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Martinique

January 13, 2023

For the New York City nightclub of the 1940s, see La Martinique.
"MTQ" redirects here. For the Irish politician, see Madeleine Taylor-Quinn. For the Indonesian religious competition, see Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran.

Martinique (/ˌmɑːrtɪˈniːk/ MAR-tin-EEK, French: [maʁtinik] (listen); Martinican Creole: Matinik or Matnik;[7] Kalinago: Madinina or Madiana) is an island and an overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France. An integral part of the French Republic,[8] Martinique is located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It has a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi) and a population of 364,508 inhabitants as of January 2019.[9] One of the Windward Islands, it is directly north of Saint Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. Martinique is an Outermost Region and a special territory of the European Union; the currency in use is the euro. Virtually the entire population speaks both French (the sole official language) and Martinican Creole.[10]

Martinique
Matinik or Matnik (Martinican French Creole)
Overseas department, region and single territorial collectivity
Territorial Collectivity of Martinique
Collectivité Territoriale de Martinique (French)
Emblem of the Territorial Collectivity of Martinique
Motto: 
La collective au service du pays[1]
Anthem: La Marseillaise
("The Marseillaise")
Coordinates: 14°39′00″N 61°00′54″W / 14.65000°N 61.01500°W / 14.65000; -61.01500Coordinates: 14°39′00″N 61°00′54″W / 14.65000°N 61.01500°W / 14.65000; -61.01500
Country France
PrefectureFort-de-France
Departments1
Government
 • President of Executive CouncilSerge Letchimy (PPM)
 • LegislatureAssembly of Martinique
Area
 • Total1,128 km2 (436 sq mi)
 • Rank17th region
Highest elevation
(Mont Pelée)
1,397 m (4,583 ft)
Population
 (Jan. 2020)[4]
 • Total361,225
 • Density320/km2 (830/sq mi)
 • Ethnic groups
[2]
 • Religion
[3]
Demonym(s)Martinican (English)
Martiniquais (m)
Martiniquaise (f) (French)
Language
 • Official languageFrench
 • Vernacular languageMartinican French Creole
Time zoneUTC−04:00 (ECT)
ISO 3166 code
GDP (2015)[5]Ranked 23rd in France
TotalUS$9,363,000,000[6]
Per capitaUS$24,964
NUTS RegionFRA
WebsitePrefecture, Territorial collectivity
The Cape Saint Martin cliffs and the Dominica channel, as seen from Grand Rivière at the northern tip of the island

Etymology

It is thought that Martinique is a corruption of the Taíno name for the island (Madiana/Madinina, meaning 'island of flowers', or Matinino, 'island of women'), as relayed to Christopher Columbus when he visited the island in 1502.[11] According to historian Sydney Daney, the island was called Jouanacaëra or Wanakaera by the Caribs, which means 'the island of iguanas'.[12]

History

Main articles: History of Martinique and French West Indies

Pre-European contact and early colonial periods

The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs. The Arawaks were described as gentle timorous Indians and the Caribs as ferocious cannibal warriors. The Arawaks came from Central America in the 1st century AD and the Caribs came from the Venezuelan coast around the 11th century.

Christopher Columbus charted Martinique (without landing) in 1493, during his first voyage, but Spain had little interest in the territory.[11] Columbus landed during a later voyage, on 15 June 1502, after a 21-day trade wind passage, his fastest ocean voyage.[11] He spent three days there refilling his water casks, bathing and washing laundry.[13]

The indigenous people Columbus encountered called Martinique "Matinino". He was told by indigenous people of San Salvador that "the island of Matinino was entirely populated by women on whom the Caribs descended at certain seasons of the year; and if these women bore sons they were entrusted to the father to bring up."[14]

On 15 September 1635, Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, French governor of the island of St. Kitts, landed in the harbour of St. Pierre with 80 to 150 French settlers after being driven off St. Kitts by the English. D'Esnambuc claimed Martinique for the French king Louis XIII and the French "Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique" (Company of the American Islands), and established the first European settlement at Fort Saint-Pierre (now St. Pierre).[11] D'Esnambuc died in 1636, leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew, Jacques Dyel du Parquet, who in 1637 became governor of the island.[11]

In 1636, in the first of many skirmishes, the indigenous Caribs rose against the settlers to drive them off the island.[citation needed] The French successfully repelled the natives and forced them to retreat to the eastern part of the island, on the Caravelle Peninsula in the region then known as the Capesterre. When the Caribs revolted against French rule in 1658, the governor Charles Houël du Petit Pré retaliated with war against them. Many were killed, and those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. Some Caribs fled to Dominica or St. Vincent, where the French agreed to leave them at peace.[citation needed]

After the death of du Parquet in 1658, his widow Marie Bonnard du Parquet tried to govern Martinique, but dislike of her rule led King Louis XIV to take over the sovereignty of the island.[11] In 1654, Dutch Jews expelled from Portuguese Brazil introduced sugar plantations worked by large numbers of enslaved Africans.[11]

