As result of socio-political awakenings and movements launched by different Boro organisations since 1913, the language was introduced in 1963 as a medium of instruction in the primary schools in Boro dominated areas. The Boro language serves as a medium of instruction up to the secondary level and it is an associated official language in the state of Assam. Boro language and literature have been offered as a post-graduate course at the University of Guwahati since 1996. There are a large number of Boro books on poetry, drama, short stories, novels, biography, travelogues, children's literature, and literary criticism. Though there exists different dialects, the Western Boro dialect Swnabari form used around Kokrajhar district has emerged as the standard.[7]
Writing system and script movement
It is reported that the Boro and the Dimasa languages used a script called Deodhai that is no longer attested.[8] The Latin script was used first to write down the language, when a prayer book was published in 1843, and then extensively used by Endle beginning 1884 and in 1904, when the script was used to teach children. The first use of the Assamese/Bengali script occurred in 1915 (Boroni Fisa o Ayen) and the first magazine, Bibar (1924-1940) was tri-lingual in Boro, Assamese and Bengali, with Boro written in Assamese/Bengali script. In 1952, the Bodo Sahitya Sabha decided to use the Assamese script exclusively for the language.[9] In 1963 Boro was introduced in schools as a medium of instruction, in which Assamese script was used.[10] Into the 1960s the Boro language was predominantly written in Assamese/Bengali script, though the Christian community continued to use Latin for Boro.[11][10]
Boro Script Movement
With the Assamese Language Movement in Assam peaking in the 1960s the Boro community felt threatened and decided to not use the Assamese script.[12] After a series of proposals and expert committees the Bodo Sahitya Sabha reversed itself in 1970 and unanimously decided to adopt the Latin script for the language in its 11th annual conference.[10] The BSS submitted this demand to the Assam Government in 1971, which was rejected on the grounds that the Latin script was of foreign origin. This instigated a movement for the Latin script which became a part of the movement for a separate state, Udayachal, then led by the Plains Tribe Council of Assam (PTCA). In this context, the Boro leaders were advised by the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to choose any Indian script other than Latin.[13] In defiance of the Assam Government the BSS, in April 1974, went ahead and published Bithorai, a Boro textbook, in Latin script and asked school teachers to follow it.[14]
Retaliating against the unilateral decision, the Assam Government withheld grants to schools using the Latin script. This triggered a phase of active movement that was joined by the All Bodo Students' Union (ABSU) and the PTCA. This led to a critical situation in November 1974 when fifteen volunteers of the movement died in a police firing, and many others were injured. Unable to resolve the issue, the Assam Government referred the matter to the Union Government.[15] In the discussion, the Union Government suggested Devanagari script as the solution to the problem, which the BSS accepted in the Memorandum of Understanding in April 1975, and adopted later year in the Annual Conference.[16] This ended the Boro Script Movement.
Final Acceptance of Devanagari script
Boro-language textbooks for secondary schools written in Devanagari script
The Devanagari script for Boro was an unexpected development and it was not immediately accepted by the wider Boro community.[17] The BSS failed to implement the use of the Devanagari script, and writers continued to use the Assamese/Bengali and Latin scripts.[18] In 1982, ABSU included the demand of the Latin script in Boro schools in its charter of Demands. Following an expert committee report, constituted by BSS, the Bodoland Autonomous Council adopted a resolution to use Latin script in its territory, which the Assam Government too accepted.
Nevertheless, in the discussion with the Bodo Liberation Tigers, the Union Government demanded the implementation of the earlier agreement with the BSS on the use of the Devanagari script if the Boro language was to be included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Following this, the ABSU and the BSS surrendered and agreed to use the Devanagari script exclusively, and the matter was settled.
Dialects
Kiryu (2012) suggests that the language of the Meche people and the Boro of Bengal are western dialects whereas the dialects in Assam are the eastern dialects of Boro. The western dialects differ in phonology and grammar but are mutually intelligible.[19] The Kokrajhar variety of the eastern dialects has been promoted as standard, at least for the eastern dialects.
