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Antwerp

Antwerp (/ˈæntwɜːrp/ (listen); Dutch: Antwerpen [ˈɑntʋɛrpə(n)] (listen); French: Anvers [ɑ̃vɛʁs] (listen); Spanish: Amberes) is the largest city in Belgium by area at 204.51 square kilometres (78.96 sq mi) and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 530,504,[2] it is the most populous municipality in Belgium, and with a metropolitan population of around 1,200,000 people, it is the second-largest metropolitan region in Belgium, second only to Brussels.[a][4]

Antwerp
Antwerpen (Dutch)
Anvers (French)
Location of Antwerp
Antwerp
Location in Belgium
Antwerp municipality in the province of Antwerp
Coordinates: 51°13′04″N 04°24′01″E / 51.21778°N 4.40028°E / 51.21778; 4.40028
Country Belgium
CommunityFlemish Community
RegionFlemish Region
ProvinceAntwerp
ArrondissementAntwerp
Government
 • Mayor (list)Bart De Wever (N-VA)
 • Governing party/ies
Area
 • Total204.32 km2 (78.89 sq mi)
Population
 (2020-01-01)[1]
 • Total529,247
 • Density2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi)
DemonymAntwerpenaar (m) Antwerpse (f) (Dutch)
Postal codes
2000–2660
Area codes03
Websiteantwerpen.be

Antwerp is on the river Scheldt, linked to the North Sea by the river's Westerschelde estuary. It is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Brussels, and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) south of the Dutch border. The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe[5][6] and within the top 20 globally. The city is also known as the hub of the world's diamond trade. In 2020, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network rated Antwerp as a Gamma + (third level/top tier) Global City.[7]

Both economically and culturally, Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the Low Countries, especially before and during the Spanish Fury (1576) and throughout and after the subsequent Dutch Revolt. The Bourse of Antwerp, originally built in 1531 and re-built in 1872, was the world's first purpose-built commodity exchange. It was founded before stocks and shares existed, so was not strictly a stock exchange.[8][9] In 1920, the city hosted the Summer Olympics.

The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren (Dutch pronunciation: [sɪˈɲoːrə(n)]), after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur, "lord", referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century.[10] The city's population is very diverse, including about 180 nationalities; as of 2019, more than 50% of its population had a parent that was not a Belgian citizen at birth.[11] A particularly notable community among these is the close-knit Jewish one, as Antwerp is one of the only two cities in Europe (together with London and its Stamford Hill neighbourhood) that kept a considerable Haredi population in the 21st century; They are also more much visible than in London, due to them being concentrated around the centre.

The centre is also most notably home to the Antwerpen-Centraal railway station; eclectically built in a combination of Neo-Renaissance and Art Nouveau, it is considered to be one of the most beautiful train stations in the world.

Toponymy

Etymology

Early recorded versions of the name include Ando Verpia on Roman coins found in the city centre,[12] Germanic Andhunerbo from around the time Austrasia became a separate kingdom (that is, about 567 CE),[13] and (possibly originally Celtic) Andoverpis in Dado's Life of St. Eligius (Vita Eligii) from about 700 CE. The form Antverpia is New Latin.[14]

 
Scaldis ("the Scheldt") and Antverpia ("Antwerp"), Abraham Janssens, 1609, oil on panel, Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp

A Germanic (Frankish or Frisian) origin could contain prefix anda ("against") and a noun derived from the verb werpen ("to throw") and denote, for example: land thrown up at the riverbank; an alluvial deposit; a mound (like a terp) thrown up (as a defence) against (something or someone); or a wharf.[15][16][17] If Andoverpis is Celtic in origin, it could mean "those who live on both banks".[18]

There is a folklore tradition that the name Antwerpen is from Dutch handwerpen ("hand-throwing"). A giant called Antigoon is said to have lived near the Scheldt river and extracted a toll from passing boatmen. He severed the hand of anyone who did not pay, and threw it in the river. Eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giant's own hand and flung that into the river. This is unlikely to be the true origin, but it is celebrated by a statue (illustrated further below) in the city's main market square, the Grote Markt.[19][12]

History

Pre-1500

Historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo-Roman vicus. Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt, 1952–1961 (ref. Princeton), produced pottery shards and fragments of glass from mid-2nd century to the end of the 3rd century. In the 4th century, Antwerp was first named, having been settled by the Germanic Franks.[17]

The Merovingian Antwerp was evangelized by Saint Amand in the 7th century. Het Steen Castle has its origins in the Carolingian period in the 9th century. The castle may have been built after the Viking incursions in the early Middle Ages; in 879 the Normans invaded Flanders. The surviving structure was built between 1200 and 1225 as a gateway to a larger castle of the Dukes of Brabant which was demolished in the 19th century. It is Antwerp's oldest building.[20] At the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became a margraviate in 980, by the German emperor Otto II, a border province facing the County of Flanders.

In the 11th century, the best-known leader of the First Crusade (1096–1099), Godfrey of Bouillon, was originally Margrave of Antwerp, from 1076 until his death in 1100, though he was later also Duke of Lower Lorraine (1087–1100) and Defender of the Holy Sepulchre (1099–1100). In the 12th century, Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St. Michael's Abbey at Caloes. Antwerp was also the headquarters of Edward III during his early negotiations with Jacob van Artevelde, and his son Lionel, the Duke of Clarence, was born there in 1338.[13]

16th century

After the silting-up of the Zwin and the consequent decline of Bruges, the city of Antwerp, then part of the Duchy of Brabant, grew in importance, with the city doubling its population between 1500 and 1569.[21] At the end of the 15th century the foreign trading houses were transferred from Bruges to Antwerp, and the building assigned to the association of English merchants active in the city is specifically mentioned in 1510.[13] During this time, the old Mediterranean trade routes were gradually losing importance and the discovery of new sea routes via Africa to Asia and via the Atlantic to America helped push Antwerp to a position of prominence.[21]

By 1504, the Portuguese had established Antwerp as one of their main shipping bases, bringing in spices from Asia and trading them for textiles and metal goods. The city's trade expanded to include cloth from England, Italy and Germany, wines from Germany, France and Spain, salt from France, and wheat from the Baltic. The city's skilled workers processed soap, fish, sugar, and especially cloth. Banks helped finance the trade, the merchants, and the manufacturers. The city was a cosmopolitan center; its bourse opened in 1531, "To the merchants of all nations."[22]

 
View of the city of Antwerp, by Flemish painter Jan Wildens

Antwerp became the sugar capital of Europe, importing the raw commodity from Portuguese and Spanish plantations on both sides of the Atlantic, where it was grown by a mixture of free and forced labour, increasingly with enslaved Africans as the century progressed.[23] The city attracted Italian and German sugar refiners by 1550, and shipped their refined product to Germany, especially Cologne.[24] Antwerp also had an unusually high number of painters, around 360 in 1560, in a city with a population of roughly 89,000 in 1569 (250 people per painter), it was known as the best city for painters north of the Alps, serving notable painters such as Pieter Bruegel.[21] Moneylenders and financiers developed a large business lending money all over Europe including the English government in 1544–1574. London bankers were too small to operate on that scale, and Antwerp had a highly efficient bourse that itself attracted rich bankers from around Europe. After the 1570s, the city's banking business declined: England ceased its borrowing in Antwerp in 1574.[25]

Fernand Braudel states that Antwerp became "the centre of the entire international economy, something Bruges had never been even at its height."[26] Antwerp had the highest growth rate and was the richest city in Europe at the time.[27][21] Antwerp's Golden Age is tightly linked to the "Age of Exploration". During the first half of the 16th century Antwerp grew to become the second-largest European city north of the Alps. Many foreign merchants were resident in the city. Francesco Guicciardini, the Florentine envoy, stated that hundreds of ships would pass in a day, and 2,000 carts entered the city each week. Portuguese ships laden with pepper and cinnamon would unload their cargo. According to Luc-Normand Tellier "It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the Spanish colonization of the Americas".[28]

 
Sack of Antwerp in 1576, in which about 7,000 people died.[29]

Without a long-distance merchant fleet, and governed by an oligarchy of banker-aristocrats forbidden to engage in trade, the economy of Antwerp was foreign-controlled, which made the city very cosmopolitan, with merchants and traders from Venice, Genoa, Ragusa, Spain and Portugal. Antwerp had a policy of toleration, which attracted a large crypto-Jewish community composed of migrants from Spain and Portugal.[30]

Antwerp experienced three booms during its golden age: the first based on the pepper market, a second launched by American silver coming from Seville (ending with the bankruptcy of Spain in 1557), and a third boom, after the stabilising Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, based on the textiles industry. At the beginning of the 16th century Antwerp accounted for 40% of world trade.[28] The boom-and-bust cycles and inflationary cost-of-living squeezed less-skilled workers. In the century after 1541, the city's economy and population declined dramatically The Portuguese merchants left in 1549, and there was much less trade in English cloth. Numerous financial bankruptcies began around 1557. Amsterdam replaced Antwerp as the major trading center for the region.[31]

Reformation era

The religious revolution of the Reformation erupted in violent riots in August 1566, as in other parts of the Low Countries. The regent Margaret, Duchess of Parma, was swept aside when Philip II sent the Duke of Alba at the head of an army the following summer. When the Dutch revolt against Spain broke out in 1568, commercial trading between Antwerp and the Spanish port of Bilbao collapsed and became impossible. On 4 November 1576, Spanish soldiers sacked the city during the so-called Spanish Fury: 7,000 citizens were massacred, 800 houses were burnt down, and over £2 million sterling of damage was done.

Dutch revolt

 
View of Antwerp with the frozen Scheldt (1590) by Lucas van Valckenborch

Subsequently, the city joined the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and became the capital of the Dutch Revolt. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, captured it after a long siege and as part of the terms of surrender its Protestant citizens were given two years to settle their affairs before quitting the city.[32] Most went to the United Provinces in the north, starting the Dutch Golden Age. Antwerp's banking was controlled for a generation by Genoa, and Amsterdam became the new trading centre.

17th–19th centuries

 
Map of Antwerp (1624)
 
Antwerp and the river Scheldt, photochrom, c. 1890–1900
 
Antwerp from the left bank of the Scheldt, c. 1890–1900

The recognition of the independence of the United Provinces by the Treaty of Münster in 1648 stipulated that the Scheldt should be closed to navigation, which destroyed Antwerp's trading activities. This impediment remained in force until 1863, although the provisions were relaxed during French rule from 1795 to 1814, and also during the time Belgium formed part of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands (1815 to 1830).[13] Antwerp had reached the lowest point in its fortunes in 1800, and its population had sunk to under 40,000, when Napoleon, realizing its strategic importance, assigned funds to enlarge the harbour by constructing a new dock (still named the Bonaparte Dock), an access-lock and mole, and deepening the Scheldt to allow larger ships to approach Antwerp.[27] Napoleon hoped that by making Antwerp's harbour the finest in Europe he would be able to counter the Port of London and hamper British growth. However, he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo before he could see the plan through.[33] In 1830, the city was captured by the Belgian insurgents, but the citadel continued to be held by a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chassé. For a time Chassé subjected the town to periodic bombardment which inflicted much damage, and at the end of 1832 the citadel itself was besieged by the French Northern Army commanded by Marechal Gerard. During this attack the town was further damaged. In December 1832, after a gallant defence, Chassé made an honourable surrender, ending the Siege of Antwerp (1832).[13]

Later that century, a double ring of Brialmont Fortresses was constructed some 10 km (6 mi) from the city centre, as Antwerp was considered vital for the survival of the young Belgian state. And in 1894 Antwerp presented itself to the world via a World's Fair attended by 3 million.[34]

20th century

Antwerp was the first city to host the World Gymnastics Championships, in 1903. During World War I, the city became the fallback point of the Belgian Army after the defeat at Liège. The Siege of Antwerp lasted for 11 days, but the city was taken after heavy fighting by the German Army, and the Belgians were forced to retreat westwards. Antwerp remained under German occupation until the Armistice.

Antwerp hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics.

During World War II, the city was an important strategic target because of its port. It was occupied by Germany on May 18th 1940 and liberated by the British 11th Armoured Division on September 4th 1944. After this, the Germans attempted to destroy the Port of Antwerp, which was used by the Allies to bring new material ashore. Thousands of Rheinbote, V-1 and V-2 missiles were fired (more V-2s than used on all other targets during the entire war combined), causing severe damage to the city but failed to destroy the port due to poor accuracy. After the war, Antwerp, which had already had a sizeable Jewish population before the war, once again became a major European centre of Haredi (and particularly Hasidic) Orthodox Judaism.