In 1667, the Second Anglo-Dutch War spilled out into the Caribbean, with Britain attacking the pro-Dutch French fleet in Martinique, virtually destroying it and further cementing British preeminence in the region.[15] In 1674, the Dutch attempted to conquer the island, but were repulsed.[11]

 
The attack on the French ships at Martinique in 1667

Because there were few Catholic priests in the French Antilles, many of the earliest French settlers were Huguenots who sought religious freedom.[16] Others were transported there as a punishment for refusing to convert to Catholicism, many of them dying en route.[citation needed][17] Those who survived were quite industrious and over time prospered, though the less fortunate were reduced to the status of indentured servants. Although edicts from King Louis XIV's court regularly came to the islands to suppress the Protestant "heretics", these were mostly ignored by island authorities until Louis XIV's Edict of Revocation in 1685.[18]

As many of the planters on Martinique were Huguenots suffering under the harsh strictures of the Revocation, they began plotting to emigrate from Martinique with many of their recently arrived brethren. Many of them were encouraged by the Catholics, who looked forward to their departure and the opportunities for seizing their property. By 1688, nearly all of Martinique's French Protestant population had escaped to the British American colonies or Protestant countries in Europe.[citation needed] The policy decimated the population of Martinique and the rest of the French Antilles and set back their colonisation by decades, causing the French king to relax his policies in the region, which left the islands susceptible to British occupation over the next century.[19]

Post-1688 period

Under governor of the Antilles Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac, Martinique served as a home port for French pirates, including Captain Crapeau, Étienne de Montauban, and Mathurin Desmarestz.[20] In later years, pirate Bartholomew Roberts styled his jolly roger as a black flag depicting a pirate standing on two skulls labeled "ABH" and "AMH" for "A Barbadian's Head" and "A Martinican's Head" after governors of those two islands sent warships to capture Roberts.[21]

 
The Battle of Martinique between British and French fleets in 1779

Martinique was attacked or occupied several times by the British, in 1693, 1759, 1762 and 1779.[11] Excepting a period from 1802 to 1809 following signing of the Treaty of Amiens, Britain controlled the island for most of the time from 1794 to 1815, when it was traded back to France at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars.[11][22] Martinique has remained a French possession since then.

Despite the introduction of successful coffee plantations in the 1720s to Martinique, the first coffee-growing area in the Western hemisphere,[23] as sugar prices declined in the early 1800s, the planter class lost political influence. Slave rebellions in 1789, 1815 and 1822, plus the campaigns of abolitionists such as Cyrille Bissette and Victor Schœlcher, persuaded the French government to end slavery in the French West Indies in 1848.[24][25][11][22][26] As a result, some plantation owners imported workers from India and China.[11] Despite the abolition of slavery, life scarcely improved for most Martinicans; class and racial tensions exploded into rioting in southern Martinique in 1870 following the arrest of Léopold Lubin, a trader of African ancestry who retaliated after he was beaten by a Frenchman. After several deaths, the revolt was crushed by French militia.[27]

20th–21st centuries

On 8 May 1902, Mont Pelée erupted and completely destroyed St. Pierre, killing 30,000 people.[11] Refugees from Martinique travelled by boat to the southern villages of Dominica, and some of them remained permanently on the island. The only survivor in the town of Saint-Pierre, Auguste Cyparis, was saved by the thick walls of his prison cell.[28] Shortly thereafter, the capital shifted to Fort-de-France, where it remains today.[22]

During World War II, the pro-Nazi Vichy government controlled Martinique under Admiral Georges Robert.[11] German U-boats used Martinique for refuelling and re-supply during the Battle of the Caribbean.[29] In 1942, 182 ships were sunk in the Caribbean, dropping to 45 in 1943, and five in 1944.[30] Free French forces took over on the island on Bastille Day, 14 July 1943.[11][31]

In 1946, the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an Overseas Department of France.[11] Meanwhile, the post-war period saw a growing campaign for full independence; a notable proponent of this was the author Aimé Césaire, who founded the Progressive Party of Martinique in the 1950s. Tensions boiled over in December 1959 when riots broke out following a racially-charged altercation between two motorists, resulting in three deaths.[32] In 1962, as a result of this and the global turn against colonialism, the strongly pro-independence OJAM (Organisation de la jeunesse anticolonialiste de la Martinique) was formed. Its leaders were later arrested by the French authorities. However, they were later acquitted.[32] Tensions rose again in 1974, when gendarmes shot dead two striking banana workers.[32] However the independence movement lost steam as Martinique's economy faltered in the 1970s, resulting in large-scale emigration.[33] Hurricanes in 1979–80 severely affected agricultural output, further straining the economy.[11] Greater autonomy was granted by France to the island in the 1970s–80s[11]

In 2009, Martinique was convulsed by the French Caribbean general strikes. Initially focusing on cost-of-living issues, the movement soon took on a racial dimension as strikers challenged the continued economic dominance of the Béké, descendants of French European settlers.[34][35] President Nicolas Sarkozy later visited the island, promising reform.[36] While ruling out full independence, which he said was desired neither by France nor by Martinique, Sarkozy offered Martiniquans a referendum on the island's future status and degree of autonomy.[36]

 
Mont Pelée and Bay of St Pierre as seen from the Grande Savane trail

Governance

Main article: Politics of Martinique
Further information: Elections in Martinique

Like French Guiana, Martinique is a special collectivity[37] (Unique in French) of the French Republic. It is also an outermost region of the European Union. The inhabitants of Martinique are French citizens with full political and legal rights. Martinique sends four deputies to the French National Assembly and two senators to the French Senate.

