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Wikipedia

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization[a] is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.[2][3] It has 193 member states and 12 associate members,[4] as well as partners in the non-governmental, intergovernmental and private sector.[5] Headquartered at the World Heritage Centre in Paris, France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices[6] and 199 national commissions[7] that facilitate its global mandate.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
AbbreviationUNESCO
Formation16 November 1945; 77 years ago (1945-11-16)
TypeUnited Nations specialised agency
Legal statusActive
HeadquartersWorld Heritage Centre
Paris, France
Head
Audrey Azoulay
(Director-General)
Parent organization
United Nations Economic and Social Council
Websiteunesco.org
 Politics portal

UNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the League of Nations's International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.[8] Its constitution establishes the agency's goals, governing structure, and operating framework.[9] UNESCO's founding mission, which was shaped by the Second World War, is to advance peace, sustainable development and human rights by facilitating collaboration and dialogue among nations.[9] It pursues this objective through five major programme areas: education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and communication/information. UNESCO sponsors projects that improve literacy, provide technical training and education, advance science, protect independent media and press freedom, preserve regional and cultural history, and promote cultural diversity.[10][11][12]

As a focal point for world culture and science, UNESCO's activities have broadened over the years; it assists in the translation and dissemination of world literature, helps establish and secure World Heritage Sites of cultural and natural importance, works to bridge the worldwide digital divide, and creates inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication.[13] UNESCO has launched several initiatives and global movements, such as Education For All, to further advance its core objectives.

UNESCO is governed by the General Conference, composed of member states and associate members, which meets biannually to set the agency's programmes and the budget. It also elects members of the executive board, which manages UNESCO's work, and appoints every four years a Director-General, who serves as UNESCO's chief administrator. UNESCO is a member of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group,[14] a coalition of UN agencies and organisations aimed at fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals.

History

Origins

UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study the feasibility of having nations freely share cultural, educational and scientific achievements.[15][16] This new body, the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), was created in 1922[17] and counted such figures as Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Robert A. Millikan, and Gonzague de Reynold among its members (being thus a small commission of the League of Nations essentially centred on Western Europe[18]). The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris in September 1924, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC.[19] However, the onset of World War II largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations.[20] As for private initiatives, the International Bureau of Education (IBE) began to work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development since December 1925 [21] and joined UNESCO in 2021, after having established a joint commission in 1952.[citation needed]

Creation

After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations, the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States and the USSR. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), held in San Francisco in April–June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London 1–16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by Rab Butler, the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom, who had a great deal of influence in its development.[22] At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.[23] The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.[24]

The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to Director-General.[25] U.S. Colonel, university president and civil rights advocate Dr. Blake R. Van Leer joined as a member as well.[26] The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the executive board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.[27] This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the ICIC, in how member states would work together in the organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the USSR.[28][29]

Development

Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential statements on race starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was Claude Lévi-Strauss) and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice.[citation needed]

In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization's publications amounted to "interference" in the country's "racial problems".[citation needed] South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela.[30][31]

UNESCO's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947. This project was followed by expert missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.[citation needed] In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory and universal.[citation needed] In 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.[citation needed] Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.[citation needed]

UNESCO's early activities in culture included the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, launched in 1960.[citation needed] The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the Aswan Dam. During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan), Fes (Morocco), Kathmandu (Nepal), Borobudur (Indonesia) and the Acropolis of Athens (Greece).[32] The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.[citation needed] The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978.[citation needed] Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage[citation needed]) and 2005 (Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions[citation needed]).

An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the European Council for Nuclear Research, which was responsible for establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)[citation needed] later on, in 1954.[33]

Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.[citation needed]

In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of sustainable development. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.[34]

UNESCO has been credited with the diffusion of national science bureaucracies.[35]

In the field of communication, the "free flow of ideas by word and image" has been in UNESCO's constitution from its beginnings, following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression.[citation needed] In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s.[citation needed] In response to calls for a "New World Information and Communication Order" in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,[citation needed] which produced the 1980 MacBride report (named after the chair of the commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Seán MacBride).[citation needed] The same year, UNESCO created the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries.[citation needed] In 1991, UNESCO's General Conference endorsed the Windhoek Declaration on media independence and pluralism, which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption, 3 May, as World Press Freedom Day.[citation needed] Since 1997, UNESCO has awarded the UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize every 3 May.[citation needed]

21st century

UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011.[36][37]

Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and WHO membership in April 1989[38][39] mean that the US cannot contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member.[40][41] As a result, the US withdrew its funding, which had accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget.[42] Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the Palestinian Authority,[43] stating that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental "to potential peace talks".[44] Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO, the US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected; thus, the US was elected as a member of the executive board for the period 2016–19.[45] In 2019, Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership, with Israel's ambassador to the UN Danny Danon writing: "UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history, including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem... it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel's enemies... we are not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts against us".[46]

Activities

 
UNESCO offices in Brasília

UNESCO implements its activities through the five programme areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.

  • UNESCO supports research in comparative education, provides expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. This includes the

UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.[47]

The UNESCO transparency portal[67] has been designed to enable public access to information regarding the Organization's activities, such as its aggregate budget for a biennium, as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents. These two distinct sets of information are published on the IATI registry, respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard.

There have been proposals to establish two new UNESCO lists. The first proposed list will focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts, paintings, and biofacts. The list may include cultural objects, such as the Jōmon Venus of Japan, the Mona Lisa of France, the Gebel el-Arak Knife of Egypt, The Ninth Wave of Russia, the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük of Turkey, the David (Michelangelo) of Italy, the Mathura Herakles of India, the Manunggul Jar of the Philippines, the Crown of Baekje of South Korea, The Hay Wain of the United Kingdom and the Benin Bronzes of Nigeria. The second proposed list will focus on the world's living species, such as the komodo dragon of Indonesia, the panda of China, the bald eagle of North American countries, the aye-aye of Madagascar, the Asiatic lion of India, the kakapo of New Zealand, and the mountain tapir of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.[68][69]

Media

UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines.

The UNESCO Courier magazine states its mission to "promote UNESCO's ideals, maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate". Since March 2006 it has been available online, with limited printed issues. Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO. There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017.[70]

In 1950, UNESCO initiated the quarterly review Impact of Science on Society (also known as Impact) to discuss the influence of science on society. The journal ceased publication in 1992.[71] UNESCO also published Museum International Quarterly from the year 1948.

Official UNESCO NGOs

UNESCO has official relations with 322 international non-governmental organizations (NGOs).[72] Most of these are what UNESCO calls "operational"; a select few are "formal".[73] The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is "formal associate", and the 22 NGOs[74] with formal associate (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:

Abbr Organization
IB International Baccalaureate
CCIVS Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service
CIPSH International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (Conseil International de Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines; publishes Diogenes)
CIOFF International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts (Conseil International des Organisations de Festivals de Folklore et d'Arts Traditionnels)
EI Education International
IAU International Association of Universities
IFTC International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication
ICOM International Council of Museums
ICSSPE International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education
ICA International Council on Archives
ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites
IFJ International Federation of Journalists
IFLA International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
IFPA International Federation of Poetry Associations
IMC International Music Council
IPA International Police Association
INSULA International Scientific Council for Island Development
ISC International Science Council (formerly ICSU and ISSC)
ITI International Theatre Institute
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
IUTAO International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations
UIA Union of International Associations
WAN World Association of Newspapers
WFEO World Federation of Engineering Organizations
WFUCA World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations

Institutes and centres

The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.

