry

Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America's cheese, leading the nation in cheese production.[134][135] It is second in milk production, after California,[136] and third in per-capita milk production, behind California and Vermont.[137] Wisconsin is second in butter production, producing about one-quarter of the nation's butter.[138] The state ranks first nationally in the production of corn for silage, cranberries[139] ginseng,[140] and snap beans for processing. It grows more than half the national crop of cranberries.[139] and 97% of the nation's ginseng.[140] Wisconsin is also a leading producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn for processing. The significance of the state's agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's state quarter design.[141] The state annually selects an "Alice in Dairyland" to promote the state's agricultural products around the world.[142]

A large part of the state's manufacturing sector includes commercial food processing, including well-known brands such as Oscar Mayer, Tombstone frozen pizza, Johnsonville brats, and Usinger's sausage. Kraft Foods alone employs more than 5,000 people in the state. Milwaukee is a major producer of beer and was formerly headquarters for Miller Brewing Company—the nation's second-largest brewer—until it merged with Coors. Formerly, Schlitz, Blatz, and Pabst were cornerstone breweries in Milwaukee.

Badger State
State Animal: Badger
State Domesticated
Animal: 		Dairy cow
State Wild Animal: White-tailed deer
State Beverage: Milk
State Dairy Product: Cheese[143]
State Fruit: Cranberry
State Bird: Robin
State Capital: Madison
State Dog: American water spaniel
State pro football team: Green Bay Packers
State pro baseball team: Milwaukee Brewers
State pro basketball team: Milwaukee Bucks
State pro hockey team: Milwaukee Admirals
State Fish: Muskellunge
State Flower: Wood violet
State Fossil: Trilobite
State Grain: Corn
State Insect: European honey bee
State Motto: Forward
State Song: "On, Wisconsin!"
State Tree: Sugar maple
State Mineral: Galena (Lead sulfide)
State Rock: Red granite
State Soil: Antigo silt loam
State Dance: Polka
State Symbol of
Peace: 		Mourning dove
State microbe Lactococcus lactis
State Pastry: Kringle

Manufacturing

Wisconsin is home to a very large and diversified manufacturing economy, with special focus on transportation and capital equipment. Major Wisconsin companies in these categories include the Kohler Company; Mercury Marine; Rockwell Automation; Johnson Controls; John Deere; Briggs & Stratton; Milwaukee Electric Tool Company; Miller Electric; Caterpillar Inc.; Joy Global; Oshkosh Corporation; Harley-Davidson; Case IH; S. C. Johnson & Son; Ashley Furniture; Ariens; and Evinrude Outboard Motors.

Consumer goods

Wisconsin is a major producer of paper, packaging, and other consumer goods. Major consumer products companies based in the state include SC Johnson & Co., and Diversey, Inc. Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of paper products; the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 miles (63 km) stretch.

The development and manufacture of health care devices and software is a growing sector of the state's economy, with key players such as GE Healthcare, Epic Systems, and TomoTherapy.

Tourism

Further information: Economy of Door County, Wisconsin
 
State welcome sign

Tourism is a major industry in Wisconsin—the state's third largest, according to the Department of Tourism. Tourist destinations such as the House on the Rock near Spring Green, Circus World Museum in Baraboo, and The Dells of the Wisconsin River draw thousands of visitors annually, and festivals such as Summerfest and the EAA Oshkosh Airshow draw international attention, along with hundreds of thousands of visitors.[144]

Given the large number of lakes and rivers in the state, water recreation is very popular. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.[145]

The distinctive Door Peninsula, which extends off the eastern coast of the state, contains one of the state's tourist destinations, Door County. Door County is a popular destination for boaters because of the large number of natural harbors, bays, and boat launches on both the Green Bay and Lake Michigan sides of the peninsula that forms the county. The area draws more than two million visitors yearly[146] to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and fish boils.[147]

Film industry

On January 1, 2008, a new tax incentive for the film industry came into effect. The first major production to take advantage was Michael Mann's Public Enemies. While the producers spent $18 million on the film, it was reported that most of it went to out-of-state workers and for out-of-state services; Wisconsin taxpayers had provided $4.6 million in subsidies, and derived only $5 million in revenues from the film's making.[148] This incentive was eliminated in 2013.[149]

Energy

See also: Focus on Energy, Wind power in Wisconsin, and Solar power in Wisconsin

Wisconsin has no production of oil, gas, or coal.[150] Its in-state electrical generation is mostly from coal. Other important electricity sources are natural gas and nuclear.[150]

The state has a mandate that ten percent of its electrical energy come from renewable sources by the end of 2015.[151] This goal has been met, but not with in-state sources. As of 2014, a third of that ten percent comes from out of state sources, mostly wind generated electricity from Minnesota and Iowa. The state has agnostic policies for developing wind power in state.[152]

Transportation

Airports

See also: List of airports in Wisconsin

Wisconsin is served by eight commercial service airports, in addition to a number of general aviation airports. Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport is the largest international commercial airport located in Wisconsin.

Intercity bus service

See also: List of intercity bus stops in Wisconsin

Wisconsin is served by multiple intercity bus operators, which provide service to 71 stops and 53 cities.

Major highways

See also: List of state trunk highways in Wisconsin

The Wisconsin Department of Transportation is responsible for planning, building and maintaining the state's highways. Eight Interstate Highways are located in the state.

Rail service

See also: List of Wisconsin railroads

Amtrak provides daily passenger rail service between Chicago and Milwaukee through the Hiawatha Service. Also provided is cross-country service via the Empire Builder with stops in several cities across Wisconsin.[153] Commuter rail provider Metra's Union Pacific North (UP-N) line has its northern terminus in Kenosha, the only Metra line and station in the state of Wisconsin.[154] The Hop, a modern streetcar system in Milwaukee, began service in 2018. The 2.1 mile (3.4 km) initial line runs from Milwaukee Intermodal Station to Burns Commons. The system is expected to be expanded in the future.

Important municipalities

Further information: List of municipalities in Wisconsin by population and Administrative divisions of Wisconsin
 
Wisconsin counties

Over 68% of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas, with the Greater Milwaukee area home to roughly one-third of the state's population.[155] With more than 590,000 residents, Milwaukee is the 30th-largest city in the country.[156] The string of cities along the western edge of Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a megalopolis.

With a population of nearly 260,000, Madison is consistently ranked as one of the most livable cities in both the state and country and is the fastest-growing city in Wisconsin.[157][158]

Medium-size cities dot the state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. As of 2011, there were 12 cities in Wisconsin with a population of 50,000 or more, accounting for 73% of the state's employment.[159]

Wisconsin has three types of municipality: cities, villages, and towns. Cities and villages are incorporated urban areas. Towns are unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties with limited self-government.

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Wisconsin
Rank Name County Pop.
 
Milwaukee
 
Madison 		1 Milwaukee Milwaukee 577,222  
Green Bay
 
Kenosha
2 Madison Dane 269,840
3 Green Bay Brown 107,395
4 Kenosha Kenosha 99,986
5 Racine Racine 77,816
6 Appleton Outagamie 75,644
7 Waukesha Waukesha 71,158
8 Eau Claire Eau Claire 69,421
9 Oshkosh Winnebago 66,816
10 Janesville Rock 65,615

Education

See also: List of colleges and universities in Wisconsin, List of high schools in Wisconsin, and List of school districts in Wisconsin

Wisconsin, along with Minnesota and Michigan, was among the Midwestern leaders in the emergent American state university movement following the Civil War in the United States. By the start of the 20th century, education in the state advocated the "Wisconsin Idea", which emphasized service to the people of the state. The "Wisconsin Idea" exemplified the Progressive movement within colleges and universities at the time.[161]

Today, public post-secondary education in Wisconsin includes both the 26-campus University of Wisconsin System, with the flagship university University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the 16-campus Wisconsin Technical College System. Private colleges and universities include Alverno College, Beloit College, Cardinal Stritch University, Carroll University, Carthage College, Concordia University Wisconsin, Edgewood College, Lakeland College, Lawrence University, Marquette University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Ripon College, St. Norbert College, Wisconsin Lutheran College, Viterbo University, and others.

Culture

 
Music stage at Summerfest, 1994
 
Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin in Spring Green

Residents of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites. The traditional prominence of references to dairy farming and cheesemaking in Wisconsin's rural economy (the state's license plates have read "America's Dairyland" since 1940)[162] have led to the nickname (sometimes used pejoratively among non-residents) of "cheeseheads", and to the creation of "cheesehead hats" made of yellow foam in the shape of a wedge of cheese.

Numerous ethnic festivals are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate the heritage of its citizens. Such festivals include Summerfest, Oktoberfest, Polish Fest, Festa Italiana, Irish Fest, Bastille Days, Syttende Mai (Norwegian Constitution Day), Brat(wurst) Days in Sheboygan, Polka Days, Cheese Days in Monroe and Mequon, African World Festival, Indian Summer, Arab Fest, Wisconsin Highland Games, and many others.[163]

Art

Music

Main article: Music of Wisconsin

Wisconsin's music festivals include Eaux Claires,[164] Country Fest, Country Jam USA, the Hodag Country Festival, Porterfield Country Music Festival, Country Thunder USA in Twin Lakes,[164] and Country USA. Milwaukee hosts Summerfest, dubbed "The World's Largest Music Festival", every year. This festival is held at the lakefront Henry Maier Festival Park just south of downtown, as are a summer-long array of ethnic musical festivals. The Wisconsin Area Music Industry provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for top Wisconsin artists.[165]

Architecture

The Milwaukee Art Museum, with its brise soleil designed by Santiago Calatrava, is known for its interesting architecture. Monona Terrace in Madison, a convention center designed by Taliesin architect Anthony Puttnam, is based on a 1930s design by Wisconsin native Frank Lloyd Wright.[166] Wright's home and studio in the 20th century was at Taliesin, south of Spring Green. Decades after Wright's death, Taliesin remains an architectural office and school for his followers.