On 24 January 2010, during a referendum, the inhabitants of Martinique approved by 68.4% the change to be a "special (unique) collectivity" within the framework of article 73 of the French Republic's Constitution. The new council replaces and exercises the powers of both the General Council and the regional council.

Administrative divisions

 
A map of Martinique showing the island's four arrondissements
Main article: Arrondissements of the Martinique department
Further information: Communes of the Martinique department and Cantons of the Martinique department

Martinique is divided into four arrondissements and 34 communes. It had also been divided into 45 cantons, but these were abolished in 2015. The four arrondissements of the island, with their respective locations, are as follows:

Name Area (km2) Population (2019)[9] Arrondissement Map
L'Ajoupa-Bouillon 12.3 1,756 La Trinité  
Les Anses-d'Arlet 25.92 3,494 Le Marin  
Basse-Pointe 27.95 2,823 La Trinité  
Bellefontaine 11.89 1,813 Saint-Pierre  
Le Carbet 36 3,461 Saint-Pierre  
Case-Pilote 18.44 4,455 Saint-Pierre  
Le Diamant 27.34 5,511 Le Marin  
Ducos 37.69 17,655 Le Marin  
Fonds-Saint-Denis 24.28 680 Saint-Pierre  
Fort-de-France 44.21 76,512 Fort-de-France  
Le François 53.93 15,980 Le Marin  
Grand'Rivière 16.6 610 La Trinité  
Gros-Morne 54.25 9,689 La Trinité  
Le Lamentin 62.32 40,095 Fort-de-France  
Le Lorrain 50.33 6,768 La Trinité  
Macouba 16.93 1,050 La Trinité  
Le Marigot 21.63 3,117 La Trinité  
Le Marin 31.54 8,751 Le Marin  
Le Morne-Rouge 37.64 4,795 Saint-Pierre  
Le Morne-Vert 13.37 1,816 Saint-Pierre  
Le Prêcheur 29.92 1,203 Saint-Pierre  
Rivière-Pilote 35.78 11,877 Le Marin  
Rivière-Salée 39.38 11,874 Le Marin  
Le Robert 47.3 21,913 La Trinité  
Saint-Esprit 23.46 9,890 Le Marin  
Saint-Joseph 43.29 15,883 Fort-de-France  
Saint-Pierre 38.72 4,121 Saint-Pierre  
Sainte-Anne 38.42 4,444 Le Marin  
Sainte-Luce 28.02 9,487 Le Marin  
Sainte-Marie 44.55 15,487 La Trinité  
Schœlcher 21.17 19,612 Fort-de-France  
La Trinité 45.77 12,025 La Trinité  
Les Trois-Îlets 28.6 7,242 Le Marin  
Le Vauclin 39.06 8,619 Le Marin  
 
Diamant beach, and Diamond Rock, as seen from Dizac beach

Representation of the State

The prefecture of Martinique is Fort-de-France. The three sub-prefectures are Le Marin, Saint-Pierre and La Trinité. The French State is represented in Martinique by a prefect (Stanislas Cazelles since 5 February 2020), and by two sub-prefects in Le Marin (Corinne Blanchot-Prosper) and La Trinité / Saint-Pierre (Nicolas Onimus, appointed on 20 May 2020).

The prefecture was criticized for racism following the publication on its Twitter account of a poster calling for physical distancing against the coronavirus and showing a black man and a white man separated by pineapples.[38]

Institutions

 
Former town hall or Mayor's office of Fort-de-France

The President of the Executive Council of Martinique is Serge Letchimy as of 2 July 2021.

The Executive Council of Martinique is composed of nine members (a president and eight executive councilors).[39]

The deliberative assembly of the territorial collectivity is the Assembly of Martinique, composed of 51 elected members and chaired by Lucien Saliber as of 2 July 2021.[40]

The advisory council of the territorial collectivity of Martinique is the Economic, Social, Environmental, Cultural and Educational Council of Martinique (Conseil économique, social, environnemental, de la culture et de l'éducation de Martinique), composed of 68 members. Its president is Justin Daniel since 20 May 2021.[41]

National representation

Martinique has been represented since 17 June 2017, in the National Assembly by four deputies (Serge Letchimy, Jean-Philippe Nilor, Josette Manin and Manuéla Kéclard-Mondésir) and in the Senate by two senators (Maurice Antiste and Catherine Conconne) since 24 September 2017.

