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East Indians

February 18, 2023

For the residents of Australia, Canada, Caribbea & the United States with origins from the Indian subcontinent, see Indian Australians, Indo-Canadians, Indo-Caribbeans, and Indian Americans.
For other uses, see East India (disambiguation).

The East Indians, also called East Indian Catholics or Bombay East Indians, are an ethno-religious Indian Christian community native to the Seven Islands of Bombay and the neighbouring Mumbai Metropolitan Area of the Konkan division.[3]

East Indians or East Indian Catholics
Bombay East Indian women in the saari (dress)
Regions with significant populations
Mumbai metropolitan area (1960s)About 92,000[1]
Languages
East Indian Marathi[2]
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholicism)
Related ethnic groups
Luso-Indians, Goan Christians, Mangalorean Christians, Karwari Christians, Koli Christians, Marathi Christians, Latin Catholics of Malabar

History

Pre-Portuguese era

A Dominican missionary by the name Jordanus Catalani, who was either Catalan or Occitan (southern French), began evangelising the locals in Sopara, Thana & Kalyan-Dombivli towns of north Konkan in around 1323 AD. Sopara was an ancient port and an international trading center.[4]

Portuguese era

Main article: History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)

After ushering in the Age of Discovery, Portuguese Armadas under the command of Vasco Da Gama found their way to India in 1498 via the Cape Route. In the next few years they acquired many colonial possessions in what would become the Portuguese East Indies; their main aims were to capitalise on the spice trade and promotion of Christian missions to convert indigenous peoples,[1] for which the Primate of the East Indies was founded. Although Brahmins and other high-caste Hindus were ceremoniously converted by the Portuguese Church, and were treated with favour and distinction,[1][verification needed] most of them continued to engage in agriculture, fishing, and other rural occupations handed down by their ancestors, and received neither secular nor religious education.[1] Among the converts were a number of descendants of the Ancient Indian Christian community reportedly founded by Bartholomew the Apostle.[1] They coalesced into a community under Portuguese rule[1] known as Norteiros and later as "Portuguese Christians"[1] or "Bombay Portuguese" in British Bombay.

The Franciscans spearheaded the evangelisation of the "Province of the North" (Província do Norte)[5] headquartered at Fort San Sebastian of Bassein, but the fort's officials were subordinate to the viceroy in the capital of Velha Goa. From 1534 to 1552, a priest by the name António do Porto converted over 10,000 people, built a dozen churches, convents, and a number of orphanages hospitals and seminaries. Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the Kanheri Caves who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria. They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis, converting many in the process.[5] Another notable convert during this period was the Brahmin astrologer Parashuram Joshi, who was baptized on 8 September 1565 with the name Henrique da Cunha. Joshi's conversion was followed by that of 250 Hindus, including over 50 Brahmins.[5] In Salsette, the priest Manuel Gomes converted over 6,000 Hindus in Bandra and was known as the Apostle of Salsette.[5]

In 1573, 1,600 people were converted. Beginning in 1548, Jesuits in Bassein (Baçaim) and Bandra converted many upper-caste Hindus; Bassein recorded 9,400 baptisms in 1588.[5] The Jesuit superior Gonçalo Rodrigues baptised between 5,000 and 6,000 Hindus in Thane (Tana), many of whom were orphans or the young children of lower-caste Hindus who were sold by their parents.[5] In 1634, Bassein had sixty-three friars, thirty Franciscans, fifteen Jesuits, ten Dominicans, and eight Augustines.[5] By the end of the 16th century the Catholic population of the Portuguese Province of the North was 10,000 to 15,000, centered mainly in and around Bassein.[6]

After the Province of the North came under Maratha occupation in 1739 and Catholicism was under severe threat from the Brahmin Peshwas, the native East Indian clergy under the Vicar General at Kurla managed and nursed the community back to a flourishing population[6] in British Bombay.