A Ten-Year Plan for the port of Antwerp (1956–1965) expanded and modernized the port's infrastructure with national funding to build a set of canal docks. The broader aim was to facilitate the growth of the north-eastern Antwerp metropolitan region, which attracted new industry based on a flexible and strategic implementation of the project as a co-production between various authorities and private parties. The plan succeeded in extending the linear layout along the Scheldt river by connecting new satellite communities to the main strip.[35]

Starting in the 1990s, Antwerp rebranded itself as a world-class fashion centre. Emphasizing the avant-garde, it tried to compete with London, Milan, New York and Paris. It emerged from organized tourism and mega-cultural events.[36]

Districts & neighborhoods

Districts

 
Districts of Antwerp

The municipality comprises the city of Antwerp proper and several towns. It is divided into nine entities (districts):

  1. Antwerp
  2. Berchem
  3. Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo
  4. Borgerhout
  5. Deurne
  6. Ekeren
  7. Hoboken
  8. Merksem
  9. Wilrijk

In 1958, in preparation of the 10-year development plan for the Port of Antwerp, the municipalities of Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo were integrated into the city territory and lost their administrative independence. During the 1983 merger of municipalities, conducted by the Belgian government as an administrative simplification, the municipalities of Berchem, Borgerhout, Deurne, Ekeren, Hoboken, Merksem and Wilrijk were merged into the city. At that time the city was also divided into the districts mentioned above. Simultaneously, districts received an appointed district council; later district councils became elected bodies.[37]

Neighborhoods

  • Den Dam – an area in northern Antwerp
  • The diamond district – an area consisting of several square blocks, it is Antwerp's centre for the cutting, polishing, and trading of diamonds
  • Linkeroever – Antwerp on the left bank of the Scheldt with a lot of apartment buildings
  • Meir – Antwerp's largest shopping street
  • Van Wesenbekestraat – the city's Chinatown
  • Het Zuid – the south of Antwerp, notable for its museums, art galleries, restaurants and bars.
  • Zurenborg – an area between Central and Berchem station with a concentration of Art Nouveau townhouses with the remarkable Cogels-Osylei.
  • Sint-Andries - This was once one of the poorest parts of the old city, but the quarter around the Sint-Andrieskerk has been transformed in recent years. The most exciting developments have happened along Kloosterstraat, once a street of junk shops but now lined with design stores, cool cafes and antique shops.
  • Het Eilandje Little Island' or 'Het Eilandje' is the Antwerp district that lies in the North of the city. This used to be the Port of Antwerp, after the port moved from the city centre. Now, this neighbourhood is on the uprise, with the MAS museum, bars and restaurants, and a yacht marina

Cityscape & architecture

In the 16th century, Antwerp was noted for the wealth of its citizens ("Antwerpia nummis").[citation needed] The houses of these wealthy merchants and manufacturers have been preserved throughout the city. However, fire has destroyed several old buildings, such as the house of the Hanseatic League on the northern quays, in 1891.[citation needed] During World War II, the city also suffered considerable damage from V-bombs, and in recent years, other noteworthy buildings have been demolished for new developments.


Parks & recreational areas

Antwerp has many parks, open spaces and squares throughout the city. The Stadspark (Antwerp) is a 14-hectare park in the center of Antwerp. It has the shape of a triangle with the base pointing south and the top pointing north. The park is bordered by the Quinten Matsijslei in the east, the Van Eycklei in the south and the Rubenslei in the west. The Rivierenhof is a provincial domain in the Antwerp city district of Deurne, owned and managed by the Province of Antwerp. It covers an area of 132 ha, making it the largest park in the city of Antwerp. The Nachtegalenpark is a complex of several adjacent parks south of Antwerp. The area is 90 hectares in total. The parks were all built around a castle and were acquired by the municipality of Antwerp in 1910. The parks consist of: Den Brandt ( 21 ha ), Middelheim Park ( 24 ha ) and Vogelenzang ( 40 ha). Park Spoor Noord is a landscape park located in the Dam-Schijnpoort, Antwerp district, which was built on the grounds of the former marshalling yard "Antwerp Dam" of the NMBS. The Botanic Garden of Antwerp, which also carries the name Den Botaniek (also sometimes locally called Den Botanieken Hof or Kruidtuin), is a landscaped botanical garden created in 1825 in the inner city of Antwerp located at the Leopoldstraat. The Te Boelaerpark is one of Antwerp's city parks and covers 16 hectares. It is located in the Borgerhout district between the Gitschotellei and the Arthur Matthyslaan. The Hobokense Polder is a nature reserve located in Hoboken. It is 170 hectares in size. It is located in northern Hoboken. It has been a nature reserve since 1995. On December 23, 1998, it officially became a nature reserve. The Hobokense Polder is located between the Scheldt, Hoboken and the Blue Gate business park. The Kielpark is located in the Kiel neighbourhood, south of the Antwerp-Centrum interchange and west of the park is the Sint-Catharina Church.


Fortifications

 
Het Steen (literally: 'The Stone')

Although Antwerp was formerly a fortified city, hardly anything remains of the former enceinte, only some remains of the city wall can be seen near the Vleeshuis museum at the corner of Bloedberg and Burchtgracht. Steen castle on the Scheldt-quai is the gate wing of the demolished castle of the Dukes of Brabant. It was partly reconstructed in the 19th century.

Antwerp's development as a fortified city is documented between the 10th and the 20th century. The fortifications were developed in different phases:

  • 10th century: fortification of the wharf with a wall and a ditch
  • 12th and 13th century: canals (so called "vlieten" and "ruien") were made
  • 16th century: Spanish fortifications
  • 19th century: double ring of Brialmont forts around the city, dismantling of the Spanish fortifications
  • 20th century: 1960 dismantling of the inner ring of forts, decommissioning of the outer ring of forts

Demographics

Historical population

 
Population timeline of Antwerp

This is the population of the city of Antwerp only, not of the larger current municipality of the same name.

  • 1374: 18,000[42]
  • 1486: 40,000[43]
  • 1500: around 44/49,000 inhabitants[44]
  • 1526: 50,000[45]
  • 1567: 105,000 (90,000 permanent residents and 15,000 "floating population", including foreign merchants and soldiers. At the time only 10 cities in Europe reached this size.)[45][46][47][48]
  • 1584: 84,000 (after the Spanish Fury, the French Fury[49] and the Calvinist republic)
  • 1586 (May): 60,000 (after siege)
  • 1586 (October): 50,000
  • 1591: 46,000
  • 1612: 54,000[50]
  • 1620: 66,000 (Twelve Years' Truce)
  • 1640: 54,000 (after the Black Death epidemics)
  • 1700: 66,000[51]
  • 1765: 40,000
  • 1784: 51,000
  • 1800: 45,500
  • 1815: 54,000[52]
  • 1830: 73,500
  • 1856: 111,700
  • 1880: 179,000
  • 1900: 275,100
  • 1925: 308,000
  • 1959: 260,000[53]

Ethnicity

Nationality
(by citizenship)
Population – 2020
(all districts)[54]
  Belgium 415,747
  Netherlands 20,103
  Morocco 11,780
  Poland 8,387
  Spain 6,221
  Afghanistan 4,539
  Bulgaria 4,376
  Turkey 4,360
  Romania 4,131
  Iraq 3,082
  Portugal 3,043
  Syria 2,894
  India 2,389
  Algeria 2,364
  Italy 2,322
  France 2,017
Others 34,659

In 2010, 36% to 39% of the inhabitants of Antwerp had foreign origins. A study projected that in 2020, 55% of the population would be of immigrant background, either first, second, or third generation.[55][56]

Jewish community

After the Holocaust and the murder of its many Jews, Antwerp became a major centre for Orthodox Jews. At present, about 15,000 Haredi Jews, many of them Hasidic, live in Antwerp. The city has three official Jewish Congregations: Shomrei Hadass, headed by Rabbi Dovid Moishe Lieberman, Machsike Hadass, headed by Rabbi Aron Schiff (formerly by Chief Rabbi Chaim Kreiswirth) and the Portuguese Community Ben Moshe. Antwerp has an extensive network of synagogues, shops, schools and organizations. Significant Hasidic movements in Antwerp include Pshevorsk, based in Antwerp, as well as branches of Satmar, Belz, Bobov, Ger, Skver, Klausenburg, Vizhnitz and several others. Rabbi Chaim Kreiswirth, chief rabbi of the Machsike Hadas community, who died in 2001, was arguably one of the better known personalities to have been based in Antwerp. An attempt to have a street named after him has received the support of the Town Hall and is in the process of being implemented.[citation needed]

Jain community

The Jains in Belgium are estimated to be around about 1,500 people. The majority live in Antwerp, mostly involved in the very lucrative diamond business.[57] Belgian Indian Jains control two-thirds of the rough diamonds trade and supplied India with roughly 36% of their rough diamonds.[58] A major temple, with a cultural centre, has been built in Antwerp (Wilrijk). Mr Ramesh Mehta, a Jain, is a full-fledged member of the Belgian Council of Religious Leaders, put up on 17 December 2009.[citation needed]

Armenian community

There are significant Armenian communities that reside in Antwerp, many of whom are descendants of traders who settled during the 19th century. Most Armenian Belgians are adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church, while a smaller number are adherents of the Armenian Catholic Church and Armenian Evangelical Church.

One of the important sectors that Armenian communities in Antwerp excel at and are involved in is the diamond trade business,[59][60][61][62] that based primarily in the diamond district.[63][64][65] Some of the famous Armenian families involved in the diamond business in the city are the Artinians, Arslanians, Aslanians, Barsamians and the Osganians.[66][67]

Economy

 
Bevrijdingsdok [nl] terminal at the Port of Antwerp

Port

According to the American Association of Port Authorities, the port of Antwerp was the seventeenth largest (by tonnage) port in the world in 2005 and second only to Rotterdam in Europe. It handled 235.2 million tons of cargo in 2018. Importantly it handles high volumes of economically attractive general and project cargo, as well as bulk cargo. Antwerp's docklands, with five oil refineries, are home to a massive concentration of petrochemical industries, second only to the petrochemical cluster in Houston, Texas.[citation needed] Electricity generation is also an important activity, with four nuclear power plants at Doel, a conventional power station in Kallo, as well as several smaller combined cycle plants. There is a wind farm in the northern part of the port area. There are plans to extend this in the period 2014–2020.[68] The old Belgian bluestone quays bordering the Scheldt for a distance of 5.6 km (3.5 mi) to the north and south of the city centre have been retained for their sentimental value and are used mainly by cruise ships and short sea shipping.[citation needed]

Diamonds

Antwerp's other great mainstay is the diamond trade that takes place largely within the diamond district.[69] 85 percent of the world's rough diamonds pass through the district annually,[70] and in 2011 turnover in the industry was $56 billion.[71] The city has four diamond bourses: the Diamond Club of Antwerp, the Beurs voor Diamanthandel, the Antwerpsche Diamantkring and the Vrije Diamanthandel.[72] Antwerp's history in the diamond trade dates back to as early as the sixteenth century,[70] with the first diamond cutters guild being introduced in 1584. The industry never disappeared from Antwerp, and even experienced a second boom in the early twentieth century. By the year 1924, Antwerp had over 13,000 diamond finishers.[73] Since World War II families of the large Hasidic Jewish community have dominated Antwerp's diamond trading industry, although the last two decades have seen Indian[74] and Maronite Christians from Lebanon and Armenian,[63] traders become increasingly important.[74]Antwerp World Diamond Centre, (AWDC) the successor to the Hoge Raad voor Diamant, plays an important role in setting standards, regulating professional ethics, training and promoting the interests of Antwerp as the capital of the diamond industry.[citation needed] However, in recent years Antwerp has seen a downturn in the diamond business, with the industry shifting to cheaper labor markets such as Dubai or India.[75] The industry has avoided the 2022 European sanctions against Russia although the imports from Alrosa have diminished. If banned, the AWDC claims 10,000 jobs would be at risk.[76]

Transportation

Road

A six-lane motorway bypass encircles much of the city centre and runs through the urban residential area of Antwerp. Known locally as the "Ring" it offers motorway connections to Brussels, Hasselt and Liège, Ghent, Lille and Bruges and Breda and Bergen op Zoom (Netherlands). The banks of the Scheldt are linked by three road tunnels (in order of construction): the Waasland Tunnel (1934), the Kennedy Tunnel (1967) and the Liefkenshoek Tunnel (1991).

Daily congestion on the Ring led to a fourth high-volume highway link called the "Oosterweelconnection" being proposed. It would have entailed the construction of a long viaduct and bridge (the Lange Wapper) over the docks on the north side of the city in combination with the widening of the existing motorway into a 14-lane motorway; these plans were eventually rejected in a 2009 public referendum.[citation needed]

In September 2010 the Flemish Government decided to replace the bridge by a series of tunnels. There are ideas to cover the Ring in a similar way as happened around Paris, Hamburg, Madrid and other cities. This would reconnect the city with its suburbs and would provide development opportunities to accommodate part of the foreseen population growth in Antwerp which currently are not possible because of the pollution and noise generated by the traffic on the Ring. An old plan to build an R2 outer ring road outside the built up urban area around the Antwerp agglomeration for port related traffic and transit traffic never materialized.[citation needed]

 
Sint Anna pedestrian tunnel

Rail

Antwerp is the focus of lines to the north to Essen and the Netherlands, east to Turnhout, south to Mechelen, Brussels and Charleroi, and southwest to Ghent and Ostend. It is served by international trains to Amsterdam and Paris, and national trains to Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Brussels, Charleroi, Hasselt, Liège, Leuven and Turnhout.