Martinique is also represented in the Economic, Social and Environmental Council by Pierre Marie-Joseph since 26 April 2021[42]

Institutional and statutory evolution of the island

During the 2000s, the political debate in Martinique focused on the question of the evolution of the island's status.[43] Two political ideologies, assimilationism and autonomism, clashed. On the one hand, there are those who want a change of status based on Article 73 of the French Constitution, i.e., that all French laws apply in Martinique as of right, which in law is called legislative identity, and on the other hand, the autonomists who want a change of status based on Article 74 of the French Constitution, i.e., an autonomous status subject to the regime of legislative specialty following the example of St. Martin and St. Barthelemy.

Since the constitutional revision of 28 March 2003, Martinique has four options:

  • First possibility: the status quo,[44] Martinique retains its status as an Overseas Department and Region, under Article 73 of the Constitution. The DROMs are under the regime of legislative identity. In this framework, the laws and regulations are applicable as of right, with the adaptations required by the particular characteristics and constraints of the communities concerned.
  •  
    Old City Hall, Fort-de-France
    Second possibility: if the local stakeholders, and first and foremost the elected representatives, agree, they can, within the framework of Article 73 of the Constitution,[45] propose an institutional evolution such as the creation of a single assembly (merger of the general council and the regional council). However, the department and the region will remain. The government may propose to the President of the Republic to consult the voters on this issue. In case of a negative answer, nothing will be possible. In case of positive response, the final decision will be taken by the Parliament, which will finally decide whether the reform is carried out by passing an ordinary law.[46]
  • Third possibility: those elected may propose the creation of a new collectivity within the framework of Article 73 of the French Constitution.[47] This new community will replace the department and the region. It will bring together the competences currently attributed to the General Council and the Regional Council. This community governed by Article 73 is subject to the regime of legislative identity and is therefore not autonomous. It will have as institutions an executive council, a deliberative assembly and an economic and social council.[48]
  • Fourth possibility: if a consensus is reached, the elected representatives may propose to the government a change of status, i.e., the transformation of Martinique into an overseas collectivity (COM).[49] Indeed, since the constitutional revision of 28 March 2003, the overseas departments may, under Article 74, become an overseas collectivity (COM) like St. Martin and St. Barthélemy.

Unlike the overseas departments, the overseas collectivities are subject to legislative specialization.[43] The laws and decrees of the Republic apply to them under certain conditions established by the organic law defining their status. The overseas departments have a greater degree of autonomy than the DOMs. They have an executive council, a territorial council and an economic and social council. The prefect is the representative of the French State in the overseas collectivity.[citation needed]

 
Salines Beach, St Anne peninsula

However, the French Constitution specifies in Article 72-4[43] that "no change may be made, for all or part of one of the communities mentioned in the second paragraph of Article 72-3, from one of the regimes provided for in Articles 73 and 74, without the prior consent of the electors of the community or part of the community concerned having been obtained, under the conditions provided for in the following paragraph.[43]

In 2003, a new organization is envisaged, in which the regional and departmental institutions would be merged into a single institution. This proposal was rejected in Martinique (but also in Guadeloupe) by 50.48% in a referendum held on 7 December 2003.[50]

On 10 January 2010, a consultation of the population was held. Voters were asked to vote in a referendum on a possible change in the status of their territory. The ballot proposed voters to "approve or reject the transition to the regime provided for in Article 74 of the Constitution". The majority of voters, 79.3%, said "no".[48]

The following 24 January, in a second referendum, 68.4% of the population of Martinique approved the transition to a "single collectivity" under Article 73 of the Constitution, i.e., a single assembly that would exercise the powers of the General Council and the Regional Council.[47]

New collectivity of Martinique

The project of the elected representatives of Martinique to the government proposes a single territorial community[46] governed by Article 73 of the Constitution,[45] whose name is "Territorial Community of Martinique". The single assembly that replaces the General Council and the Regional Council is called the "Assembly of Martinique". The Assembly of Martinique is composed of 51 councilors, elected for a six-year term of office by the proportional representation system (the electoral district is divided into four sections). A majority bonus of 20% is granted to the first place list.[citation needed]

The executive body of this community is called the "executive council",[51] which is composed of nine executive councilors, including a president. The president of the community of Martinique is the president of the executive council. The executive council is responsible to the Assembly of Martinique, which may overrule it by a motion of constructive censure. Unlike the previous functioning of the General Council and the Regional Council, the Assembly of Martinique is separate from the Executive Council and is headed by a bureau and a president.

