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Kokborok

Kokborok (also known as Tripuri or Tiprakok) is the main native language of the Tripuri people of the Indian state of Tripura and neighbouring areas of Bangladesh.[3] Its name comes from kok meaning "verbal" and borok meaning "people" or "human" and is one of the ancient languages of Northeast India.[4]

Kokborok
Tripuri, Tripura, Tipra
Kok Borok
Native toTripura
RegionTripura, Assam, Mizoram, Myanmar, Chittagong hill tracts, Cumilla, Chadpur, Sylhet, Rajbari, Feni District, Noakhali District
EthnicityTripuri
Native speakers
1,011,294 (India) (2011),[1] 400,000+ (Bangladesh) (2011)[2]
Early form
Early Tipra
Koloma (original)
Bengali–Assamese script (official)
Latin/Roman alphabet (official)
Official status
Official language in
 India
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
trp – Kokborok
ria – reang
tpe – Tripuri
usi – Usui
xtr – Early Tripuri
xtr Early Tripuri
Glottologtipp1238
  regions where Tripuri is the language of the majority or plurality
Kokboro is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

History

Kokborok was formerly known as Tripuri & Tipra kok, with its name being changed in the 20th century. The names also refer to the inhabitants of the former Twipra kingdom, as well as the ethnicity of its speakers.

Kókborok has been attested since at least the 1st century AD, when the historical record of Tripuri kings began to be written down. The script of Kókborok was called "Koloma". The Chronicle of the Tripuri kings were written in a book called the Rajratnakar. This book was originally written down in Kókborok using the Koloma script by Durlobendra Chontai.

Later, two Brahmins, Sukreswar and Vaneswar translated it into Sanskrit and then again translated the chronicle into Bengali in the 19th century. The chronicle of Tipra in Kókborok and Rajratnakar are no longer available. Kokborok was relegated to a common people's dialect during the rule of the Tripuri kings in the Kingdom of Tipra from the 19th century till the 20th century.

Kokborok was declared an official language of the state of Tripura, India by the state government in the year 1979.[5] Consequently, the language has been taught in schools of Tripura from the primary level to the higher secondary stage since the 1980s. A certificate course in Kokborok started from 1994 at Tripura University[6] and a post graduate diploma in Kokborok was started in 2001 by the Tripura University. Kokborok was introduced in the Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in the colleges affiliated to the Tripura University from the year 2012, and a Master of Arts (MA) degree in Kokborok was started by Tripura University from the year 2015.[7]

There is currently a demand for giving the language recognition as one of the recognized official languages of India as per the 8th schedule of the Constitution. The official form is the dialect spoken in Agartala, the state capital of Tripura.[5]

Classification and related languages

Kokborok is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Bodo–Garo branch.

It is related to the Bodo and Dimasa languages of neighboring Assam. The Garo language is also a related language spoken in the state of Meghalaya and neighboring Bangladesh.

Kókborok consists of several dialects spoken in Tripura. Ethnologue lists Usoi (Kau Brung), Riang (Kau Bru), and Khagrachari ("Trippera") as separate languages; Mukchak (Barbakpur), though not listed, is also distinct, and the language of many Tripuri clans has not been investigated. The greatest variety is within Khagrachari, though speakers of different Khagrachari varieties can "often" understand each other. Khagrachari literature is being produced in the Naitong and Dendak varieties.[8]

Phonology

Kókborok has the phonology of a typical Sino-Tibetan language.[clarification needed]

Vowels

Kokborok has six vowel (monophthong) phonemes: /i u e w o a/.

Vowels[9]
Front Central Back
High i [i] ŵ [ə] u [u]
High-mid e [e]  
Low-mid     o [ɔ]
Low   a [a]  

Early scholars of Kokborok decided to use the letter w as a symbol for a vowel that does not exist in English. In some localities, it is pronounced closer to [ɨ],[10] and in others, it is pronounced closer to o.[11]

In Kokborok spelling, u is used for the sound /w/ in the diphthongs /wa/ (used initially, spelled as ua) and /wo/ (used finally, spelled as uo). It is also used for the diphthong /ɔi/ (spelled wi) after m and p

Consonants

Consonants
  Labial Alveolar Lamino-
Postalveolar
Velar Glottal
Stops/
Affricates
Voiceless p t t͡ʃ k  
Aspirated t͡ʃʰ  
Voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ  
Fricatives Voiceless   s     h
Nasals m n   ŋ  
Liquids   l, r      
Approximants w   j    

Ch is used for /t͡ʃ/, while kh, ph, chh and th are used for /kʰ/, /pʰ/, /t͡ʃʰ/ and /tʰ/ respectively.

N' is the pronunciation of the nasal sound, e.g., in' (yes).[clarification needed]

Ng is a digraph and is generally used in the last syllable of a word, e.g., aming (cat), holong (stone).

Ua is often used initially, e.g., uak (pig), uah (bamboo), uatwi (rain).

Uo is often used finally, e.g., thuo (sleeping), buo (beat).