Abbr Name Location
IBE International Bureau of Education Geneva[75]
UIL UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning Hamburg[76]
IIEP UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning Paris (headquarters) and Buenos Aires and Dakar (regional offices)[77]
IITE UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education Moscow[78]
IICBA UNESCO International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa Addis Ababa[79]
IESALC UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean Caracas[80]
MGIEP Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development New Delhi[81]
UNESCO-UNEVOC UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training Bonn[82]
ICWRGC International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change Koblenz[83]
IHE IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education Delft[84]
ICTP International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste[85]
UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics Montreal[86]

Prizes

UNESCO awards 22 prizes[87] in education, science, culture and peace:

Inactive prizes

International Days observed at UNESCO

International Days observed at UNESCO is provided in the table given below:[88]

Date Name
14 January World Logic Day
24 January International Day of Education
27 January International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust
11 February International Day of Women and Girls in Science
13 February World Radio Day
21 February International Mother Language Day
8 March International Women's Day
14 March International Day of Mathematics
20 March International Francophonie Day
21 March International Day of Nowruz
21 March World Poetry Day
21 March International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
22 March World Water Day
5 April International Day of Conscience
6 April International Day of Sport for Development and Peace
15 April World Art Day
23 April World Book and Copyright Day
30 April International Jazz Day
3 May World Press Freedom Day
5 May African World Heritage Day
5 May World Portuguese Language Day
16 May International Day of Light
21 May World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
22 May International Day for Biological Diversity
5 June World Environment Day
8 June World Oceans Day
17 June World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
18 July Nelson Mandela International Day
9 August International Day of the World's Indigenous People
12 August International Youth Day
23 August International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
8 September International Literacy Day
15 September International Day of Democracy
21 September International Day of Peace
28 September International Day for the Universal Access to Information
5 October World Teachers' Day
11 October International Day of the Girl Child
13 October International Day for Disaster Reduction
17 October International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
24 October United Nations Day
27 October World Day for Audiovisual Heritage
2 November International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists[89]
5 November World Day of Romani Language
10 November World Science Day for Peace and Development
3rd Thursday in November World Philosophy Day
16 November International Day for Tolerance
25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
29 November International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
1 December World AIDS Day
3 December International Day of Persons with Disabilities
10 December Human Rights Day
18 December International Migrants Day
18 December World Arabic Language Day

Member states

As of January 2019, UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members.[90] Some members are not independent states and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their dependent territories.[91] UNESCO state parties are the United Nations member states (except Liechtenstein, United States[92] and Israel[93]), as well as Cook Islands, Niue and Palestine.[94][95] The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018.[96]

Governing bodies

Director-General

As of 2022, there have been 11 Directors-General of UNESCO since its inception – nine men and two women. The 11 Directors-General of UNESCO have come from six regions within the organization: West Europe (5), Central America (1), North America (2), West Africa (1), East Asia (1), and East Europe (1).

To date, there has been no elected Director-General from the remaining ten regions within UNESCO: Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and North Asia, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, Australia-Oceania, and South America.

The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:[97]

Image Name Country Term
  Julian Huxley   United Kingdom 1946–1948
  Jaime Torres Bodet   Mexico 1948–1952
  John Wilkinson Taylor   United States acting 1952–1953
  Luther Evans   United States 1953–1958
  Vittorino Veronese   Italy 1958–1961
  René Maheu   France acting 1961; 1961–1974
  Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow   Senegal 1974–1987
  Federico Mayor Zaragoza   Spain 1987–1999
  Koïchiro Matsuura   Japan 1999–2009
  Irina Bokova   Bulgaria 2009–2017
  Audrey Azoulay   France 2017–Incumbent

General Conference

This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:[98]

Session Location Year Chaired by from
1st Paris 1946 Léon Blum   France
2nd Mexico City 1947 Manuel Gual Vidal   Mexico
3rd Beirut 1948 Hamid Bey Frangie   Lebanon
1st extraordinary Paris 1948
4th Paris 1949 Edward Ronald Walker   Australia
5th Florence 1950 Stefano Jacini   Italy
6th Paris 1951 Howland H. Sargeant   United States
7th Paris 1952 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan   India
2nd extraordinary Paris 1953
8th Montevideo 1954 Justino Zavala Muniz   Uruguay
9th New Delhi 1956 Abul Kalam Azad   India
10th Paris 1958 Jean Berthoin   France
11th Paris 1960 Akale-Work Abte-Wold   Ethiopia
12th Paris 1962 Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro   Brazil
13th Paris 1964 Norair Sisakian   Soviet Union
14th Paris 1966 Bedrettin Tuncel   Turkey
15th Paris 1968 William Eteki Mboumoua   Cameroon
16th Paris 1970 Atilio Dell'Oro Maini   Argentina
17th Paris 1972 Toru Haguiwara   Japan
3rd extraordinary Paris 1973
18th Paris 1974 Magda Jóború   Hungary
19th Nairobi 1976 Taaita Toweett   Kenya
20th Paris 1978 Napoléon LeBlanc   Canada
21st Belgrade 1980 Ivo Margan   Yugoslavia
4th extraordinary Paris 1982
22nd Paris 1983 Saïd Tell   Jordan
23rd Sofia 1985 Nikolai Todorov   Bulgaria
24th Paris 1987 Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez   Guatemala
25th Paris 1989 Anwar Ibrahim   Malaysia
26th Paris 1991 Bethwell Allan Ogot   Kenya
27th Paris 1993 Ahmed Saleh Sayyad   Yemen
28th Paris 1995 Torben Krogh   Denmark
29th Paris 1997 Eduardo Portella   Brazil
30th Paris 1999 Jaroslava Moserová   Czech Republic
31st Paris 2001 Ahmad Jalali   Iran
32nd Paris 2003 Michael Omolewa   Nigeria
33rd Paris 2005 Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan   Oman
34th Paris 2007 Georgios Anastassopoulos   Greece
35th Paris 2009 Davidson Hepburn   Bahamas
36th Paris 2011 Katalin Bogyay   Hungary
37th[99] Paris 2013 Hao Ping   China
38th Paris 2015 Stanley Mutumba Simataa[100]   Namibia
39th Paris 2017 Zohour Alaoui[101]   Morocco
40th Paris 2019

Ahmet Altay Cengizer[102]

  Turkey
41st[103] Paris 2021 Santiago Irazabal Mourão   Brazil

Executive Board

Term Group I
(9 seats)
Group II
(7 seats)
Group III
(10 seats)
Group IV
(12 seats)
Group V(a)
(13 seats)
Group V(b)
(7 seats)
2012–2015

  Austria
  France
  Italy
  India
  Spain
  United Kingdom
  United States

  Czech Republic
  Montenegro
  North Macedonia
  Russia

  Brazil
  Cuba
  Ecuador
  Mexico

  Afghanistan
  Indonesia
  Pakistan
  Papua New Guinea
  South Korea
  Thailand

  Angola
  Ethiopia
  Gabon
  Gambia
  Malawi
  Mali
  Namibia
  Nigeria

  Jordan
  Tunisia
  United Arab Emirates

2014–2017[104]

  Germany
  Netherlands
  Sweden

  Albania
  Estonia
  Ukraine

  Argentina
  Belize
  Dominican Republic
  El Salvador
  Saint Kitts and Nevis
  Trinidad and Tobago

  Bangladesh
  China
  India
  Japan
    Nepal
  Turkmenistan

  Chad
  Guinea
  Mauritius
  Mozambique
  Togo
  Uganda

  Algeria
  Egypt
  Kuwait
  Morocco

2017–2019[105]

  France
  Greece
  Italy
  Spain
  United Kingdom

  Lithuania
  Russia
  Serbia
  Slovenia

  Brazil
  Haiti
  Mexico
  Nicaragua
  Paraguay

  India
  Iran
  Malaysia
  Pakistan
  South Korea
  Sri Lanka
  Vietnam

  Cameroon
  Ivory Coast
  Ghana
  Kenya
  Nigeria
  Senegal
  South Africa

  Lebanon
  Oman
  Qatar
  Sudan

2019–2023[106]

  France
  Germany
  Italy
  Netherlands
  Spain
  Switzerland

  Hungary
  Poland
  Russia
  Serbia

  Argentina
  Brazil
  Dominican Republic
  Uruguay

  Afghanistan
  Kyrgyzstan
  Philippines
  Pakistan
  South Korea
  Thailand

  Benin
  Congo
  Guinea
  Ghana
  Kenya
  Namibia
  Senegal
  Togo

  Saudi Arabia
  UAE
  Tunisia

Offices and headquarters

 
The Garden of Peace at UNESCO headquarters

The UNESCO headquarters, the World Heritage Centre, is located at Place de Fontenoy in Paris, France. Its architect was Marcel Breuer.[107] It includes a Garden of Peace which was donated by the Government of Japan.[108] This garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist Isamu Noguchi in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano. In 1994–1995, in memory of the 50th anniversary of UNESCO, a meditation room was built by Tadao Ando.[109]

UNESCO's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus and liaison offices.