Antwerp Central station is an architectural monument in itself, and is mentioned in W G Sebald's haunting novel Austerlitz. Prior to the completion in 2007 of a tunnel that runs northwards under the city centre to emerge at the old Antwerp Dam station, Central was a terminus. Trains from Brussels to the Netherlands had to either reverse at Central or call only at Berchem station, 2 kilometres (1 mile) to the south, and then describe a semicircle to the east, round the Singel. Now, they call at the new lower level of the station before continuing in the same direction.

Antwerp is also home to Antwerpen-Noord, the largest classification yard for freight in Belgium and second largest in Europe. The majority of freight trains in Belgium depart from or arrive here. It has two classification humps and over a hundred tracks.

Public transportation

The city has a web of tram and bus lines operated by De Lijn and providing access to the city centre, suburbs and the Left Bank. The tram network has 14 lines, of which the underground section is called the "premetro" and includes a tunnel under the river. The Franklin Rooseveltplaats functions as the city's main hub for local and regional bus lines.

 
Tram 4 Museumplein

Air

A small airport, Antwerp International Airport, is located in the district of Deurne, with passenger service to various European destinations. A bus service connects the airport to the city centre.

The now defunct VLM Airlines had its head office on the grounds of Antwerp International Airport. This office is also CityJet's Antwerp office.[77][78] When VG Airlines (Delsey Airlines) existed, its head office was located in the district of Merksem.[79]

Belgium's major international airport, Brussels Airport, is about 45 kilometres (28 miles) from the city of Antwerp, and connects the city worldwide. It is connected to the city centre by bus, and also by train. The new Diabolo rail connection provides a direct fast train connection between Antwerp and Brussels Airport as of the summer of 2012.

There is also a direct rail service between Antwerp (calling at Central and Berchem stations) and Charleroi South station, with a connecting buslink to Brussels South Charleroi Airport, which runs twice every hour on working days.

The runway has increased in length, and there is now direct connectivity to Spain, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and Greece from the city of Antwerp.

In September 2019 Air Antwerp began operations with their first route to London City Airport with old VLM Airlines Fokker 50's.

Politics

City council

The current city council was elected in the October 2018 elections.

The current majority consists of N-VA, sp.a and Open Vld, led by mayor Bart De Wever (N-VA).

Former mayors

In the 16th and 17th century important mayors include Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde, Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem and Nicolaas II Rockox. In the early years after Belgian independence, Antwerp was governed by Catholic-Unionist mayors. Between 1848 and 1921, all mayors were from the Liberal Party (except for the so-called Meeting-intermezzo between 1863 and 1872). Between 1921 and 1932, the city had a Catholic mayor again: Frans Van Cauwelaert. From 1932 onwards and up until 2013, all mayors belonged to the Social Democrat party: Camille Huysmans, Lode Craeybeckx, Frans Detiège and Mathilde Schroyens, and after the municipality fusion: Bob Cools [nl], Leona Detiège en Patrick Janssens. Since 2013, the mayor is the Flemish nationalist Bart De Wever, belonging to the Flemish separatist party N-VA (New Flemish Alliance).

Culture

Antwerp had an artistic reputation in the 17th century, based on its school of painting, which included Rubens, Van Dyck, Jordaens, the Teniers and many others.[13]

Informally, most Antverpians (in Dutch Antwerpenaren, people from Antwerp) speak Antverpian daily (in Dutch Antwerps), a dialect that Dutch-speakers know as distinctive from other Brabantic dialects for its characteristic pronunciation of vowels: an 'aw' sound approximately like that in 'bore' is used for one of its long 'a'-sounds while other short 'a's are very sharp like the 'a' in 'hat'. The Echt Antwaarps Teater ("Authentic Antverpian Theatre") brings the dialect on stage.

Antwerp was designated as the World Book Capital for the year 2004 by UNESCO.[80]

Fashion

Antwerp is a rising fashion city, and has produced designers such as the Antwerp Six. The city has a cult status in the fashion world, due to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, one of the most important fashion academies in the world. It has served as the learning centre for many Belgian fashion designers. Since the 1980s, several graduates of the Belgian Royal Academy of Fine Arts have become internationally successful fashion designers in Antwerp. The city has had a huge influence on other Belgian fashion designers such as Raf Simons, Veronique Branquinho, Olivier Theyskens and Kris Van Assche.[81]

Local products

Antwerp is famous for its local products. In August every year the Bollekesfeest takes place. The Bollekesfeest is a showcase for such local products as Bolleke, an amber beer from the De Koninck Brewery. The city's historical ale, Seefbier,[82] dating back to the 16th century and brewed at the Antwerpse Brouw Compagnie is a testament to the city's long brewing history and one of Belgium's oldest existing beerstyles. The Mokatine sweets made by Confiserie Roodthooft, Elixir D'Anvers, a locally made liquor, locally roasted coffee from Koffie Verheyen, sugar from Candico, Poolster pickled herring and Equinox horse meat, are other examples of local specialities. One of the most known products of the city are its biscuits, the Antwerpse Handjes, literally "Antwerp Hands". Usually made from a short pastry with almonds or milk chocolate, they symbolize the Antwerp trademark and folklore. The local products are represented by a non-profit organization, Streekproducten Provincie Antwerpen vzw.[citation needed]

Restaurants & cuisine

See also: Belgian Cuisine

Antwerp has grown into the culinary capital of Flanders and Belgium. It has no fewer than eleven restaurants with at least one MICHELIN star. Zilte by Viki Geunes located in the MAS museum even received the ultimate award of three stars.

Missions to Seafarers

A number of Christian missions to seafarers are based in Antwerp. These include the Mission to Seafarers, British & International Sailors' Society, the Finnish Seamen's Mission, the Norwegian Sjømannskirken and the Apostleship of the Sea. They provide cultural and social activities as well as religious services. The iconic Italiëlei premises have been closed down and all activities have been moved to the Antwerp Harbour Hotel on Noorderlaan.

Music & Festivals

Antwerp is the home of the Antwerp Jazz Club (AJC), founded in 1938 and located on the square Grote Markt since 1994.[83] Antwerp also has various concert halls, such as the Stadsschouwburg, the Bourlaschouwburg, the Flemish Opera, the Arenbergschouwburg and the Koningin Elisabethzaal. Large (pop) performances are often held in the Sportpaleis or in the Lotto Arena. These event halls are located in Merksem. In addition, there are other well-known venues: De Roma and Trix, both of which are located in Borgerhout.

The band dEUS was formed in 1991 in Antwerp. dEUS began their career as a covers band, but soon began writing their own material. Their musical influences range from folk and punk to jazz and progressive rock. Confetti's were a new beat band at the end of the 80's. Their name stems from the name of a nightclub in the Antwerps affluent suburb of Brasschaat. Their 1st video for 'The Sound of C' was shot on the main Antwerp shopping street. Pump Up the Jam the eurobeat/dance song that reached top positions in charts worldwide in 1989 was produced in Antwerp. Belgian-Congolese singer Ya Kid K had Antwerp as her Belgian home base.

Cultuurmarkt van Vlaanderen is a musical festival and a touristic attraction that takes place annually on the final Sunday of August in the city center of Antwerp. Where international and local musicians and actors, present their stage and street performances.[84][85][86][87]

Linkerwoofer is a pop-rock music festival located at the left bank of the Scheldt. This music festival starts in August and mostly local Belgian musicians play and perform in this event.[88][89][90] Jazz Middelheim is an annual summer jazzfestival in the Middelheim Park. Tomorrowland (festival) is probably the most famous festival to arise from Antwerp. Though the festival is effectively located 15 km (10 mi) south of the city its founders in the past organised a festival ('Antwerp is burning') within city limits. The office of the company behind Tomorrowland (weareone.world bvba) is located in the heart of the city. The company founders are involved in conceptualising urban planning concepts for specific Antwerp areas and are known to invite their favourite Antwerp food places to set up a pop-up at the festival. Other popular festivals are Fire Is Gold, Ampere Open Air and Vaag Outdoor focusing more on urban music, house and techno.

Museums

World Choir Games

The city of Antwerp will co-host the 2020 World Choir Games together with the city of Ghent.[91] Organised by the Interkultur Foundation, the World Choir Games is the biggest choral competition and festival in the world.

Sport

 
Official poster of the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp

Antwerp held the 1920 Summer Olympics, which were the first games after the First World War and also the only ones to be held in Belgium.[92][93]

Royal Antwerp F.C., currently playing in the Belgian First Division, were founded in 1880 and is known as 'The Great Old' for being the first club registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association in 1895.[94] Over the course of the club's history, Royal Antwerp have won four Belgian league titles as well as three Belgian Cups. Another club in the city is K Beerschot VA, founded in 1899 by former Royal Antwerp players. They play at the Olympisch Stadion, the main venue of the 1920 Olympics. Between these two football teams there has always been a big rivalry. When the two play against each other the stadiums are packed and the passioned fans give a great display of their passion, but this has also led to fights, hooliganism and vandalism.

The Antwerp Giants play in Basketball League Belgium and Topvolley Antwerpen play in the Belgium men's volleyball League. The city's Groenplaats hosted the official 2022 FIBA 3x3 World Cup.[95]

Antwerp hosted the 2013 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Antwerp was designated by the International Gymnastics Federation as the host city for the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in 2023. The event will take place from September 29 to October 8, 2023 in the Sportpaleis.

Antwerp hosted the start of stage 3 of the 2015 Tour de France on 6 July 2015.[96]

Antwerp hosts the European Open ATP Tour 250 tennis tournament that takes place in Antwerp's Sport Palace. It was introduced for the 2016 ATP World Tour.

Antwerp annually organizes the 10 miles and the Antwerp marathon.

For the year 2013, Antwerp was awarded the title of European Capital of Sport.

Education

 
Main building of the Middelheim campus at the University of Antwerp.

Antwerp has a university and several colleges. The University of Antwerp (Universiteit Antwerpen) was established in 2003, following the merger of the RUCA, UFSIA and UIA institutes. Their roots go back to 1852. The university has approximately 23,000 registered students, making it the third-largest university in Flanders, as well as 1,800 foreign students. It has 7 faculties, spread over four campus locations in the city centre and in the south of the city. The university is part of Young Universities for the Future of Europe (YUFE) and Young European Research Universities Network (YERUN).

The city has several colleges, including Antwerp Management School (AMS), Charlemagne University College (Karel de Grote Hogeschool), Plantin University College (Plantijn Hogeschool), and Artesis University College (Artesis Hogeschool). Artesis University College has about 8,600 students and 1,600 staff, and Charlemagne University College has about 10,000 students and 1,300 staff. Plantin University College has approximately 3,700 students.


International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

The following places are twinned with or are sister cities to Antwerp:

Partnerships

Within the context of development cooperation, Antwerp is also linked to

Notable people

Born in Antwerp

 
Anthony van Dyck, self portrait
 
Nicolaes Maes, self-portrait
 
 
Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Lived in Antwerp

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The capital region of Brussels, whose metropolitan area comprises the city itself plus 18 independent communal entities, counts over 1,700,000 inhabitants, but these communities are counted separately by the Belgian Statistics Office.[3]

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Further reading

  • Blanchard, Ian. The International Economy in the "Age of the Discoveries," 1470–1570: Antwerp and the English Merchants' World (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009). 288 pp. in English
  • Harreld, Donald J. "Trading Places," Journal of Urban History (2003) 29#6 pp 657–669
  • Lindemann, Mary. The Merchant Republics: Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Hamburg, 1648–1790 (Cambridge University Press, 2014) 356 pp.
  • Limberger, Michael. Sixteenth-Century Antwerp and its Rural Surroundings: Social and Economic Changes in the Hinterland of a Commercial Metropolis (ca. 1450–1570) (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2008). 284 pp. ISBN 978-2-503-52725-3.
  • Makos, Adam (2019). Spearhead (1st ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 63, 69. ISBN 9780804176729. LCCN 2018039460. OL 27342118M.
  • Stillwell, Richard, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: "Antwerp Belgium"
  • Van der Wee, Herman. The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy (14th–16th Centuries) (The Hague, 1963)