The Boro language has a total of 30 phonemes: 6 vowels, 16 consonants, and 8 diphthongs—with a strong prevalence of the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/. The Boro language use tones to distinguish words. There are three different tones: high, medium and low. The difference between high and low tones is apparent and quite common.
The three voiceless aspirated stops, /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/, are unreleased in syllable final position. Their unaspirated voiced counterparts are released and cannot occur word final position.
Sometimes, /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, s/ are pronounced as /b, d, g, z/ respectively.
The consonants /b, d, m, n, ɾ, l/ can occur in all positions.
The consonants /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, g, s, ɦ/ cannot appear at the end of indigenous Boro words but occur in loanwords.
The consonants /ŋ, j, w/ cannot appear at the beginning of words.
Bodo has a decimal system and counts to 10 with unique words, after which the number words combine to add to the larger number as shown in the chart below.[21]
Numerals in Boro and Garo language comparison
Number
In Boro
In English
In Garo (A.chikku)
0
Latikho
Zero
1
Se
One
Sa
2
Nwi
Two
Gni
3
Tham
Three
Gittam
4
Brwi
Four
Bri
5
Ba
Five
Bonga
6
Do
Six
Dok
7
Sni
Seven
Sni
8
Daen
Eight
Chet
9
Gu
Nine
Sku
10
Zi
Ten
Chikking
11
Zi se
Eleven
12
Zi nwi
Twelve
13
Zi tham
Thirteen
14
Zi brwi
Fourteen
15
Zi ba
Fifteen
16
Zi do
Sixteen
17
Zi sni
Seventeen
18
Zi daen
Eighteen
19
Zi gu
Nineteen
20
Nwi zi
Twenty
30
Tham Zi
Thirty
40
Brwi Zi
Forty
50
Ba Zi
Fifty
60
Do Zi
Sixty
70
Sni Zi
Seventy
80
Daen Zi
Eighty
90
Gu Zi
Ninety
100
Zause/ Se zau
One Hundred
200
Nwi zau
Two Hundred
300
Tham zau
Three Hundred
1,000
Se Rwza
One Thousand
2,000
Nwi Rwza
Two Thousand
10,000
Zi Rwza
Ten Thousand
Education
Boro is a compulsory subject till class 10 in tribal areas of Assam who do not want to study Assamese. The subject is mandatory in all schools including those under the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS). The legislation was passed in the assembly in August 2017.[22]
^"In terms of nomenclature, both Bodo and Boro are equally prevalent. The influential Bodo Sahitya Sabha (Bodo Literary Society) has approved the use of both Boro and Bodo to name the language. Many past and recent studies on the language like Burton-Page (1955), Bhat (1968), Bhattacharya (1977), Joseph and Burling (2001, 2006), Basumatary (2005), Boro (2007) and DeLancey (2010, 2011) have described the language as Boro. In this paper, we follow the name frequently used in these works on Boro and therefore use Boro." (Das & Mahanta 2019:1f)
^"Table 1 - LSI: Bodo; Modern name: Boro" (Jaquesson 2017:101)
^PTI (30 December 2020). "Assam Assembly Accords Associate Official Language Status To Bodo". NDTV. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
^"THE ASSAM OFFICIAL LANGUAGE (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2020" (PDF).
^"Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution".
^ ab. Archived from the original on 7 September 2005. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^"Bishnu Prasad Rabha, the famous Artist of Assam, told me that in ancient times there were a kind of Deodhai scripts among the Kacharis (Boros and Dimasas). Sri Rabha represented in writing the Deodhai alphabet as gathered from an informant in Dimapur which was noted for the Kachari reign and remains representing the art and architecture. As this form of Deodhai scripts is no longer in vogue, I leave the matter for further enlightenment." (Bhattacharya 1964:15–16)
^"The Assamese language movement of 1960 had stirred up their keenness to have separate script other than the Assamese, preferably the Roman script." (Sarmah 2014:1336)
^"On 22nd April, 1974 the Bodo Sahitya Sabha without the approval of the State Government adopted the Roman Script as the sole script for the Boro language. The Sabha declared its decision to introduce Bithorai, an elementary textbook written in the Roman script, in the school curriculum. The Sabha appealed to all the teachers of Boro medium primary schools to introduce the Bithorai in Class - 1 in their own." (Sarmah 2014:1337)
^"The representatives of the Bodo Sahitya Sabha signed a memorandum with the Union Government on 9th April, 1975, agreeing to adopt the Devanagari script for the Bodo language." (Sarmah 2014:1337)
^"The failure of the Bodo Sahitya Sabha to show sincerity on the implementation of Devanagari script in strict sense sent a wrong message to the younger generation. They thought that the adoption of the Devanagari script is a temporary arrangement. Taking the advantage, a group of Boro writers continued the use of Assamese and Roman scripts instead of practicing the Devanagari script in their writings." (Sarmah 2014:1338)
^Mochari, Moniram (1985). Bodo-English Dictionary. Bengtol, Kokrajhar: The Bodo Catholic Youth Association.