With the immigration of northern Europeans into Wisconsin and the upper Midwest, they brought the techniques of building Log homes with them.[167]

Alcohol culture

Drinking has long been considered a significant part of Wisconsin culture, and the state ranks at or near the top of national measures of per-capita alcohol consumption, consumption of alcohol per state, and proportion of drinkers. Consumption per-capita per-event, however, ranks low among the nation; number of events (number of times alcohol is involved) is significantly higher or highest, but consumption at each event smaller, marking Wisconsin's consumption as frequent and moderate.[168] Factors such as cultural identification with the state's heritage of German immigration, the long-standing presence of major breweries in Milwaukee, and a cold climate are often associated with the prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin.

In Wisconsin, the legal drinking age is 21, except when accompanied by a parent, guardian, or spouse who is at least 21 years old. Age requirements are waived for possessing alcohol when employed by a brewer, brewpub, beer and/or liquor wholesaler, or producer of alcohol fuel. The minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21, with no exceptions.[169] The Absolute Sobriety law states that any person not of legal drinking age (currently 21) may not drive after consuming alcohol.[170]

On September 30, 2003, the state legislature, reluctant to lower a DUI offense from BAC 0.10 to 0.08, did so only as a result of federal government pressure.[171] The Wisconsin Tavern League opposes raising the alcoholic beverage tax. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel series "Wasted in Wisconsin" examined this situation.[172]

Recreation

See also: List of Wisconsin amusement parks

The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin is situated on two Great Lakes and has many inland lakes of varied size; the state contains 11,188 square miles (28,980 km2) of water, more than all but three other states—Alaska, Michigan, and Florida.[173]

Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin, especially hunting and fishing. One of the most prevalent game animals is the whitetail deer. Each year in Wisconsin, well over 600,000 deer-hunting licenses are sold.[174] In 2008, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources projected the pre-hunt deer population to be between 1.5 and 1.7 million.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Wisconsin
 
Lambeau Field in Green Bay is home to the NFL's Packers.

Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports: football, baseball, and basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green Bay, Wisconsin, is home to the National Football League's Green Bay Packers. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's second season in 1921 and hold the record for the most NFL titles, earning the city of Green Bay the nickname "Titletown USA". The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL and the only one owned by shareholders statewide. The franchise was founded by "Curly" Lambeau, who played and coached for them. The Green Bay Packers are one of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 13 NFL championships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II), Super Bowl XXXI and Super Bowl XLV. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the 81,000-person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field.[175]

 
American Family Field is the home stadium of Major League Baseball's Milwaukee Brewers.

The Milwaukee Brewers, the state's only major league baseball team, play in American Family Field in Milwaukee, the successor to Milwaukee County Stadium since 2001. In 1982, the Brewers won the American League Championship, marking their most successful season. The team switched from the American League to the National League starting with the 1998 season. Before the Brewers, Milwaukee had two prior Major League teams. The first team, also called the Brewers, played only one season in the newly founded American League in 1901 before moving to St. Louis and becoming the Browns, who are now the Baltimore Orioles. Milwaukee was also the home of the Braves franchise when they moved from Boston from 1953 to 1965, winning the World Series in 1957 and the National League pennant in 1958, before they moved to Atlanta.[176]

The Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association play home games at the Fiserv Forum. The Bucks won the NBA Championship in 1971 and 2021.[177]

The state also has minor league teams in hockey (Milwaukee Admirals) and baseball (the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, based in Appleton and the Beloit Sky Carp of the High-A minor leagues). In addition to these affiliated minor league teams, Wisconsin has the American Association of Professional Baseball 2020 Championship team, the Milwaukee Milkmen based in Franklin,[178] and in 2022 the Lake Country Dockhounds will begin playing in Oconomowoc.[179] Wisconsin is also home to the Madison Mallards, the La Crosse Loggers, the Lakeshore Chinooks, the Eau Claire Express, the Fond du Lac Dock Spiders, the Green Bay Booyah, the Kenosha Kingfish, the Wisconsin Woodchucks, and the Wisconsin Rapids Rafters of the Northwoods League, a collegiate all-star summer league. In addition to the Packers, Green Bay is also the home to an indoor football team, the Green Bay Blizzard of the IFL. The state is home to the seven-time MISL/MASL Champion Milwaukee Wave.[180]

Wisconsin is also home to Forward Madison FC, which is a professional soccer team that plays in the USL League One.

Wisconsin also has many college sports programs, including the Wisconsin Badgers, of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the Panthers of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. The Wisconsin Badgers football former head coach Barry Alvarez led the Badgers to three Rose Bowl championships, including back-to-back victories in 1999 and 2000. The Badger men's basketball team won the national title in 1941 and made trips to college basketball's Final Four in 2000, 2014, and 2015. The Badgers claimed a historic dual championship in 2006 when both the women's and men's hockey teams won national titles.

The Marquette Golden Eagles of the Big East Conference, the state's other major collegiate program, is known for its men's basketball team, which, under the direction of Al McGuire, won the NCAA National Championship in 1977. The team returned to the Final Four in 2003.

Many other schools in the University of Wisconsin system compete in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference at the Division III level. The conference is one of the most successful in the nation, claiming 107 NCAA national championships in 15 different sports as of March 30, 2015.[181]

The Semi-Professional Northern Elite Football League consists of many teams from Wisconsin. The league is made up of former professional, collegiate, and high school players. Teams from Wisconsin include: The Green Bay Gladiators from Green Bay, The Fox Valley Force in Appleton, The Kimberly Storm in Kimberly, The Central Wisconsin Spartans in Wausau, The Eau Claire Crush and the Chippewa Valley Predators from Eau Claire, and the Lake Superior Rage from Superior. The league also has teams in Michigan and Minnesota. Teams play from May until August.

Wisconsin is home to the world's oldest operational racetrack. The Milwaukee Mile, located in Wisconsin State Fair Park in West Allis, Wisconsin, held races there that considerably predate the Indy 500.[182]

Wisconsin is home to the nation's oldest operating velodrome in Kenosha where races have been held every year since 1927.[183]

Sheboygan is home to Whistling Straits golf club which has hosted PGA Championships in 2004, 2010 and 2015 and the Ryder Cup golf competition between USA and Europe in 2020.[184] The Greater Milwaukee Open, later named the U.S. Bank Championship in Milwaukee, was a PGA Tour tournament from 1968 to 2009 held annually in Brown Deer. In 2017, Erin Hills, a golf course in Erin, Wisconsin, approximately 30 miles northwest of Milwaukee, hosted the U.S. Open.[185]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

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Further reading

  • Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2005). The Almanac of American Politics, 2006. National Journal. Washington, DC. ISBN 978-0-89234-112-2.
  • Current, Richard (2001). Wisconsin: A History. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07018-1.
  • Gara, Larry (1962). A Short History of Wisconsin. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
  • Holmes, Fred L. (1946). Wisconsin. 5 vols. Chicago, IL. Detailed popular history and many biographies.
  • Nesbit, Robert C. (1989). Wisconsin: A History (Rev. ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10800-7.
  • Pearce, Neil (1980). The Great Lakes States of America. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05619-8.
  • Quaife, Milo M. (1924). Wisconsin, Its History and Its People, 1634–1924. 4 vols. Detailed popular history & biographies.
  • Raney, William Francis (1940). Wisconsin: A Story of Progress. New York: Prentice-Hall.
  • Robinson, Arthur H.; Culver, J. B., eds. (1974). The Atlas of Wisconsin.
  • Sisson, Richard, ed. (2006). The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34886-9.
  • Tuttle, Charles R (1875), An Illustrated History of the State of Wisconsin: Being a Complete Civil, Political, and Military History of the State from its First Exploration down to 1875, Madison, WI: B. B. Russell.
  • Van Ells, Mark D. (2009). Wisconsin [On-The-Road Histories]. Northampton, MA: Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1-56656-673-5.
  • Vogeler, I. (1986). Wisconsin: A Geography. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-86531-492-4.
  • Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild (2002). Wisconsin's Past and Present: A Historical Atlas.
  • Works Progress Administration (1941). Wisconsin: A Guide to the Badger State. Detailed guide to every town and city, and cultural history.
See additional books at History of Wisconsin

External links

  • Official website
  • (PDF). National Atlas (map). United States Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 12, 2019. (Archived December 12, 2019)
  • . State of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • "Wisconsin State Legislature".
  • "Court System". Wisconsin. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • "Wisconsin State Facts". USDA. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • La Crosse Medical Health Science Consortium
  • Wisconsin Historical Society
  • The State of Wisconsin Collection from the UW Digital Collections Center
  • Wisconsin Department of Tourism
  • , Travel Information, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, archived from the original on August 8, 2011, retrieved July 31, 2011.
  •   Geographic data related to Wisconsin at OpenStreetMap
  • Wisconsin at Curlie
  • Wisconsin (Maps), The American Geographical Society Library.
Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on May 29, 1848 (30th) 		Succeeded by

Coordinates: 44°N 90°W / 44°N 90°W / 44; -90 (State of Wisconsin)