Field offices by region

The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.[110]

Africa

Arab States

Asia and Pacific

Europe and North America

Latin America and the Caribbean

 
Carondelet Palace, Presidential Palace – with changing of the guards. The Historic Center of Quito, Ecuador, is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centres in the Americas.[111] This centre was, together with the historic centre of Kraków in Poland, the first to be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.

Partner Organisations

Controversies

New World Information and Communication Order

UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore and the former Soviet Union. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's support for a "New World Information and Communication Order" and its MacBride report calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb freedom of the press. UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[114] In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985.[115] Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees.[116] Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.[117]

Israel

Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since 1949. In 2010, Israel designated the Cave of the Patriarchs, Hebron and Rachel's Tomb, Bethlehem as National Heritage Sites and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians.[118] In October 2010, UNESCO's executive board voted to declare the sites as "al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs" and "Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb" and stated that they were "an integral part of the occupied Palestinian Territories" and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of international law.[119] UNESCO described the sites as significant to "people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions", and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites.[120] Israel in turn accused UNESCO of "detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage", and accused it of being politically motivated.[121] The Rabbi of the Western Wall said that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site.[122] Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon declared that the resolution was a "part of Palestinian escalation". Zevulun Orlev, chairman of the Knesset Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.[123][124]

On 28 June 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, at Jordan's insistence, censured[clarification needed] Israel's decision to demolish and rebuild the Mughrabi Gate Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from Egypt.[125]

In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, "indefinitely postponed" and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the Simon Wiesenthal Centre entitled "The People, The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel". The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would "harm the peace process".[126] The author of the exhibition, Professor Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew University's Vidal Sassoon International Centre for the Study of Anti-Semitism, called the cancellation an "appalling act", and characterized Bokova's decision as "an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history". UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success.[127]

On 1 January 2019, Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over the perceived continuous anti-Israel bias.[citation needed]

Occupied Palestine Resolution

On 13 October 2016, UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for "aggressions" by Israeli police and soldiers and "illegal measures" against the freedom of worship and Muslims' access to their holy sites, while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power. Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision.[128] While the text acknowledged the "importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions", it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem's Old City only by its Muslim name "Al-Haram al-Sharif", Arabic for Noble Sanctuary. In response, Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words "Temple Mount" or "Har HaBayit", stating that it denies Jewish ties to the key holy site.[128][129] After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats, including Benjamin Netanyahu and Ayelet Shaked, Israel froze all ties with the organization.[130][131] The resolution was condemned by Ban Ki-moon and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, who said that Judaism, Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and "to deny, conceal or erase any of the Jewish, Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site.[132][133] "Al-Aqsa Mosque [or] Al-Haram al-Sharif" is also Temple Mount, whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism."[134] It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a "hateful anti-Israel sentiment",[135] and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy's abstention.[135] On 26 October, UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution, which also criticized Israel for its continuous "refusal to let the body's experts access Jerusalem's holy sites to determine their conservation status".[136] Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version, Israel continued to denounce the text.[137] The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount, or Har HaBayit in Hebrew, only by its Arab name — a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO's executive board, triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies. U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated: "This item should have been defeated. These politicized and one-sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO."[138]

In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization, citing in-part anti-Israel bias.[139][140]

Palestine

Palestinian youth magazine controversy

In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role models as Adolf Hitler. In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.[141]

Islamic University of Gaza controversy

In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the Islamic University of Gaza in the field of astronomy, astrophysics, and space sciences,[142] fueling controversy and criticism. Israel bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there, which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO's move.[143][144]

The head, Kamalain Shaath, defended UNESCO, stating that "the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development".[145][146][147] Israeli ambassador to UNESCO Nimrod Barkan planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with.[148] The Jewish organization B'nai B'rith criticized the move as well.[149]

Listing Nanjing Massacre documents

In 2015, Japan threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 Nanjing massacre in the latest listing for its "Memory of the World" program.[150] In October 2016, Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida confirmed that Japan's 2016 annual funding of ¥4.4 billion had been suspended, although he denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy.[151]

US withdrawals

The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984, citing the "highly politicized" nature of the organisation, its ostensible "hostility toward the basic institutions of a free society, especially a free market and a free press", as well as its "unrestrained budgetary expansion", and poor management under then Director-General Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow of Senegal.[152]

On 19 September 1989, former U.S. Congressman Jim Leach stated before a Congressional subcommittee:[153]

The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well-known; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO, and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system. The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created. While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west, and engage in Israel bashing, UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures. The U.S. opted for empty-chair diplomacy, after winning, not losing, the battles we engaged in… It was nuts to get out, and would be nuttier not to rejoin.

Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing, a call for a new world information order, money management, and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal; he asserted that before departing from UNESCO, a withdrawal from the IAEA had been pushed on him.[153] On 1 October 2003, the U.S. rejoined UNESCO.[152]

On 12 October 2017, the United States notified UNESCO that it would again withdraw from the organization, on 31 December 2018; Israel followed suit.[154] The Department of State cited "mounting arrears at UNESCO, the need for fundamental reform in the organization, and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO".[139]

The United States has not paid over $600 million in dues[155] since it stopped paying its $80 million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine became a full member in 2011. Israel and the US were among the 14 votes against the membership out of 194 member countries.[156]

Kurdish-Turkish conflict

On 25 May 2016, the noted Turkish poet and human rights activist Zülfü Livaneli resigned as Turkey's only UNESCO goodwill ambassador. He highlighted the human rights situation in Turkey and the destruction of historical Sur district of Diyarbakir, the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeast Turkey, during fighting between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation. Livaneli said: "To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO."[157]

Campaigns against illicit art trading

In 2020 UNESCO stated that the size of the illicit trade in cultural property amounted to 10 billion dollars a year. A report that same year by the Rand Organisation suggested the actual market is "not likely to be larger than a few hundred million dollars each year". An expert cited by UNESCO as attributing the 10 billion figure denied it and said he had "no idea" where the figure came from. Art dealers were particularly critical of the UNESCO figure, because it amounted to 15% of the total world art market.[158]

In November 2020 part of a UNESCO advertising campaign intended to highlight international trafficking in looted artefacts had to be withdrawn, after it falsely presented a series of museum-held artworks with known provenances as recently looted objects held in private collections. The adverts claimed that a head of Buddha in the Metropolitan Museum's collection since 1930 had been looted from Kabul Museum in 2001 and then smuggled into the US art market; that a funerary monument from Palmyra that the MET had acquired in 1901 had been recently looted from the Palmyra Museum by Islamic State militants and then smuggled into the European antiquities market, and that an Ivory Coast mask with a provenance that indicates it was in the US by 1954 was looted during armed clashes in 2010–2011. After complaints from the MET, the adverts were withdrawn.[159]

Products and services

  • UNESDOC Database[160] – Contains over 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in field offices and institutes.

Information processing tools

UNESCO develops, maintains and disseminates, free of charge, two interrelated software packages for database management (CDS/ISIS [not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS]) and data mining/statistical analysis (IDAMS).[161]

  • CDS/ISIS – a generalised information storage and retrieval system. The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network. The JavaISIS client/server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows, Linux and Macintosh. Furthermore, GenISIS allows the user to produce HTML Web forms for CDS/ISIS database searching. The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS/ISIS based applications.
  • OpenIDAMS – a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO. The original package was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open-source.[162]
  • IDIS – a tool for direct data exchange between CDS/ISIS and IDAMS

See also

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Further reading

  • Finnemore, Martha. 1993. "International Organizations as Teachers of Norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural [sic] Organization and Science Policy." International Organization Vol. 47, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 565–597