Diphthongs

A diphthong is a group of two vowels. The wi diphthong is spoken as ui after sounds of the letters m and p. Two examples are chumui (cloud) and thampui (mosquito). The ui diphthong is a variation of the wi diphthong. Other less frequent diphthongs, such as oi and ai, are called closing diphthongs. A closing diphthong refers to a syllable that does not end in a consonant.

Syllables

Most words are formed by combining the root with an affix:

  • kuchuk is formed from the root chuk (to be high), with the prefix, ku.
  • phaidi (come) is formed from the root phai (to come), with the suffix di.

There are no Kókborok words beginning with ng.[12] At the end of a syllable, any vowel except w can be found, along with a limited number of consonants: p, k, m, n, ng, r and l. Y is found only in closing diphthongs like ai and wi.

Clusters

"Clusters" are a group of consonants at the beginning of a syllable, like phl, ph + l, in phlat phlat (very fast), or sl in kungsluk kungsluk (foolish man). Clusters are quite impossible at the end of a syllable. There are some "false clusters" such as phran (to dry) which is actually phw-ran. These are very common in echo words: phlat phlat, phre phre, prai prai, prom prom, etc.

Tone

There are two tones in Kókborok: high tone and low tone. To mark the high tone, the letter h is written after the vowel with the high tone. These examples have low tone preceding high tone to show that tone changes the meaning:

  1. lai easy laih crossed
  2. bor senseless bohr to plant
  3. cha correct chah to eat
  4. nukhung family nukhuhng roof

Grammar

There is a clear-cut difference between nouns and verbs. All true verbs are made with a verbal root followed by a number of suffixes, which are placed not randomly but according to definite rules.

Morphology

Morphologically Kókborok words can be divided into five categories. They are the following.

(a) Original words: thang-go; phai-come; borok-nation; bororok-men kotor-big; kuchuk-high; kwrwi-not; etc.

(b) Compound words, that is, words made of more than one original words: nai-see; thok-tasty; naithok-beautiful; mwtai-God; nok-house; tongthar-religion; bwkha-heart; bwkhakotor-brave; etc.

(c) Words with suffixes: swrwng-learn; swrwngnai-learner; nukjak-seen; kaham-good; hamya- bad; etc.

(d) Naturalized loan words: gerogo-to roll; gwdna-neck; tebil- table; poitu-faith; etc.

(e) Loan words: kiching-friend; etc.

Numbers

Counting in Kókborok is called lekhamung.

1. sa (one)
2. nwi (two)
3. tham
4. brwi
5. ba
6. dok
7. sni
8. char
9. chuku
10. chi
20. nwichi (khol)
100. ra
101. ra sa
200. nwira
1000. sai
1001. sai sa
2000. nwi sai
10,000. chisai
20,000. nwichi sai
100,000. rasai
200,000. nwi rasai
1,000,000. chirasai
2,000,000. nwichi rasai
10,000,000. rwjak
20,000,000. nwi rwjak
1,000,000,000. rarwjak
1,000,000,000,000. sai rarwjak
100,000,000,000,000,000,000. rasaisai rarwjak

Common phrases

English Tripuri (Kokborok)
Hello Khulumkha
Welcome Lamsogo
Thank you Hambai
Thank you very much Belaikheno Hambai
Good bye Thangkha
Good morning Phung kaham
Good afternoon Dibor kaham
Good evening Sanja/Sarik kaham
Good night Hor kaham
How are you? Nwng bahai tong?/Bahai tong?
Fine Kahamno
I love Tripura Ang Tripurano hamjakgo

Dialects

There are many Kokborok-speaking people in the Indian states. West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, Mizoram, and the neighboring provinces of Country Bangladesh, mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

There are three main dialects of Tripuri, which are mutually intelligible, though the central dialect of the royal family, Debbarma (Puratan Tripur), is a prestige dialect understood by everyone. It is the standard for teaching and literature. It is taught as the medium of instruction up to class fifth and as subject up to graduate level.[citation needed] The other major dialects are Tripura, Jamatia, Reang (Bru), Kalai, Rupini, Murasing, Uchoi and Noatia.

Literature

The first efforts of writing Kokborok were made by Radhamohan Thakur. He wrote the grammar of Kokborok named "Kókborokma" published in 1900, as well as two other books: "Tripur Kothamala" and "Tripur Bhasabidhan". Tripur Kothamala was the Kokborok-Bengali-English translation book published in 1906. The "Tripur Bhasabidhan" was published in 1907.[citation needed]

Daulot Ahmed was a contemporary of Radhamohan Thakur and was a pioneer of writing Kókborok Grammar jointly with Mohammad Omar. The Amar jantra, Comilla published his Kókborok grammar book "KOKBOKMA" in 1897.[citation needed]

On 27 December 1945 the "Tripura Janasiksha Samiti" came into being, and it established many schools in different areas of Tripura.[citation needed]