January 18, 2023
wisconsin, this, article, about, state, other, uses, disambiguation, badger, state, redirects, here, other, uses, badger, state, disambiguation, listen, state, upper, midwestern, united, states, 25th, largest, state, total, area, 20th, most, populous, bordered. This article is about the U S state For other uses see Wisconsin disambiguation Badger State redirects here For other uses see Badger State disambiguation Wisconsin w ɪ ˈ s k ɒ n s ɪ n listen is a state in the upper Midwestern United States Wisconsin is the 25th largest state by total area and the 20th most populous It is bordered by Minnesota to the west Iowa to the southwest Illinois to the south Lake Michigan to the east Michigan to the northeast and Lake Superior to the north WisconsinStateFlagSealNickname s Badger State America s Dairyland 1 2 3 4 5 Motto ForwardAnthem On Wisconsin source source Map of the United States with Wisconsin highlightedCountryUnited StatesBefore statehoodWisconsin TerritoryAdmitted to the UnionMay 29 1848 30th CapitalMadisonLargest cityMilwaukeeLargest metro and urban areasMilwaukeeGovernment GovernorTony Evers D Lieutenant GovernorSara Rodriguez D LegislatureWisconsin Legislature Upper houseSenate Lower houseAssemblyJudiciaryWisconsin Supreme CourtU S senatorsRon Johnson R Tammy Baldwin D U S House delegation6 Republicans 2 Democrats list Area Total65 498 37 sq mi 169 640 0 km2 Land54 153 1 sq mi 140 256 km2 Rank25th 6 Dimensions Length311 mi 507 km Width260 mi 427 km Elevation1 050 ft 320 m Highest elevation Timms Hill 7 8 1 951 ft 595 m Lowest elevation Lake Michigan 7 8 579 ft 176 m Population 2020 Total5 893 718 9 Rank20th Density108 8 sq mi 42 0 km2 Rank27th 10 Median household income 64 168 6 Income rank21stDemonymsWisconsinite Cheesehead colloquial Language Official languageNone Spoken languageEnglish 91 32 Spanish 4 64 Other 8 68 11 Time zoneUTC 06 00 Central Summer DST UTC 05 00 CDT USPS abbreviationWIISO 3166 codeUS WITraditional abbreviationWis Wisc Latitude42 30 N to 47 05 NLongitude86 46 W to 92 54 WWebsitewww wbr wisconsin wbr gov The template below Infobox U S state symbols is being considered for merging See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus Wisconsin state symbolsFlag of WisconsinLiving insigniaBirdAmerican robinTurdus migratoriusFishMuskellungeEsox masquinongyFlowerWood violetViola sororiaInsectWestern honey beeApis melliferaTreeSugar mapleAcer saccharumInanimate insigniaBeverageMilkDancePolkaFoodCornZea maysFossilTrilobiteCalymene celebraMineralGalenaRockRed graniteSloganAmerica s Dairyland 12 SoilAntigo silt loamTartanWisconsin tartanState route markerState quarterReleased in 2004Lists of United States state symbolsThe bulk of Wisconsin s population live in areas situated along the shores of Lake Michigan The largest city Milwaukee anchors its largest metropolitan area followed by Green Bay and Kenosha the third and fourth most populated Wisconsin cities respectively The state capital Madison is currently the second most populated and fastest growing city in the state 13 Wisconsin is divided into 72 counties and as of the 2020 census had a population of nearly 5 9 million 14 Wisconsin s geography is diverse having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupy the western part of the state with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan Wisconsin is third to Ontario and Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline The northern portion of the state is home to the Chequamegon Nicolet National Forest At the time of European contact the area was inhabited by Algonquian and Siouan nations and today is home to eleven federally recognized tribes 15 During the 19th and early 20th centuries many European settlers entered the state most of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia 16 17 Wisconsin remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture 18 particularly in respect to its cuisine with foods such as bratwurst and kringle Wisconsin is home to one UNESCO World Heritage Site comprising two of the most significant buildings designed by Wisconsin born architect Frank Lloyd Wright his studio at Taliesin near Spring Green and his Jacobs I House in Madison 19 The state is one of the nation s leading dairy producers and is known as America s Dairyland it is particularly famous for its cheese 20 21 The state is also famous for its beer particularly and historically in Milwaukee most notably as the headquarters of the Miller Brewing Company Wisconsin has some of the most permissive alcohol laws in the country and is well known for its drinking culture 22 23 Its economy is dominated by manufacturing healthcare information technology and agriculture specifically dairy cranberries and ginseng 24 Tourism is also a major contributor to the state s economy 25 The gross domestic product in 2020 was 348 billion 26 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 2 European settlements 2 3 U S territory 2 4 Statehood 2 5 Civil War 2 6 Economic progress 2 7 20th century 2 8 21st century 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 4 Demographics 4 1 Population 4 2 Religion 4 3 Crime 5 Government 5 1 Executive 5 2 Legislative 5 3 Judicial 5 4 Federal 5 5 Taxes 5 6 International relations 6 Politics 6 1 Federal elections 6 2 State elections 7 Economy 7 1 Agriculture 7 2 Manufacturing 7 3 Consumer goods 7 4 Tourism 7 5 Film industry 7 6 Energy 8 Transportation 8 1 Airports 8 2 Intercity bus service 8 3 Major highways 8 4 Rail service 9 Important municipalities 10 Education 11 Culture 11 1 Art 11 1 1 Music 11 1 2 Architecture 11 2 Alcohol culture 12 Recreation 13 Sports 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External linksEtymologyThe word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact 27 French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing likely ᒣᔅᑯᐤᓯᣙ meskowsin in his journal 28 Subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in large numbers during the early 19th century The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845 29 The Algonquian word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure While interpretations vary most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks One leading theory holds that the name originated from the Miami word Meskonsing meaning it lies red a reference to the setting of the Wisconsin River as it flows through the reddish sandstone of the Wisconsin Dells 30 Other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place where the waters gather or great rock 31 HistoryMain article History of Wisconsin Early history Wisconsin in 1718 Guillaume de L Isle map with the approximate state area highlighted Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures over the past 14 000 years The first people arrived around 10 000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation These early inhabitants called Paleo Indians hunted now extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin 32 After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting fishing and gathering food from wild plants Agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE Toward the end of this period Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture which built thousands of animal shaped mounds across the landscape 33 Later between 1000 and 1500 CE the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the fortified village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin 34 The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho Chunk nations who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact 35 Other Native American groups living in Wisconsin when Europeans first settled included the Ojibwa Sauk Fox Kickapoo and Pottawatomie who migrated to Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and 1700 36 European settlements Main articles New France Canada New France French and Indian War Treaty of Paris 1763 Province of Quebec 1763 1791 and Indian Reserve 1763 Jean Nicolet depicted in a 1910 painting by Frank Rohrbeck was probably the first European to explore Wisconsin The mural is located in the Brown County Courthouse in Green Bay The first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634 and it is traditionally assumed that he came ashore near Green Bay at Red Banks 37 Pierre Radisson and Medard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654 1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659 1660 where they traded for fur with local Native Americans 38 In 1673 Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien 39 Frenchmen like Nicholas Perrot continued to ply the fur trade across Wisconsin through the 17th and 18th centuries but the French made no permanent settlements in Wisconsin before Great Britain won control of the region following the French and Indian War in 1763 Even so French traders continued to work in the region after the war and some beginning with Charles de Langlade in 1764 settled in Wisconsin permanently rather than returning to British controlled Canada 40 French Canadian voyageur Joseph Roi built the Tank Cottage in Green Bay in 1776 Located in Heritage Hill State Historical Park it is the oldest standing building from Wisconsin s early years and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places 41 The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War taking control of Green Bay in 1761 and gaining control of all of Wisconsin in 1763 Like the French the British were interested in little but the fur trade One notable event in the fur trading industry in Wisconsin occurred in 1791 when two free African Americans set up a fur trading post among the Menominee at present day Marinette The first permanent settlers mostly French Canadians some Anglo New Englanders and a few African American freedmen arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control Charles de Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler establishing a trading post at Green Bay in 1745 and moving there permanently in 1764 40 Settlement began at Prairie du Chien around 1781 The French residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay referred to the town as La Baye However British fur traders referred to it as Green Bay because the water and the shore assumed green tints in early spring The old French title was gradually dropped and the British name of Green Bay eventually stuck The region coming under British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders whereas the British in an effort to make as much money as possible from the region issued licenses for fur trading freely both to British and to French residents The fur trade in what is now Wisconsin reached its height under British rule and the first self sustaining farms in the state were established as well From 1763 to 1780 Green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities 42 U S territory Main articles American Revolutionary War Treaty of Paris 1783 Northwest Ordinance Northwest Territory Indiana Territory Illinois Territory Michigan Territory Organic act List of organic acts and Wisconsin Territory Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the United States in 1783 after the American Revolutionary War In 1787 it became part of the Northwest Territory As territorial boundaries subsequently developed it was then part of Indiana Territory from 1800 to 1809 Illinois Territory from 1809 to 1818 and Michigan Territory from 1818 to 1836 However the British remained in control until after the War of 1812 the outcome of which finally established an American presence in the area 43 Under American control the economy of the territory shifted from fur trading to lead mining The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from throughout the U S and Europe to the lead deposits located at Mineral Point Dodgeville and nearby areas Some miners found shelter in the holes they had dug and earned the nickname badgers leading to Wisconsin s identity as the Badger State 44 The sudden influx of white miners prompted tension with