External links

  • Official website
  • Tourism Antwerp
  • Visit Antwerp

antwerp, this, article, about, flemish, city, province, province, other, uses, disambiguation, anvers, redirects, here, station, paris, métro, line, anvers, paris, métro, island, antarctic, coast, anvers, island, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated. This article is about the Flemish city For the province see Antwerp Province For other uses see Antwerp disambiguation Anvers redirects here For the station on Paris Metro Line 2 see Anvers Paris Metro For the island off the Antarctic coast see Anvers Island This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at nl Antwerpen stad see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated nl Antwerpen stad to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Antwerp ˈ ae n t w ɜːr p listen Dutch Antwerpen ˈɑntʋɛrpe n listen French Anvers ɑ vɛʁs listen Spanish Amberes is the largest city in Belgium by area at 204 51 square kilometres 78 96 sq mi and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region With a population of 530 504 2 it is the most populous municipality in Belgium and with a metropolitan population of around 1 200 000 people it is the second largest metropolitan region in Belgium second only to Brussels a 4 Antwerp Antwerpen Dutch Anvers French City and municipalityOnze Lieve VrouwekathedraalMuseum aan de StroomHavenhuisAntwerp Central StationFlagCoat of armsLocation of AntwerpAntwerpLocation in Belgium Antwerp municipality in the province of AntwerpCoordinates 51 13 04 N 04 24 01 E 51 21778 N 4 40028 E 51 21778 4 40028Country BelgiumCommunityFlemish CommunityRegionFlemish RegionProvinceAntwerpArrondissementAntwerpGovernment Mayor list Bart De Wever N VA Governing party iesN VAVooruitOpen VldArea Total204 32 km2 78 89 sq mi Population 2020 01 01 1 Total529 247 Density2 600 km2 6 700 sq mi DemonymAntwerpenaar m Antwerpse f Dutch Postal codes2000 2660Area codes03Websiteantwerpen beAntwerp is on the river Scheldt linked to the North Sea by the river s Westerschelde estuary It is about 40 kilometres 25 mi north of Brussels and about 15 kilometres 9 mi south of the Dutch border The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world ranking second in Europe 5 6 and within the top 20 globally The city is also known as the hub of the world s diamond trade In 2020 the Globalization and World Cities Research Network rated Antwerp as a Gamma third level top tier Global City 7 Both economically and culturally Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the Low Countries especially before and during the Spanish Fury 1576 and throughout and after the subsequent Dutch Revolt The Bourse of Antwerp originally built in 1531 and re built in 1872 was the world s first purpose built commodity exchange It was founded before stocks and shares existed so was not strictly a stock exchange 8 9 In 1920 the city hosted the Summer Olympics The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren Dutch pronunciation sɪˈɲoːre n after the Spanish honorific senor or French seigneur lord referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century 10 The city s population is very diverse including about 180 nationalities as of 2019 more than 50 of its population had a parent that was not a Belgian citizen at birth 11 A particularly notable community among these is the close knit Jewish one as Antwerp is one of the only two cities in Europe together with London and its Stamford Hill neighbourhood that kept a considerable Haredi population in the 21st century They are also more much visible than in London due to them being concentrated around the centre The centre is also most notably home to the Antwerpen Centraal railway station eclectically built in a combination of Neo Renaissance and Art Nouveau it is considered to be one of the most beautiful train stations in the world Contents 1 Toponymy 1 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Pre 1500 2 2 16th century 2 2 1 Reformation era 2 2 2 Dutch revolt 2 3 17th 19th centuries 2 4 20th century 3 Districts amp neighborhoods 3 1 Districts 3 2 Neighborhoods 4 Cityscape amp architecture 4 1 Parks amp recreational areas 5 Fortifications 6 Demographics 6 1 Historical population 6 2 Ethnicity 6 2 1 Jewish community 6 2 2 Jain community 6 2 3 Armenian community 7 Economy 7 1 Port 7 2 Diamonds 8 Transportation 8 1 Road 8 2 Rail 8 3 Public transportation 8 4 Air 9 Politics 9 1 City council 9 2 Former mayors 10 Culture 10 1 Fashion 10 2 Local products 10 3 Restaurants amp cuisine 10 4 Missions to Seafarers 10 5 Music amp Festivals 10 6 Museums 10 7 World Choir Games 11 Sport 12 Education 13 International relations 13 1 Twin towns and sister cities 13 2 Partnerships 14 Notable people 14 1 Born in Antwerp 14 2 Lived in Antwerp 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External linksToponymy EditEtymology Edit Early recorded versions of the name include Ando Verpia on Roman coins found in the city centre 12 Germanic Andhunerbo from around the time Austrasia became a separate kingdom that is about 567 CE 13 and possibly originally Celtic Andoverpis in Dado s Life of St Eligius Vita Eligii from about 700 CE The form Antverpia is New Latin 14 Scaldis the Scheldt and Antverpia Antwerp Abraham Janssens 1609 oil on panel Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp A Germanic Frankish or Frisian origin could contain prefix anda against and a noun derived from the verb werpen to throw and denote for example land thrown up at the riverbank an alluvial deposit a mound like a terp thrown up as a defence against something or someone or a wharf 15 16 17 If Andoverpis is Celtic in origin it could mean those who live on both banks 18 There is a folklore tradition that the name Antwerpen is from Dutch handwerpen hand throwing A giant called Antigoon is said to have lived near the Scheldt river and extracted a toll from passing boatmen He severed the hand of anyone who did not pay and threw it in the river Eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named Silvius Brabo who cut off the giant s own hand and flung that into the river This is unlikely to be the true origin but it is celebrated by a statue illustrated further below in the city s main market square the Grote Markt 19 12 History EditSee also Timeline of Antwerp Pre 1500 Edit Historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo Roman vicus Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt 1952 1961 ref Princeton produced pottery shards and fragments of glass from mid 2nd century to the end of the 3rd century In the 4th century Antwerp was first named having been settled by the Germanic Franks 17 The Merovingian Antwerp was evangelized by Saint Amand in the 7th century Het Steen Castle has its origins in the Carolingian period in the 9th century The castle may have been built after the Viking incursions in the early Middle Ages in 879 the Normans invaded Flanders The surviving structure was built between 1200 and 1225 as a gateway to a larger castle of the Dukes of Brabant which was demolished in the 19th century It is Antwerp s oldest building 20 At the end of the 10th century the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire Antwerp became a margraviate in 980 by the German emperor Otto II a border province facing the County of Flanders In the 11th century the best known leader of the First Crusade 1096 1099 Godfrey of Bouillon was originally Margrave of Antwerp from 1076 until his death in 1100 though he was later also Duke of Lower Lorraine 1087 1100 and Defender of the Holy Sepulchre 1099 1100 In the 12th century Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St Michael s Abbey at Caloes Antwerp was also the headquarters of Edward III during his early negotiations with Jacob van Artevelde and his son Lionel the Duke of Clarence was born there in 1338 13 Grote Markt 16th century Edit After the silting up of the Zwin and the consequent decline of Bruges the city of Antwerp then part of the Duchy of Brabant grew in importance with the city doubling its population between 1500 and 1569 21 At the end of the 15th century the foreign trading houses were transferred from Bruges to Antwerp and the building assigned to the association of English merchants active in the city is specifically mentioned in 1510 13 During this time the old Mediterranean trade routes were gradually losing importance and the discovery of new sea routes via Africa to Asia and via the Atlantic to America helped push Antwerp to a position of prominence 21 By 1504 the Portuguese had established Antwerp as one of their main shipping bases bringing in spices from Asia and trading them for textiles and metal goods The city s trade expanded to include cloth from England Italy and Germany wines from Germany France and Spain salt from France and wheat from the Baltic The city s skilled workers processed soap fish sugar and especially cloth Banks helped finance the trade the merchants and the manufacturers The city was a cosmopolitan center its bourse opened in 1531 To the merchants of all nations 22 View of the city of Antwerp by Flemish painter Jan Wildens Antwerp became the sugar capital of Europe importing the raw commodity from Portuguese and Spanish plantations on both sides of the Atlantic where it was grown by a mixture of free and forced labour increasingly with enslaved Africans as the century progressed 23 The city attracted Italian and German sugar refiners by 1550 and shipped their refined product to Germany especially Cologne 24 Antwerp also had an unusually high number of painters around 360 in 1560 in a city with a population of roughly 89 000 in 1569 250 people per painter it was known as the best city for painters north of the Alps serving notable painters such as Pieter Bruegel 21 Moneylenders and financiers developed a large business lending money all over Europe including the English government in 1544 1574 London bankers were too small to operate on that scale and Antwerp had a highly efficient bourse that itself attracted rich bankers from around Europe After the 1570s the city s banking business declined England ceased its borrowing in Antwerp in 1574 25 Fernand Braudel states that Antwerp became the centre of the entire international economy something Bruges had never been even at its height 26 Antwerp had the highest growth rate and was the richest city in Europe at the time 27 21 Antwerp s Golden Age is tightly linked to the Age of Exploration During the first half of the 16th century Antwerp grew to become the second largest European city north of the Alps Many foreign merchants were resident in the city Francesco Guicciardini the Florentine envoy stated that hundreds of ships would pass in a day and 2 000 carts entered the city each week Portuguese ships laden with pepper and cinnamon would unload their cargo According to Luc Normand Tellier It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the Spanish colonization of the Americas 28 Sack of Antwerp in 1576 in which about 7 000 people died 29 Without a long distance merchant fleet and governed by an oligarchy of banker aristocrats forbidden to engage in trade the economy of Antwerp was foreign controlled which made the city very cosmopolitan with merchants and traders from Venice Genoa Ragusa Spain and Portugal Antwerp had a policy of toleration which attracted a large crypto Jewish community composed of migrants from Spain and Portugal 30 Antwerp experienced three booms during its golden age the first based on the pepper market a second launched by American silver coming from Seville ending with the bankruptcy of Spain in 1557 and a third boom after the stabilising Treaty of Cateau Cambresis in 1559 based on the textiles industry At the beginning of the 16th century Antwerp accounted for 40 of world trade 28 The boom and bust cycles and inflationary cost of living squeezed less skilled workers In the century after 1541 the city s economy and population declined dramatically The Portuguese merchants left in 1549 and there was much less trade in English cloth Numerous financial bankruptcies began around 1557 Amsterdam replaced Antwerp as the major trading center for the region 31 Reformation era Edit The religious revolution of the Reformation erupted in violent riots in August 1566 as in other parts of the Low Countries The regent Margaret Duchess of Parma was swept aside when Philip II sent the Duke of Alba at the head of an army the following summer When the Dutch revolt against Spain broke out in 1568 commercial trading between Antwerp and the Spanish port of Bilbao collapsed and became impossible On 4 November 1576 Spanish soldiers sacked the city during the so called Spanish Fury 7 000 citizens were massacred 800 houses were burnt down and over 2 million sterling of damage was done Dutch revolt Edit View of Antwerp with the frozen Scheldt 1590 by Lucas van Valckenborch Subsequently the city joined the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and became the capital of the Dutch Revolt In 1585 Alessandro Farnese Duke of Parma and Piacenza captured it after a long siege and as part of the terms of surrender its Protestant citizens were given two years to settle their affairs before quitting the city 32 Most went to the United Provinces in the north starting the Dutch Golden Age Antwerp s banking was controlled for a generation by Genoa and Amsterdam became the new trading centre 17th 19th centuries Edit Map of Antwerp 1624 Antwerp and the river Scheldt photochrom c 1890 1900 Antwerp from the left bank of the Scheldt c 1890 1900 The recognition of the independence of the United Provinces by the Treaty of Munster in 1648 stipulated that the Scheldt should be closed to navigation which destroyed Antwerp s trading activities This impediment remained in force until 1863 although the provisions were relaxed during French rule from 1795 to 1814 and also during the time Belgium formed part of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands 1815 to 1830 13 Antwerp had reached the lowest point in its fortunes in 1800 and its population had sunk to under 40 000 when Napoleon realizing its strategic importance assigned funds to enlarge the harbour by constructing a new dock still named the Bonaparte Dock an access lock and mole and deepening the Scheldt to allow larger ships to approach Antwerp 27 Napoleon hoped that by making Antwerp s harbour the finest in Europe he would be