The first Kókborok magazine "Kwtal Kothoma" was edited and published in 1954 by Sudhanya Deb Barma, who was a founder of the Samiti. "Hachuk Khurio" (In the lap of Hills) by Sudhanya Deb Barma is the first modern Kókborok novel. It was published by the Kókborok Sahitya Sabha and Sanskriti Samsad in 1987. One major translation of the 20th century was the "Smai Kwtal", the New Testament of the Bible in Kókborok language, published in 1976 by the Bible Society of India.[citation needed]

The 21st century began for Kókborok literature with the monumental work, the Anglo-Kókborok-Bengali Dictionary compiled by Binoy Deb Barma and published in 2002 A.D. by the Kókborok tei Hukumu Mission. This is the 2nd edition of his previous groundbreaking dictionary published in 1996 and is a trilingual dictionary. Twiprani Laihbuma (The Rajmala – History of Tripura) translated by R. K. Debbarma and published in 2002 by KOHM.

The full Holy Bible in Kokborok language was finally published for the first time in the year 2013 by the Bible Society of India.[13] The Baibel Kwthar is currently the largest work and biggest book published in the language with more than 1,300 pages and is now the benchmark for publications in the language.[citation needed]

The present trend of development of the Kokborok literary works show that Kokborok literature is moving forward slowly but steadily with its vivacity and distinctive originality to touch the rich literature of the rich languages.[citation needed]

Organisations

Many Tripuri cultural organizations have been working fruitfully for the development of the language since the last century. A list of the present organisations and publication houses are:

  • KSS, Kokborok Sahitya Sabha now Borok Kokrwbai Bosong or BKB in short.
  • KOHM, Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission
  • KbSS, Kokborok Sahitya Sangsad
  • HKP, Hachukni Khorang Publishers
  • JP, Jora Publication
  • DKP, Dey Kokborok Publishers
  • KA, Kokborok Academy
  • KokTipra,[14] the largest English-to-Kokbork online dictionary.

Government organisations

Government research and publications organisations working in Kokborok development are:

  • Directorate of Kokborok, Government of Tripura[15]
  • Tribal Research Institute (TRI), Agartala
  • Language Wing, Education department of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC)

Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission (KOHM)

'Kokborok Tei Hukumu' Mission is a Tripuri cultural organization which has been established to promote the language and culture of the Tripuri people. The mission was started by Naphurai Jamatia.[citation needed] It has its office in Krishnanagar in Agartala.[citation needed]

It is the largest publisher of books in Kokborok, most notable of which is the Kokborok Dictionaries by Binoy Debbarma, Anglo-Kokborok Dictionary (1996) and Anglo-Kokborok-Bengali Trilingual Dictionary (2002). Kok Dictionary, the online Kokborok Dictionary is largely based on it.[citation needed]

Kokborok Library, Khumulwng

A library of Kokborok books has been functioning in Khumulwng town since 2015. It has been set up by the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) through Government funding and is functioning in a building constructed for the library in Khumulwng town near the Khumulwng stadium.

The library currently holds more than 5,000 books of Kokborok language and related topics.[citation needed]

Educational institutions

There are two universities in Tripura which provide Kokborok language courses as part of Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate degrees. There are more than 15 colleges in Tripura state where Kokborok is taught as part of the undergraduate courses. Also, there are more than 30 Government schools where Kokborok is taught in the higher secondary school level under the Tripura Board of Secondary Education.[16]

Department of Kokborok, Tripura University

The Department of Kokborok in Tripura University, Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature and started functioning in 2015.

It runs an M.A (Master of Arts) in Kokborok language, a one-year PG Diploma and a 6-month Certificate course.[17][18]

The university grants Bachelor of Arts (B.A) degrees with Kokborok as an elective subject [19] in its various constituent colleges since 2012. The colleges affiliated to the university where Kokborok is taught in the B.A degree are:

  • Ramthakur College, Agartala [20]
  • Government Degree College, Khumulwng [21]
  • NS Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur [22]
  • Government Degree College, Dharmanagar [23]
  • RS Mahavidyala, Kailasahar [24]
  • Government Degree College, Kamalpur [25]
  • Government Degree College, Teliamura [26]
  • Government Degree College, Santirbazar [27]
  • Government Degree College, Longtharai Valley[28]
  • SV Mahavidyalaya, Mohanpur[29]
  • MMD Government Degree College, Sabroom[30]
  • RT Mahavidyalaya, Bishalgarh[31]
  • Dasarath Deb Memorial College, Khowai [32]

Department of Kokborok, Maharaja Bir Bikram (MBB) University

The Department of Kokborok in Maharaja Bir Bikram University, Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature.[33] This was made a State University in 2015.