^Brahma, Aleendra (2009). "Sino-Tibetan Languages: Bodo". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
^"Assam to make Assamese mandatory till Class 10; Bodo, Bengali options for some". hindustantimes.com/. 19 April 2017. from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
References
Bhattacharya, Pramod Chandra (1964). A descriptive analysis of the Boro language (PhD). hdl:10603/66710.
Brahma, Pratima (2014). Phonology and morphology of Bodo and Dimasa: a comparative study (PhD). hdl:10603/21160.
Das, Kalyan; Mahanta, Sakuntala (2019). "Intonational phonology of Boro". Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics. 4 (1). doi:10.5334/gjgl.758.
Jaquesson, François (2017). Translated by van Breugel, Seino. "The linguistic reconstruction of the past: The case of the Boro-Garo languages". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 40 (1): 90–122. doi:10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van.
Perumalsamy, P (2016) Bodo in 'Linguistic Survey of India: West Bengal Volume, Part-I' New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General India [1]
Sarmah, Priyankoo (2004). Some Aspects of the Tonal Phonology of Bodo(PDF) (MPhil). Retrieved 16 February 2019.
Sarmah, Satyendra Kumar (2014). "Script Movement Among the Bodo in Assam". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75: 1335–1340. JSTOR 44158526.
Kiryu, Kazuyuki (2012). "Western Boro dialects in Nepal and northern West Bengal". 美作大学紀要. 45: 9–18.
External links
Boro language (India) test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Language Information Service – India
Linguistic Survey of India West Bengal VolumeI [2]
March 14, 2023
boro, language, india, tibetic, languages, broad, linguistic, sense, bodish, languages, confused, with, bodo, language, bantu, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources. For the Tibetic languages in a broad linguistic sense see Bodish languages Not to be confused with Bodo language Bantu This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Boro language India news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Boro 2 बर बड bɔɽo also called Bodo 3 is a Sino Tibetan language spoken primarily by the Boro people of India Nepal and Bangladesh It is an official language of the Indian state of Assam predominantly spoken in the Bodoland Territorial Region 4 5 It is also one of the twenty two languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India 6 Since 1975 the language has been written using the Devanagari script It was formerly written using Latin and Eastern Nagari scripts Some scholars have suggested that the language used to have its own now lost script known as Deodhai BoroBodoबर बड The words Boro Rao Boro language written in Devanagari scriptNative toNortheast IndiaRegionBodoland Assam EthnicityBoro peopleNative speakers1 4 million 2011 census 1 Language familySino Tibetan SalBoro GaroBoroicBoroWriting systemDevanagari official Eastern Nagari contemporary Latin contemporary Official statusOfficial language in India AssamLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code brx class extiw title iso639 3 brx brx a Glottologbodo1269Part of a series onConstitutionally recognised languages of IndiaCategory22 Official Languages of the Indian RepublicAssamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Marathi Meitei Manipuri Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu UrduRelatedEighth Schedule to the Constitution of India Official Languages Commission Classical Languages of India List of languages by number of native speakers in India Asia portal India portal Language portal Politics portal Contents 1 History 2 Writing system and script movement 2 1 Boro Script Movement 2 2 Final Acceptance of Devanagari script 3 Dialects 4 Phonology 4 1 Vowels 4 2 Diphthongs 4 3 Consonants 4 4 Tones 5 Grammar 5 1 Sentence structure 6 Vocabulary 6 1 Numerals 7 Education 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksHistory EditAs result of socio political awakenings and movements launched by different Boro organisations since 1913 the language was introduced in 1963 as a medium of instruction in the primary schools