External links

  • Official website

unesco, united, nations, educational, scientific, cultural, organization, specialized, agency, united, nations, aimed, promoting, world, peace, security, through, international, cooperation, education, arts, sciences, culture, member, states, associate, member. The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization a is a specialized agency of the United Nations UN aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education arts sciences and culture 2 3 It has 193 member states and 12 associate members 4 as well as partners in the non governmental intergovernmental and private sector 5 Headquartered at the World Heritage Centre in Paris France UNESCO has 53 regional field offices 6 and 199 national commissions 7 that facilitate its global mandate United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural OrganizationAbbreviationUNESCOFormation16 November 1945 77 years ago 1945 11 16 TypeUnited Nations specialised agencyLegal statusActiveHeadquartersWorld Heritage CentreParis FranceHeadAudrey Azoulay Director General Parent organizationUnited Nations Economic and Social CouncilWebsiteunesco org Politics portalUNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the League of Nations s International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation 8 Its constitution establishes the agency s goals governing structure and operating framework 9 UNESCO s founding mission which was shaped by the Second World War is to advance peace sustainable development and human rights by facilitating collaboration and dialogue among nations 9 It pursues this objective through five major programme areas education natural sciences social human sciences culture and communication information UNESCO sponsors projects that improve literacy provide technical training and education advance science protect independent media and press freedom preserve regional and cultural history and promote cultural diversity 10 11 12 As a focal point for world culture and science UNESCO s activities have broadened over the years it assists in the translation and dissemination of world literature helps establish and secure World Heritage Sites of cultural and natural importance works to bridge the worldwide digital divide and creates inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication 13 UNESCO has launched several initiatives and global movements such as Education For All to further advance its core objectives UNESCO is governed by the General Conference composed of member states and associate members which meets biannually to set the agency s programmes and the budget It also elects members of the executive board which manages UNESCO s work and appoints every four years a Director General who serves as UNESCO s chief administrator UNESCO is a member of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group 14 a coalition of UN agencies and organisations aimed at fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Creation 1 3 Development 1 4 21st century 2 Activities 3 Media 4 Official UNESCO NGOs 5 Institutes and centres 6 Prizes 6 1 Inactive prizes 7 International Days observed at UNESCO 8 Member states 9 Governing bodies 9 1 Director General 9 2 General Conference 9 3 Executive Board 10 Offices and headquarters 10 1 Field offices by region 10 1 1 Africa 10 1 2 Arab States 10 1 3 Asia and Pacific 10 1 4 Europe and North America 10 1 5 Latin America and the Caribbean 10 2 Partner Organisations 11 Controversies 11 1 New World Information and Communication Order 11 2 Israel 11 2 1 Occupied Palestine Resolution 11 3 Palestine 11 3 1 Palestinian youth magazine controversy 11 3 2 Islamic University of Gaza controversy 11 4 Listing Nanjing Massacre documents 11 5 US withdrawals 11 6 Kurdish Turkish conflict 11 7 Campaigns against illicit art trading 12 Products and services 12 1 Information processing tools 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksHistory EditOrigins Edit UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921 to elect a Commission to study the feasibility of having nations freely share cultural educational and scientific achievements 15 16 This new body the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation ICIC was created in 1922 17 and counted such figures as Henri Bergson Albert Einstein Marie Curie Robert A Millikan and Gonzague de Reynold among its members being thus a small commission of the League of Nations essentially centred on Western Europe 18 The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation IIIC was then created in Paris in September 1924 to act as the executing agency for the ICIC 19 However the onset of World War II largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations 20 As for private initiatives the International Bureau of Education IBE began to work as a non governmental organization in the service of international educational development since December 1925 21 and joined UNESCO in 2021 after having established a joint commission in 1952 citation needed Creation Edit Flag of UNESCO After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education CAME began meetings in London which continued from 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945 On 30 October 1943 the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration agreed upon by China the United Kingdom the United States and the USSR This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944 Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Organization UNCIO held in San Francisco in April June 1945 a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization ECO CONF was convened in London 1 16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented The idea of UNESCO was largely developed by Rab Butler the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom who had a great deal of influence in its development 22 At the ECO CONF the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries and a Preparatory Commission was established 23 The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945 and 4 November 1946 the date when UNESCO s Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state 24 The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946 and elected Dr Julian Huxley to Director General 25 U S Colonel university president and civil rights advocate Dr Blake R Van Leer joined as a member as well 26 The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the executive board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not as before act in their personal capacity 27 This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor the ICIC in how member states would work together in the organization s fields of competence As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO s mandate political and historical factors have shaped the organization s operations in particular during the Cold War the decolonization process and the dissolution of the USSR 28 29 Development Edit Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism for example through influential statements on race starting with a declaration of anthropologists among them was Claude Levi Strauss and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice citation needed In 1956 the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO saying that some of the organization s publications amounted to interference in the country s racial problems citation needed South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela 30 31 UNESCO s early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley Haiti started in 1947 This project was followed by expert missions to other countries including for example a mission to Afghanistan in 1949 citation needed In 1948 UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory and universal citation needed In 1990 the World Conference on Education for All in Jomtien Thailand launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children youths and adults citation needed Ten years later the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar Senegal led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015 citation needed UNESCO s early activities in culture included the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia launched in 1960 citation needed The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after the construction of the Aswan Dam During the 20 year campaign 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo daro Pakistan Fes Morocco Kathmandu Nepal Borobudur Indonesia and the Acropolis of Athens Greece 32 The organization s work on heritage led to the adoption in 1972 of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage citation needed The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978 citation needed Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage citation needed and 2005 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions citation needed An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the European Council for Nuclear Research which was responsible for establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN citation needed later on in 1954 33 Arid Zone programming 1948 1966 is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences citation needed In 1968 UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development a problem that continues to be addressed in the field of sustainable development The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO s Man and the Biosphere Programme 34 UNESCO has been credited with the diffusion of national science bureaucracies 35 In the field of communication the free flow of ideas by word and image has been in UNESCO s constitution from its beginnings following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression citation needed In the years immediately following World War II efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s citation needed In response to calls for a New World Information and Communication Order in the late 1970s UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems citation needed which produced the 1980 MacBride report named after the chair of the commission the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Sean MacBride citation needed The same year UNESCO created the International Programme for the Development of Communication IPDC a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries citation needed In 1991 UNESCO s General Conference endorsed the Windhoek Declaration on media independence and pluralism which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption 3 May as World Press Freedom Day citation needed Since 1997 UNESCO has awarded the UNESCO Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize every 3 May citation needed 21st century Edit UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member in 2011 36 37 Laws passed in the United States after Palestine applied for UNESCO and WHO membership in April 1989 38 39 mean that the US cannot contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member 40 41 As a result the US withdrew its funding which had accounted for about 22 of UNESCO s budget 42 Israel also reacted to Palestine s admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israeli payments to UNESCO and imposing sanctions on the Palestinian Authority 43 stating that Palestine s admittance would be detrimental to potential peace talks 44 Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO the US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected thus the US was elected as a member of the executive board for the period 2016 19 45 In 2019 Israel left UNESCO after 69 years of membership with Israel s ambassador to the UN Danny Danon writing UNESCO is the body that continually rewrites history including by erasing the Jewish