the local Native American population The Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832 culminated in the forced removal of Native Americans from most parts of the state 45 Following these conflicts Wisconsin Territory was created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20 1836 By fall of that year the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding what is now Milwaukee were occupied by farmers from the New England states 46 Statehood Main articles Admission to the Union and List of U S states by date of admission to the Union The Erie Canal facilitated the travel of both Yankee settlers and European immigrants to Wisconsin Territory Yankees from New England and upstate New York seized a dominant position in law and politics enacting policies that marginalized the region s earlier Native American and French Canadian residents 47 Yankees also speculated in real estate platted towns such as Racine Beloit Burlington and Janesville and established schools civic institutions and Congregationalist churches 48 49 50 At the same time many Germans Irish Norwegians and other immigrants also settled in towns and farms across the territory establishing Catholic and Lutheran institutions The growing population allowed Wisconsin to gain statehood on May 29 1848 as the 30th state Between 1840 and 1850 Wisconsin s non Indian population had swollen from 31 000 to 305 000 More than a third of residents 110 500 were foreign born including 38 000 Germans 28 000 British immigrants from England Scotland and Wales and 21 000 Irish Another third 103 000 were Yankees from New England and western New York state Only about 63 000 residents in 1850 had been born in Wisconsin 51 Nelson Dewey the first governor of Wisconsin was a Democrat Dewey oversaw the transition from the territorial to the new state government 52 He encouraged the development of the state s infrastructure particularly the construction of new roads railroads canals and harbors as well as the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers 52 During his administration the State Board of Public Works was organized 52 Dewey an abolitionist was the first of many Wisconsin governors to advocate against the spread of slavery into new states and territories 52 Further information Pioneer Women in Wisconsin Civil War Main article Wisconsin in the American Civil War The Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon Wisconsin held the nation s first meeting of the Republican Party The Wisconsin 8th Volunteer Eagle Regiment with Old Abe Politics in early Wisconsin were defined by the greater national debate over slavery A free state from its foundation Wisconsin became a center of northern abolitionism The debate became especially intense in 1854 after Joshua Glover a runaway slave from Missouri was captured in Racine Glover was taken into custody under the Federal Fugitive Slave Law but a mob of abolitionists stormed the prison where Glover was held and helped him escape to Canada In a trial stemming from the incident the Wisconsin Supreme Court ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional 53 The Republican Party founded on March 20 1854 by anti slavery expansion activists in Ripon Wisconsin grew to dominate state politics in the aftermath of these events 54 During the Civil War around 91 000 troops from Wisconsin fought for the Union 55 Economic progress Drawing of Industrial Milwaukee in 1882 Wisconsin s economy also diversified during the early years of statehood While lead mining diminished agriculture became a principal occupation in the southern half of the state Railroads were built across the state to help transport grains to market and industries like J I Case amp Company in Racine were founded to build agricultural equipment Wisconsin briefly became one of the nation s leading producers of wheat during the 1860s 56 Meanwhile the lumber industry dominated in the heavily forested northern sections of Wisconsin and sawmills sprang up in cities like La Crosse Eau Claire and Wausau These economic activities had dire environmental consequences By the close of the 19th century intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility and lumbering had deforested most of the state 57 These conditions forced both wheat agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline The Daniel E Krause Stone Barn in Chase was built in 1903 as dairy farming spread across the state Beginning in the 1890s farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairy production in order to make more sustainable and profitable use of their land Many immigrants carried cheese making traditions that combined with the state s suitable geography and dairy research led by Stephen Babcock at the University of Wisconsin helped the state build a reputation as America s Dairyland 58 Meanwhile conservationists including Aldo Leopold helped re establish the state s forests during the early 20th century 59 paving the way for a more renewable lumber and paper milling industry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northern woodlands Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early 20th century driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving from Europe Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and food processing to heavy machine production and tool making leading Wisconsin to rank 8th among U S states in total product value by 1910 60 20th century Wisconsin Governor Robert La Follette addresses an assembly 1905 The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of progressive politics championed by Robert M La Follette Between 1901 and 1914 Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation s first comprehensive statewide primary election system 61 the first effective workplace injury compensation law 62 and the first state income tax 63 making taxation proportional to actual earnings The progressive Wisconsin Idea also promoted the statewide expansion of the University of Wisconsin through the UW Extension system at this time 64 Later UW economics professors John R Commons and Harold Groves helped Wisconsin create the first unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932 65 In the immediate aftermath of World War II citizens of Wisconsin were divided over issues such as creation of the United Nations support for the European recovery and the growth of the Soviet Union s power However when Europe divided into Communist and capitalist camps and the Communist revolution in China succeeded in 1949 public opinion began to move towards support for the protection of democracy and capitalism against Communist expansion 66 Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th century ranging from the anti communist crusades of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW Madison that culminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in August 1970 The state undertook welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson during the 1990s 67 The state s economy also underwent further transformations towards the close of the 20th century as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a service economy based on medicine education agribusiness and tourism Two U S Navy battleships BB 9 and BB 64 were named for the state Wisconsin from an altitude of 206 nautical miles 237 statute miles 382 km at 7 43 39 AM CDT on March 11 2012 during Expedition 30 of the International Space Station 21st century This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas incidents or controversies Please help to create a more balanced presentation Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message October 2019 In 2011 Wisconsin became the focus of some controversy when newly elected governor Scott Walker proposed passed and enacted the 2011 Wisconsin Act 10 which made large changes in the areas of collective bargaining compensation retirement health insurance and sick leave of public sector employees among other changes 68 A series of major protests by union supporters took place that year in response to the changes and Walker survived a recall election held the next year becoming the first governor in United States history to do so 69 Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance such as a right to work law 70 abortion restrictions 71 and legislation removing certain gun controls 72 73 74 GeographyMain article Geography of Wisconsin Wisconsin is divided into five geographic regions The Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin is characterized by bluffs carved in sedimentary rock by water from melting Ice Age glaciers Timms Hill is the highest natural point in Wisconsin at 1 951 5 ft 594 8 m it is located in the Town of Hill Price County Wisconsin is bordered by the Montreal River Lake Superior and Michigan to the north by Lake Michigan to the east by Illinois to the south and by Iowa to the southwest and Minnesota to the northwest A border dispute with Michigan was settled by two cases both Wisconsin v Michigan in 1934 and 1935 The state s boundaries include the Mississippi River and St Croix River in the west and the Menominee River in the northeast With its location between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features The state is divided into five distinct regions In the north the Lake Superior Lowland occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior Just to the south the Northern Highland has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including the 1 500 000 acres 6 100 km2 Chequamegon Nicolet National Forest as well as thousands of glacial lakes and the state s highest point Timms Hill In the middle of the state the Central Plain has some unique sandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin s largest cities The ridges include the Niagara Escarpment that stretches from New York the Black River Escarpment and the Magnesian Escarpment 75 76 77 In the southwest the Western Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland including many bluffs on the Mississippi River This region is part of the Driftless Area which also includes portions of Iowa Illinois and Minnesota This area was not covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age the Wisconsin Glaciation Overall 46 of Wisconsin s land area is covered by forest Langlade County has a soil rarely found outside of the county called Antigo silt loam 78 Wisconsin has sister state relationships with Germany s Hesse Japan s Chiba Prefecture Mexico s Jalisco China s Heilongjiang and Nicaragua 79 Climate Further information Climate change in Wisconsin Koppen climate types of Wisconsin Most of Wisconsin is classified as warm summer humid continental climate Koppen Dfb while southern and southwestern portions are classified as hot summer humid continental climate Koppen Dfa The highest temperature ever recorded in the state was in the Wisconsin Dells on July 13 1936 where it reached 114 F 46 C The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the village of Couderay where it reached 55 F 48 C on both February 2 and 4 1996 Wisconsin also receives a large amount of regular snowfall averaging around 40 inches 100 cm in the southern portions with up to 160 inches 410 cm annually in the Lake Superior snowbelt each year 80 Monthly normal high and low temperatures for selected Wisconsin cities F C City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecGreen Bay 25 10 4 12 29 13 2 11 40 23 5 5 55 35 13 1 67 45 19 7 76 55 25 13 81 59 27 15 79 58 26 14 71 49 22 10 58 38 14 4 43 28 6 2 30 15 1 9 Hurley 19 0 7 18 26 4 4 16 36 16 2 9 49 29 9 2 65 41 18 5 73 50 23 10 76 56 25 13 75 54 24 12 65 46 18 8 53 35 12 2 36 22 2 6 24 8 5 14 La Crosse 26 6 3 14 32 13 0 11 45 24 7 4 60 37 16 3 72 49 22 9 81 58 27 14 85 63 29 17 82 61 28 16 74 52 23 11 61 40 16 4 44 27 7 3 30 14 1 10 Madison 27 11 3 12 32 15 0 9 44 25 7 4 58 36 14 2 69 46 21 8 79 56 26 13 82 61 28 16 80 59 27 15 73 50 23 10 60 39 15 3 45 28 7 2 31 16 1 9 Milwaukee 29 16 2 9 33 19 0 7 42 28 6 2 54 37 12 3 65 47 18 