 
Anses d'Arlet and its churchside beach, a landmark of Martinique

The new collectivity of Martinique combines the powers of the general and regional councils, but may obtain new powers through empowerments under Article 73. The executive council is assisted by an advisory council, the Economic, Social, Environmental, Cultural and Educational Council of Martinique.[51]

The bill was approved on 26 January 2011, by the French Government. The ordinary law was submitted to Parliament during the first half of 2011 and resulted in the adoption of Law No. 2011-884 27 July 2011, on the territorial communities of French Guiana and Martinique.[51]

Political forces

Political life in Martinique is essentially based on Martinican political parties and local federations of national parties (PS and LR). The following classification takes into account their position with regard to the statutory evolution of the island: there are the assimilationists (in favor of an institutional or statutory evolution within the framework of Article 73 of the French Constitution), the autonomists and the independentists (in favor of a statutory evolution based on Article 74 of the French Constitution).

Indeed, on 18 December 2008, during the congress of Martinique's departmental and regional elected representatives, the thirty-three pro-independence elected representatives (MIM/CNCP/MODEMAS/PALIMA) of the two assemblies voted unanimously in favor of a change in the island's status based on Article 74 of the French Constitution, which allows access to autonomy; this change in status was massively rejected (79.3%) by the population during the referendum of 10 January 2010.[52]

Defence

The defence of the department is the responsibility of the French Armed Forces. Some 1,400 military personnel are deployed in Martinique and Guadeloupe – centred on the 33e régiment d'infanterie de Marine in Martinique and incorporating a reserve company of the regiment located in Guadeloupe.[53][54][55]

Four French Navy vessels are based in Martinique, including: the surveillance frigates Ventôse and Germinal, the patrol and support ship Dumont d'Urville and the Confiance-class patrol vessel Combattante. The naval aviation element includes Eurocopter AS565 Panther or Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin helicopters able to embark on the Floréal-class frigates as required.[53] One Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards (EDA-S) landing craft is to be delivered to naval forces based in Martinique by 2025. The landing craft is to better support operations in the territory and region.[56]

About 700 National Gendarmerie are also stationed in Martinique[57] while the Maritime Gendarmerie deploys the coastal harbor tug (RPC) Maïtos in the territory.[58]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Martinique
 
Diamond Rock and the Sleeping Woman, the defining landscape of the southwest peninsula

Part of the archipelago of the Antilles, Martinique is located in the Caribbean Sea about 450 km (280 mi) northeast of the coast of South America and about 700 km (435 mi) southeast of the Dominican Republic. It is north of St. Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. The total area of Martinique is 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi), of which 40 km2 (15 sq mi) is water and the rest land.[11] Martinique is the 3rd largest island in The Lesser Antilles after Trinidad and Guadeloupe. It stretches 70 km (43 mi) in length and 30 km (19 mi) in width. The highest point is the volcano of Mount Pelée at 1,397 m (4,583 ft) above sea level. There are numerous small islands, particularly off the east coast.

 
Caravelle Peninsula and Martinique's Atlantic coast, as seen from the Phare de la Caravelle

The Atlantic, or "windward" coast of Martinique is difficult to navigate by ship. A combination of coastal cliffs, shallow coral reefs and cays, and strong winds make the area notoriously hazardous for sea traffic. The Caravelle peninsula clearly separates the north Atlantic and south Atlantic coast.

The Caribbean, or "leeward" coast of Martinique is much more favourable to sea traffic. Besides being shielded from the harsh Atlantic trade winds by the island, the sea bed itself descends steeply from the shore. This ensures that most potential hazards are deep underwater, and prevents the growth of corals.

 
Pitons du Carbet rainforest, as seen from the Fontaine Didier route in Fort de France

The north of the island is especially mountainous. It features four ensembles of pitons (volcanoes) and mornes (mountains): the Piton Conil on the extreme North, which dominates the Dominica Channel; Mont Pelée, an active volcano; the Morne Jacob; and the Pitons du Carbet, an ensemble of five extinct volcanoes covered with rainforest and dominating the Bay of Fort de France at 1,196 m (3,924 ft). Mont Pelée's volcanic ash has created grey and black sand beaches in the north (in particular between Anse Ceron and Anse des Gallets), contrasting markedly from the white sands of Les Salines in the south.

 
Grand Anse beach, a haven for sea turtles, southwest peninsula

The south is more easily traversed, though it still features impressive geographic features. Because it is easier to travel to, and due to the many beaches and food facilities throughout this region, the south receives most of the tourism. The beaches from Pointe de Bout, through Diamant (which features right off the coast of Roche de Diamant), St. Luce, the department of St. Anne and down to Les Salines are popular.

Relief

The terrain is mountainous on this island of volcanic origin. The oldest areas correspond to the volcanic zones at the southern end of the island and towards the peninsula of La Caravelle to the east. The island developed over the last 20 million years according to a sequence of movements and volcanic eruptions to the north.