connection to Jerusalem it is corrupted and manipulated by Israel s enemies we are not going to be a member of an organisation that deliberately acts against us 46 Activities Edit UNESCO offices in Brasilia UNESCO implements its activities through the five programme areas education natural sciences social and human sciences culture and communication and information UNESCO supports research in comparative education provides expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all This includes the UNESCO Chairs an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs involving over 770 institutions in 126 countries Environmental Conservation Organisation Convention against Discrimination in Education adopted in 1960 Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education CONFINTEA in an interval of 12 years Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report Publication of the Four Pillars of Learning seminal document UNESCO ASPNet an international network of 8 000 schools in 170 countriesUNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning 47 UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public Seville Statement on Violence A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance such as Global Geoparks Network Biosphere reserves through the Programme on Man and the Biosphere MAB since 1971 City of Literature in 2007 the first city to be given this title was Edinburgh the site of Scotland s first circulating library 48 In 2008 Iowa City Iowa became the City of Literature 49 50 Endangered languages and linguistic diversity projects UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Memory of the World International Register since 1997 Water resources management through the International Hydrological Programme IHP since 1965 World Heritage Sites World Digital Library Encouraging the free flow of ideas by images and words by Promoting freedom of expression including freedom of the press and freedom of information legislation through the Division of Freedom of Expression and Media Development 51 including the International Programme for the Development of Communication 52 Promoting the safety of journalists and combatting impunity for those who attack them 53 through coordination of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity 54 Promoting universal access to and preservation of information and open solutions for sustainable development through the Knowledge Societies Division 55 including the Memory of the World Programme 56 and Information for All Programme 57 Promoting pluralism gender equality and cultural diversity in the media Promoting Internet Universality and its principles that the Internet should be I human Rights based ii Open iii Accessible to all and iv nurtured by Multi stakeholder participation summarized as the acronym R O A M 58 Generating knowledge through publications such as World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development 59 the UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom 60 and the Media Development Indicators 61 as well as other indicator based studies Promoting events such as International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non Violence for the Children of the World 2001 2010 proclaimed by the UN in 1998 World Press Freedom Day 3 May each year to promote freedom of expression and freedom of the press as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy democratic and free society Crianca Esperanca in Brazil in partnership with Rede Globo to raise funds for community based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention International Literacy Day 8 September each year International Year for the Culture of Peace 2000 Health Education for Behavior Change programme in partnership with the Ministry of Education of Kenya which was financially supported by the Government of Azerbaijan to promote health education among 10 19 year old young people who live in informal camp in Kibera Nairobi The project was carried out between September 2014 December 2016 62 World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development 21 May each year Founding and funding projects such as Migration Museums Initiative Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations 63 UNESCO CEPES the European Centre for Higher Education established in 1972 in Bucharest Romania as a decentralized office to promote international co operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada USA and Israel Higher Education in Europe is its official journal Free Software Directory since 1998 UNESCO and the Free Software Foundation have jointly funded this project cataloguing free software FRESH Focusing Resources on Effective School Health 64 OANA Organization of Asia Pacific News Agencies International Council of Science UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors ASOMPS Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices a series of scientific conferences held in Asia Botany 2000 a programme supporting taxonomy and biological and cultural diversity of medicinal and ornamental plants and their protection against environmental pollution The UNESCO Collection of Representative Works translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages from 1948 to 2005 GoUNESCO an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO New Delhi Office 65 UNESCO CHIC BIRUP UNESCO CHIC Group China Biosphere Rural and Urbanization Programme 66 The UNESCO transparency portal 67 has been designed to enable public access to information regarding the Organization s activities such as its aggregate budget for a biennium as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents These two distinct sets of information are published on the IATI registry respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard There have been proposals to establish two new UNESCO lists The first proposed list will focus on movable cultural heritage such as artifacts paintings and biofacts The list may include cultural objects such as the Jōmon Venus of Japan the Mona Lisa of France the Gebel el Arak Knife of Egypt The Ninth Wave of Russia the Seated Woman of Catalhoyuk of Turkey the David Michelangelo of Italy the Mathura Herakles of India the Manunggul Jar of the Philippines the Crown of Baekje of South Korea The Hay Wain of the United Kingdom and the Benin Bronzes of Nigeria The second proposed list will focus on the world s living species such as the komodo dragon of Indonesia the panda of China the bald eagle of North American countries the aye aye of Madagascar the Asiatic lion of India the kakapo of New Zealand and the mountain tapir of Colombia Ecuador and Peru 68 69 Media EditUNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines The UNESCO Courier magazine states its mission to promote UNESCO s ideals maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate Since March 2006 it has been available online with limited printed issues Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO There was a hiatus in publishing between 2012 and 2017 70 In 1950 UNESCO initiated the quarterly review Impact of Science on Society also known as Impact to discuss the influence of science on society The journal ceased publication in 1992 71 UNESCO also published Museum International Quarterly from the year 1948 Official UNESCO NGOs EditUNESCO has official relations with 322 international non governmental organizations NGOs 72 Most of these are what UNESCO calls operational a select few are formal 73 The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is formal associate and the 22 NGOs 74 with formal associate ASC relations occupying offices at UNESCO are Abbr OrganizationIB International BaccalaureateCCIVS Co ordinating Committee for International Voluntary ServiceCIPSH International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies Conseil International de Philosophie et des Sciences Humaines publishes Diogenes CIOFF International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts Conseil International des Organisations de Festivals de Folklore et d Arts Traditionnels EI Education InternationalIAU International Association of UniversitiesIFTC International Council for Film Television and Audiovisual CommunicationICOM International Council of MuseumsICSSPE International Council of Sport Science and Physical EducationICA International Council on ArchivesICOMOS International Council on Monuments and SitesIFJ International Federation of JournalistsIFLA International Federation of Library Associations and InstitutionsIFPA International Federation of Poetry AssociationsIMC International Music CouncilIPA International Police AssociationINSULA International Scientific Council for Island DevelopmentISC International Science Council formerly ICSU and ISSC ITI International Theatre InstituteIUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesIUTAO International Union of Technical Associations and OrganizationsUIA Union of International AssociationsWAN World Association of NewspapersWFEO World Federation of Engineering OrganizationsWFUCA World Federation of UNESCO Clubs Centres and Associations UNESCO Institute for Water Education in DelftInstitutes and centres EditThe institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO s programme providing specialized support for cluster and national offices Abbr Name LocationIBE International Bureau of Education Geneva 75 UIL UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning Hamburg 76 IIEP UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning Paris headquarters and Buenos Aires and Dakar regional offices 77 IITE UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education Moscow 78 IICBA UNESCO International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa Addis Ababa 79 IESALC UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean Caracas 80 MGIEP Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development New Delhi 81 UNESCO UNEVOC UNESCO UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training Bonn 82 ICWRGC International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change Koblenz 83 IHE IHE Delft Institute for Water Education Delft 84 ICTP International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste 85 UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics Montreal 86 Prizes EditUNESCO awards 22 prizes 87 in education science culture and peace Felix Houphouet Boigny Peace Prize L Oreal UNESCO Awards for Women in Science UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy UNESCO Emir Jaber al Ahmad al Jaber al Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa Prize for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education UNESCO Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers UNESCO Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science UNESCO Institut Pasteur Medal for an outstanding contribution to the development of scientific knowledge that has a beneficial impact on human health UNESCO Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation Great Man Made River International Water Prize for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by UNESCO title to be reconsidered Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management UNESCO Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights UNESCO Prize for Peace Education UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non Violence UNESCO International Jose Marti Prize UNESCO Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science UNESCO Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes UNESCO Greece IPDC UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication UNESCO Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize UNESCO Jikji Memory of the World Prize UNESCO Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences Carlos J