MBB university has two affiliated colleges where Kokborok courses are available:

  • BBM College, Agartala [34]
  • MBB College, Agartala [35]

Statistics

2011 Census of India

The details as per the Census of India, 2011 regarding Tripuri language is given as follows:[1]

TRIPURI 1,011,294

  1. Kokborok 917,900
  2. Reang 58,539
  3. Tripuri 33,138
  4. Others 1,717

2001 Census of India

Tripuri 854,023

  1. Kokborok 761,964
  2. Reang 76,450
  3. Tripuri 15,002
  4. Others 607[36]

Script

Kokborok had a script known as Koloma, developed in the 1st century CE and used by the Royal Family of Tripura.[citation needed] The Rajratnakar is believed to have originally been written in Koloma.[citation needed] This script fell out of use after the 14th century,[37] and is widely considered to have been lost.[38][39]

From the 19th century, the Kingdom of Twipra used the Bengali script to write in Kokborok, but since the independence of India and the merger with India, the Roman script is being promoted by non-governmental organizations. The Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) government made regulations in 1992 and 2000 for adoption of the Roman script in the school education system in its areas.[40]

The script issue is highly politicized, with the Left Front government advocating usage of the Asian Bengali script and all the regional indigenous parties and student organizations (INPT, IPFT, NCT, Twipra Students Federation, etc.) and ethnic nationalist organizations (Kokborok Sahitya Sabha, Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission, Movement for Kokborok etc.) advocating for the Roman script.[40]

Both scripts are now used in the state in education as well as in literary and cultural circles.[40]

Proposals have previously been made for the adoption of scripts other than the Bengali or Roman scripts, such as Ol Chiki.[41] There have also been scripts created specifically for Kokborok in modern times.[42]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Census of India 2011 - Languages and Mother tongues
  2. ^ Kokborok at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    reang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Tripuri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Usui at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Early Tripuri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. ^ "Kokborok - Sorosoro Sorosoro". Sorosoro.org. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  4. ^ Sarangi, Asha; Pai, Sudha (2020). Interrogating reorganisation of states : culture, identity and politics in India. New Delhi. ISBN 9781000084078. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  5. ^ a b "In Tripura, a musician's bid to preserve the language of the tribes". The Indian Express. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  6. ^ "Tribal Language". tripurauniv.in. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  7. ^ "Department of Kokborok". tripurauniv.in. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  8. ^ (PDF). SIL International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2012.
  9. ^ Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina; Mushahary, Jitamoni (2015). "A preliminary acoustic study of vowels and tones in Kokborok". Nepalese Linguistics. 30: 161–166.
  10. ^ Jacquesson, François (2008). A Kokborok Grammar (Agartala dialect). Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC).
  11. ^ Jacquesson, François (2003). "Kókborok, a short analysis". Hukumu, 10th anniversary volume. Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission. pp. 109–122. OCLC 801647829.
  12. ^ "Concise Kokborok-English-Dictionary" (PDF).
  13. ^ . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  14. ^ Pankaj Debbarma (10 November 2020). "KokTipra". KokTipra. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  15. ^ Directorate of Kokborok, Government of Tripura
  16. ^ Directorate of Kokborok, School list
  17. ^ Department of Kokborok, Tripura University
  18. ^ Center of Tribal Language, Tripura University
  19. ^ Syllabus, Tripura University
  20. ^ Dept of Kokborok, Ramthakur College, Agartala
  21. ^ Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree College, Khumulwng
  22. ^ Dept of Kokborok, NS Mahavidyala, Udaipur
  23. ^ Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree College, Dharmanagar
  24. ^ Dept of Kokborok, RS Mahavidyala, Kailasahar
  25. ^ Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree College, Kamalpur
  26. ^ Kokborok, Govt degree college, Teliamura
  27. ^ Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree. College, Santirbazar
  28. ^ Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree. College, Longtharai Valley
  29. ^ Dept of Kokborok, SV Mahavidyalaya, Mohanpur
  30. ^ Dept of Kokborok, MMD GDC, Sabroom
  31. ^ Dept of Kokborok, RT Mahavidyalaya, Bishalgarh
  32. ^ Dept of Kokborok, Dasarath Deb Memorial College, Khowai
  33. ^ Department of Kokborok, MBB University advertisement
  34. ^ Dept of Kokborok, BBM College, Agartala
  35. ^ Dept of Kokborok, MBB College
  36. ^
  37. ^ "Bonhams : TRIPURA [The "Rajratnakar", Chronicle of Borok Kings of Tripura], in Sanskrit". www.bonhams.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  38. ^ Debbarma, Khapang (22 November 2021). "How The Tripuris Lost Their Ancient Script To A Goat: Myth Or Reality?". Adivasi Lives Matter. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  39. ^ Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific : an encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif. ISBN 9781598846607. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  40. ^ a b c "Revival of Tripura's ancient literature". The Statesman. 22 June 2020.
  41. ^ Debnath, Rupak (1 January 2013). "Kokborok Language Planning and Development". Report of the Seminar on Language Planning for Development of Kokborok [Appendix-C]. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  42. ^ "Aima script". omniglot.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.

Further reading

  • Pushpa Pai (Karapurkar). 1976. Kókborok Grammar. (CIIL Grammar series ; 3). Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. OCLC 5750101
  • Jacquesson, François (2003). "Kókborok, a short analysis". Hukumu, 10th anniversary volume. Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission. pp. 109–122. OCLC 801647829.
  • Jacquesson, François (2008). A Kokborok Grammar (Agartala dialect). Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC)
  • Binoy Debbarma. 2002. Anglo-Kókborok-Bengali Dictionary. 2nd edition. Agartala: Kókborok Tei Hukumu Mission (KOHM).