The volcanic activity is due to the subduction fault located here, where the South American Plate slides beneath the Caribbean Plate.[59] Martinique has eight centres of volcanic activity. The oldest rocks are andesitic lavas dated to about 24 million years ago, mixed with tholeiitic magma containing iron and magnesium. Mount Pelée, the island's most dramatic feature, formed about 400,000 years ago.[60] Pelée erupted in 1792, 1851, and twice in 1902.[28] The eruption of 8 May 1902, destroyed Saint-Pierre and killed 28,000 people in 2 minutes; that of 30 August 1902, killed nearly 1,100, mostly in Le Morne-Rouge and Ajoupa-Bouillon.[61][62]

The east coast, coast of the wind or of the islands, has been called in the Caribbean "cabesterre". This term in Martinique designates more specifically the area of La Caravelle. This windward coast, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, is directly exposed to the trade winds and the sea bottom. The northern part of the Grand River in Sainte-Marie is basically surrounded by cliffs, with very few mooring points; access to maritime navigation is limited to inshore fishing with small traditional Martinique boats.

Flora and fauna

See also: Parc naturel régional de la Martinique
 
The Trou d'eau of the Pitons du Carbet forest, Rivière du Lorrain, as seen from the Trace des Jésuites trail
 
Beach of Anse Grosse Roche, St Anne peninsula
 
The Jamaican fruit bat can be found throughout the island

The northern end of the island catches most of the rainfall and is heavily forested, featuring species such as bamboo, mahogany, rosewood and West Indian locust. The south is drier and dominated by savanna-like brush, including cacti, Copaiba balsam, logwood and acacia.

Anole lizards and fer-de-lance snakes are native to the island. Mongooses (Urva auropunctata), introduced in the 1800s to control the snake population, have become a particularly cumbersome introduced species[63] as they prey upon bird eggs and have exterminated or endangered a number of native birds, including the Martinique trembler, white-breasted trembler and White-breasted Thrasher.[22] Bat species include the Jamaican fruit bat, the Antillean fruit-eating bat, the Little yellow-shouldered bat, Davy's naked-backed bat, the Greater bulldog bat, Schwartz's myotis, and the Mexican free-tailed bat.

Beaches

Martinique has many beaches:[64] those in the south of the island are of white sand, unlike those in the north which are of volcanic origin and therefore of black or gray sand.

Most of the beaches are wild, without services and without surveillance, but some are organized and give the possibility to do sports and activities related to the sea.

Hydrography

Due to the island's geographic and morphological characteristics, it has short and torrential rivers. The Lézarde, 30 km long, is the longest on the island.

Major urban areas

The most populous urban unit is Le Robert, which covers 11 communes in the southeastern part of the department. The three largest urban units are:[65]

Urban unit Population (2019)
Le Robert 130,179
Fort-de-France 116,462
Le Lamentin 40,095

Economy

 
Dillon's distellery

In 2014, Martinique had a total GDP of 8.4 billion euros. Its economy is heavily dependent on tourism, limited agricultural production, and grant aid from mainland France.[11]

Historically, Martinique's economy relied on agriculture, notably sugar and bananas, but by the beginning of the 21st century this sector had dwindled considerably. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used for the production of rum.[11] Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to mainland France. Chlordecone, a pesticide used in the cultivation of bananas before a ban in 1993, has been found to have contaminated farming ground, rivers and fish, and affected the health of islanders. Fishing and agriculture has had to stop in affected areas, having a significant effect on the economy.[66] The bulk of meat, vegetable and grain requirements must be imported. This contributes to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from mainland France.[11]

All goods entering Martinique are charged a variable "sea toll" which may reach 30% of the value of the cargo and provides 40% of the island's total revenue. Additionally the government charges an "annual due" of 1–2.5% and a value added tax of 2.2–8.5%.[67]

Exports and imports

Exports of goods and services in 2015 amounted to €1,102 million (€504 million of goods), of which more than 20% were refined petroleum products (SARA refinery located in the town of Le Lamentin), €95.9 million of agricultural, forestry, fish and aquaculture products, €62.4 million of agri-food industry products and €54.8 million of other goods.

Imports of goods and services in 2015 were €3,038 million (of which €2,709 million were goods), of which approximately 40% were crude and refined petroleum products, €462.6 million were agricultural and agri-food products, and €442.8 million were mechanical, electrical, electronic and computer equipment.

Tourism

 
Les Salines, a wide sand beach at the southeastern end of the island

Tourism has become more important than agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange.[11] Most visitors come from mainland France, Canada and the US.[11] Roughly 16% of the total businesses on the island (some 6,000 companies) provide tourist-related services.[67]

Agriculture

Banana

Banana cultivation is the main agricultural activity, with more than 7,200 hectares cultivated, nearly 220,000 tons produced and almost 12,000 jobs (direct + indirect) in 2006 figures. Its weight in the island's economy is low (1.6%), however it generates more than 40% of the agricultural value added.[68]

 
Sugarcane Cultivation

Rum

Rum, and particularly agricultural rum, accounted for 23% of agri-food value added in 2005 and employed 380 people on the island (including traditional rum). The island's production is about 90,000 hl of pure alcohol in 2009, of which 79,116 hl of pure alcohol is agricultural rum (2009).[69]

Sugarcane

In 2009, sugarcane cultivation occupied 4,150 hectares, or 13.7% of agricultural land. The area under cultivation has increased by more than 20% in the last 20 years, a rapid increase explained by the high added value of the rum produced and the rise in world sugar prices. This production is increasingly concentrated, with farms of more than 50 hectares accounting for 6.2% of the farms and 73.4% of the area under production. Annual production was about 220,000 tons in 2009, of which almost 90,000 tons went to sugar production, and the rest was delivered to agricultural rum distilleries.[70]

Pineapples

Pineapples used to be an important part of agricultural production, but in 2005, according to IEDOM, they accounted for only 1% of agricultural production in value (2.5 million euros compared to 7.9 million in 2000).