Finlay Prize for MicrobiologyInactive prizes Edit International Simon Bolivar Prize inactive since 2004 UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education UNESCO Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences inactive since 2010 UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the ArtsInternational Days observed at UNESCO EditInternational Days observed at UNESCO is provided in the table given below 88 Date Name14 January World Logic Day24 January International Day of Education27 January International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust11 February International Day of Women and Girls in Science13 February World Radio Day21 February International Mother Language Day8 March International Women s Day14 March International Day of Mathematics20 March International Francophonie Day21 March International Day of Nowruz21 March World Poetry Day21 March International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination22 March World Water Day5 April International Day of Conscience6 April International Day of Sport for Development and Peace15 April World Art Day23 April World Book and Copyright Day30 April International Jazz Day3 May World Press Freedom Day5 May African World Heritage Day5 May World Portuguese Language Day16 May International Day of Light21 May World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development22 May International Day for Biological Diversity5 June World Environment Day8 June World Oceans Day17 June World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought18 July Nelson Mandela International Day9 August International Day of the World s Indigenous People12 August International Youth Day23 August International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition8 September International Literacy Day15 September International Day of Democracy21 September International Day of Peace28 September International Day for the Universal Access to Information5 October World Teachers Day11 October International Day of the Girl Child13 October International Day for Disaster Reduction17 October International Day for the Eradication of Poverty24 October United Nations Day27 October World Day for Audiovisual Heritage2 November International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists 89 5 November World Day of Romani Language10 November World Science Day for Peace and Development3rd Thursday in November World Philosophy Day16 November International Day for Tolerance25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women29 November International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People1 December World AIDS Day3 December International Day of Persons with Disabilities10 December Human Rights Day18 December International Migrants Day18 December World Arabic Language DayMember states EditMain article Member states of UNESCO As of January 2019 UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members 90 Some members are not independent states and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their dependent territories 91 UNESCO state parties are the United Nations member states except Liechtenstein United States 92 and Israel 93 as well as Cook Islands Niue and Palestine 94 95 The United States and Israel left UNESCO on 31 December 2018 96 Governing bodies EditDirector General Edit As of 2022 there have been 11 Directors General of UNESCO since its inception nine men and two women The 11 Directors General of UNESCO have come from six regions within the organization West Europe 5 Central America 1 North America 2 West Africa 1 East Asia 1 and East Europe 1 To date there has been no elected Director General from the remaining ten regions within UNESCO Southeast Asia South Asia Central and North Asia Middle East North Africa East Africa Central Africa South Africa Australia Oceania and South America The list of the Directors General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows 97 Image Name Country Term Julian Huxley United Kingdom 1946 1948 Jaime Torres Bodet Mexico 1948 1952 John Wilkinson Taylor United States acting 1952 1953 Luther Evans United States 1953 1958 Vittorino Veronese Italy 1958 1961 Rene Maheu France acting 1961 1961 1974 Amadou Mahtar M Bow Senegal 1974 1987 Federico Mayor Zaragoza Spain 1987 1999 Koichiro Matsuura Japan 1999 2009 Irina Bokova Bulgaria 2009 2017 Audrey Azoulay France 2017 IncumbentGeneral Conference Edit This is the list of the sessions of the UNESCO General Conference held since 1946 98 Session Location Year Chaired by from1st Paris 1946 Leon Blum France2nd Mexico City 1947 Manuel Gual Vidal Mexico3rd Beirut 1948 Hamid Bey Frangie Lebanon1st extraordinary Paris 19484th Paris 1949 Edward Ronald Walker Australia5th Florence 1950 Stefano Jacini Italy6th Paris 1951 Howland H Sargeant United States7th Paris 1952 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan India2nd extraordinary Paris 19538th Montevideo 1954 Justino Zavala Muniz Uruguay9th New Delhi 1956 Abul Kalam Azad India10th Paris 1958 Jean Berthoin France11th Paris 1960 Akale Work Abte Wold Ethiopia12th Paris 1962 Paulo de Berredo Carneiro Brazil13th Paris 1964 Norair Sisakian Soviet Union14th Paris 1966 Bedrettin Tuncel Turkey15th Paris 1968 William Eteki Mboumoua Cameroon16th Paris 1970 Atilio Dell Oro Maini Argentina17th Paris 1972 Toru Haguiwara Japan3rd extraordinary Paris 197318th Paris 1974 Magda Joboru Hungary19th Nairobi 1976 Taaita Toweett Kenya20th Paris 1978 Napoleon LeBlanc Canada21st Belgrade 1980 Ivo Margan Yugoslavia4th extraordinary Paris 198222nd Paris 1983 Said Tell Jordan23rd Sofia 1985 Nikolai Todorov Bulgaria24th Paris 1987 Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez Guatemala25th Paris 1989 Anwar Ibrahim Malaysia26th Paris 1991 Bethwell Allan Ogot Kenya27th Paris 1993 Ahmed Saleh Sayyad Yemen28th Paris 1995 Torben Krogh Denmark29th Paris 1997 Eduardo Portella Brazil30th Paris 1999 Jaroslava Moserova Czech Republic31st Paris 2001 Ahmad Jalali Iran32nd Paris 2003 Michael Omolewa Nigeria33rd Paris 2005 Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan Oman34th Paris 2007 Georgios Anastassopoulos Greece35th Paris 2009 Davidson Hepburn Bahamas36th Paris 2011 Katalin Bogyay Hungary37th 99 Paris 2013 Hao Ping China38th Paris 2015 Stanley Mutumba Simataa 100 Namibia39th Paris 2017 Zohour Alaoui 101 Morocco40th Paris 2019 Ahmet Altay Cengizer 102 Turkey41st 103 Paris 2021 Santiago Irazabal Mourao BrazilExecutive Board Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Term Group I 9 seats Group II 7 seats Group III 10 seats Group IV 12 seats Group V a 13 seats Group V b 7 seats 2012 2015 Austria France Italy India Spain United Kingdom United States Czech Republic Montenegro North Macedonia Russia Brazil Cuba Ecuador Mexico Afghanistan Indonesia Pakistan Papua New Guinea South Korea Thailand Angola Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Malawi Mali Namibia Nigeria Jordan Tunisia United Arab Emirates2014 2017 104 Germany Netherlands Sweden Albania Estonia Ukraine Argentina Belize Dominican Republic El Salvador Saint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago Bangladesh China India Japan Nepal Turkmenistan Chad Guinea Mauritius Mozambique Togo Uganda Algeria Egypt Kuwait Morocco2017 2019 105 France Greece Italy Spain United Kingdom Lithuania Russia Serbia Slovenia Brazil Haiti Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay India Iran Malaysia Pakistan South Korea Sri Lanka Vietnam Cameroon Ivory Coast Ghana Kenya Nigeria Senegal South Africa Lebanon Oman Qatar Sudan2019 2023 106 France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain Switzerland Hungary Poland Russia Serbia Argentina Brazil Dominican Republic Uruguay Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan Philippines Pakistan South Korea Thailand Benin Congo Guinea Ghana Kenya Namibia Senegal Togo Saudi Arabia UAE TunisiaOffices and headquarters EditMain article World Heritage Centre The Garden of Peace at UNESCO headquarters The UNESCO headquarters the World Heritage Centre is located at Place de Fontenoy in Paris France Its architect was Marcel Breuer 107 It includes a Garden of Peace which was donated by the Government of Japan 108 This garden was designed by American Japanese sculptor artist Isamu Noguchi in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano In 1994 1995 in memory of the 50th anniversary of UNESCO a meditation room was built by Tadao Ando 109 UNESCO s field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage cluster offices national offices regional bureaus and liaison offices Field offices by region Edit The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office 110 Africa Edit Abidjan National Office to Cote d Ivoire Abuja National Office to Nigeria Accra Cluster Office for Benin Cote d Ivoire Ghana Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone and Togo Addis Ababa Liaison Office with the African Union and with the Economic Commission for Africa Bamako Cluster Office for Burkina Faso Guinea Mali and Niger Brazzaville National Office to the Republic of the Congo Bujumbura National Office to Burundi Dakar Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Bissau and Senegal Dar es Salaam Cluster Office for Comoros Madagascar Mauritius Seychelles and Tanzania Harare Cluster Office for Botswana Malawi Mozambique Zambia and Zimbabwe Juba National Office to South Sudan Kinshasa National Office to the Democratic Republic of the Congo Libreville Cluster Office for the Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe Maputo National Office to Mozambique Nairobi Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for Burundi Djibouti Eritrea Kenya Rwanda Somalia South Sudan and Uganda Windhoek National Office to Namibia Yaounde Cluster Office to Cameroon Central African Republic and ChadArab States Edit Amman National Office to Jordan Beirut Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to Lebanon Syria Jordan Iraq and Palestine Cairo Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for Egypt and Sudan Doha Cluster Office to Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates and Yemen Iraq National Office for Iraq currently located in Amman Jordan Khartoum National Office to Sudan Manama Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage Rabat Cluster Office to Algeria Libya Mauritania Morocco and Tunisia Ramallah National Office to the Palestinian TerritoriesAsia and Pacific Edit See also UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards Almaty Cluster Office to Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Apia Cluster Office to Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu and Tokelau Associate Member Bangkok Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to Thailand Burma Laos Singapore and Vietnam Beijing Cluster Office to North Korea Japan Mongolia the People s Republic of China and South Korea Dhaka National Office to Bangladesh Hanoi National Office to Vietnam Islamabad National Office to Pakistan Jakarta Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to the Philippines Brunei Indonesia Malaysia and East Timor Manila National Office to the Philippines Kabul National Office to Afghanistan Kathmandu National Office to Nepal New Delhi Cluster Office to Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives and Sri Lanka Phnom Penh National Office to Cambodia Tashkent National Office to Uzbekistan Tehran Cluster Office to Afghanistan Iran Pakistan and TurkmenistanEurope and North America Edit Brussels Liaison Office to the European Union and its subsidiary bodies in Brussels Geneva Liaison Office to the United Nations in Geneva New York City Liaison Office to the United Nations in New York Venice Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in EuropeLatin America and the Caribbean Edit