External links

  • Kok Dictionary: Online Kokborok Dictionary

kokborok, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, 2018, learn, when. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Kokborok news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Kokborok also known as Tripuri or Tiprakok is the main native language of the Tripuri people of the Indian state of Tripura and neighbouring areas of Bangladesh 3 Its name comes from kok meaning verbal and borok meaning people or human and is one of the ancient languages of Northeast India 4 KokborokTripuri Tripura TipraKok BorokNative toTripuraRegionTripura Assam Mizoram Myanmar Chittagong hill tracts Cumilla Chadpur Sylhet Rajbari Feni District Noakhali DistrictEthnicityTripuriNative speakers1 011 294 India 2011 1 400 000 Bangladesh 2011 2 Language familySino Tibetan BrahmaputranBodo GaroKokborokEarly formEarly TipraWriting systemKoloma original Bengali Assamese script official Latin Roman alphabet official Official statusOfficial language in IndiaTripuraLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code trp class extiw title iso639 3 trp trp a Kokborok a href https iso639 3 sil org code ria class extiw title iso639 3 ria ria a reang a href https iso639 3 sil org code tpe class extiw title iso639 3 tpe tpe a Tripuri a href https iso639 3 sil org code usi class extiw title iso639 3 usi usi a Usui a href https iso639 3 sil org code xtr class extiw title iso639 3 xtr xtr a Early TripuriLinguist Listxtr Early TripuriGlottologtipp1238 regions where Tripuri is the language of the majority or pluralityKokboro is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger Contents 1 History 2 Classification and related languages 3 Phonology 3 1 Vowels 3 2 Consonants 3 3 Diphthongs 3 4 Syllables 3 5 Clusters 3 6 Tone 4 Grammar 4 1 Morphology 5 Numbers 6 Common phrases 7 Dialects 8 Literature 9 Organisations 9 1 Government organisations 9 2 Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission KOHM 9 3 Kokborok Library Khumulwng 10 Educational institutions 10 1 Department of Kokborok Tripura University 10 2 Department of Kokborok Maharaja Bir Bikram MBB University 11 Statistics 11 1 2011 Census of India 11 2 2001 Census of India 12 Script 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksHistory EditKokborok was formerly known as Tripuri amp Tipra kok with its name being changed in the 20th century The names also refer to the inhabitants of the former Twipra kingdom as well as the ethnicity of its speakers Kokborok has been attested since at least the 1st century AD when the historical record of Tripuri kings began to be written down The script of Kokborok was called Koloma The Chronicle of the Tripuri kings were written in a book called the Rajratnakar This book was originally written down in Kokborok using the Koloma script by Durlobendra Chontai Later two Brahmins Sukreswar and Vaneswar translated it into Sanskrit and then again translated the chronicle into Bengali in the 19th century The chronicle of Tipra in Kokborok and Rajratnakar are no longer available Kokborok was relegated to a common people s dialect during the rule of the Tripuri kings in the Kingdom of Tipra from the 19th century till the 20th century Kokborok was declared an official language of the state of Tripura India by the state government in the year 1979 5 Consequently the language has been taught in schools of Tripura from the primary level to the higher secondary stage since the 1980s A certificate course in Kokborok started from 1994 at Tripura University 6 and a post graduate diploma in Kokborok was started in 2001 by the Tripura University Kokborok was introduced in the Bachelor of Arts BA degree in the colleges affiliated to the Tripura University from the year 2012 and a Master of Arts MA degree in Kokborok was started by Tripura University from the year 2015 7 There is currently a demand for giving the language recognition as one of the recognized official languages of India as per the 8th schedule of the Constitution The official form is the dialect spoken in Agartala the state capital of Tripura 5 Classification and related languages EditKokborok is a Sino Tibetan language of the Bodo Garo branch It is related to the Bodo and Dimasa languages of neighboring Assam The Garo language is also a related language spoken in the state of Meghalaya and neighboring Bangladesh Kokborok consists of several dialects spoken in Tripura Ethnologue lists Usoi Kau Brung Riang Kau Bru and Khagrachari Trippera as separate languages Mukchak Barbakpur though not listed is also distinct and the language of many Tripuri clans has not been investigated The greatest variety is within Khagrachari though speakers of different Khagrachari varieties can often understand each other Khagrachari literature is being produced in the Naitong and Dendak varieties 8 Phonology EditKokborok has the phonology of a typical Sino Tibetan language clarification needed Vowels Edit Kokborok has six vowel monophthong phonemes i u e w o a Vowels 9 Front Central BackHigh i i ŵ e u u High mid e e Low mid o ɔ Low a a Early scholars of Kokborok decided to use the letter w as a symbol for a vowel that does not exist in English In some localities it is pronounced closer to ɨ 10 and in others it is pronounced closer to o 11 In Kokborok spelling u is used for the sound w in the diphthongs wa used initially spelled as ua and wo used finally spelled as uo It is also used for the diphthong