Infrastructure

Main articles: Transportation in Martinique and Communications in Martinique
 
The A1 highway (972) in Fort-de-France

Transport

Martinique's main and only airport with commercial flights is Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport. It serves flights to and from Europe, the Caribbean, Venezuela, the United States, and Canada.[28] See List of airports in Martinique.

Fort-de-France is the major harbour. The island has regular ferry service to Guadeloupe, Dominica and St. Lucia.[22][28] There are also several local ferry companies that connect Fort-de-France with Pointe du Bout.[22]

The road network is extensive and well-maintained, with freeways in the area around Fort-de-France. Buses run frequently between the capital and St. Pierre.[22]

Roads

In 2019, Martinique's road network consisted of 2,123 km:[71]

  • 7 km of highway (A1 between Fort-de-France and Le Lamentin) ;
  • 919 km of departmental and national roads
  •  
    Lighthouse of La Caravelle, Martinique
    1,197 km of communal roads.

In proportion to its population, Martinique is the French department with the highest number of vehicle registrations.[72]

In 2019, 19,137 new vehicles were registered in Martinique, i.e. 42 new vehicles were purchased per 1,000 inhabitants (+14 in 5 years), to the great benefit of dealers.[73]

Public transport

The public entity "Martinique Transport" was created in December 2014. This establishment is in charge of urban, intercity passenger (cabs), maritime, school and disabled student transport throughout the island, as well as the bus network.[72]

The first exclusive right-of-way public transport line in Martinique (TCSP), served by high service level buses between Fort-de-France and Le Lamentin airport, was put into service on 13 August 2018. Extensions to Schœlcher, Robert and Ducos are planned.

Ports

Given the insular nature of Martinique, its supply by sea is important. The port of Fort-de-France is the seventh largest French port in terms of container traffic.[74] After 2012, it became the Grand Port Maritime Port (GPM) of Martinique, following the State's decision to modernize port infrastructures of national interest.

Air services

The island's airport is Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport. It is located in the municipality of Le Lamentin. Its civilian traffic (1,696,071 passengers in 2015) ranks it thirteenth among French airports, behind those of two other overseas departments (Guadeloupe – Pôle Caraïbes de Pointe-à-Pitre Airport, Guadeloupe, and La Réunion-Roland-Garros Airport).[75] Its traffic is very strongly polarized by metropolitan France, with very limited (192,244 passengers in 2017) and declining international traffic.

 
Former Martinique Plantation train (030-T-Corpet)

Railroads

At the beginning of the 20th century, Martinique had more than 240 km of railways serving the sugar factories (cane transport). Only one tourist train remains in Sainte-Marie between the Saint-James house and the banana museum.[74]

Communications

The country code top-level domain for Martinique is .mq, but .fr is often used instead. The country code for international dialling is 596. The entire island uses a single area code (also 596) for landline phones and 696 for cell phones. (596 is dialled twice when calling a Martinique landline from another country.)[76]

Mobile telephony

There are three mobile telephone networks in Martinique: Orange, SFR Caraïbe and Digicel. The arrival of Free, in partnership with Digicel, was planned for 2020.45

According to Arcep, by mid-2018, Martinique is 99% covered by 4G.[77]

Television

The DTT package includes 10 free channels: 4 national channels of the France Télévisions group, the news channel France 24, Arte and 4 local channels Martinique 1re, ViàATV, KMT Télévision. Zouk TV stopped broadcasting in April 2021 and will be subsequently replaced by Zitata TV, whose broadcasting is delayed following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Viewers in Martinique do not have free access to other free national channels in the DTT package in mainland France (TF1 group, M6 group, etc.).

Viewers in the French overseas territories also do not have free access to the public service cultural channel Culturebox, which is not broadcast locally on DTT.[78]

The French-language satellite package Canal+ Caraïbes is available in the territory.

Telephone and Internet

In early 2019, Orange put into service "Kanawa", a new submarine cable linking Martinique to French Guiana.