Carondelet Palace Presidential Palace with changing of the guards The Historic Center of Quito Ecuador is one of the largest least altered and best preserved historic centres in the Americas 111 This centre was together with the historic centre of Krakow in Poland the first to be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978 Brasilia National Office to Brazil 112 Guatemala City National Office to Guatemala Havana Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the Caribbean and Cluster Office to Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti and Aruba Kingston Cluster Office to Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago as well as the associate member states of British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curacao and Sint Maarten Lima National Office to Peru Mexico City National Office to Mexico Montevideo Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean and Cluster Office to Argentina Brazil Chile Paraguay and Uruguay Port au Prince National Office to Haiti Quito Cluster Office to Bolivia Colombia Ecuador and Venezuela 113 San Jose Cluster Office to Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua and Panama Santiago de Chile Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to ChilePartner Organisations Edit International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC Blue Shield International BSI International Council of Museums ICOM International Council on Monuments and Sites ICOMOS International Institute of Humanitarian Law IIHL Controversies EditNew World Information and Communication Order Edit UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past particularly in its relationships with the United States the United Kingdom Singapore and the former Soviet Union During the 1970s and 1980s UNESCO s support for a New World Information and Communication Order and its MacBride report calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb freedom of the press UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s 114 In 1984 the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest followed by the United Kingdom in 1985 115 Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985 citing rising membership fees 116 Following a change of government in 1997 the UK rejoined The United States rejoined in 2003 followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007 117 Israel Edit Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949 one year after its creation Israel has maintained its membership since 1949 In 2010 Israel designated the Cave of the Patriarchs Hebron and Rachel s Tomb Bethlehem as National Heritage Sites and announced restoration work prompting criticism from the Obama administration and protests from Palestinians 118 In October 2010 UNESCO s executive board voted to declare the sites as al Haram al Ibrahimi Tomb of the Patriarchs and Bilal bin Rabah Mosque Rachel s Tomb and stated that they were an integral part of the occupied Palestinian Territories and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of international law 119 UNESCO described the sites as significant to people of the Muslim Christian and Jewish traditions and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites 120 Israel in turn accused UNESCO of detach ing the Nation of Israel from its heritage and accused it of being politically motivated 121 The Rabbi of the Western Wall said that Rachel s tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site 122 Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon declared that the resolution was a part of Palestinian escalation Zevulun Orlev chairman of the Knesset Education and Culture Committee referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world 123 124 On 28 June 2011 UNESCO s World Heritage Committee at Jordan s insistence censured clarification needed Israel s decision to demolish and rebuild the Mughrabi Gate Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons Jordan disputed the agreement saying that it was only signed under U S pressure Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from Egypt 125 In January 2014 days before it was scheduled to open UNESCO Director General Irina Bokova indefinitely postponed and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the Simon Wiesenthal Centre entitled The People The Book The Land The 3 500 year relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would harm the peace process 126 The author of the exhibition Professor Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew University s Vidal Sassoon International Centre for the Study of Anti Semitism called the cancellation an appalling act and characterized Bokova s decision as an arbitrary act of total cynicism and really contempt for the Jewish people and its history UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success 127 On 1 January 2019 Israel formally left UNESCO in pursuance of the US withdrawal over the perceived continuous anti Israel bias citation needed Occupied Palestine Resolution Edit Main article Occupied Palestine Resolution On 13 October 2016 UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for aggressions by Israeli police and soldiers and illegal measures against the freedom of worship and Muslims access to their holy sites while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision 128 While the text acknowledged the importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem s Old City only by its Muslim name Al Haram al Sharif Arabic for Noble Sanctuary In response Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words Temple Mount or Har HaBayit stating that it denies Jewish ties to the key holy site 128 129 After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats including Benjamin Netanyahu and Ayelet Shaked Israel froze all ties with the organization 130 131 The resolution was condemned by Ban Ki moon and the Director General of UNESCO Irina Bokova who said that Judaism Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and to deny conceal or erase any of the Jewish Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site 132 133 Al Aqsa Mosque or Al Haram al Sharif is also Temple Mount whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism 134 It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a hateful anti Israel sentiment 135 and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy s abstention 135 On 26 October UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution which also criticized Israel for its continuous refusal to let the body s experts access Jerusalem s holy sites to determine their conservation status 136 Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version Israel continued to denounce the text 137 The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount or Har HaBayit in Hebrew only by its Arab name a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO s executive board triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies U S Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated This item should have been defeated These politicized and one sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO 138 In October 2017 the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization citing in part anti Israel bias 139 140 Palestine Edit Palestinian youth magazine controversy Edit In February 2011 an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role models as Adolf Hitler In December 2011 UNESCO which partly funded the magazine condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support 141 Islamic University of Gaza controversy Edit In 2012 UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the Islamic University of Gaza in the field of astronomy astrophysics and space sciences 142 fueling controversy and criticism Israel bombed the school in 2008 stating that they develop and store weapons there which Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO s move 143 144 The head Kamalain Shaath defended UNESCO stating that the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development 145 146 147 Israeli ambassador to UNESCO Nimrod Barkan planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university s ties to Hamas especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with 148 The Jewish organization B nai B rith criticized the move as well 149 Listing Nanjing Massacre documents Edit In 2015 Japan threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization s decision to include documents relating to the 1937 Nanjing massacre in the latest listing for its Memory of the World program 150 In October 2016 Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida confirmed that Japan s 2016 annual funding of 4 4 billion had been suspended although he denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy 151 US withdrawals Edit The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984 citing the highly politicized nature of the organisation its ostensible hostility toward the basic institutions of a free society especially a free market and a free press as well as its unrestrained budgetary expansion and poor management under then Director General Amadou Mahtar M Bow of Senegal 152 On 19 September 1989 former U S Congressman Jim Leach stated before a Congressional subcommittee 153 The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well known my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west and engage in Israel bashing UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures The U S opted for empty chair diplomacy after winning not losing the battles we engaged in It was nuts to get out and would be nuttier not to rejoin Leach concluded that the record showed Israel bashing a call for a new world information order money management and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal he asserted that before departing from UNESCO a withdrawal from the IAEA had been pushed on him 153 On 1 October 2003 the U S rejoined UNESCO 152 On 12 October 2017 the United States notified UNESCO that it would again withdraw from the organization on 31 December 2018 Israel followed suit 154 The Department of State cited mounting arrears at UNESCO the need for fundamental reform in the organization and continuing anti Israel bias at UNESCO 139 The United States has not paid over 600 million in dues 155 since it stopped paying its 80 million annual UNESCO dues when Palestine became a full member in 2011 Israel and the US were among the 14 votes against the membership out of 194 member countries 156 Kurdish Turkish conflict Edit On 25 May 2016 the noted Turkish poet and human rights activist Zulfu Livaneli resigned as Turkey s only UNESCO goodwill ambassador He highlighted the human rights situation in Turkey and the destruction of historical Sur district of Diyarbakir the largest city in Kurdish majority southeast Turkey during fighting between the Turkish army and Kurdish militants as the main reasons for his resignation Livaneli said To pontificate on peace while remaining silent against such violations is a contradiction of the fundamental ideals of UNESCO 157 Campaigns against illicit art trading Edit In 2020 UNESCO stated that the size of the illicit trade in cultural property amounted to 10 billion dollars a year A report that same year by the Rand Organisation suggested the actual market is not likely to be larger than a few hundred million dollars each year An expert cited by UNESCO as attributing the 10 billion figure denied it and said he had no idea where the figure came from Art dealers were particularly critical of the UNESCO figure because it amounted to 15 of the total world art market 158 In November 2020 part of a UNESCO advertising campaign intended to highlight international trafficking in looted artefacts had to be withdrawn after it falsely