8 75 57 24 14 80 64 27 18 79 63 26 17 71 55 22 13 59 43 15 6 46 32 8 0 33 20 0 7 Superior 81 21 2 6 17 26 6 3 14 35 17 2 8 46 29 8 2 56 38 13 3 66 47 19 8 75 56 24 13 74 57 23 14 65 47 18 8 52 36 11 2 38 23 3 5 25 9 4 13 Climate data for Wisconsin normals 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 66 19 69 21 89 32 97 36 109 43 106 41 114 46 108 42 104 40 95 35 84 29 70 21 114 46 Average high F C 23 9 4 5 29 2 1 6 40 6 4 8 55 5 13 1 67 3 19 6 76 3 24 6 80 4 26 9 78 2 25 7 69 8 21 0 56 9 13 8 41 2 5 1 27 5 2 5 52 9 11 6 Daily mean F C 15 0 9 4 19 6 6 9 30 5 0 8 44 0 6 7 55 3 12 9 64 7 18 2 69 1 20 6 67 1 19 5 58 7 14 8 46 5 8 1 33 1 0 6 19 4 7 0 43 6 6 4 Average low F C 3 7 15 7 6 3 14 3 18 3 7 6 31 6 0 2 42 6 5 9 52 4 11 3 57 2 14 0 55 0 12 8 47 1 8 4 36 2 2 3 23 7 4 6 10 6 11 9 31 8 0 1 Record low F C 54 48 55 48 48 44 20 29 7 14 20 7 27 3 22 6 10 12 7 22 34 37 52 47 55 48 Average precipitation inches mm 1 15 29 1 03 26 1 80 46 2 63 67 3 54 90 4 17 106 3 79 96 3 78 96 3 75 95 2 38 60 2 00 51 1 27 32 31 29 794 Average snowfall inches cm 11 4 29 9 5 24 8 7 22 3 2 8 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 4 9 12 10 2 26 48 7 124 Source Wisconsin State Climatology Office DemographicsPopulation Historical populationCensus Pop 18201 444 18303 635151 7 184030 945751 3 1850305 391886 9 1860775 881154 1 18701 054 67035 9 18801 315 45724 7 18901 693 33028 7 19002 069 04222 2 19102 333 86012 8 19202 632 06712 8 19302 939 00611 7 19403 137 5876 8 19503 434 5759 5 19603 951 77715 1 19704 417 73111 8 19804 705 7676 5 19904 891 7694 0 20005 363 6759 6 20105 686 9866 0 20205 893 7183 6 Source 1910 2020 82 Wisconsin 2020 Population Density Map Racial Ethnic Makeup of Wisconsin treating Hispanics as a Separate Category 2017 83 White Non Hispanic 81 21 Black Non Hispanic 6 25 Native American Non Hispanic 0 77 Asian Non Hispanic 2 74 Pacific Islander Non Hispanic 0 06 Other Non Hispanic 0 16 Two or more races Non Hispanic 1 95 Hispanic Any Race 6 86 The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wisconsin was 5 822 434 on July 1 2019 a 2 4 increase since the 2010 United States census 84 This includes a natural increase since the last census of 150 659 people i e 614 771 births minus 464 112 deaths and a decrease due to net migration of 12 755 people Immigration resulted in a net increase of 59 251 people and migration from within the U S resulted in a net decrease of 72 006 people 85 Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census Race and Ethnicity 86 Alone TotalWhite non Hispanic 78 6 78 6 81 9 81 9 Hispanic or Latino a 7 6 7 6 African American non Hispanic 6 2 6 2 7 3 7 3 Asian 3 0 3 3 6 3 6 Native American 0 8 0 8 2 0 2 Pacific Islander 0 03 0 03 0 1 0 1 Other 0 3 0 3 1 1 1 1 Wisconsin historical population by race Racial composition 1990 87 2000 88 2010 89 2020 90 White 92 2 88 9 86 2 80 4 Black 5 0 5 7 6 3 6 4 Asian 1 1 1 7 2 3 3 0 Native 0 8 0 9 1 0 1 0 Native Hawaiian andother Pacific Islander Other race 0 9 1 6 2 4 3 1 Two or more races 1 3 1 8 6 1 According to the 2016 American Community Survey 6 5 of Wisconsin s population were of Hispanic or Latino origin of any race Mexican 4 7 Puerto Rican 0 9 Cuban 0 1 and other Hispanic or Latino origin 0 7 91 The five largest ancestry groups were German 40 5 Irish 10 8 Polish 8 8 Norwegian 7 7 and English 5 7 92 German is the most common ancestry in every county in the state except Menominee Trempealeau and Vernon 93 Wisconsin has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state 94 Since its founding Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous Following the period of French fur traders the next wave of settlers were miners many of whom were Cornish who settled the southwestern area of the state The next wave was dominated by Yankees migrants of English descent from New England and upstate New York in the early years of statehood they dominated the state s heavy industry finance politics and education Between 1850 and 1900 the immigrants were mostly Germans Scandinavians the largest group being Norwegian Irish and Poles In the 20th century a number of African Americans and Mexicans settled in Milwaukee and after the end of the Vietnam War came an influx of Hmongs The various ethnic groups settled in different areas of the state Although German immigrants settled throughout the state the largest concentration was in Milwaukee Norwegian immigrants settled in lumbering and farming areas in the north and west Irish Italian and Polish immigrants settled primarily in urban areas 95 Menominee County is the only county in the eastern United States with a Native American majority African Americans came to Milwaukee especially from 1940 on 86 of Wisconsin s African American population live in four cities Milwaukee Racine Beloit Kenosha with Milwaukee home to nearly three fourths of the state s black Americans In the Great Lakes region only Detroit and Cleveland have a higher percentage of African American residents citation needed 33 of Wisconsin s Asian population is Hmong with significant communities in Milwaukee Wausau Green Bay Sheboygan Appleton Madison La Crosse Eau Claire Oshkosh and Manitowoc 96 Of the residents of Wisconsin 71 7 were born in Wisconsin 23 0 were born in a different US state 0 7 were born in Puerto Rico U S Island areas or born abroad to American parent s and 4 6 were foreign born 97 Birth data Map of counties in Wisconsin by racial plurality per the 2020 U S censusLegend Non Hispanic White 40 50 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 Native American 80 90 Note Births in table add to over 100 because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race giving a higher overall number Live births by single race or ethnicity of mother Race 2013 98 2014 99 2015 100 2016 101 2017 102 2018 103 2019 104 2020 105 White 55 485 83 2 55 520 82 7 55 350 82 6 gt non Hispanic White 49 357 74 0 49 440 73 6 49 024 73 1 47 994 72 0 46 309 71 3 45 654 71 2 44 784 70 8 42 715 70 5 Black 6 956 10 4 7 328 10 9 7 386 11 0 6 569 9 9 6 864 10 6 6 622 10 3 6 859 10 8 6 429 10 6 Asian 3 197 4 8 3 333 5 0 3 276 4 9 3 220 4 8 3 017 4 6 3 155 4 9 2 942 4 6 2 870 4 7 American Indian 1 011 1 5 980 1 5 1 029 1 5 689 1 0 745 1 1 707 1 1 664 1 0 573 0 9 Hispanic of any race 6 398 9 6 6 375 9 5 6 604 9 9 6 504 9 8 6 368 9 8 6 365 9 9 6 463 10 2 6 438 10 6 Total Wisconsin 66 649 100 67 161 100 67 041 100 66 615 100 64 975 100 64 098 100 63 270 100 60 594 100 Since 2016 data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected but included in one Hispanic group persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race Religion Religion in Wisconsin 2014 106 religion percentProtestant 44 Catholic 25 Unaffiliated 25 Jewish 1 Eastern Orthodox 1 Jehovah s Witness 1 Islam 1 Other faith 1 The percentage of Wisconsin residents who belong to various affiliations as of 2014 were 107 Christian 81 Protestant 50 Roman Catholic 29 Mormon 0 5 Jewish 0 5 Muslim 0 5 Buddhist 0 5 Hindu 0 5 and unaffiliated 15 Christianity is the predominant religion of Wisconsin As of 2008 the three largest denominational groups in Wisconsin were Catholic Evangelical Protestant and Mainline Protestant 108 As of 2010 the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents in Wisconsin at 1 425 523 followed by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 414 326 members and the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod with 223 279 adherents 109 The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod the synod with the fourth highest numbers of adherents in Wisconsin has their headquarters in Waukesha Wisconsin 110 Crime Main article Crime in Wisconsin Statewide FBI Crime statistics for 2009 include 144 murders non negligent manslaughter 1 108 rapes 4 850 robberies 8 431 aggravated assaults and 147 486 property crimes 111 Wisconsin also publishes its own statistics through the Bureau of Justice Information and Analysis 112 The state reported 14 603 violent crimes in 2009 with a clearance rate solved of 50 113 The state reported 4 633 sexual assaults in 2009 with an overall clearance rate for sexual assaults of 57 Government The Wisconsin State Capitol is located on the isthmus between Lake Mendota and Lake Monona in the city of Madison Wisconsin s Constitution outlines the structure and function of state government which is organized into three branches executive legislative and judicial The Wisconsin Blue Book is the primary published reference about the government and politics of the state Re published every two years copies are available from state legislators In a 2020 study Wisconsin was ranked as the 25th easiest state for citizens to vote in 114 Executive Executive seal of Wisconsin The executive branch is headed by the governor The current governor Tony Evers assumed office on January 7 2019 In addition to the governor the executive branch includes five other elected constitutional officers Lieutenant Governor Secretary of State Attorney General Treasurer and State Superintendent of Public Instruction Four members of the Wisconsin executive branch are Democrats The Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin is a non partisan position Legislative The Wisconsin State Legislature is Wisconsin s legislative branch The Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Assembly and the Senate The Senate Chamber of the Wisconsin State Capitol Judicial Wisconsin s court system has four levels municipal courts circuit courts the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court Municipal courts typically handle cases involving local ordinance matters The circuit courts are Wisconsin s trial courts they have original jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases within the state Challenges to circuit court rulings are heard by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals consisting of sixteen judges who typically sit in three judge panels As the state s highest appellate court the Wisconsin Supreme Court may hear both appeals from lower courts and original actions In addition to deciding cases the Supreme Court is responsible for administering the state s court system and regulating the practice of law in Wisconsin 115 Federal In the United States Senate Wisconsin is represented by Ron Johnson and Tammy Baldwin Wisconsin is divided into eight congressional districts Taxes Wisconsin Budget 2021 Main articles Sales taxes in the United States Property tax in the United States and State income tax Wisconsin collects personal income taxes based on five income brackets which range from 4 to 7 65 The state sales and use tax rate is 5 0 Fifty nine counties have an additional sales use tax of 0 5 116 Milwaukee County and four surrounding counties have an additional temporary 0 1 tax that helps fund the Miller Park baseball stadium which was completed in 2001 The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real property tax or their residential property tax Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles but does levy an annual registration fee Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin s local governments as well as major methods of funding school districts vocational technical colleges special purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state except for agricultural land In order to provide property tax relief for farmers the value of agricultural land is determined by its value for agricultural uses rather than for its possible development value Equalized values are used to distribute state aid payments to counties municipalities and technical colleges Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities Wisconsin does not assess a tax on intangible property Wisconsin does not collect inheritance taxes Until January 1 2008 Wisconsin s estate tax was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws therefore the state imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates 117 There are no toll roads in Wisconsin highway construction and maintenance are funded in part by