ɔi spelled wi after m and p Consonants Edit Consonants Labial Alveolar Lamino Postalveolar Velar GlottalStops Affricates Voiceless p t t ʃ k Aspirated pʰ tʰ t ʃʰ kʰ Voiced b d d ʒ ɡ Fricatives Voiceless s hNasals m n ŋ Liquids l r Approximants w j Ch is used for t ʃ while kh ph chh and th are used for kʰ pʰ t ʃʰ and tʰ respectively N is the pronunciation of the nasal sound e g in yes clarification needed Ng is a digraph and is generally used in the last syllable of a word e g aming cat holong stone Ua is often used initially e g uak pig uah bamboo uatwi rain Uo is often used finally e g thuo sleeping buo beat Diphthongs Edit A diphthong is a group of two vowels The wi diphthong is spoken as ui after sounds of the letters m and p Two examples are chumui cloud and thampui mosquito The ui diphthong is a variation of the wi diphthong Other less frequent diphthongs such as oi and ai are called closing diphthongs A closing diphthong refers to a syllable that does not end in a consonant Syllables Edit Most words are formed by combining the root with an affix kuchuk is formed from the root chuk to be high with the prefix ku phaidi come is formed from the root phai to come with the suffix di There are no Kokborok words beginning with ng 12 At the end of a syllable any vowel except w can be found along with a limited number of consonants p k m n ng r and l Y is found only in closing diphthongs like ai and wi Clusters Edit Clusters are a group of consonants at the beginning of a syllable like phl ph l in phlat phlat very fast or sl in kungsluk kungsluk foolish man Clusters are quite impossible at the end of a syllable There are some false clusters such as phran to dry which is actually phw ran These are very common in echo words phlat phlat phre phre prai prai prom prom etc Tone Edit There are two tones in Kokborok high tone and low tone To mark the high tone the letter h is written after the vowel with the high tone These examples have low tone preceding high tone to show that tone changes the meaning lai easy laih crossed bor senseless bohr to plant cha correct chah to eat nukhung family nukhuhng roofGrammar EditMain article Kokborok grammar There is a clear cut difference between nouns and verbs All true verbs are made with a verbal root followed by a number of suffixes which are placed not randomly but according to definite rules Morphology Edit Morphologically Kokborok words can be divided into five categories They are the following a Original words thang go phai come borok nation bororok men kotor big kuchuk high kwrwi not etc b Compound words that is words made of more than one original words nai see thok tasty naithok beautiful mwtai God nok house tongthar religion bwkha heart bwkhakotor brave etc c Words with suffixes swrwng learn swrwngnai learner nukjak seen kaham good hamya bad etc d Naturalized loan words gerogo to roll gwdna neck tebil table poitu faith etc e Loan words kiching friend etc Numbers EditCounting in Kokborok is called lekhamung 1 sa one 2 nwi two 3 tham4 brwi5 ba6 dok7 sni8 char9 chuku10 chi20 nwichi khol 100 ra101 ra sa200 nwira1000 sai1001 sai sa2000 nwi sai10 000 chisai20 000 nwichi sai100 000 rasai200 000 nwi rasai1 000 000 chirasai2 000 000 nwichi rasai10 000 000 rwjak20 000 000 nwi rwjak1 000 000 000 rarwjak1 000 000 000 000 sai rarwjak100 000 000 000 000 000 000 rasaisai rarwjakCommon phrases EditEnglish Tripuri Kokborok Hello KhulumkhaWelcome LamsogoThank you HambaiThank you very much Belaikheno HambaiGood bye ThangkhaGood morning Phung kahamGood afternoon Dibor kahamGood evening Sanja Sarik kahamGood night Hor kahamHow are you Nwng bahai tong Bahai tong Fine KahamnoI love Tripura Ang Tripurano hamjakgoDialects EditThere are many Kokborok speaking people in the Indian states West Bengal Tripura Assam Mizoram and the neighboring provinces of Country Bangladesh mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts There are three main dialects of Tripuri which are mutually intelligible though the central dialect of the royal family Debbarma Puratan Tripur is a prestige dialect understood by everyone It is the standard for teaching and literature It is taught as the medium of instruction up to class fifth and as subject up to graduate level citation needed The other major dialects are Tripura Jamatia Reang Bru Kalai Rupini Murasing Uchoi and Noatia Literature EditMain article Kokborok literature The first efforts of writing Kokborok were made by Radhamohan Thakur He wrote the grammar of Kokborok named Kokborokma published in 1900 as well as two other books Tripur Kothamala and Tripur Bhasabidhan Tripur Kothamala was the Kokborok Bengali English translation book published in 1906 The Tripur Bhasabidhan was published in 1907 citation needed Daulot Ahmed was a contemporary of Radhamohan Thakur and was a pioneer of writing Kokborok Grammar jointly with Mohammad Omar The Amar jantra Comilla published his Kokborok grammar book KOKBOKMA in 1897 citation needed On 27 December 1945 the Tripura Janasiksha Samiti came into being and it established many schools in different areas of Tripura citation needed The first Kokborok magazine Kwtal Kothoma was edited and published in 1954 by Sudhanya Deb Barma who was a founder of the Samiti Hachuk Khurio In the lap of Hills by Sudhanya Deb Barma is the first modern Kokborok novel It was published by the Kokborok Sahitya Sabha and Sanskriti Samsad in 1987 One major translation of the 20th century was the Smai Kwtal the New Testament