able to counter the Port of London and hamper British growth However he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo before he could see the plan through 33 In 1830 the city was captured by the Belgian insurgents but the citadel continued to be held by a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chasse For a time Chasse subjected the town to periodic bombardment which inflicted much damage and at the end of 1832 the citadel itself was besieged by the French Northern Army commanded by Marechal Gerard During this attack the town was further damaged In December 1832 after a gallant defence Chasse made an honourable surrender ending the Siege of Antwerp 1832 13 Later that century a double ring of Brialmont Fortresses was constructed some 10 km 6 mi from the city centre as Antwerp was considered vital for the survival of the young Belgian state And in 1894 Antwerp presented itself to the world via a World s Fair attended by 3 million 34 20th century Edit The German bombardment of Antwerp October 1914 by Willy Stower Antwerp was the first city to host the World Gymnastics Championships in 1903 During World War I the city became the fallback point of the Belgian Army after the defeat at Liege The Siege of Antwerp lasted for 11 days but the city was taken after heavy fighting by the German Army and the Belgians were forced to retreat westwards Antwerp remained under German occupation until the Armistice Antwerp hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics During World War II the city was an important strategic target because of its port It was occupied by Germany on May 18th 1940 and liberated by the British 11th Armoured Division on September 4th 1944 After this the Germans attempted to destroy the Port of Antwerp which was used by the Allies to bring new material ashore Thousands of Rheinbote V 1 and V 2 missiles were fired more V 2s than used on all other targets during the entire war combined causing severe damage to the city but failed to destroy the port due to poor accuracy After the war Antwerp which had already had a sizeable Jewish population before the war once again became a major European centre of Haredi and particularly Hasidic Orthodox Judaism A Ten Year Plan for the port of Antwerp 1956 1965 expanded and modernized the port s infrastructure with national funding to build a set of canal docks The broader aim was to facilitate the growth of the north eastern Antwerp metropolitan region which attracted new industry based on a flexible and strategic implementation of the project as a co production between various authorities and private parties The plan succeeded in extending the linear layout along the Scheldt river by connecting new satellite communities to the main strip 35 Starting in the 1990s Antwerp rebranded itself as a world class fashion centre Emphasizing the avant garde it tried to compete with London Milan New York and Paris It emerged from organized tourism and mega cultural events 36 Districts amp neighborhoods EditMain article Districts of Antwerp Districts Edit Districts of Antwerp The municipality comprises the city of Antwerp proper and several towns It is divided into nine entities districts Antwerp Berchem Berendrecht Zandvliet Lillo Borgerhout Deurne Ekeren Hoboken Merksem WilrijkIn 1958 in preparation of the 10 year development plan for the Port of Antwerp the municipalities of Berendrecht Zandvliet Lillo were integrated into the city territory and lost their administrative independence During the 1983 merger of municipalities conducted by the Belgian government as an administrative simplification the municipalities of Berchem Borgerhout Deurne Ekeren Hoboken Merksem and Wilrijk were merged into the city At that time the city was also divided into the districts mentioned above Simultaneously districts received an appointed district council later district councils became elected bodies 37 Neighborhoods Edit Den Dam an area in northern Antwerp The diamond district an area consisting of several square blocks it is Antwerp s centre for the cutting polishing and trading of diamonds Linkeroever Antwerp on the left bank of the Scheldt with a lot of apartment buildings Meir Antwerp s largest shopping street Van Wesenbekestraat the city s Chinatown Het Zuid the south of Antwerp notable for its museums art galleries restaurants and bars Zurenborg an area between Central and Berchem station with a concentration of Art Nouveau townhouses with the remarkable Cogels Osylei Cogels Osylei Sint Andries This was once one of the poorest parts of the old city but the quarter around the Sint Andrieskerk has been transformed in recent years The most exciting developments have happened along Kloosterstraat once a street of junk shops but now lined with design stores cool cafes and antique shops Het Eilandje Little Island or Het Eilandje is the Antwerp district that lies in the North of the city This used to be the Port of Antwerp after the port moved from the city centre Now this neighbourhood is on the uprise with the MAS museum bars and restaurants and a yacht marinaCityscape amp architecture EditIn the 16th century Antwerp was noted for the wealth of its citizens Antwerpia nummis citation needed The houses of these wealthy merchants and manufacturers have been preserved throughout the city However fire has destroyed several old buildings such as the house of the Hanseatic League on the northern quays in 1891 citation needed During World War II the city also suffered considerable damage from V bombs and in recent years other noteworthy buildings have been demolished for new developments Antwerp Zoo opened in 1843 is one of the oldest zoos in the world Antwerp City Hall dates from 1565 and is built primarily in Renaissance style Antwerp Central Station completed in 1905 is a railway station designed by Louis Delacenserie Cathedral of Our Lady is the tallest cathedral in the Low Countries and remains the tallest building in the city Construction of the church began in the 14th century and finished in 1518 It is home to several triptychs by the Baroque painter Rubens viz The Descent from the Cross The Elevation of the Cross The Resurrection of Christ and The Assumption 13 St James Church is more ornate than the cathedral It contains the remains of numerous famous nobles among them a major part of the family of Rubens The Church of St Paul has a Baroque interior It is a few hundred yards north of the Grote Markt St Andrew s Church St Charles Borromeo Church Districtshuis van Borgerhout is the former town hall of Borgerhout located on the Moorkensplein Havenhuis the Port Authority Building or the Port House is a government building located in the area of Eilandje in the Port of Antwerp and acts as the new headquarters of the Antwerp Port Authority It was designed by Iraqi British architect Zaha Hadid Museum Vleeshuis Butchers Hall is a Gothic brick built building situated a short distance to the northwest of the Grote Markt The Saint Boniface Church is an Anglican church and headseat of the arch deanery North West Europe Boerentoren Farmers Tower or KBC Tower a 26 storey building built in 1932 is the oldest skyscraper in Europe 38 It is the tallest building in Antwerp and the second tallest structure after the Cathedral of our Lady The building was designed by Emiel van Averbeke R Van Hoenacker and Jos Smolderen 39 Rockox House is the former 17th century residence of Nicolaas II Rockox Mayor of Antwerp Bourse of Antwerp Originally built 1531 extensively restored in 1872 now known as the Antwerp Trade Fair Palace of Justice designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership Arup and VK Studio was opened by King Albert II in April 2006 40 41 This building is the antithesis of the heavy dark court building designed by Joseph Poelaert which dominates the skyline of Brussels The courtrooms sit on top of six fingers that radiate from an airy central hall and are surmounted by spires which provide north light and resemble oast houses or the sails of barges on the nearby River Scheldt Zurenborg a late 19th century Belle Epoque neighbourhood on the border of Antwerp and Berchem with many Art Nouveau architectural elements The area counts as one of the most original Belle Epoque urban expansion areas in Europe Kathedraal Onze Lieve Vrouw Antwerp Central Station Port House Bourla Theatre Provinciehuis Arts Center De Singel Boerentoren Districtshuis Borgerhout ZNA Cadix Grote Markt Palace of Justice AntwerpParks amp recreational areas Edit Antwerp has many parks open spaces and squares throughout the city The Stadspark Antwerp is a 14 hectare park in the center of Antwerp It has the shape of a triangle with the base pointing south and the top pointing north The park is bordered by the Quinten Matsijslei in the east the Van Eycklei in the south and the Rubenslei in the west The Rivierenhof is a provincial domain in the Antwerp city district of Deurne owned and managed by the Province of Antwerp It covers an area of 132 ha making it the largest park in the city of Antwerp The Nachtegalenpark is a complex of several adjacent parks south of Antwerp The area is 90 hectares in total The parks were all built around a castle and were acquired by the municipality of Antwerp in 1910 The parks consist of Den Brandt 21 ha Middelheim Park 24 ha and Vogelenzang 40 ha Park Spoor Noord is a landscape park located in the Dam Schijnpoort Antwerp district which was built on the grounds of the former marshalling yard Antwerp Dam of the NMBS The Botanic Garden of Antwerp which also carries the name Den Botaniek also sometimes locally called Den Botanieken Hof or Kruidtuin is a landscaped botanical garden created in 1825 in the inner city of Antwerp located at the Leopoldstraat The Te Boelaerpark is one of Antwerp s city parks and covers 16 hectares It is located in the Borgerhout district between the Gitschotellei and the Arthur Matthyslaan The Hobokense Polder is a nature reserve located in Hoboken It is 170 hectares in size It is located in northern Hoboken It has been a nature reserve since 1995 On December 23 1998 it officially became a nature reserve The Hobokense Polder is located between the Scheldt Hoboken and the Blue Gate business park The Kielpark is located in the Kiel neighbourhood south of the Antwerp Centrum interchange and west of the park is the Sint Catharina Church Rivierenhof Deurne Den Botaniek Nachtegalenpark StadsparkFortifications EditMain article Fortifications of Antwerp Het Steen literally The Stone Although Antwerp was formerly a fortified city hardly anything remains of the former enceinte only some remains of the city wall can be seen near the Vleeshuis museum at the corner of Bloedberg and Burchtgracht Steen castle on the Scheldt quai is the gate wing of the demolished castle of the Dukes of Brabant It was partly reconstructed in the 19th century Antwerp s development as a fortified city is documented between the 10th and the 20th century The fortifications were developed in different phases 10th century fortification of the wharf with a wall and a ditch 12th and 13th century canals so called vlieten and ruien were made 16th century Spanish fortifications 19th century double ring of Brialmont forts around the city dismantling of the Spanish fortifications 20th century 1960 dismantling of the inner ring of forts decommissioning of the outer ring of fortsDemographics EditMain article Demographics of Antwerp Historical population Edit Population timeline of Antwerp This is the population of the city of Antwerp only not of the larger current municipality of the same name 1374 18 000 42 1486 40 000 43 1500 around 44 49 000 inhabitants 44 1526 50 000 45 1567 105 000 90 000 permanent residents and 15 000 floating population including foreign merchants and soldiers At the time only 10 cities in Europe reached this size 45 46 47 48 1584 84 000 after the Spanish Fury the French Fury 49 and the Calvinist republic 1586 May 60 000 after siege 1586 October 50 000 1591 46 000 1612 54 000 50 1620 66 000 Twelve Years Truce 1640 54 000 after the Black Death epidemics 1700 66 000 51 1765 40 000 1784 51 000 1800 45 500 1815 54 000 52 1830 73 500 1856 111 700 1880 179 000 1900 275 100 1925 308 000 1959 260 000 53 Ethnicity Edit Nationality by citizenship Population 2020 all districts 54 Belgium 415 747 Netherlands 20 103 Morocco 11 780 Poland 8 387 Spain 6 221 Afghanistan 4 539 Bulgaria 4 376 Turkey 4 360 Romania 4 131 Iraq 3 082 Portugal 3 043 Syria 2 894 India 2 389 Algeria 2 364 Italy 2 322 France 2 017Others 34 659In 2010 36 to 39 of the inhabitants of Antwerp had foreign origins A study projected that in 2020 55 of the population would be of immigrant background either first second or third generation 55 56 Jewish community Edit Main article Jewish Community of Antwerp Hollandse Synagogue After the Holocaust and the murder of its many Jews Antwerp became a major centre for Orthodox Jews At present about 15 000 Haredi Jews many of them Hasidic live in Antwerp The city has three official Jewish Congregations Shomrei Hadass headed by Rabbi Dovid Moishe Lieberman Machsike Hadass headed by Rabbi Aron Schiff formerly by Chief Rabbi Chaim Kreiswirth and the Portuguese Community Ben Moshe Antwerp has an extensive network of synagogues shops schools and organizations Significant Hasidic movements in Antwerp include Pshevorsk based in Antwerp as well as branches of Satmar Belz Bobov Ger Skver Klausenburg Vizhnitz and several others Rabbi Chaim Kreiswirth chief rabbi of the Machsike Hadas community who died in 2001 was arguably one of the better known personalities to have been based in Antwerp An attempt to have a street named after him has received the support of the Town Hall and is in the process of being implemented citation needed Jain community Edit Main article Jainism in Belgium Jain temple Antwerp The Jains in Belgium are estimated to be around about 1 500 people The majority live in Antwerp mostly involved in the very lucrative diamond business 57 Belgian Indian Jains control two thirds of the rough diamonds trade and supplied India with roughly 36 of their rough diamonds 58 A major temple with a cultural centre has been built in Antwerp Wilrijk Mr Ramesh Mehta a Jain is a full fledged member of the Belgian Council of Religious Leaders put up on 17 December 2009 citation needed Armenian community Edit Main article Armenians in Belgium There are significant Armenian communities that reside in Antwerp