British and modern eras

Main articles: History of Bombay under British rule and Bombay Presidency

Changes occurred under British rule.[1] On 11 May 1661, the Marriage Treaty of Charles Stuart II of England and Catherine de Braganza, daughter of John IV of Portugal gave Bombay to the British Empire as intended, since the British takeover of Surat (allegedly[clarification needed] as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles). A weakened Portugal, no longer a part of the Crown of Spain, had to oblige. Nevertheless, parts of present-day Bombay (such as Bandra, Thane and Vasai) remained Portuguese well into the first third of the 18th century.[7] Since the early days of the English East India Company, there were no other Indian Christians in the North Konkan except the East Indian Catholics. Employment intended for Christians was monopolised by the East Indians. With railways and steamships came immigrants from Goa who were also called "Portuguese Christians". The British adopted a designation which would distinguish the Christians of North Konkan who were British subjects, from the Goan Catholics who were Portuguese subjects, (the Mangalorean Catholics were no longer Portuguese subjects). For Victoria I's Golden Jubilee, the Christians of North Konkan changed their name from "Portuguese Christians" to "East Indians" to impress upon the British in Bombay, that they were the earliest British subjects in India, and were entitled to certain natural rights and privileges in comparison with immigrants.[8][third-party source needed]

The Bombay East Indian Association was founded on 26 May 1887 to advance the education, employment, rights and economic development of the East Indians. P F Gomes, who was knighted by Pope Leo XIII in 1888, was its first president and J L Britto its first secretary. D G D'Almeida donated ₹100,000 to establish an education fund.

During the 1960s, the Archdiocese of Bombay estimated that there were 92,000 East Indians in Bombay: 76,000 in suburban Bombay and 16,000 in the city.[1]

Architecture

A typical Koli house consists of a veranda (oli), used for repairing nets and receiving visitors; a sitting-room (angan), used by women for household work; a kitchen, a central apartment, a bedroom, a devotional room (devaghar) and a detached bathroom.[9]

Language and literature

East Indian Catholics speak a dialect of Marathi, which they retained despite Portuguese influence. The Marathi language is central to the community's identity. The author of Trans. Bomb. Geog. Soc., 1836–38, Vol. I. mentions the dialect of Marathi spoken by the East Indians of Salsette, Mahim, Matunga and Mazgaon, similar to the language spoken by the Kulbis, Kolis, Bhandaris, Palshes, Pathare Prabhus, Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathares (Panchkalshis), Kuparis and Vadvals; this may have been Konkani.[10] Some East Indian upper-class families in the Khatri ward of Thane speak Portuguese.[11] 110 Portuguese lexical items are found in Marathi.[12]

Traditions and festivals

Main articles: Agera (festival), Bandra Fest, and Koswad

Although the East Indians have preserved their pre-Christian Marathi culture and traditions, many Portuguese influences have been absorbed.[13][better source needed]

Dress

 
East Indian ladies of Chimbai village performing at Bandra Gymkhana

Traditional dress for women is the lugra. For men, traditional wear consists of khaki shorts and a white banian. A Koli Christian bridegroom usually wears an older Portuguese admiral's uniform, which is preserved and lent out for such occasions.[9] East Indian women wore a blouse and cotton lugra, with the back pleats tucked into the waist; women did not use the upper portion of the sari (covering the head and breast) until they were married. This mode of wearing the sari is known as sakacch nesane. Gol nesane, a cylindrical style, is popular with young girls and women.[14]

Film industry

The film Tu Maza Jeev, in the East Indian language, was released on Maharashtra Day in 2009.[15]

In literature

Many of the characters in the book Bloodline Bandra[16] by Godfrey Joseph Pereira[17] (2014), are East Indian, including the protagonist, journalist, David Cabral. The book itself is set in the 1950's with the first half of the book having most of the action in Pali Village, a predominantly East Indian populace at the time.