motor fuel tax revenues and the remaining balance is drawn from the State General Fund Non highway road construction and maintenance are funded by local governments municipalities or counties International relations A Mexican consulate opened in Milwaukee on July 1 2016 118 Wisconsin has had a diplomatic relationship with the Japanese prefecture of Chiba since 1990 79 PoliticsSee also Political party strength in Wisconsin and Recall elections in Wisconsin It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Politics of Wisconsin Discuss September 2020 This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Wisconsin news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message United States presidential election results for Wisconsin 119 Year Republican Whig Democratic Third partyNo No No 2020 1 610 184 48 82 1 630 866 49 45 56 991 1 73 2016 1 405 284 47 22 1 382 536 46 45 188 330 6 33 2012 1 407 966 45 89 1 620 985 52 83 39 483 1 29 2008 1 262 393 42 31 1 677 211 56 22 43 813 1 47 2004 1 478 120 49 32 1 489 504 49 70 29 383 0 98 2000 1 237 279 47 61 1 242 987 47 83 118 341 4 55 1996 845 029 38 48 1 071 971 48 81 279 169 12 71 1992 930 855 36 78 1 041 066 41 13 559 193 22 09 1988 1 047 499 47 80 1 126 794 51 41 17 315 0 79 1984 1 198 800 54 19 995 847 45 02 17 369 0 79 1980 1 088 845 47 90 981 584 43 18 202 792 8 92 1976 1 004 987 47 83 1 040 232 49 50 56 117 2 67 1972 989 430 53 40 810 174 43 72 53 286 2 88 1968 809 997 47 89 748 804 44 27 132 737 7 85 1964 638 495 37 74 1 050 424 62 09 2 896 0 17 1960 895 175 51 77 830 805 48 05 3 102 0 18 1956 954 844 61 58 586 768 37 84 8 946 0 58 1952 979 744 60 95 622 175 38 71 5 451 0 34 1948 590 959 46 28 647 310 50 70 38 531 3 02 1944 674 532 50 37 650 413 48 57 14 207 1 06 1940 679 206 48 32 704 821 50 15 21 495 1 53 1936 380 828 30 26 802 984 63 80 74 748 5 94 1932 347 741 31 19 707 410 63 46 59 657 5 35 1928 544 205 53 52 450 259 44 28 22 367 2 20 1924 311 614 37 06 68 115 8 10 461 097 54 84 1920 498 576 71 10 113 422 16 17 89 282 12 73 1916 220 822 49 39 191 363 42 80 34 949 7 82 1912 130 596 32 65 164 230 41 06 105 149 26 29 1908 247 747 54 52 166 662 36 67 40 032 8 81 1904 280 315 63 21 124 205 28 01 38 921 8 78 1900 265 760 60 06 159 163 35 97 17 578 3 97 1896 268 135 59 93 165 523 37 00 13 751 3 07 1892 171 101 46 05 177 325 47 72 23 155 6 23 1888 176 553 49 79 155 232 43 77 22 829 6 44 1884 161 135 50 38 146 453 45 79 12 247 3 83 1880 144 398 54 04 114 644 42 91 8 145 3 05 1876 130 067 50 57 123 926 48 19 3 184 1 24 1872 104 994 54 60 86 477 44 97 834 0 43 1868 108 900 56 25 84 703 43 75 0 0 00 1864 83 458 55 88 65 884 44 12 0 0 00 1860 86 113 56 59 65 021 42 73 1 049 0 69 1856 66 090 55 30 52 843 44 22 579 0 48 1852 22 210 34 34 33 658 52 04 8 814 13 63 1848 13 747 35 10 15 001 38 30 10 418 26 60 During the Civil War Wisconsin was a Republican state in fact it is the state that gave birth to the Republican Party although ethno religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the coalition The Bennett Law campaign of 1890 dealt with foreign language teaching in schools Many Germans switched to the Democratic Party because of the Republican Party s support of the law 120 Wisconsin s political history encompasses on the one hand Fighting Bob La Follette and the Progressive movement and on the other the Republican and anti Communist Joe McCarthy From the early 20th century the Socialist Party of America had a base in Milwaukee The phenomenon was referred to as sewer socialism because the elected officials were more concerned with public works and reform than with revolution although revolutionary socialism existed in the city as well Its influence faded in the late 1950s largely because of the red scare and racial tensions 121 The first Socialist mayor of a large city in the United States was Emil Seidel elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910 another Socialist Daniel Hoan was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940 and a third Frank P Zeidler from 1948 to 1960 Succeeding Frank Zeidler the last of Milwaukee s Socialist mayors Henry Maier a former Wisconsin State Senator and member of the Democratic Party was elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1960 Maier remained in office for 28 years the longest serving mayor in Milwaukee history Socialist newspaper editor Victor Berger was repeatedly elected as a U S Representative although he was prevented from serving for some time because of his opposition to the First World War Through the first half of the 20th century Wisconsin s politics were dominated by Robert La Follette and his sons originally of the Republican Party but later of the revived Progressive Party Since 1945 the state has maintained a close balance between Republicans and Democrats Recent leading Republicans include former Governor Tommy Thompson and Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner prominent Democrats include Senators Herb Kohl and Russ Feingold the only Senator to vote against the Patriot Act in 2001 and Congressman David Obey 122 Federal elections See also United States presidential elections in Wisconsin Wisconsin congressman Paul Ryan was the 2012 Republican Party nominee for vice president In 2020 Wisconsin leaned back in the Democratic party s direction as Joe Biden won the state by an even narrower margin of 0 7 Biden s win was largely carried by Milwaukee and Dane counties with the rural areas of the state being carried by Trump 123 Wisconsin has leaned Democratic in recent presidential elections although Donald Trump managed to win the state in 2016 by a narrow margin of 0 8 This marked the first time Wisconsin voted for a Republican presidential candidate since 1984 when every state except Minnesota and Washington D C went Republican In 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney chose Wisconsin Congressman Paul Ryan a native of Janesville as his running mate against incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden Obama nevertheless carried Wisconsin by a margin of 53 to 46 Both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were quite close with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising in accord with its status as a swing or pivot state Al Gore carried the presidential vote in 2000 by 5 700 votes and John Kerry won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11 000 votes Barack Obama carried the state in 2008 by 381 000 votes 56 Republicans had a stronghold in the Fox Valley but elected a Democrat Steve Kagen of Appleton for the 8th Congressional District in 2006 However Kagen survived only two terms and was replaced by Republican Reid Ribble in the Republican Party s sweep of Wisconsin in November 2010 the first time the Republican Party had taken back both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship in the same election The City of Milwaukee heads the list of Wisconsin s Democratic strongholds which also includes Madison and the state s Native American reservations Wisconsin s largest Congressional district the 7th had voted Democratic since 1969 Its representative David Obey chaired the powerful House Appropriations Committee 124 However Obey retired and the once Democratic seat was taken by Republican Sean Duffy in November 2010 The 2010 elections saw a huge Republican resurgence in Wisconsin Republicans took control of the governor s office and both houses of the state legislature Republican Ron Johnson defeated Democratic incumbent U S Senator Russ Feingold and Republicans took two previously Democratic held House seats creating a 5 3 Republican majority House delegation State elections The 2011 Wisconsin Act 10 led to large protests around the state capitol building in Madison 125 At the statewide level Wisconsin is competitive with control regularly alternating between the two parties In 2006 Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the Bush administration and the Iraq War The retiring GOP 8th District Congressman Mark Green of Green Bay ran against the incumbent Governor Jim Doyle Green lost by 8 statewide making Doyle the first Democratic governor to be re elected in 32 years The Republicans lost control of the state Senate Although Democrats gained eight seats in the state Assembly Republicans retained a five vote majority In 2008 Democrats regained control of the State Assembly by a 52 46 margin marking the first time since 1986 that the governor and state legislature were both Democratic 126 With the election of Scott Walker in 2010 Republicans won both chambers of the legislature and the governorship the first time all three changed partisan control in the same election His first year in office saw the introduction of the 2011 Wisconsin Act 10 which removed collective bargaining rights for state employees On February 14 2011 the Wisconsin State Capitol erupted with protests when the Legislature took up a bill that would end most collective bargaining rights for state employees except for wages to address the 3 6 billion deficit The protests attracted tens of thousands of people each day when and garnered international attention The Assembly passed the bill 53 42 on March 10 after the State Senate passed it the night before and sent it to the Governor for his signature 127 In response to the bill enough signatures were gathered to force a recall election against Governor Walker Tom Barrett the mayor of Milwaukee and Walker s 2010 opponent won the Democratic primary and faced Walker again Walker won the election by 53 to 46 and became the first governor in United States history to retain his seat after a recall election Following the 2014 general election on November 4 2014 the Governor Lieutenant Governor State Attorney General and State Treasurer were all Republicans while the Secretary of State was a Democrat 128 However Walker was defeated for a third term in 2018 by Democrat Tony Evers Democratic U S Senator Tammy Baldwin was also elected to a second term and Democrats won all constitutional statewide offices on the ballot including Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Secretary of State and State Treasurer the first time this happened in Wisconsin since 1982 Later however in April 2019 conservative judge Brian Hagedorn defeated his liberal opponent Lisa Neubauer by 6 100 votes EconomySee also Wisconsin locations by per capita income The U S Bank Center in downtown Milwaukee is home to the headquarters of Foley amp Lardner Robert W Baird amp Company Sensient Technologies Corporation and is the Milwaukee office for U S Bank IBM and CBRE In 2019 Wisconsin s gross state product was 349 416 billion making it 21st among U S states 129 The economy of Wisconsin is driven by manufacturing agriculture and health care The state s economic output from manufacturing was 48 9 billion in 2008 making it the tenth largest among states in manufacturing gross domestic product 130 Manufacturing accounts for about 20 of the state s gross domestic product a proportion that is third among all states 131 The per capita personal income was 35 239 in 2008 In March 2017 the state s unemployment rate was 3 4 seasonally adjusted 132 In quarter four of 2011 the largest employers in Wisconsin were Wal Mart University of Wisconsin Madison Milwaukee Public Schools U S Postal Service Wisconsin Department of Corrections Menards Marshfield Clinic Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs Target Corporation and City of Milwaukee 133 Agriculture Main article Agriculture in Wisconsin See also Wisconsin dairy industry Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America s cheese leading the nation in cheese production 134 135 It is second in milk production after California 136 and third in per capita milk production behind California and Vermont 137 Wisconsin is second in butter production producing about one quarter of the nation s butter 138 The state ranks first nationally in the production of corn for silage cranberries 139 ginseng 140 and snap beans for processing It grows more than half the national