many of whom are descendants of traders who settled during the 19th century Most Armenian Belgians are adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church while a smaller number are adherents of the Armenian Catholic Church and Armenian Evangelical Church One of the important sectors that Armenian communities in Antwerp excel at and are involved in is the diamond trade business 59 60 61 62 that based primarily in the diamond district 63 64 65 Some of the famous Armenian families involved in the diamond business in the city are the Artinians Arslanians Aslanians Barsamians and the Osganians 66 67 Economy Edit Bevrijdingsdok nl terminal at the Port of Antwerp Port Edit According to the American Association of Port Authorities the port of Antwerp was the seventeenth largest by tonnage port in the world in 2005 and second only to Rotterdam in Europe It handled 235 2 million tons of cargo in 2018 Importantly it handles high volumes of economically attractive general and project cargo as well as bulk cargo Antwerp s docklands with five oil refineries are home to a massive concentration of petrochemical industries second only to the petrochemical cluster in Houston Texas citation needed Electricity generation is also an important activity with four nuclear power plants at Doel a conventional power station in Kallo as well as several smaller combined cycle plants There is a wind farm in the northern part of the port area There are plans to extend this in the period 2014 2020 68 The old Belgian bluestone quays bordering the Scheldt for a distance of 5 6 km 3 5 mi to the north and south of the city centre have been retained for their sentimental value and are used mainly by cruise ships and short sea shipping citation needed Diamonds Edit Antwerp s other great mainstay is the diamond trade that takes place largely within the diamond district 69 85 percent of the world s rough diamonds pass through the district annually 70 and in 2011 turnover in the industry was 56 billion 71 The city has four diamond bourses the Diamond Club of Antwerp the Beurs voor Diamanthandel the Antwerpsche Diamantkring and the Vrije Diamanthandel 72 Antwerp s history in the diamond trade dates back to as early as the sixteenth century 70 with the first diamond cutters guild being introduced in 1584 The industry never disappeared from Antwerp and even experienced a second boom in the early twentieth century By the year 1924 Antwerp had over 13 000 diamond finishers 73 Since World War II families of the large Hasidic Jewish community have dominated Antwerp s diamond trading industry although the last two decades have seen Indian 74 and Maronite Christians from Lebanon and Armenian 63 traders become increasingly important 74 Antwerp World Diamond Centre AWDC the successor to the Hoge Raad voor Diamant plays an important role in setting standards regulating professional ethics training and promoting the interests of Antwerp as the capital of the diamond industry citation needed However in recent years Antwerp has seen a downturn in the diamond business with the industry shifting to cheaper labor markets such as Dubai or India 75 The industry has avoided the 2022 European sanctions against Russia although the imports from Alrosa have diminished If banned the AWDC claims 10 000 jobs would be at risk 76 Transportation EditRoad Edit A six lane motorway bypass encircles much of the city centre and runs through the urban residential area of Antwerp Known locally as the Ring it offers motorway connections to Brussels Hasselt and Liege Ghent Lille and Bruges and Breda and Bergen op Zoom Netherlands The banks of the Scheldt are linked by three road tunnels in order of construction the Waasland Tunnel 1934 the Kennedy Tunnel 1967 and the Liefkenshoek Tunnel 1991 Daily congestion on the Ring led to a fourth high volume highway link called the Oosterweelconnection being proposed It would have entailed the construction of a long viaduct and bridge the Lange Wapper over the docks on the north side of the city in combination with the widening of the existing motorway into a 14 lane motorway these plans were eventually rejected in a 2009 public referendum citation needed In September 2010 the Flemish Government decided to replace the bridge by a series of tunnels There are ideas to cover the Ring in a similar way as happened around Paris Hamburg Madrid and other cities This would reconnect the city with its suburbs and would provide development opportunities to accommodate part of the foreseen population growth in Antwerp which currently are not possible because of the pollution and noise generated by the traffic on the Ring An old plan to build an R2 outer ring road outside the built up urban area around the Antwerp agglomeration for port related traffic and transit traffic never materialized citation needed Sint Anna pedestrian tunnel Rail Edit Antwerp is the focus of lines to the north to Essen and the Netherlands east to Turnhout south to Mechelen Brussels and Charleroi and southwest to Ghent and Ostend It is served by international trains to Amsterdam and Paris and national trains to Ghent Bruges Ostend Brussels Charleroi Hasselt Liege Leuven and Turnhout Antwerp Central station is an architectural monument in itself and is mentioned in W G Sebald s haunting novel Austerlitz Prior to the completion in 2007 of a tunnel that runs northwards under the city centre to emerge at the old Antwerp Dam station Central was a terminus Trains from Brussels to the Netherlands had to either reverse at Central or call only at Berchem station 2 kilometres 1 mile to the south and then describe a semicircle to the east round the Singel Now they call at the new lower level of the station before continuing in the same direction Antwerp is also home to Antwerpen Noord the largest classification yard for freight in Belgium and second largest in Europe The majority of freight trains in Belgium depart from or arrive here It has two classification humps and over a hundred tracks Public transportation Edit The city has a web of tram and bus lines operated by De Lijn and providing access to the city centre suburbs and the Left Bank The tram network has 14 lines of which the underground section is called the premetro and includes a tunnel under the river The Franklin Rooseveltplaats functions as the city s main hub for local and regional bus lines Tram 4 Museumplein Air Edit A small airport Antwerp International Airport is located in the district of Deurne with passenger service to various European destinations A bus service connects the airport to the city centre The now defunct VLM Airlines had its head office on the grounds of Antwerp International Airport This office is also CityJet s Antwerp office 77 78 When VG Airlines Delsey Airlines existed its head office was located in the district of Merksem 79 Belgium s major international airport Brussels Airport is about 45 kilometres 28 miles from the city of Antwerp and connects the city worldwide It is connected to the city centre by bus and also by train The new Diabolo rail connection provides a direct fast train connection between Antwerp and Brussels Airport as of the summer of 2012 There is also a direct rail service between Antwerp calling at Central and Berchem stations and Charleroi South station with a connecting buslink to Brussels South Charleroi Airport which runs twice every hour on working days The runway has increased in length and there is now direct connectivity to Spain United Kingdom Germany France Italy and Greece from the city of Antwerp In September 2019 Air Antwerp began operations with their first route to London City Airport with old VLM Airlines Fokker 50 s Politics EditCity council Edit The current city council was elected in the October 2018 elections The current majority consists of N VA sp a and Open Vld led by mayor Bart De Wever N VA Party SeatsNew Flemish Alliance N VA 23Green 11Vooruit 6Flemish Interest 6Workers Party of Belgium PVDA 4Christian Democratic and Flemish CD amp V 3Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats Open Vld 2Total 55Former mayors Edit Main article List of mayors of Antwerp In the 16th and 17th century important mayors include Philips of Marnix Lord of Saint Aldegonde Anthony van Stralen Lord of Merksem and Nicolaas II Rockox In the early years after Belgian independence Antwerp was governed by Catholic Unionist mayors Between 1848 and 1921 all mayors were from the Liberal Party except for the so called Meeting intermezzo between 1863 and 1872 Between 1921 and 1932 the city had a Catholic mayor again Frans Van Cauwelaert From 1932 onwards and up until 2013 all mayors belonged to the Social Democrat party Camille Huysmans Lode Craeybeckx Frans Detiege and Mathilde Schroyens and after the municipality fusion Bob Cools nl Leona Detiege en Patrick Janssens Since 2013 the mayor is the Flemish nationalist Bart De Wever belonging to the Flemish separatist party N VA New Flemish Alliance Culture EditAntwerp had an artistic reputation in the 17th century based on its school of painting which included Rubens Van Dyck Jordaens the Teniers and many others 13 Informally most Antverpians in Dutch Antwerpenaren people from Antwerp speak Antverpian daily in Dutch Antwerps a dialect that Dutch speakers know as distinctive from other Brabantic dialects for its characteristic pronunciation of vowels an aw sound approximately like that in bore is used for one of its long a sounds while other short a s are very sharp like the a in hat The Echt Antwaarps Teater Authentic Antverpian Theatre brings the dialect on stage Antwerp was designated as the World Book Capital for the year 2004 by UNESCO 80 Fashion Edit Antwerp is a rising fashion city and has produced designers such as the Antwerp Six The city has a cult status in the fashion world due to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts one of the most important fashion academies in the world It has served as the learning centre for many Belgian fashion designers Since the 1980s several graduates of the Belgian Royal Academy of Fine Arts have become internationally successful fashion designers in Antwerp The city has had a huge influence on other Belgian fashion designers such as Raf Simons Veronique Branquinho Olivier Theyskens and Kris Van Assche 81 Local products Edit Antwerp is famous for its local products In August every year the Bollekesfeest takes place The Bollekesfeest is a showcase for such local products as Bolleke an amber beer from the De Koninck Brewery The city s historical ale Seefbier 82 dating back to the 16th century and brewed at the Antwerpse Brouw Compagnie is a testament to the city s long brewing history and one of Belgium s oldest existing beerstyles The Mokatine sweets made by Confiserie Roodthooft Elixir D Anvers a locally made liquor locally roasted coffee from Koffie Verheyen sugar from Candico Poolster pickled herring and Equinox horse meat are other examples of local specialities One of the most known products of the city are its biscuits the Antwerpse Handjes literally Antwerp Hands Usually made from a short pastry with almonds or milk chocolate they symbolize the Antwerp trademark and folklore The local products are represented by a non profit organization Streekproducten Provincie Antwerpen vzw citation needed Restaurants amp cuisine Edit See also Belgian CuisineAntwerp has grown into the culinary capital of Flanders and Belgium It has no fewer than eleven restaurants with at least one MICHELIN star Zilte by Viki Geunes located in the MAS museum even received the ultimate award of three stars Missions to Seafarers Edit A number of Christian missions to seafarers are based in Antwerp These include the Mission to Seafarers British amp International Sailors Society the Finnish Seamen s Mission the Norwegian Sjomannskirken and the Apostleship of the Sea They provide cultural and social activities as well as religious services The iconic Italielei premises have been closed down and all activities have been moved to the Antwerp Harbour Hotel on Noorderlaan Music amp Festivals Edit Vlaamse Opera Antwerp is the home of the Antwerp Jazz Club AJC founded in 1938 and located on the square Grote Markt since 1994 83 Antwerp also has various concert halls such as the Stadsschouwburg the Bourlaschouwburg the Flemish Opera the Arenbergschouwburg and the Koningin Elisabethzaal Large pop performances are often held in the Sportpaleis or in the Lotto Arena These event halls are located in Merksem In addition there are other well known venues De Roma and Trix both of which are located in Borgerhout The band dEUS was formed in 1991 in Antwerp dEUS began their career as a covers band but soon began writing their own material Their musical influences range from folk and punk to jazz and progressive rock Confetti s were a new beat band at the end of the 80 s Their name stems from the name of a nightclub in the Antwerps affluent suburb of Brasschaat Their 1st video for The Sound of C was shot on the main Antwerp shopping street Pump Up the Jam the eurobeat dance song that reached top positions in charts worldwide in 1989 was produced in Antwerp Belgian Congolese singer Ya Kid K had Antwerp as her Belgian home base Cultuurmarkt van Vlaanderen is a musical festival and a touristic attraction that takes place annually on the final Sunday of August in the city center of Antwerp Where international and local musicians and actors present their stage and street performances 84 85 86 87 Linkerwoofer is a pop rock music festival located at the left bank of the Scheldt This music festival starts in August and mostly local Belgian musicians play and perform in this event 88 89 90 Jazz Middelheim is an annual summer jazzfestival in the Middelheim Park Tomorrowland festival is probably the most famous festival to arise from Antwerp Though the festival is effectively located 15 km 10 mi south of the city its founders in the past organised a festival Antwerp is burning within city limits The office of the company behind Tomorrowland weareone world bvba is located in the heart of the city The company founders are involved in conceptualising urban planning concepts for specific Antwerp areas and are known to invite their favourite Antwerp food places to set up a pop up at the festival Other popular festivals are Fire Is Gold Ampere Open Air and Vaag Outdoor focusing more on urban music house and techno Museums Edit Museum aan de Stroom The 60 metre