Singing competition

Jacinto at an East Indian singing competition in Mumbai

East Indians organise singing competitions in their own language. The competition is primarily held in the evening of important village occasions;[18] for example, Kurla has an annual competition on the eve of the phool dongri feast in May at Holy Cross Church.[19]

Representation and reservation

The East Indians were awarded the OBC (other backward Class) status by the Government of Maharashtra on 1 March 2006 by the way of official gazette.[20] In Sept 2014, local non-governmental organisations such as the Watchdog Foundation, Mobai Gaothan Panchayat, the Bombay East Indian Association, Vakola Advanced Locality Management, Kalina Civic Forum& the Kolovery Welfare Association founded the Maharashtra Swaraj Party (MSP), to give voice to the demographically minor community's concerns and interests.[21] The party, which represents the East Indian community, was expected to support five candidates from Mumbai's suburbs in the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections.[22][3]

Notable East Indians

See also

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Baptista 1967, p. 27
  2. ^ James, V. (1965), "Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis", Asian Ethnology, 2, Nanzan, Japan: Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture, Nanzan University, 24: 131–148, from the original on 2 December 2013, retrieved 15 April 2017
  3. ^ a b Kumar, Raksha (4 June 2016), "The original East Indians", The Hindu, Bombay (published 2 August 2013), from the original on 13 April 2018, retrieved 19 August 2017
  4. ^ Thana District Gazetteer Part – I: Population:Christians-History 10 November 2010(Date mismatch) at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Machado 1999, p. 104
  6. ^ a b Machado 1999, p. 108
  7. ^ "Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)". BBC. from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  8. ^ "East Indians: History" (PDF), East-Indians.com, (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2013, retrieved 19 August 2017 (Article based on Baptista 1967){{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  9. ^ a b Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III 1997, Chapter III : Population : The Kolis
  10. ^ Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III 1997, Chapter III : Population : Languages
  11. ^ "Thane Gazetteer: Population: Christians – Speech". from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  12. ^ Grover, Neelam; Mukerji, Anath Bandhu; Singh, Kashi N. (2004), Grover, Neelam; Singh, Kashi N. (eds.), Cultural geography, form and process: essays in honor of Prof. A.B. Mukerji, Concept Publishing Company, p. 275, ISBN 978-81-8069-074-7, from the original on 22 June 2013, retrieved 29 March 2016
  13. ^ "The East Indian Community Original Inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette & Thana". from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
  14. ^ Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I 1986, Chp. People: Dress
  15. ^ "First East Indian movie releases on Maharashtra Day". The Times of India. 4 May 2009. from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  16. ^ Pereira, Godfrey (2014). Bloodline Bandra (1st ed.). India: HarperCollins. ISBN 9789351364429.
  17. ^ "Godfrey Joseph Pereira". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  18. ^ . geracao.in. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  19. ^ "Phool Dongri Feast – 10th May 2015 – Holy Cross Church". holycrosschurch.co.in. from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  20. ^ "Government Resolutions (शासन निर्णय)" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  21. ^ . I am in DNA of India. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  22. ^ "East Indian party to field 5 candidates from suburbs", The Times of India, 18 September 2014, from the original on 9 January 2017, retrieved 19 August 2017
  23. ^ Target Goa. . targetgoa.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  24. ^ "Dog Eat Dog was an official selection at the Festival De Cannes 2007". 14 May 2007. from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  25. ^ Dhyan, Chand (1952). GOAL. Chennai, India: Sports & Pastime. p. 10. from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  26. ^ "Catholics mourn Cardinal Simon Pimenta | Mumbai News". The Times of India.
  27. ^ "Our Programmes". from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.

References

 
Look up East Indian Catholic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Baptista, Elsie Wilhelmina (1967), The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein, Bombay East Indian Association
  • Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island. Vol. I, I & III. The Gazetteers Department (Government of Maharashtra). 1997 [1909]. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  • Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island. Vol. I. The Gazetteers Department (Government of Maharashtra). 1986. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  • Alan Machado (Prabhu) (1999), Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians (First ed.), Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications

February 18, 2023
east, indians, residents, australia, canada, caribbea, united, states, with, origins, from, indian, subcontinent, indian, australians, indo, canadians, indo, caribbeans, indian, americans, other, uses, east, india, disambiguation, also, called, east, indian, c. For the residents of Australia Canada Caribbea amp the United States with origins from the Indian subcontinent see Indian Australians Indo Canadians Indo Caribbeans and Indian Americans For other uses see East India disambiguation The East Indians also called East Indian Catholics or Bombay East Indians are an ethno religious Indian Christian community native to the Seven Islands of Bombay and the neighbouring Mumbai Metropolitan Area of the Konkan division 3 East Indians or East Indian CatholicsBombay East Indian women in the saari dress Regions with significant populationsMumbai metropolitan area 1960s About 92 000 1 LanguagesEast Indian Marathi 2 ReligionChristianity Roman Catholicism Related ethnic groupsLuso Indians Goan Christians Mangalorean Christians Karwari Christians Koli Christians Marathi Christians Latin Catholics of Malabar Contents 1 History 1 1 Pre Portuguese era 1 2 Portuguese era 1 3 British and modern eras 2 Architecture 3 Language and literature 4 Traditions and festivals 5 Dress 6 Film industry 7 In literature 8 Singing competition 9 Representation and reservation 10 Notable East Indians 11 See also 12 Citations 13 ReferencesHistory EditPre Portuguese era Edit A Dominican missionary by the name Jordanus Catalani who was either Catalan or Occitan southern French began evangelising the locals in Sopara Thana amp Kalyan Dombivli towns of north Konkan in around 1323 AD Sopara was an ancient port and an international trading center 4 Portuguese era Edit Main article History of Bombay under Portuguese rule 1534 1661 After ushering in the Age of Discovery Portuguese Armadas under the command of Vasco Da Gama found their way to India in 1498 via the Cape Route In the next few years they acquired many colonial possessions in what would become the Portuguese East Indies their main aims were to capitalise on the spice trade and promotion of Christian missions to convert indigenous peoples 1 for which the Primate of the East Indies was founded Although Brahmins and other high caste Hindus were ceremoniously converted by the Portuguese Church and were treated with favour and distinction 1 verification needed most of them continued to engage in agriculture fishing and other rural occupations handed down by their ancestors and received neither secular nor religious education 1 Among the converts were a number of descendants of the Ancient Indian Christian community reportedly founded by Bartholomew the Apostle 1 They coalesced into a community under Portuguese rule 1 known as Norteiros and later as Portuguese Christians 1 or Bombay Portuguese in British Bombay The Franciscans spearheaded the evangelisation of the Province of the North Provincia do Norte 5 headquartered at Fort San Sebastian of Bassein but the fort s officials were subordinate to the viceroy in the capital of Velha Goa From 1534 to 1552 a priest by the name Antonio do Porto converted over 10 000 people built a dozen churches convents and a number of orphanages hospitals and seminaries Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the Kanheri Caves who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis converting many in the process 5 Another notable convert during this period was the Brahmin astrologer Parashuram Joshi who was baptized on 8 September 1565 with the name Henrique da Cunha Joshi s conversion was followed by that of 250 Hindus including over 50 Brahmins 5 In Salsette the priest Manuel Gomes converted over 6 000 Hindus in Bandra and was known as the Apostle of Salsette 5 In 1573 1 600 people were converted Beginning in 1548 Jesuits in Bassein Bacaim and Bandra converted many upper caste Hindus Bassein recorded 9 400 baptisms in 1588 5 The Jesuit superior Goncalo Rodrigues baptised between 5 000 and 6 000 Hindus in Thane Tana many of whom were orphans or the young children of lower caste Hindus who were sold by their parents 5 In 1634 Bassein had sixty three friars thirty Franciscans fifteen Jesuits ten Dominicans and eight Augustines 5 By the end of the 16th century the Catholic population of the Portuguese Province of the North was 10 000 to 15 000 centered mainly in and around Bassein 6 After the Province of the North came under Maratha occupation in 1739 and Catholicism was under severe threat from the Brahmin Peshwas the native East Indian clergy under the Vicar General at Kurla managed and nursed the community back to a flourishing population 6 in British Bombay British and modern eras Edit Main articles History of Bombay under British rule and Bombay Presidency Changes occurred under British rule 1 On 11 May 1661 the Marriage Treaty of Charles Stuart II of England and Catherine de Braganza daughter of John IV of Portugal gave Bombay to the British Empire as intended since the