in Boro dominated areas The Boro language serves as a medium of instruction up to the secondary level and it is an associated official language in the state of Assam Boro language and literature have been offered as a post graduate course at the University of Guwahati since 1996 There are a large number of Boro books on poetry drama short stories novels biography travelogues children s literature and literary criticism Though there exists different dialects the Western Boro dialect Swnabari form used around Kokrajhar district has emerged as the standard 7 Writing system and script movement EditIt is reported that the Boro and the Dimasa languages used a script called Deodhai that is no longer attested 8 The Latin script was used first to write down the language when a prayer book was published in 1843 and then extensively used by Endle beginning 1884 and in 1904 when the script was used to teach children The first use of the Assamese Bengali script occurred in 1915 Boroni Fisa o Ayen and the first magazine Bibar 1924 1940 was tri lingual in Boro Assamese and Bengali with Boro written in Assamese Bengali script In 1952 the Bodo Sahitya Sabha decided to use the Assamese script exclusively for the language 9 In 1963 Boro was introduced in schools as a medium of instruction in which Assamese script was used 10 Into the 1960s the Boro language was predominantly written in Assamese Bengali script though the Christian community continued to use Latin for Boro 11 10 Boro Script Movement Edit With the Assamese Language Movement in Assam peaking in the 1960s the Boro community felt threatened and decided to not use the Assamese script 12 After a series of proposals and expert committees the Bodo Sahitya Sabha reversed itself in 1970 and unanimously decided to adopt the Latin script for the language in its 11th annual conference 10 The BSS submitted this demand to the Assam Government in 1971 which was rejected on the grounds that the Latin script was of foreign origin This instigated a movement for the Latin script which became a part of the movement for a separate state Udayachal then led by the Plains Tribe Council of Assam PTCA In this context the Boro leaders were advised by the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to choose any Indian script other than Latin 13 In defiance of the Assam Government the BSS in April 1974 went ahead and published Bithorai a Boro textbook in Latin script and asked school teachers to follow it 14 Retaliating against the unilateral decision the Assam Government withheld grants to schools using the Latin script This triggered a phase of active movement that was joined by the All Bodo Students Union ABSU and the PTCA This led to a critical situation in November 1974 when fifteen volunteers of the movement died in a police firing and many others were injured Unable to resolve the issue the Assam Government referred the matter to the Union Government 15 In the discussion the Union Government suggested Devanagari script as the solution to the problem which the BSS accepted in the Memorandum of Understanding in April 1975 and adopted later year in the Annual Conference 16 This ended the Boro Script Movement Final Acceptance of Devanagari script Edit Boro language textbooks for secondary schools written in Devanagari script The Devanagari script for Boro was an unexpected development and it was not immediately accepted by the wider Boro community 17 The BSS failed to implement the use of the Devanagari script and writers continued to use the Assamese Bengali and Latin scripts 18 In 1982 ABSU included the demand of the Latin script in Boro schools in its charter of Demands Following an expert committee report constituted by BSS the Bodoland Autonomous Council adopted a resolution to use Latin script in its territory which the Assam Government too accepted Nevertheless in the discussion with the Bodo Liberation Tigers the Union Government demanded the implementation of the earlier agreement with the BSS on the use of the Devanagari script if the Boro language was to be included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution Following this the ABSU and the BSS