of the Bible in Kokborok language published in 1976 by the Bible Society of India citation needed The 21st century began for Kokborok literature with the monumental work the Anglo Kokborok Bengali Dictionary compiled by Binoy Deb Barma and published in 2002 A D by the Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission This is the 2nd edition of his previous groundbreaking dictionary published in 1996 and is a trilingual dictionary Twiprani Laihbuma The Rajmala History of Tripura translated by R K Debbarma and published in 2002 by KOHM The full Holy Bible in Kokborok language was finally published for the first time in the year 2013 by the Bible Society of India 13 The Baibel Kwthar is currently the largest work and biggest book published in the language with more than 1 300 pages and is now the benchmark for publications in the language citation needed The present trend of development of the Kokborok literary works show that Kokborok literature is moving forward slowly but steadily with its vivacity and distinctive originality to touch the rich literature of the rich languages citation needed Organisations EditMany Tripuri cultural organizations have been working fruitfully for the development of the language since the last century A list of the present organisations and publication houses are KSS Kokborok Sahitya Sabha now Borok Kokrwbai Bosong or BKB in short KOHM Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission KbSS Kokborok Sahitya Sangsad HKP Hachukni Khorang Publishers JP Jora Publication DKP Dey Kokborok Publishers KA Kokborok Academy KokTipra 14 the largest English to Kokbork online dictionary Government organisations Edit Government research and publications organisations working in Kokborok development are Directorate of Kokborok Government of Tripura 15 Tribal Research Institute TRI Agartala Language Wing Education department of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council TTAADC Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission KOHM Edit Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission is a Tripuri cultural organization which has been established to promote the language and culture of the Tripuri people The mission was started by Naphurai Jamatia citation needed It has its office in Krishnanagar in Agartala citation needed It is the largest publisher of books in Kokborok most notable of which is the Kokborok Dictionaries by Binoy Debbarma Anglo Kokborok Dictionary 1996 and Anglo Kokborok Bengali Trilingual Dictionary 2002 Kok Dictionary the online Kokborok Dictionary is largely based on it citation needed Kokborok Library Khumulwng Edit A library of Kokborok books has been functioning in Khumulwng town since 2015 It has been set up by the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council TTAADC through Government funding and is functioning in a building constructed for the library in Khumulwng town near the Khumulwng stadium The library currently holds more than 5 000 books of Kokborok language and related topics citation needed Educational institutions EditThere are two universities in Tripura which provide Kokborok language courses as part of Bachelors Masters and Doctorate degrees There are more than 15 colleges in Tripura state where Kokborok is taught as part of the undergraduate courses Also there are more than 30 Government schools where Kokborok is taught in the higher secondary school level under the Tripura Board of Secondary Education 16 Department of Kokborok Tripura University Edit The Department of Kokborok in Tripura University Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature and started functioning in 2015 It runs an M A Master of Arts in Kokborok language a one year PG Diploma and a 6 month Certificate course 17 18 The university grants Bachelor of Arts B A degrees with Kokborok as an elective subject 19 in its various constituent colleges since 2012 The colleges affiliated to the university where Kokborok is taught in the B A degree are Ramthakur College Agartala 20 Government Degree College Khumulwng 21 NS Mahavidyalaya Udaipur 22 Government Degree College Dharmanagar 23 RS Mahavidyala Kailasahar 24 Government Degree College Kamalpur 25 Government Degree College Teliamura 26 Government Degree College Santirbazar 27 Government Degree College Longtharai Valley 28 SV Mahavidyalaya Mohanpur 29 MMD Government Degree College Sabroom 30 RT Mahavidyalaya Bishalgarh 31 Dasarath Deb Memorial College Khowai 32 Department of Kokborok Maharaja Bir Bikram MBB University Edit The Department of Kokborok in Maharaja Bir Bikram University Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature 33 This was made a State University in 2015 MBB university has two affiliated colleges where Kokborok courses are available BBM College Agartala 34 MBB College Agartala 35 Statistics Edit2011 Census of India Edit The details as per the Census of India 2011 regarding Tripuri language is given as follows 1 TRIPURI 1 011 294 Kokborok 917 900 Reang 58 539 Tripuri 33 138 Others 1 7172001 Census of India Edit Tripuri 854 023 Kokborok 761 964 Reang 76 450 Tripuri 15 002 Others 607 36 Script EditMain article Script issues of Kokborok Kokborok had a script known as Koloma developed in the 1st century CE and used by the Royal Family of Tripura citation needed The Rajratnakar is believed to have originally been written in Koloma citation needed This script fell out of use after the 14th century 37 and is widely considered