British takeover of Surat allegedly clarification needed as part of Catherine s dowry to Charles A weakened Portugal no longer a part of the Crown of Spain had to oblige Nevertheless parts of present day Bombay such as Bandra Thane and Vasai remained Portuguese well into the first third of the 18th century 7 Since the early days of the English East India Company there were no other Indian Christians in the North Konkan except the East Indian Catholics Employment intended for Christians was monopolised by the East Indians With railways and steamships came immigrants from Goa who were also called Portuguese Christians The British adopted a designation which would distinguish the Christians of North Konkan who were British subjects from the Goan Catholics who were Portuguese subjects the Mangalorean Catholics were no longer Portuguese subjects For Victoria I s Golden Jubilee the Christians of North Konkan changed their name from Portuguese Christians to East Indians to impress upon the British in Bombay that they were the earliest British subjects in India and were entitled to certain natural rights and privileges in comparison with immigrants 8 third party source needed The Bombay East Indian Association was founded on 26 May 1887 to advance the education employment rights and economic development of the East Indians P F Gomes who was knighted by Pope Leo XIII in 1888 was its first president and J L Britto its first secretary D G D Almeida donated 100 000 to establish an education fund During the 1960s the Archdiocese of Bombay estimated that there were 92 000 East Indians in Bombay 76 000 in suburban Bombay and 16 000 in the city 1 Architecture EditA typical Koli house consists of a veranda oli used for repairing nets and receiving visitors a sitting room angan used by women for household work a kitchen a central apartment a bedroom a devotional room devaghar and a detached bathroom 9 Language and literature EditEast Indian Catholics speak a dialect of Marathi which they retained despite Portuguese influence The Marathi language is central to the community s identity The author of Trans Bomb Geog Soc 1836 38 Vol I mentions the dialect of Marathi spoken by the East Indians of Salsette Mahim Matunga and Mazgaon similar to the language spoken by the Kulbis Kolis Bhandaris Palshes Pathare Prabhus Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathares Panchkalshis Kuparis and Vadvals this may have been Konkani 10 Some East Indian upper class families in the Khatri ward of Thane speak Portuguese 11 110 Portuguese lexical items are found in Marathi 12 Traditions and festivals EditMain articles Agera festival Bandra Fest and Koswad Although the East Indians have preserved their pre Christian Marathi culture and traditions many Portuguese influences have been absorbed 13 better source needed Dress Edit East Indian ladies of Chimbai village performing at Bandra Gymkhana Traditional dress for women is the lugra For men traditional wear consists of khaki shorts and a white banian A Koli Christian bridegroom usually wears an older Portuguese admiral s uniform which is preserved and lent out for such occasions 9 East Indian women wore a blouse and cotton lugra with the back pleats tucked into the waist women did not use the upper portion of the sari covering the head and breast until they were married This mode of wearing the sari is known as sakacch nesane Gol nesane a cylindrical style is popular with young girls and women 14 Film industry EditThe film Tu Maza Jeev in the East Indian language was released on Maharashtra Day in 2009 15 In literature EditMany of the characters in the book Bloodline Bandra 16 by Godfrey Joseph Pereira 17 2014 are East Indian including the protagonist journalist David Cabral The book itself is set in the 1950 s with the first half of the book having most of the action in Pali Village a predominantly East Indian populace at the time Singing competition Edit source source source source source source source source Jacinto at an East Indian singing competition in Mumbai East Indians organise singing competitions in their own language The competition is primarily held in the evening of important village occasions 18 for example Kurla has an annual competition on the eve of the phool dongri feast in May at Holy Cross Church 19 Representation and reservation EditThe East Indians were awarded the OBC other backward Class status by the Government of Maharashtra on 1 March 2006 by the way of official gazette 20 In Sept 2014 local non governmental organisations such as the Watchdog Foundation Mobai Gaothan Panchayat the Bombay East Indian Association Vakola Advanced Locality Management Kalina Civic Forum amp the Kolovery Welfare Association founded the Maharashtra Swaraj Party MSP to give voice to the demographically minor community s concerns and interests 21 The party which represents the East Indian community was expected to support five candidates from Mumbai s suburbs in the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections 22 3 