crop of cranberries 139 and 97 of the nation s ginseng 140 Wisconsin is also a leading producer of oats potatoes carrots tart cherries maple syrup and sweet corn for processing The significance of the state s agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow an ear of corn and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin s state quarter design 141 The state annually selects an Alice in Dairyland to promote the state s agricultural products around the world 142 A large part of the state s manufacturing sector includes commercial food processing including well known brands such as Oscar Mayer Tombstone frozen pizza Johnsonville brats and Usinger s sausage Kraft Foods alone employs more than 5 000 people in the state Milwaukee is a major producer of beer and was formerly headquarters for Miller Brewing Company the nation s second largest brewer until it merged with Coors Formerly Schlitz Blatz and Pabst were cornerstone breweries in Milwaukee Badger StateState Animal BadgerState DomesticatedAnimal Dairy cowState Wild Animal White tailed deerState Beverage MilkState Dairy Product Cheese 143 State Fruit CranberryState Bird RobinState Capital MadisonState Dog American water spanielState pro football team Green Bay PackersState pro baseball team Milwaukee BrewersState pro basketball team Milwaukee BucksState pro hockey team Milwaukee AdmiralsState Fish MuskellungeState Flower Wood violetState Fossil TrilobiteState Grain CornState Insect European honey beeState Motto ForwardState Song On Wisconsin State Tree Sugar mapleState Mineral Galena Lead sulfide State Rock Red graniteState Soil Antigo silt loamState Dance PolkaState Symbol of Peace Mourning doveState microbe Lactococcus lactisState Pastry KringleManufacturing Wisconsin is home to a very large and diversified manufacturing economy with special focus on transportation and capital equipment Major Wisconsin companies in these categories include the Kohler Company Mercury Marine Rockwell Automation Johnson Controls John Deere Briggs amp Stratton Milwaukee Electric Tool Company Miller Electric Caterpillar Inc Joy Global Oshkosh Corporation Harley Davidson Case IH S C Johnson amp Son Ashley Furniture Ariens and Evinrude Outboard Motors Consumer goods Wisconsin is a major producer of paper packaging and other consumer goods Major consumer products companies based in the state include SC Johnson amp Co and Diversey Inc Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of paper products the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 miles 63 km stretch The development and manufacture of health care devices and software is a growing sector of the state s economy with key players such as GE Healthcare Epic Systems and TomoTherapy Tourism Further information Economy of Door County Wisconsin State welcome sign Tourism is a major industry in Wisconsin the state s third largest according to the Department of Tourism Tourist destinations such as the House on the Rock near Spring Green Circus World Museum in Baraboo and The Dells of the Wisconsin River draw thousands of visitors annually and festivals such as Summerfest and the EAA Oshkosh Airshow draw international attention along with hundreds of thousands of visitors 144 Given the large number of lakes and rivers in the state water recreation is very popular In the North Country what had been an industrial area focused on timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing has attracted a large urban audience within driving range 145 The distinctive Door Peninsula which extends off the eastern coast of the state contains one of the state s tourist destinations Door County Door County is a popular destination for boaters because of the large number of natural harbors bays and boat launches on both the Green Bay and Lake Michigan sides of the peninsula that forms the county The area draws more than two million visitors yearly 146 to its quaint villages seasonal cherry picking and fish boils 147 Film industry On January 1 2008 a new tax incentive for the film industry came into effect The first major production to take advantage was Michael Mann s Public Enemies While the producers spent 18 million on the film it was reported that most of it went to out of state workers and for out of state services Wisconsin taxpayers had provided 4 6 million in subsidies and derived only 5 million in revenues from the film s making 148 This incentive was eliminated in 2013 149 Energy See also Focus on Energy Wind power in Wisconsin and Solar power in Wisconsin Wisconsin has no production of oil gas or coal 150 Its in state electrical generation is mostly from coal Other important electricity sources are natural gas and nuclear 150 The state has a mandate that ten percent of its electrical energy come from renewable sources by the end of 2015 151 This goal has been met but not with in state sources As of 2014 update a third of that ten percent comes from out of state sources mostly wind generated electricity from Minnesota and Iowa The state has agnostic policies for developing wind power in state 152 TransportationAirports See also List of airports in Wisconsin Wisconsin is served by eight commercial service airports in addition to a number of general aviation airports Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport is the largest international commercial airport located in Wisconsin Intercity bus service See also List of intercity bus stops in Wisconsin Wisconsin is served by multiple intercity bus operators which provide service to 71 stops and 53 cities Major highways See also List of state trunk highways in Wisconsin The Wisconsin Department of Transportation is responsible for planning building and maintaining the state s highways Eight Interstate Highways are located in the state Rail service vteWisconsin passenger railLegend Empire Builderto Portland or Seattle La Crosse Tomah Wisconsin Dells Portage Columbus Milwaukee Milwaukee Airport Sturtevant Kenosha Metra to Ogilvie Hiawatha and Empire Builderto Chicago Amtrak UP N MetraSee also List of Wisconsin railroads Amtrak provides daily passenger rail service between Chicago and Milwaukee through the Hiawatha Service Also provided is cross country service via the Empire Builder with stops in several cities across Wisconsin 153 Commuter rail provider Metra s Union Pacific North UP N line has its northern terminus in Kenosha the only Metra line and station in the state of Wisconsin 154 The Hop a modern streetcar system in Milwaukee began service in 2018 The 2 1 mile 3 4 km initial line runs from Milwaukee Intermodal Station to Burns Commons The system is expected to be expanded in the future Important municipalitiesFurther information List of municipalities in Wisconsin by population and Administrative divisions of Wisconsin Wisconsin counties Over 68 of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas with the Greater Milwaukee area home to roughly one third of the state s population 155 With more than 590 000 residents Milwaukee is the 30th largest city in the country 156 The string of cities along the western edge of Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a megalopolis With a population of nearly 260 000 Madison is consistently ranked as one of the most livable cities in both the state and country and is the fastest growing city in Wisconsin 157 158 Medium size cities dot the state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them As of 2011 there were 12 cities in Wisconsin with a population of 50 000 or more accounting for 73 of the state s employment 159 Wisconsin has three types of municipality cities villages and towns Cities and villages are incorporated urban areas Towns are unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties with limited self government Largest cities or towns in Wisconsin 160 Rank Name County Pop Milwaukee Madison 1 Milwaukee Milwaukee 577 222 Green Bay Kenosha2 Madison Dane 269 8403 Green Bay Brown 107 3954 Kenosha Kenosha 99 9865 Racine Racine 77 8166 Appleton Outagamie 75 6447 Waukesha Waukesha 71 1588 Eau Claire Eau Claire 69 4219 Oshkosh Winnebago 66 81610 Janesville Rock 65 615EducationSee also List of colleges and universities in Wisconsin List of high schools in Wisconsin and List of school districts in Wisconsin Wisconsin along with Minnesota and Michigan was among the Midwestern leaders in the emergent American state university movement following the Civil War in the United States By the start of the 20th century education in the state advocated the Wisconsin Idea which emphasized service to the people of the state The Wisconsin Idea exemplified the Progressive movement within colleges and universities at the time 161 Today public post secondary education in Wisconsin includes both the 26 campus University of Wisconsin System with the flagship university University of Wisconsin Madison and the 16 campus Wisconsin Technical College System Private colleges and universities include Alverno College Beloit College Cardinal Stritch University Carroll University Carthage College Concordia University Wisconsin Edgewood College Lakeland College Lawrence University Marquette University Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee School of Engineering Ripon College St Norbert College Wisconsin Lutheran College Viterbo University and others Culture Music stage at Summerfest 1994 The Milwaukee Art Museum Frank Lloyd Wright s Taliesin in Spring Green Residents of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites The traditional prominence of references to dairy farming and cheesemaking in Wisconsin s rural economy the state s license plates have read America s Dairyland since 1940 162 have led to the nickname sometimes used pejoratively among non residents of cheeseheads and to the creation of cheesehead hats made of yellow foam in the shape of a wedge of cheese Numerous ethnic festivals are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate the heritage of its citizens Such festivals include Summerfest Oktoberfest Polish Fest Festa Italiana Irish Fest Bastille Days Syttende Mai Norwegian Constitution Day Brat wurst Days in Sheboygan Polka Days Cheese Days in Monroe and Mequon African World Festival Indian Summer Arab Fest Wisconsin Highland Games and many others 163 Art Music Main article Music of Wisconsin Wisconsin s music festivals include Eaux Claires 164 Country Fest Country Jam USA the Hodag Country Festival Porterfield Country Music Festival Country Thunder USA in Twin Lakes 164 and Country USA Milwaukee hosts Summerfest dubbed The World s Largest Music Festival every year This festival is held at the lakefront Henry Maier Festival Park just south of downtown as are a summer long array of ethnic musical festivals The Wisconsin Area Music Industry provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for top Wisconsin artists 165 Architecture The Milwaukee Art Museum with its brise soleil designed by Santiago Calatrava is known for its interesting architecture Monona Terrace in Madison a convention center designed by Taliesin architect Anthony Puttnam is based on a 1930s design by Wisconsin native Frank Lloyd Wright 166 Wright s home and studio in the 20th century was at Taliesin south of Spring Green Decades after Wright s death Taliesin remains an architectural office and school for his followers With the immigration of northern Europeans into Wisconsin and the upper Midwest they brought the techniques of building Log homes with them 167 Alcohol culture Drinking has long been considered a significant part of Wisconsin culture and the state ranks at or near the top of national measures of per capita alcohol consumption consumption of alcohol per state and proportion of drinkers Consumption per capita per event however ranks low among the nation number of events number of times alcohol is involved is significantly higher or highest but consumption at each event smaller marking Wisconsin s consumption as frequent and moderate 168 Factors such as cultural identification with the state s heritage of German