presented a series of museum held artworks with known provenances as recently looted objects held in private collections The adverts claimed that a head of Buddha in the Metropolitan Museum s collection since 1930 had been looted from Kabul Museum in 2001 and then smuggled into the US art market that a funerary monument from Palmyra that the MET had acquired in 1901 had been recently looted from the Palmyra Museum by Islamic State militants and then smuggled into the European antiquities market and that an Ivory Coast mask with a provenance that indicates it was in the US by 1954 was looted during armed clashes in 2010 2011 After complaints from the MET the adverts were withdrawn 159 Products and services EditUNESDOC Database 160 Contains over 146 000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in field offices and institutes Information processing tools Edit UNESCO develops maintains and disseminates free of charge two interrelated software packages for database management CDS ISIS not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS and data mining statistical analysis IDAMS 161 CDS ISIS a generalised information storage and retrieval system The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network The JavaISIS client server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows Linux and Macintosh Furthermore GenISIS allows the user to produce HTML Web forms for CDS ISIS database searching The ISIS DLL provides an API for developing CDS ISIS based applications OpenIDAMS a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed maintained and disseminated by UNESCO The original package was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open source 162 IDIS a tool for direct data exchange between CDS ISIS and IDAMSSee also Edit Schools portal Science portal Society portal Politics portal World portalAcademic mobility network League of Nations archives Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists UNESCO Reclining Figure 1957 58 sculpture by Henry Moore UniRefReferences Edit UNESCO 1 French Organisation des Nations unies pour l education la science et la culture UNESCO UNESCO Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 Retrieved 25 September 2013 Introducing UNESCO UNESCO Archived from the original on 18 August 2011 Retrieved 8 August 2011 UNESCO history UNESCO Archived from the original on 9 April 2010 Retrieved 23 April 2010 List of UNESCO members and associates UNESCO Archived from the original on 15 August 2022 Retrieved 23 August 2022 Partnerships UNESCO 25 June 2013 Archived from the original on 23 August 2020 Retrieved 19 August 2020 Field offices UNESCO Archived from the original on 17 August 2020 Retrieved 19 August 2020 National Commissions UNESCO 28 September 2012 Archived from the original on 22 August 2020 Retrieved 19 August 2020 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8 August 2011 UNDG Members United Nations Development Group Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 Retrieved 8 August 2010 Plenary Meetings Records of the Second Assembly Geneva League of Nations 5 September 5 October 1921 A Chronology of UNESCO 1945 1987 PDF UNESDOC database Paris December 1987 LAD 85 WS 4 Rev archived PDF from the original on 2 February 2011 retrieved 13 December 2010 The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation ICIC was created on 4 January 1922 as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications Grandjean Martin 2018 Les reseaux de la cooperation intellectuelle La Societe des Nations comme actrice des echanges scientifiques et culturels dans l entre deux guerres The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter War Period doctoral thesis in French Lausanne Universite de Lausanne Archived from the original on 12 September 2018 Retrieved 5 April 2019 A summary in English is also available Grandjean Martin 2020 A Representative Organization Ibero American Networks in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations 1922 1939 Cultural Organizations Networks and Mediators in Contemporary Ibero America 65 89 doi 10 4324 9780429299407 4 S2CID 243387712 Archived from the original on 17 January 2021 Retrieved 13 August 2020 International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation United Nations library resources 1930 archived from the original on 19 August 2021 retrieved 27 March 2021 Hamen Susan E Wilson Theodore A 2014 The Great Depression and World War II 1929 1945 ISBN 978 1 62403 178 6 OCLC 870724668 UNESCO 1987 The work of U N E S C O Hansard 26 January 1949 Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Millbank systems Retrieved 12 July 2013 United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation PDF UNESDOC database The Institute of Civil Engineers London 1 16 November 1945 ECO Conf 29 Archived PDF from the original on 15 March 2012 Retrieved 8 June 2012 Unesco 1945 General Conference First Session PDF UNESDOC database UNESCO House Paris UNESCO 1947 Item 14 p 73 Archived PDF from the original on 4 September 2012 Retrieved 1 July 2012 Summary Minutes of Meetings 1956 United States National Commission for the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization 1956 Archived from the original on 9 February 2022 Retrieved 27 December 2021 Records of the General Conference Eighth Session PDF unesdoc unesco org Archived PDF from the original on 2 February 2011 Retrieved 13 December 2010 Peacekeeping in the Cold War Post Cold War UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA Abingdon UK Taylor amp Francis pp 23 45 2005 doi 10 4324 9780203307434 chapter 2 ISBN 978 0 203 30743 4 archived from the original on 12 March 2021 retrieved 17 September 2020 Schmidt Christopher 2010 Into the heart of darkness cosmopolitanism vs realism and the Democratic Republic of Congo OCLC 650842164 Archived from the original on 12 March 2021 Retrieved 17 September 2020 Thompson Leonard Monteath January 2001 A history of South Africa Third ed New Haven ISBN 978 0 300 12806 2 OCLC 560542020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint url status link Nygren Thomas 2016 UNESCO Teaches History Implementing International Understanding in Sweden A History of UNESCO London Palgrave Macmillan UK pp 201 230 doi 10 1007 978 1 137 58120 4 11 ISBN 978 1 349 84528 6 archived from the original on 9 February 2022 retrieved 17 September 2020 Nagaoka Masanori 2016 Cultural landscape management at Borobudur Indonesia Springer ISBN 978 3 319 42046 2 OCLC 957437019 UNESCO must reform to stay relevant and reconnect people through science Nature 587 7835 521 522 25 November 2020 Bibcode 2020Natur 587 521 doi 10 1038 d41586 020 03311 3 PMID 33239811 S2CID 227176079 Use and conservation of the biosphere Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere Paris 4 13 September 1968 1970 In Natural Resources Research Volume X SC 69 XIL 16 A UNESDOC database PDF Archived PDF from the original on 7 April 2012 Retrieved 8 June 2012 Finnemore Martha 1996 National Interests in International Society Cornell University Press p 4 JSTOR 10 7591 j ctt1rv61rh Archived from the original on 1 June 2021 Retrieved 11 May 2021 General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member 31 October 2011 Archived from the original on 14 December 2011 Retrieved 11 December 2011 Blomfield Adrian 31 October 2011 US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership The Telegraph Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 Retrieved 31 October 2011 Shadi Sakran 26 November 2019 The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks Taylor amp Francis pp 64 ISBN 978 1 00 076357 7 Archived from the original on 24 December 2021 Retrieved 27 February 2020 Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State Archived 13 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine UNESCO Executive Board 131st 1989 The laws originated in H R 2145 and S 875 for further details see committee discussions at United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations 1989 The PLO s Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives One Hundred First Congress First Session on H R 2145 May 4 1989 U S Government Printing Office Archived from the original on 19 August 2020 Retrieved 27 February 2020 The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws H R 3743 which produced Pub L 101 246 H R 5368 H R 2295 and finally H R 2333 which produced Pub L 103 236 See also Beattie Kirk 3 May 2016 Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East Seven Stories Press p 287 online ISBN 978 1 60980 562 3 Archived from the original on 19 August 2020 Retrieved 27 February 2020 1989 Senate and House efforts like Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145 both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994 Sen Robert Kasten Jr R Wl was the primary sponsor of S 875 and Rep Tom Lantos sponsored HR 2145 In a nutshell recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians right to statehood or their achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the offending UN body under these laws U S stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote Reuters 31 October 2011 Archived from the original on 26 February 2020 Retrieved 26 February 2020 Erlanger Steven Sayare Scott 31 October 2011 Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians The New York Times Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 Retrieved 31 October 2011 After UNESCO vote Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U S Haaretz 4 November 2011 Archived from the original on 7 December 2011 Retrieved 11 December 2011 Israel freezes UNESCO funds CNN 3 December 2011 Archived from the original on 6 November 2011 Retrieved 11 December 2011 U S Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row Reuters 8 November 2013 Archived from the original on 9 July 2014 Retrieved 29 June 2014 69 years after joining Israel formally leaves UNESCO so too does the US The Times of Israel The Times of Israel Archived from the original on 30 December 2019 Retrieved 2 February 2021 Because diploma mills have claimed false UNESCO accreditation UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation See Luca Lantero Degree Mills non accredited and irregular higher education institutions Archived 13 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence CIMEA Italy and UNESCO Alert Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions Varga Susan 2006 Edinburgh Old Town Images of Scotland The History Press Ltd ISBN 978 0 7524 4083 5 Iowa City nation s only UNESCO City of Literature disappointed over withdrawal www thegazette com Archived from the original on 9 February 2022 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Phipps Kinsey Iowa City grows after 10 years as City of Literature The Daily Iowan Archived from the original on 11 December 2018 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Fostering Freedom of Expression UNESCO 30 January 2013 Archived from the original on 10 December 2019 Retrieved 19 December 2016 International Programme for the Development of Communication IPDC United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization www unesco org Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 Retrieved 19 December 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International Organizations as Teachers of Norms The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cutural sic Organization and Science Policy International Organization Vol 47 No 4 Autumn 1993 pp 565 597External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to UNESCO Meta has related information at WikiProject UNESCO Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title UNESCO amp oldid 1128049008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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