to have been lost 38 39 From the 19th century the Kingdom of Twipra used the Bengali script to write in Kokborok but since the independence of India and the merger with India the Roman script is being promoted by non governmental organizations The Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council TTAADC government made regulations in 1992 and 2000 for adoption of the Roman script in the school education system in its areas 40 The script issue is highly politicized with the Left Front government advocating usage of the Asian Bengali script and all the regional indigenous parties and student organizations INPT IPFT NCT Twipra Students Federation etc and ethnic nationalist organizations Kokborok Sahitya Sabha Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission Movement for Kokborok etc advocating for the Roman script 40 Both scripts are now used in the state in education as well as in literary and cultural circles 40 Proposals have previously been made for the adoption of scripts other than the Bengali or Roman scripts such as Ol Chiki 41 There have also been scripts created specifically for Kokborok in modern times 42 See also EditTripuri literature Kokborok drama Kokborok day Kokborok grammar Languages with official status in IndiaReferences Edit a b Census of India 2011 Languages and Mother tongues Kokborok at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required reang at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Tripuri at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Usui at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Early Tripuri at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Kokborok Sorosoro Sorosoro Sorosoro org Retrieved 13 December 2021 Sarangi Asha Pai Sudha 2020 Interrogating reorganisation of states culture identity and politics in India New Delhi ISBN 9781000084078 Retrieved 17 April 2022 a b In Tripura a musician s bid to preserve the language of the tribes The Indian Express 22 May 2018 Retrieved 4 November 2018 Tribal Language tripurauniv in Retrieved 4 November 2018 Department of Kokborok tripurauniv in Retrieved 4 November 2018 The Tripura of Bangladesh A Sociolinquistic Survey PDF SIL International Archived from the original PDF on 10 July 2012 Veikho Sahiinii Lemaina Mushahary Jitamoni 2015 A preliminary acoustic study of vowels and tones in Kokborok Nepalese Linguistics 30 161 166 Jacquesson Francois 2008 A Kokborok Grammar Agartala dialect Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council TTAADC Jacquesson Francois 2003 Kokborok a short analysis Hukumu 10th anniversary volume Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission pp 109 122 OCLC 801647829 Concise Kokborok English Dictionary PDF Baibel Kwthar Release of the Bible in Kokborok Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 Retrieved 6 June 2014 Pankaj Debbarma 10 November 2020 KokTipra KokTipra Retrieved 13 December 2021 Directorate of Kokborok Government of Tripura Directorate of Kokborok School list Department of Kokborok Tripura University Center of Tribal Language Tripura University Syllabus Tripura University Dept of Kokborok Ramthakur College Agartala Dept of Kokborok Govt Degree College Khumulwng Dept of Kokborok NS Mahavidyala Udaipur Dept of Kokborok Govt Degree College Dharmanagar Dept of Kokborok RS Mahavidyala Kailasahar Dept of Kokborok Govt Degree College Kamalpur Kokborok Govt degree college Teliamura Dept of Kokborok Govt Degree College Santirbazar Dept of Kokborok Govt Degree College Longtharai Valley Dept of Kokborok SV Mahavidyalaya Mohanpur Dept of Kokborok MMD GDC Sabroom Dept of Kokborok RT Mahavidyalaya Bishalgarh Dept of Kokborok Dasarath Deb Memorial College Khowai Department of Kokborok MBB University advertisement Dept of Kokborok BBM College Agartala Dept of Kokborok MBB College Census of India 2001 language report Bonhams TRIPURA The Rajratnakar Chronicle of Borok Kings of Tripura in Sanskrit www bonhams com Retrieved 17 April 2022 Debbarma Khapang 22 November 2021 How The Tripuris Lost Their Ancient Script To A Goat Myth Or Reality Adivasi Lives Matter Retrieved 17 April 2022 Minahan James 2012 Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific an encyclopedia Santa Barbara Calif ISBN 9781598846607 Retrieved 17 April 2022 a b c Revival of Tripura s ancient literature The Statesman 22 June 2020 Debnath Rupak 1 January 2013 Kokborok Language Planning and Development Report of the Seminar on Language Planning for Development of Kokborok Appendix C Retrieved 17 April 2022 Aima script omniglot com Retrieved 17 April 2022 Further reading EditPushpa Pai Karapurkar 1976 Kokborok Grammar CIIL Grammar series 3 Mysore Central Institute of Indian Languages OCLC 5750101 Jacquesson Francois 2003 Kokborok a short analysis Hukumu 10th anniversary volume Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission pp 109 122 OCLC 801647829 Jacquesson Francois 2008 A Kokborok Grammar Agartala dialect Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council TTAADC Binoy Debbarma 2002 Anglo Kokborok Bengali Dictionary 2nd edition Agartala Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission KOHM Article in KOHM Anniversary magazine KOHMExternal links EditKok Dictionary Online Kokborok Dictionary Kokborok test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kokborok amp oldid 1133028376, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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