immigration the long standing presence of major breweries in Milwaukee and a cold climate are often associated with the prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin In Wisconsin the legal drinking age is 21 except when accompanied by a parent guardian or spouse who is at least 21 years old Age requirements are waived for possessing alcohol when employed by a brewer brewpub beer and or liquor wholesaler or producer of alcohol fuel The minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21 with no exceptions 169 The Absolute Sobriety law states that any person not of legal drinking age currently 21 may not drive after consuming alcohol 170 On September 30 2003 the state legislature reluctant to lower a DUI offense from BAC 0 10 to 0 08 did so only as a result of federal government pressure 171 The Wisconsin Tavern League opposes raising the alcoholic beverage tax The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel series Wasted in Wisconsin examined this situation 172 RecreationSee also List of Wisconsin amusement parks The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation Winter events include skiing ice fishing and snowmobile derbies Wisconsin is situated on two Great Lakes and has many inland lakes of varied size the state contains 11 188 square miles 28 980 km2 of water more than all but three other states Alaska Michigan and Florida 173 Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin especially hunting and fishing One of the most prevalent game animals is the whitetail deer Each year in Wisconsin well over 600 000 deer hunting licenses are sold 174 In 2008 the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources projected the pre hunt deer population to be between 1 5 and 1 7 million SportsMain article Sports in Wisconsin Lambeau Field in Green Bay is home to the NFL s Packers Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports football baseball and basketball Lambeau Field located in Green Bay Wisconsin is home to the National Football League s Green Bay Packers The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league s second season in 1921 and hold the record for the most NFL titles earning the city of Green Bay the nickname Titletown USA The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL and the only one owned by shareholders statewide The franchise was founded by Curly Lambeau who played and coached for them The Green Bay Packers are one of the most successful small market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 13 NFL championships including the first two AFL NFL Championship games Super Bowls I and II Super Bowl XXXI and Super Bowl XLV The state s support of the team is evidenced by the 81 000 person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field 175 American Family Field is the home stadium of Major League Baseball s Milwaukee Brewers The Milwaukee Brewers the state s only major league baseball team play in American Family Field in Milwaukee the successor to Milwaukee County Stadium since 2001 In 1982 the Brewers won the American League Championship marking their most successful season The team switched from the American League to the National League starting with the 1998 season Before the Brewers Milwaukee had two prior Major League teams The first team also called the Brewers played only one season in the newly founded American League in 1901 before moving to St Louis and becoming the Browns who are now the Baltimore Orioles Milwaukee was also the home of the Braves franchise when they moved from Boston from 1953 to 1965 winning the World Series in 1957 and the National League pennant in 1958 before they moved to Atlanta 176 The Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association play home games at the Fiserv Forum The Bucks won the NBA Championship in 1971 and 2021 177 The state also has minor league teams in hockey Milwaukee Admirals and baseball the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers based in Appleton and the Beloit Sky Carp of the High A minor leagues In addition to these affiliated minor league teams Wisconsin has the American Association of Professional Baseball 2020 Championship team the Milwaukee Milkmen based in Franklin 178 and in 2022 the Lake Country Dockhounds will begin playing in Oconomowoc 179 Wisconsin is also home to the Madison Mallards the La Crosse Loggers the Lakeshore Chinooks the Eau Claire Express the Fond du Lac Dock Spiders the Green Bay Booyah the Kenosha Kingfish the Wisconsin Woodchucks and the Wisconsin Rapids Rafters of the Northwoods League a collegiate all star summer league In addition to the Packers Green Bay is also the home to an indoor football team the Green Bay Blizzard of the IFL The state is home to the seven time MISL MASL Champion Milwaukee Wave 180 Wisconsin is also home to Forward Madison FC which is a professional soccer team that plays in the USL League One Wisconsin also has many college sports programs including the Wisconsin Badgers of the University of Wisconsin Madison and the Panthers of the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee The Wisconsin Badgers football former head coach Barry Alvarez led the Badgers to three Rose Bowl championships including back to back victories in 1999 and 2000 The Badger men s basketball team won the national title in 1941 and made trips to college basketball s Final Four in 2000 2014 and 2015 The Badgers claimed a historic dual championship in 2006 when both the women s and men s hockey teams won national titles The Marquette Golden Eagles of the Big East Conference the state s other major collegiate program is known for its men s basketball team which under the direction of Al McGuire won the NCAA National Championship in 1977 The team returned to the Final Four in 2003 Many other schools in the University of Wisconsin system compete in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference at the Division III level The conference is one of the most successful in the nation claiming 107 NCAA national championships in 15 different sports as of March 30 2015 181 The Semi Professional Northern Elite Football League consists of many teams from Wisconsin The league is made up of former professional collegiate and high school players Teams from Wisconsin include The Green Bay Gladiators from Green Bay The Fox Valley Force in Appleton The Kimberly Storm in Kimberly The Central Wisconsin Spartans in Wausau The Eau Claire Crush and the Chippewa Valley Predators from Eau Claire and the Lake Superior Rage from Superior The league also has teams in Michigan and Minnesota Teams play from May until August Wisconsin is home to the world s oldest operational racetrack The Milwaukee Mile located in Wisconsin State Fair Park in West Allis Wisconsin held races there that considerably predate the Indy 500 182 Wisconsin is home to the nation s oldest operating velodrome in Kenosha where races have been held every year since 1927 183 Sheboygan is home to Whistling Straits golf club which has hosted PGA Championships in 2004 2010 and 2015 and the Ryder Cup golf competition between USA and Europe in 2020 184 The Greater Milwaukee Open later named the U S Bank Championship in Milwaukee was a PGA Tour tournament from 1968 to 2009 held annually in Brown Deer In 2017 Erin Hills a golf course in Erin Wisconsin approximately 30 miles northwest of Milwaukee hosted the U S Open 185 See alsoIndex of Wisconsin related articles List of people from Wisconsin Outline of Wisconsin Wisconsin portal United States portalNotes Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry References Dornfeld Margaret Hantula Richard 2010 Wisconsin It s my state Marshall Cavendish p 5 ISBN 978 1 60870 062 2 Archived from the original on September 7 2015 Retrieved June 10 2015 Urdang Laurence 1988 Names and Nicknames of Places and Things Penguin Group USA p 8 ISBN 9780452009073 Archived from the original on September 6 2015 Retrieved May 25 2015 America s Dairyland A nickname of Wisconsin Kane Joseph Nathan Alexander Gerard L 1979 Nicknames and sobriquets of U S cities States and counties Scarecrow Press p 412 ISBN 9780810812550 Archived from the original on September 6 2015 Retrieved May 25 2015 Wisconsin America s Dairyland The Badger State The Copper State Herman Jennifer L 2008 Wisconsin Encyclopedia American Guide North American Book Dist LLC p 10 ISBN 9781878592613 Archived from the original on 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as Site for PGA Championships amp Ryder Cup Matches Cybergolf com a CBS Sports partner Archived from the original on August 26 2014 Retrieved September 28 2014 Greenstein Teddy July 5 2014 Erin Hills making changes in advance of 2017 U S Open Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on August 9 2016 Retrieved June 15 2016 Further readingBarone Michael Cohen Richard E 2005 The Almanac of American Politics 2006 National Journal Washington DC ISBN 978 0 89234 112 2 Current Richard 2001 Wisconsin A History Urbana IL University of Illinois Press ISBN 978 0 252 07018 1 Gara Larry 1962 A Short History of Wisconsin Madison WI State Historical Society of Wisconsin Holmes Fred L 1946 Wisconsin 5 vols Chicago IL Detailed popular history and many biographies Nesbit Robert C 1989 Wisconsin A History Rev ed Madison University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 978 0 299 10800 7 Pearce Neil 1980 The Great Lakes States of America New York Norton ISBN 978 0 393 05619 8 Quaife Milo M 1924 Wisconsin Its History and Its People 1634 1924 4 vols Detailed popular history amp biographies Raney William Francis 1940 Wisconsin A Story of Progress New York Prentice Hall Robinson Arthur H Culver J B eds 1974 The Atlas of Wisconsin Sisson Richard ed 2006 The American Midwest An Interpretive Encyclopedia Bloomington IN Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 34886 9 Tuttle Charles R 1875 An Illustrated History of the State of Wisconsin Being a Complete Civil Political and Military History of the State from its First Exploration down to 1875 Madison WI B B Russell Van Ells Mark D 2009 Wisconsin On The Road Histories Northampton MA Interlink Books ISBN 978 1 56656 673 5 Vogeler I 1986 Wisconsin A Geography Boulder Westview Press ISBN 978 0 86531 492 4 Wisconsin Cartographers Guild 2002 Wisconsin s Past and Present A Historical Atlas Works Progress Administration 1941 Wisconsin A Guide to the Badger State Detailed guide to every town and city and cultural history See additional books at History of WisconsinExternal linksWisconsin at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official website Wisconsin PDF National Atlas map United States Government Archived from the original PDF on December 12 2019 Archived December 12 2019 Wisconsin state symbols State of Wisconsin Archived from the original on December 20 2014 Retrieved December 14 2014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Wisconsin State Legislature Court System Wisconsin a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Wisconsin State Facts USDA a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Wisconsin Health and Demographic Data La Crosse Medical Health Science Consortium Energy Profile for Wisconsin Economic environmental and energy data Wisconsin Historical Society The State of Wisconsin Collection from the UW Digital Collections Center Wisconsin Free Speech Legacy Wisconsin Department of Tourism Traveling by public transit Travel Information Wisconsin Department of Transportation archived from the original on August 8 2011 retrieved July 31 2011 Geographic data related to Wisconsin at OpenStreetMap Wisconsin at Curlie Wisconsin Maps The American Geographical Society Library Preceded byIowa List of U S states by date of statehoodAdmitted on May 29 1848 30th Succeeded byCalifornia Coordinates 44 N 90 W 44 N 90 W 44 90 State of Wisconsin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wisconsin amp oldid 1134051622, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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