surrendered and agreed to use the Devanagari script exclusively and the matter was settled Dialects EditKiryu 2012 suggests that the language of the Meche people and the Boro of Bengal are western dialects whereas the dialects in Assam are the eastern dialects of Boro The western dialects differ in phonology and grammar but are mutually intelligible 19 The Kokrajhar variety of the eastern dialects has been promoted as standard at least for the eastern dialects Phonology EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Boro language has a total of 30 phonemes 6 vowels 16 consonants and 8 diphthongs with a strong prevalence of the high back unrounded vowel ɯ The Boro language use tones to distinguish words There are three different tones high medium and low The difference between high and low tones is apparent and quite common Vowels Edit There are 6 vowels in Boro Vowels Front Central BackIPA ROM Script IPA ROM Script IPA ROM ScriptClose i i u uɯ wClose mid e e o oOpen a aAll vowels occur at the beginning in the middle and at the end of syllables Diphthongs Edit Diphthongs i o ui iue eoa ai aoo oiu uiɯ ɯi ɯuConsonants Edit Boro has 16 consonants Consonants Labial Alveolar Dorsal GlottalIPA ROM Script IPA ROM Script IPA ROM Script IPA ROM ScriptNasal m m n n ŋ ngStop aspirated pʰ ph tʰ th kʰ khvoiced b b d d ɡ gFricative voiceless s svoiced z z ɦ hFlap Trill ɾ r rApproximant voiced w w j ylateral l lThe three voiceless aspirated stops pʰ tʰ kʰ are unreleased in syllable final position Their unaspirated voiced counterparts are released and cannot occur word final position Sometimes pʰ tʰ kʰ s are pronounced as b d g z respectively The consonants b d m n ɾ l can occur in all positions The consonants pʰ tʰ kʰ g s ɦ cannot appear at the end of indigenous Boro words but occur in loanwords The consonants ŋ j w cannot appear at the beginning of words Tones Edit Since Boro is a tonal language changes in tone affect the meaning 20 Examples of high and low tone and difference in meaning High Meaning Low MeaningBuh to beat Bu to swellHah mud to be able Ha to cutHahm to get thin Ham to get wellGwdwh to sink Gwdw pastJah to eat Ja to beRahn to get dry Ran to divideGrammar EditSentence structure Edit Sentences in Boro consist of either a Subject Verb or a Subject Object Verb Examples of sentences in Boro 7 Subject Verb Subject Object VerbAng mwnthiya Laimwn ah Apple jadwngNijwm ah undudwng Nwng wngkham jabai Ang fɯibai Ang nɯkhɯo mɯzang mɯnɯVocabulary EditNumerals Edit Bodo has a decimal system and counts to 10 with unique words after which the number words combine to add to the larger number as shown in the chart below 21 Numerals in Boro and Garo language comparison Number In Boro In English In Garo A chikku 0 Latikho Zero1 Se One Sa2 Nwi Two Gni3 Tham Three Gittam4 Brwi Four Bri5 Ba Five Bonga6 Do Six Dok7 Sni Seven Sni8 Daen Eight Chet9 Gu Nine Sku10 Zi Ten Chikking11 Zi se Eleven12 Zi nwi Twelve13 Zi tham Thirteen14 Zi brwi Fourteen15 Zi ba Fifteen16 Zi do Sixteen17 Zi sni Seventeen18 Zi daen Eighteen19 Zi gu Nineteen20 Nwi zi Twenty30 Tham Zi Thirty40 Brwi Zi Forty50 Ba Zi Fifty60 Do Zi Sixty70 Sni Zi Seventy80 Daen Zi Eighty90 Gu Zi Ninety100 Zause Se zau One Hundred200 Nwi zau Two Hundred300 Tham zau Three Hundred1 000 Se Rwza One Thousand2 000 Nwi Rwza Two Thousand10 000 Zi Rwza Ten ThousandEducation EditBoro is a compulsory subject till class 10 in tribal areas of Assam who do not want to study Assamese The subject is mandatory in all schools including those under the Central Board of Secondary Education CBSE and Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan KVS The legislation was passed in the assembly in August 2017 22 See also EditBoro people Bodo Sahitya Sabha Kokborok language Languages of Asia List of Bodo language filmsNotes Edit http censusindia gov in 2011Census C 16 25062018 NEW pdf bare URL PDF In terms of nomenclature both Bodo and Boro are equally prevalent The influential Bodo Sahitya Sabha Bodo Literary Society has approved the use of both Boro and Bodo to name the language Many past and recent studies on the language like Burton Page 1955 Bhat 1968 Bhattacharya 1977 Joseph and Burling 