high 200 ft MAS was designed by Neutelings Riedijk Architects The facade is made of Indian red sandstone and curved glass panel construction It is an example of postmodern Art Deco architecture The central focus of the MAS is Antwerp and its connection to the world Red Star Line Museum is a museum about the history of the Red Star Line which opened on September 28 2013 Red Star Line poster Fotomuseum Antwerp also known as FOMU is a museum of photography Museum of Contemporary Art M HKA The museum holds a permanent collection of contemporary art from Belgian and international artists an arthouse cinema and an extensive library of books on contemporary art Rubenshuis is the former home and studio of Rubens in Antwerp It is now a museum Museum Mayer van den Bergh with works from the Gothic and Renaissance period in the Netherlands and Belgium including paintings by Pieter Brueghel the Elder Royal Museum of Fine Arts The neoclassical building housing a collection of paintings sculptures and drawings from the fourteenth to the twentieth centuries It is one of the primary landmarks of the Zuid district of Antwerp The majestic building was designed by Jean Jacques Winders 1849 1936 and Frans Van Dijk 1853 1939 built beginning in 1884 opened in 1890 and completed in 1894 Plantin Moretus Museum preserves the house of the printer Christoffel Plantijn and his successor Jan Moretus MoMu ModeMuseum is a fashion museum Founded on 21 September 2002 the museum collects conserves studies and exhibits Belgian fashion Museum aan de Stroom KMSKA Museum of Modern ArtWorld Choir Games Edit The city of Antwerp will co host the 2020 World Choir Games together with the city of Ghent 91 Organised by the Interkultur Foundation the World Choir Games is the biggest choral competition and festival in the world Sport Edit Official poster of the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp Antwerp held the 1920 Summer Olympics which were the first games after the First World War and also the only ones to be held in Belgium 92 93 Royal Antwerp F C currently playing in the Belgian First Division were founded in 1880 and is known as The Great Old for being the first club registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association in 1895 94 Over the course of the club s history Royal Antwerp have won four Belgian league titles as well as three Belgian Cups Another club in the city is K Beerschot VA founded in 1899 by former Royal Antwerp players They play at the Olympisch Stadion the main venue of the 1920 Olympics Between these two football teams there has always been a big rivalry When the two play against each other the stadiums are packed and the passioned fans give a great display of their passion but this has also led to fights hooliganism and vandalism The Antwerp Giants play in Basketball League Belgium and Topvolley Antwerpen play in the Belgium men s volleyball League The city s Groenplaats hosted the official 2022 FIBA 3x3 World Cup 95 Antwerp hosted the 2013 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships Antwerp was designated by the International Gymnastics Federation as the host city for the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in 2023 The event will take place from September 29 to October 8 2023 in the Sportpaleis Antwerp hosted the start of stage 3 of the 2015 Tour de France on 6 July 2015 96 Antwerp hosts the European Open ATP Tour 250 tennis tournament that takes place in Antwerp s Sport Palace It was introduced for the 2016 ATP World Tour Antwerp annually organizes the 10 miles and the Antwerp marathon For the year 2013 Antwerp was awarded the title of European Capital of Sport Education Edit Main building of the Middelheim campus at the University of Antwerp Antwerp has a university and several colleges The University of Antwerp Universiteit Antwerpen was established in 2003 following the merger of the RUCA UFSIA and UIA institutes Their roots go back to 1852 The university has approximately 23 000 registered students making it the third largest university in Flanders as well as 1 800 foreign students It has 7 faculties spread over four campus locations in the city centre and in the south of the city The university is part of Young Universities for the Future of Europe YUFE and Young European Research Universities Network YERUN The city has several colleges including Antwerp Management School AMS Charlemagne University College Karel de Grote Hogeschool Plantin University College Plantijn Hogeschool and Artesis University College Artesis Hogeschool Artesis University College has about 8 600 students and 1 600 staff and Charlemagne University College has about 10 000 students and 1 300 staff Plantin University College has approximately 3 700 students International relations EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Belgium Twin towns and sister cities Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message The following places are twinned with or are sister cities to Antwerp Fes Morocco 2000 Rotterdam the Netherlands 1940 Mulhouse France 1954 Saint Petersburg Russia 1958 Rostock Germany 1963 Shanghai China 1984 Akhisar Turkey 1988 97 Haifa Israel 1995 Cape Town South Africa 1996 Ludwigshafen Germany 1998 Partnerships Edit Within the context of development cooperation Antwerp is also linked to Paramaribo Suriname Durban South AfricaNotable people EditMain article Notable people from Antwerp Born in Antwerp Edit Abraham Ortelius Rodrigo Calderon Anthony van Dyck self portrait Nicolaes Maes self portrait Hendrik Conscience Andre Cluytens 1965 Tia Hellebaut 2012 Lionel of Antwerp 1st Duke of Clarence 1338 1368 son of Edward III of England 98 Samuel Blommaert 1583 1654 Director of Dutch West India Company Frans Floris 1520 1570 painter 99 Abraham Ortelius 1527 98 cartographer and geographer 100 Gillis van Coninxloo 1544 1607 painter of forest landscapes Bartholomeus Spranger 1546 1611 painter draughtsman and etcher Matthijs Bril 1550 1583 landscape painter Martin Antonio del Rio 1551 1608 Jesuit theologian Balthazar de Moucheron c 1552 c 1630 a founder of the Dutch East India Company Paul Bril 1554 1626 landscape painter 101 Willem Usselincx 1567 1647 Flemish merchant and investor one of the founders of the Dutch West India Company Abraham Janssens c 1570 1632 painter 102 Rodrigo Calderon Count of Oliva c 1576 1621 Spanish favourite and adventurer 103 Frans Snyders 1579 1657 still life and animal painter Osias Beert the Elder 1580 1623 painter Frans Hals 1580 1666 painter 104 Caspar de Crayer 1582 1669 painter 105 David Teniers the Elder 1582 1649 painter 106 Jacob Jordaens 1593 1678 painter Anthony van Dyck 1599 1641 painter 107 Cornelis Melyn 1600 c 1662 early American settler patron of Staten Island Pieter van Schaeyenborgh 1600 1657 painter of fish still lifes David Teniers the Younger 1610 1690 painter 108 Jan Fyt c 1611 1661 animal painter 109 Nicolaes Maes 1634 1693 Baroque painter 110 Hendrik Abbe 1639 engraver painter and architect Gerard Edelinck 1649 1707 copperplate engraver 111 Jacob Leyssens 1661 1710 Baroque painter Peter Tillemans c 1684 1734 painter John Michael Rysbrack 1694 1770 sculptor Joseph Jean Le Grelle 1764 1822 founder of the Joseph J Le Grelle Bank in 1792 Gerard Comte Le Grelle 1793 1871 Mayor of Antwerp 1831 1848 and member of the National Congress Francis Palms 1809 1886 Belgian American landholder and businessman Hendrik Conscience 1812 1883 writer and author of De Leeuw van Vlaanderen The Lion of Flanders 112 Johann Coaz 1822 1918 Swiss forester topographer and mountaineer Jef Lambeaux 1852 1908 sculptor of the Brabo fountain on the Grote Markt 113 Georges Eekhoud 1854 1927 novelist Hippolyte Delehaye 1859 1941 Jesuit priest and hagiographic scholar 114 Ferdinand Perier 1875 1968 Jesuit priest and 3rd archbishop of Calcutta Willem Elsschot 1882 1960 writer and poet Maria Baers 1883 1959 senator feminist and trade unionist 115 Jef van Hoof 1886 1959 conductor and composer Constant Permeke 1886 1952 expressionist painter Jacoba Hol 1886 1964 physical geographer Paul van Ostaijen 1896 1928 poet and writer Alice Nahon 1896 1933 poet Albert Lilar 1900 1976 Minister of Justice Maurice Gilliams 1900 1982 writer Michel Seuphor 1901 1999 painter designer Andre Cluytens 1905 1967 conductor Daniel Sternefeld 1905 1986 composer and conductor Maurice van Essche 1906 1977 Belgian born South African painter Antoinette Feuerwerker 1912 2003 French jurist and member of the Resistance Jean Bingen 1920 2012 Belgian papyrologist and epigrapher Karl Gotch 1924 2007 professional wrestler Chris Mary Francine Whittle born 1927 composer Simon Kornblit 1933 2010 American advertising and film studio executive 116 Bernard de Walque born 1938 architect Ferre Grignard 1939 1982 rock singer songwriter known for Ring Ring I ve Got to Sing Anthony Ruys born 1947 business executive 117 Carl Verbraeken born 1950 composer Serge Strosberg born 1966 Belgian painter Tom Barman born 1972 Belgian musician and film director Matthias Schoenaerts born 1977 actor Tia Hellebaut born 1978 Olympic high jump champion Evi Goffin born 1981 vocalist Jessica Van Der Steen born 1984 model Toby Alderweireld born 1989 professional Belgian footballer Laetitia Beck born 1992 Israeli golfer Romelu Lukaku born 1993 professional Belgian footballer Retin Obasohan born 1993 basketball player for Hapoel Jerusalem Naomi Schiff born 1994 racing driver who competed in the W Series under a German licence Damiao de Gois Pieter Bruegel the Elder Wenceslas Hollar Vincent van Gogh Camille Huysmans 1966 Lived in Antwerp Edit Erasmus II Schetz died 1550 Lord of Grobbendonk Quentin Matsys 1466 1530 Renaissance painter founder of the Antwerp school 118 Jan Mabuse c 1478 1532 painter Joachim Patinir c 1480 1524 landscape and religious painter William Tyndale c 1494 1536 Bible translator arrested in Antwerp and burnt at the stake 119 John Rogers c 1500 1555 Christian minister Bible translator commentator and martyr 120 Joos van Cleve c 1500 c 1540 painter Damiao de Gois 1502 1574 Portuguese humanist philosopher 121 Sir Thomas Gresham c 1519 1579 English merchant and financier 122 Antonis Mor 1520 c 1577 portrait painter 123 Christophe Plantin c 1520 1589 humanist book printer and publisher 124 Pieter Bruegel the Elder c 1525 c 1569 painter and printmaker 125 Philips of Marnix Lord of Saint Aldegonde 1538 1598 writer and statesman 126 Simon Stevin c 1548 1620 mathematician and engineer 127 Federigo Giambelli c 1550 c 1610 Italian military and civil engineer 128 Nicolaas Rockox 1560 1640 mayor of Antwerp John Bull c 1562 1628 English Welsh composer musician and organ builder 129 Jan Brueghel the Elder 1568 1625 also known as Velvet Brueghel painter 130 Peter Paul Rubens 1577 1640 painter 131 William Cavendish 1st Duke of Newcastle c 1592 1676 soldier courtier and writer 132 Adriaen Brouwer 1605 1638 painter Jan Davidsz de Heem 1606 1684 painter 133 Wenceslas Hollar 1607 1677 Bohemian etcher 134 Jan Lievens 1607 1674 painter Ferdinand van Apshoven the Younger c 1630 1694 painter Frederic Theodore Faber painter 1782 1799 Jan Frans Willems 1793 1846 writer 135 Abraham Mayer 1816 1899 German born physician Ford Madox Brown 1821 1893 a British painter studied art at Antwerp 136 Henri Alexis Brialmont 1821 1903 military engineer 137 George du Maurier 1834 1896 cartoonist author and grandfather of Daphne du Maurier Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema 1836 1912 painter 138 Robert Barrett Browning 1849 1912 English painter studied painting in Antwerp Vincent van Gogh 1853 1890 impressionist Dutch painter lived in Antwerp for four months 139 Camille Huysmans 1871 1968 Socialist politician former mayor of Antwerp and former Prime Minister of Belgium Moshe Yitzchok Gewirtzman 1881 1976 Hasidic Pshevorsk movement leader in Antwerp Romi Goldmuntz 1882 1960 diamond businessman August De Boodt 1895 1986 politician Gerard Walschap 1898 1989 writer Albert Lilar 1900 1976 Minister of Justice Suzanne Lilar 1901 1992 essayist novelist and playwright Chaim Kreiswirth 1918 2001 Rabbi of the Machzikei Hadass Community Antwerp Eric de Kuyper born 1942 award winning novelist filmmaker semiotician Philip Sessarego 1952 2008 former British Army soldier conman hoaxer mercenary lived in Antwerp and found dead in a garage Veerle Casteleyn born 1978 musical theatre performer and ballerina trained in Antwerp Andy Van Vliet born 1995 Belgian basketball player for Bnei Herzliya Basket in the Israeli Basketball Premier LeagueSee also EditAntwerp Book Fair Antwerp lace Antwerp Water Works AWW Fortifications of Antwerp K Beerschot VA local football club Letterenhuis List of mayors of AntwerpNotes Edit The capital region of Brussels whose metropolitan area comprises the city itself plus 18 independent communal entities counts over 1 700 000 inhabitants but these communities are counted separately by the Belgian Statistics Office 3 References Edit Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2020 Statbel Statistics Belgium Loop van de bevolking per gemeente Excel file Population of all municipalities in Belgium as of 1 January 2017 update Retrieved 1 November 2017 Statbel the Belgian statistics office De Belgische Stadsgewesten 2001 PDF Statistics Belgium Archived from the original PDF on 29 October 2008 Retrieved 19 October 2008 Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium Annual Report 2014 PDF Port of Antwerp 2014 p 14 Archived PDF from the original on 2 February 2016 Retrieved 17 August 2021 Antwerp is Europe s second largest port 9 November 2016 The World According to GaWC 2020 GaWC Research Network Globalization and World Cities Retrieved 31 August 2020 Antwerp Bourse World s Oldest Closes Los Angeles Times 31 December 1997 ISSN 0458 3035 Retrieved 22 March 2019 A look inside one of the world s oldest stock exchange buildings Barcroft TV Geert Cole Leanne Logan Belgium amp Luxembourg p 218 Lonely Planet Publishing 2007 ISBN 1 74104 237 2 Waarom is Antwerpen een majority minoritystad a b Brabo Antwerpen 1 centrum Antwerpen in Dutch a b c d e f g Boulger Demetrius Charles 1911 Antwerp city In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 02 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 155 156 1 German Wiktionary Retrieved 5 June 2020 Kroniek Antwerpen AVBG in Dutch Antwerp Society for Architectural History Retrieved 4 June 2020 Room Adrian 1 August 1997 Placenames of the World McFarland amp Company p 32 ISBN 0 7864 0172 