Notable East Indians EditValentine Machado East Indian singer Gavin Ferreira Olympic hockey player Loy Mendonsa Musician part of the Shankar Ehsaan Loy trio Gonsalo Garcia Roman Catholic saint from India James Ferreira Indian fashion designer and son of hockey Olympian Owen Ferreira 23 Joseph Baptista Indian freedom fighter Luke Mendes Filmmaker 24 Michael Ferreira Amateur English billiards player Owen Ferreira Indian hockey Olympian 25 Joseph D souza First East Indian gazetted officer Simon Pimenta Archbishop Emeritus of Bombay 26 Mark Joseph Dharmai Para athlete bronze medalist in the 2017 Doubles BWF Para Badminton World Championships 27 See also Edit Catholicism portal India portalNorteiro people Kupari Portuguese Bombay and BasseinCitations Edit a b c d e f g h i Baptista 1967 p 27 James V 1965 Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis Asian Ethnology 2 Nanzan Japan Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture Nanzan University 24 131 148 archived from the original on 2 December 2013 retrieved 15 April 2017 a b Kumar Raksha 4 June 2016 The original East Indians The Hindu Bombay published 2 August 2013 archived from the original on 13 April 2018 retrieved 19 August 2017 Thana District Gazetteer Part I Population Christians History Archived 10 November 2010 Date mismatch at the Wayback Machine a b c d e f g Machado 1999 p 104 a b Machado 1999 p 108 Catherine of Braganca 1638 1705 BBC Archived from the original on 4 August 2011 Retrieved 3 June 2009 East Indians History PDF East Indians com archived PDF from the original on 15 May 2013 retrieved 19 August 2017 Article based on Baptista 1967 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint postscript link a b Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I II amp III 1997 Chapter III Population The Kolis Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I II amp III 1997 Chapter III Population Languages Thane Gazetteer Population Christians Speech Archived from the original on 10 November 2010 Retrieved 28 December 2009 Grover Neelam Mukerji Anath Bandhu Singh Kashi N 2004 Grover Neelam Singh Kashi N eds Cultural geography form and process essays in honor of Prof A B Mukerji Concept Publishing Company p 275 ISBN 978 81 8069 074 7 archived from the original on 22 June 2013 retrieved 29 March 2016 The East Indian Community Original Inhabitants of Bombay Salsette amp Thana Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 Retrieved 15 March 2007 Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I 1986 Chp People Dress First East Indian movie releases on Maharashtra Day The Times of India 4 May 2009 Archived from the original on 1 March 2018 Retrieved 9 December 2016 Pereira Godfrey 2014 Bloodline Bandra 1st ed India HarperCollins ISBN 9789351364429 Godfrey Joseph Pereira www goodreads com Retrieved 12 October 2022 The East Indians of Kurla geracao in Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 Retrieved 15 February 2017 Phool Dongri Feast 10th May 2015 Holy Cross Church holycrosschurch co in Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 Retrieved 15 February 2017 Government Resolutions श सन न र णय PDF Government of Maharashtra Retrieved 19 February 2020 MSP announces candidate list for assembly elections I am in DNA of India 23 September 2014 Archived from the original on 27 September 2014 Retrieved 26 September 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link East Indian party to field 5 candidates from suburbs The Times of India 18 September 2014 archived from the original on 9 January 2017 retrieved 19 August 2017 Target Goa Two hats of James Ferreira couture and activism targetgoa com Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 Retrieved 3 June 2013 Dog Eat Dog was an official selection at the Festival De Cannes 2007 14 May 2007 Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 Retrieved 26 November 2009 Dhyan Chand 1952 GOAL Chennai India Sports amp Pastime p 10 Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 Retrieved 3 June 2013 Catholics mourn Cardinal Simon Pimenta Mumbai News The Times of India Our Programmes Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 Retrieved 18 April 2019 References Edit Look up East Indian Catholic in Wiktionary the free dictionary Baptista Elsie Wilhelmina 1967 The East Indians Catholic Community of Bombay Salsette and Bassein Bombay East Indian Association Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island Vol I I amp III The Gazetteers Department Government of Maharashtra 1997 1909 Retrieved 15 January 2009 Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island Vol I The Gazetteers Department Government of Maharashtra 1986 Retrieved 15 January 2009 Alan Machado Prabhu 1999 Sarasvati s Children A History of the Mangalorean Christians First ed Bangalore I J A Publications Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title East Indians amp oldid 1139951762, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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