2001 2006 Basumatary 2005 Boro 2007 and DeLancey 2010 2011 have described the language as Boro In this paper we follow the name frequently used in these works on Boro and therefore use Boro Das amp Mahanta 2019 1f Table 1 LSI Bodo Modern name Boro Jaquesson 2017 101 PTI 30 December 2020 Assam Assembly Accords Associate Official Language Status To Bodo NDTV Retrieved 21 February 2022 THE ASSAM OFFICIAL LANGUAGE AMENDMENT ACT 2020 PDF Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution a b Boro language RCILTS IIT Guwahati Archived from the original on 7 September 2005 Retrieved 7 July 2021 Bishnu Prasad Rabha the famous Artist of Assam told me that in ancient times there were a kind of Deodhai scripts among the Kacharis Boros and Dimasas Sri Rabha represented in writing the Deodhai alphabet as gathered from an informant in Dimapur which was noted for the Kachari reign and remains representing the art and architecture As this form of Deodhai scripts is no longer in vogue I leave the matter for further enlightenment Bhattacharya 1964 15 16 Sarmah 2014 1335 1336 a b c Sarmah 2014 1336 Bhattacharya 1964 16 The Assamese language movement of 1960 had stirred up their keenness to have separate script other than the Assamese preferably the Roman script Sarmah 2014 1336 Sarmah 2014 1336 1337 On 22nd April 1974 the Bodo Sahitya Sabha without the approval of the State Government adopted the Roman Script as the sole script for the Boro language The Sabha declared its decision to introduce Bithorai an elementary textbook written in the Roman script in the school curriculum The Sabha appealed to all the teachers of Boro medium primary schools to introduce the Bithorai in Class 1 in their own Sarmah 2014 1337 Sarmah 2014 1337 The representatives of the Bodo Sahitya Sabha signed a memorandum with the Union Government on 9th April 1975 agreeing to adopt the Devanagari script for the Bodo language Sarmah 2014 1337 Sarmah 2014 1338 The failure of the Bodo Sahitya Sabha to show sincerity on the implementation of Devanagari script in strict sense sent a wrong message to the younger generation They thought that the adoption of the Devanagari script is a temporary arrangement Taking the advantage a group of Boro writers continued the use of Assamese and Roman scripts instead of practicing the Devanagari script in their writings Sarmah 2014 1338 Kiryu 2012 10 11 Mochari Moniram 1985 Bodo English Dictionary Bengtol Kokrajhar The Bodo Catholic Youth Association Brahma Aleendra 2009 Sino Tibetan Languages Bodo Numeral Systems of the World s Languages Assam to make Assamese mandatory till Class 10 Bodo Bengali options for some hindustantimes com 19 April 2017 Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 Retrieved 4 May 2017 References EditBhattacharya Pramod Chandra 1964 A descriptive analysis of the Boro language PhD hdl 10603 66710 Brahma Pratima 2014 Phonology and morphology of Bodo and Dimasa a comparative study PhD hdl 10603 21160 Das Kalyan Mahanta Sakuntala 2019 Intonational phonology of Boro Glossa A Journal of General Linguistics 4 1 doi 10 5334 gjgl 758 Jaquesson Francois 2017 Translated by van Breugel Seino The linguistic reconstruction of the past The case of the Boro Garo languages Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 40 1 90 122 doi 10 1075 ltba 40 1 04van Perumalsamy P 2016 Bodo in Linguistic Survey of India West Bengal Volume Part I New Delhi Office of the Registrar General India 1 Sarmah Priyankoo 2004 Some Aspects of the Tonal Phonology of Bodo PDF MPhil Retrieved 16 February 2019 Sarmah Satyendra Kumar 2014 Script Movement Among the Bodo in Assam Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 75 1335 1340 JSTOR 44158526 Kiryu Kazuyuki 2012 Western Boro dialects in Nepal and northern West Bengal 美作大学紀要 45 9 18 External links Edit Boro language India test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Boro language Bodo computing resources at TDIL Language Information Service India Linguistic Survey of India West Bengal VolumeI 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Boro language India amp oldid 1142277016, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