9 a b Antwerp Encyclopaedia Britannica Naam Antwerpen heeft keltische oorsprong Gazet van Antwerpen in Dutch 13 September 2007 Retrieved 18 August 2017 For the relevant passage in the Vita Eligii see the Monumenta Germaniae Historica on the Digital MGH page 700 retrieved 4 June 2020 in Latin Fordham University has published an English translation of the Vita Eligii by Jo Ann McNamara retrieved 18 August 2017 Legenden en Mythen Legende van Brabo en de reus Antigoon Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine in Dutch Het Steen Antwerp Belgium SpottingHistory com www spottinghistory com Retrieved 5 May 2022 a b c d Hagen Rainer Marie Rose 1994 Bruegel The Complete Paintings Germany Taschen p 15 ISBN 978 3 8228 5991 9 Peter Gay and R K Webb Modern Europe to 1815 1973 p 210 Tom Monaghan Renaissance Reformation and the Age of Discovery 1450 1700 Heinemann 2002 Donald J Harreld Atlantic Sugar and Antwerp s Trade with Germany in the Sixteenth Century Journal of Early Modern History 2003 Vol 7 Issue 1 2 pp 148 163 Outhwaite R B 1966 The Trials of Foreign Borrowing The English Crown and the Antwerp Money Market in the Mid Sixteenth Century The Economic History Review 19 2 289 305 doi 10 2307 2592253 JSTOR 2592253 Braudel 1985 p 143 a b Dunton Larkin 1896 The World and Its People Silver Burdett p 163 a b Luc Normand Tellier 2009 Urban world history an economic and geographical perspective PUQ p 308 ISBN 2 7605 1588 5 Sugg Richard 2012 Mummies Cannibals and Vampires the History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781136577369 Isidore Singer Cyrus Adler eds 1916 Antwerp The Jewish Encyclopedia pp 658 660 Gay and Webb Modern Europe to 1815 1973 p 210 11 Boxer Charles Ralph The Dutch seaborne empire 1600 1800 p 18 Taylor amp Francis 1977 ISBN 0 09 131051 2 ISBN 978 0 09 131051 6 Google books Dunton Larkin 1896 The World and Its People Silver Burdett p 164 Pelle Kimberley D 2008 Findling John E ed Encyclopedia of World s Fairs and Expositions McFarland amp Company Inc p 414 ISBN 978 0 7864 3416 9 Michael Ryckewaert Planning Perspectives July 2010 Vol 25 Issue 3 pp 303 322 Javier Gimeno Martinez Selling Avant garde How Antwerp Became a Fashion Capital 1990 2002 Urban Studies November 2007 Vol 44 Issue 13 pp 2449 2464 De Ceuninck Koenraad 2009 De gemeentelijke fusies van 1976 Een mijlpaal voor de lokale besturen in Belgie Die keure Brugge Emporis Retrieved 23 October 2006 KBC Tower The Skyscraper Center skyscrapercenter com Retrieved 24 October 2016 Palace of Justice in Antwerp uginox com Retrieved 22 December 2019 Divine justice The Guardian 10 April 2006 Retrieved 22 December 2019 Antwerp timeline 1300 1399 Strecker be Archived from the original on 7 May 2008 Retrieved 13 April 2010 Antwerp timeline 1400 1499 Strecker be Archived from the original on 10 May 2008 Retrieved 13 April 2010 Braudel Fernand The Perspective of the World 1985 a b Antwerp timeline 1500 1599 Strecker be Archived from the original on 2 May 2008 Retrieved 13 April 2010 Coornaert Emile 1961 Les Francais et le commerce international a Anvers fin du XVe XVIe siecle Paris Marcel Riviere et cie p 96 Boumans R Craeybeckx J 1947 Het bevolkingscijfer van Antwerpen in het derde kwart der XVIe eeuw T G pp 394 405 van Houtte J A 1961 Anvers aux XVe et XVIe siecles expansion et apogee Annales Economies Societes Civilisations 16 2 249 Retrieved 12 December 2014 Description of the French Fury matter see chapter Declaration of independence in article William the Silent Antwerp timeline 1600 1699 Strecker be Archived from the original on 7 May 2008 Retrieved 13 April 2010 Antwerp timeline 1700 1799 Strecker be Archived from the original on 4 August 2008 Retrieved 13 April 2010 Antwerp timeline 1800 1899 Strecker be Retrieved 13 April 2010 Antwerp timeline 1900 1999 Strecker be Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 Retrieved 13 April 2010 Stad in Cijfers Databank Inwoners naar nationaliteit leeftijd 8 klassen en geslacht 2020 Antwerpen Antwerpen be City of Antwerp Retrieved 18 April 2020 Auteur Dajo Hermans 56 procent van Antwerpse kinderen is allochtoon Het Nieuwsblad Nieuwsblad be Retrieved 12 March 2013 Antwerpen in 2020 voor 55 allochtoon in Dutch Express be 17 May 2010 Retrieved 12 March 2013 An Introduction to Jainism History Religion Gods Scriptures and Beliefs Commisceo Global Retrieved 5 May 2012 Daneels Door Gilbert Roox foto s Wim Diamant met curry De Standaard in Flemish Retrieved 28 October 2018 Inside Knowledge Streetwise in Asia p 163 Vanneste Tijl 6 October 2015 Global Trade and Commercial Networks Eighteenth Century Diamond Merchants Routledge ISBN 9781317323372 via Google Books Indians shine antwerp diamond centre polls International Business Times Belgium Real Estate Yearbook 2009 p 23 a b Recession takes the sparkle out of Antwerp s diamond quarter World news The Guardian Retrieved 2 June 2011 Antwerp and diamonds the facts Baunat Diamonds baunatdiamonds com The Global Diamond Industry Economics and Development Volume 2 p 3 6 THE ARMENIAN OF BELGIUM AN UNINTERRUPTED PRESENCE SINCE THE 4TH CENTURY AGBU Armenian non profit organization Armenia Report on Kotayk Province WikiLeaks 26 August 2011 Archived from the original on 14 March 2017 Retrieved 14 November 2012 Wind farm Sustainable Port of Antwerp Archived from the original on 30 April 2014 Retrieved 2 August 2015 John Tagliabue 5 November 2012 An Industry Struggles to Keep Its Luster The New York Times Retrieved 6 November 2012 a b Diamond Business in Antwerp Retrieved 26 April 2019 Tagliabue John 2012 An Industry Struggles to Keep Its Luster Pittsburgh Post Gazette Retrieved 24 April 2019 The industry Antwerp World Diamond Centre awdc be Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 Retrieved 2 August 2015 Hofmeester Karin March 2013 Shifting trajectories of diamond processing from India to Europe and back from the fifteenth century to the twentieth Journal of Global History 8 1 25 49 doi 10 1017 S174002281300003X ISSN 1740 0228 S2CID 220685101 a b WSJ Indians Unseat Antwerp s Jews As the Biggest Diamond Traders Stefangeens com 27 May 2003 Retrieved 15 September 2011 Simons Marlise 1 January 2006 Twilight in Diamond Land Antwerp s Loss India s Gain The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 26 April 2019 Rankin Jennifer 20 November 2022 Belgium s trade in Russian diamonds continues despite moral pressure the Guardian Retrieved 24 November 2022 Your VLM contacts Archived from the original on 1 August 2003 Retrieved 29 March 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link VLM Airlines 1 August 2003 Retrieved 6 July 2010 Headquarters VLM Airlines Belgium NV Luchthavengebouw B50 B 2100 Deurne Antwerpen Our Offices Archived 14 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine CityJet Retrieved 6 July 2010 Antwerp office VLM Airlines Belgium NV Luchthavengebouw B50 B 2100 Antwerp Belgium Company registration number 0446 670 251 Body Archived from the original on 3 December 2002 Retrieved 3 December 2002 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Delsey Airlines 3 December 2002 Retrieved 8 September 2010 World Book Capital 2004 Antwerp Martinez 2007 Selling Avant garde How Antwerp Became a Fashion Capital 1990 2002 Ons verhaal Antwerpse Brouw Compagnie in Dutch Retrieved 24 December 2020 Verenigingen gevestigd in Den Bengel ANTWERPSE JAZZCLUB Cafe Den Bengel 27 February 2016 Retrieved 12 September 2016 Gratis klassiek festival in Antwerpen De Morgen in Flemish Retrieved 24 January 2018 cultuurmarkt van vlaanderen nieuws cultuurmarkt be Retrieved 24 January 2018 Geert Geerits 11 December 2017 Cultuurmarkt Antwerpen Vimeo retrieved 24 January 2018 Geert Geerits 11 December 2017 Cultuurmarkt Antwerpen YouTube archived from the original on 28 October 2021 retrieved 24 January 2018 Linkerwoofer 2018 linkerwoofer be Retrieved 25 January 2018 Linkerwoofer visitantwerpen be Retrieved 25 January 2018 stubru be stubru be in Dutch Retrieved 25 January 2018 Double gold for next host country of the World Choir Games 2020 interkultur com Retrieved 19 July 2018 Cycling at the 1920 Antwerpen Summer Games Men s Road Race Individual sports reference com Archived from the original on 18 April 2020 Retrieved 2 August 2015 Sports reference com 1920 Summer Olympics cycling team road race team Olympics at Sports Reference com ROYAL ANTWERP FOOTBALL CLUB Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 Retrieved 3 June 2017 Antwerp to host FIBA 3x3 World Cup 2022 FIBA 18 January 2021 Accessed 30 April 2021 Tour de France 2015 de l eau et du diamant in French letour fr 24 May 2014 Archived from the original on 25 May 2014 Retrieved 24 May 2014 Akhisar Belediyesi ATIK UEMP uemp eu Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 25 January 2017 Clarence Dukes of Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 6 11th ed 1911 pp 427 428 see page 428 second para Lionel of Antwerp duke of Clarence 1338 1368 third son of Edward III was born at Antwerp on Floris Frans Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 10 11th ed 1911 p 547 Beazley Charles Raymond 1911 Ortelius Abraham Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 20 11th ed pp 331 332 Bril Paul Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed 1911 p 571 Janssens van Nuyssen Abraham Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed 1911 p 155 Hannay David McDowall 1911 Calderon Rodrigo Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed p 984 Konody Paul George 1911 Hals Frans Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed pp 865 867 Crayer Gaspard de Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 7 11th ed 1911 p 387 Hymans Henri Simon Konody Paul George 1911 Teniers Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 26 11th ed pp 616 617 see first para David Teniers the elder 1582 1649 was born at Antwerp Hymans Henri Simon Konody Paul George 1911 Van Dyck Sir Anthony Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 27 11th ed pp 887 892 Hymans Henri Simon Konody Paul George 1911 Teniers Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 26 11th ed pp 616 617 see secpnd para David Teniers the younger 1610 1696 the more celebrated son Fyt Johannes Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 11 11th ed 1911 p 376 Maes Nicolas Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 17 11th ed 1911 p 298 Edelinck Gerard Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 8 11th ed 1911 p 923 Gosse Edmund William 1911 Conscience Hendrik Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 6 11th ed pp 970 971 Lambeaux Jef Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 16 11th ed 1911 p 106 Author Hippolyte Delehaye via Wikisource Maria Baers nl ODIS in Dutch Retrieved 17 May 2021 Grossblat R M 15 July 2010 Simon Korblit a Profile Tribute Atlanta Jewish News Retrieved 23 July 2010 Daily Telegraph Movers amp shakers Anthony Ruys joins the board of British American Tobacco Matsys Quintin Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 17 11th ed 1911 pp 890 891 Tyndale William Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 27 11th ed 1911 pp 498 499 Rogers John martyr Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 11th ed 1911 pp 456 457 Prestage Edgar 1911 Goes Damiao de Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed pp 180 181 Gresham Sir Thomas Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed 1911 p 582 Moro Antonio Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 18 11th ed 1911 p 850 Tiele Pieter Anton 1911 Plantin Christophe Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 21 11th ed pp 727 728 Breughel Pieter Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed 1911 p 503 St Aldegonde Philips van Marnix Heer van Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 11th ed 1911 p 1013 Cantor Moritz 1911 Stevinus Simon Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 25 11th ed pp 910 911 Giambelli Federigo Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 11 11th ed 1911 p 925 Bull John Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed 1911 p 787 Breughel Pieter Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed 1911 p 503 third para Another son Jan c 1569 1642 known as Velvet Breughel Hymans Henri Simon Konody Paul George 1911 Rubens Peter Paul Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 11th ed pp 804 808 Newcastle Dukes of Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 19 11th ed 1911 pp 470 471 second para 1 William Cavendish duke of Newcastle 1592 1676 Heem Jan Davidsz van Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed 1911 p 198 Hollar Wenzel Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed 1911 p 611 Willems Jean Francois Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 28 11th ed 1911 p 658 Rossetti William Michael 1911 Brown Ford Madox Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed pp 657 658 Brialmont Henri Alexis Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed 1911 p 515 Alma Tadema Sir Laurence Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed 1911 pp 712 713 Author Vincent van Gogh via Wikisource Further reading EditSee also Bibliography of the history of Antwerp Blanchard Ian The International Economy in the Age of the Discoveries 1470 1570 Antwerp and the English Merchants World Stuttgart Franz Steiner Verlag 2009 288 pp in English Harreld Donald J Trading Places Journal of Urban History 2003 29 6 pp 657 669 Lindemann Mary The Merchant Republics Amsterdam Antwerp and Hamburg 1648 1790 Cambridge University Press 2014 356 pp Limberger Michael Sixteenth Century Antwerp and its Rural Surroundings Social and Economic Changes in the Hinterland of a Commercial Metropolis ca 1450 1570 Turnhout Brepols Publishers 2008 284 pp ISBN 978 2 503 52725 3 Makos Adam 2019 Spearhead 1st ed New York Ballantine Books pp 63 69 ISBN 9780804176729 LCCN 2018039460 OL 27342118M Stillwell Richard ed Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites 1976 Antwerp Belgium Van der Wee Herman The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy 14th 16th Centuries The Hague 1963 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antwerp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Antwerp Official website Tourism Antwerp Visit Antwerp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Antwerp amp oldid 1136458935, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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