Martinique is also connected by other submarine cables: ECFS (en), Americas-2 (en) and Southern Caribbean Fiber.[79]

Demographics

Population

Main article: Demographics of Martinique

Martinique had a population of 364,508 as of January 2019. The population has been decreasing by 0.9% per year since 2013.[80] There are an estimated 260,000 people of Martinican origin living in mainland France, most of them in the Paris region. Emigration was highest in the 1970s, causing population growth to almost stop, but it is comparatively light today.[11]

Religion in Martinique[3]

  Catholic (86%)
  Protestant (5.6%)
  Muslim (0.5%)
  Baháʼí (0.5%)
  Hindu (0.3%)
  Others (7.1%)
Historical population
1700
estimate		 1738
estimate		 1848
estimate		 1869
estimate		 1873
estimate		 1878
estimate		 1883
estimate		 1888
estimate		 1893
estimate		 1900
estimate
24,000 74,000 120,400 152,925 157,805 162,861 167,119 175,863 189,599 203,781
1954
census		 1961
census		 1967
census		 1974
census		 1982
census		 1990
census		 1999
census		 2006
census		 2011
census		 2013
census
239,130 292,062 320,030 324,832 328,566 359,572 381,325 397,732 392,291 385,551
Official figures from past censuses and INSEE estimates

Ethnic groups

The population of Martinique is mainly of African descent generally mixed with European, Amerindian (Carib), Indian (descendants of 19th-century Tamil and Telugu immigrants from South India), Lebanese, Syrian or Chinese. Martinique also has a small Syro-Lebanese community, a small Indian community, a small but increasing Chinese community, and the Béké community, descendants of the first European settlers.[11]

The Béké population represents around 1% of Martinique's population,[81] mostly of noble ancestry or members of the old bourgeoisie. In addition to the island population, the island hosts a mainland French community, most of which live on the island on a temporary basis (generally from 3 to 5 years).[citation needed]

Religion

See also: Hinduism in Martinique
 
Cathédrale Saint Louis

About 90% of Martiniquans are Christian, predominantly Roman Catholic as well as smaller numbers of various Protestant denominations.[11] There are much smaller communities of other faiths such as Islam, Hinduism and the Baháʼí Faith.

The island has 49 parishes[82] and several historic places of worship, such as the Saint-Louis Cathedral of Fort de France,[83] the Sacred Heart Church of Balata,[84] and the Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of Assumption, Saint-Pierre.[85]

Catholic Church

Catholic Christians follow the Latin rite, with parishes in each municipality and village of the territory.[86] The island has the following places of worship classified as historic monuments:

The Archdiocese of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France (Latin: archidioecesis Sancti Petri et Arcis Gallicae seu Martinicensis) is an ecclesiastical circumscription of the Catholic Church in the Caribbean, based in Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France, on the island of Martinique. The archdiocese of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France is metropolitan and its suffragan dioceses are Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne.

Languages

 
Multilingual welcome sign in Fort-de-France. Kontan wè zot is Martiniquan Creole for "Happy to see you."

The official language of Martinique is French, which is spoken by most of the population. The department was integrated into France in 1946, and consequently became French.[87] Most residents also speak Martinican Creole (Martinique Creole, Kréyol Mat'nik, Kreyòl), a form of Antillean Creole closely related to the varieties spoken in neighboring English-dominated islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica. Martiniquan Creole is based on French, Carib and African languages with elements of English, Spanish, and Portuguese.[citation needed] Also, unlike other varieties of French creole, such as Mauritian Creole, Martinican Creole is not readily understood by speakers of Standard French due to significant differences in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation.[citation needed] It continues to be used in oral storytelling traditions and other forms of speech and to a lesser extent in writing.[citation needed]

French and Creole are in a diglossic situation in Martinique,[88][89] where French is used in official dialogue and Martinican Creole is used in casual or familial contexts.[89] Creole was a spoken language with a developed "oraliture"; it wasn't until the mid 20th century that Martinican Creole began to be written.[89] Since then, decreolization of the language has taken place via the adoption of Standard French features, mostly unconsciously, but some speakers have noticed that they do not speak Creole like their parents once did.[89]

Being an overseas department of France, the island has European, French, Caribbean, Martinican, black and Creole markers of identity, all being influenced by foreign factors, social factors, cultural factors and, as a reportedly important marker, linguistic practices.[87] Martinican and Creole identities are specifically asserted through encouragement of Creole and its use in literature, in a movement known as Créolité, that was started by Patrick Chamoiseau, Jean Bernabé and Raphaël Confiant.[87][90] Martinican Creole used to be a shameful language, and it wasn't until the 1970s that it has been revalorized through literature and increasing code switching.[87][89][90] People now speak Martinican Creole more often and in more contexts.[90]

Speaking Creole in public schools was forbidden until 1982, which is thought to have discouraged parents from using Creole in the home.[91] In collaboration with GEREC (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches en Espace Créolophone) Raphaël Confiant created KAPES KREYOL[88] (CAPES for Creole, Certificat d'aptitude au professorat de l'enseignement du second degré), which is an aptitude exam that allowed Creole teachers in secondary school.[89] This debuted 9 February 2001.[88] Recently, the education authority, Académie de la Martinique, launched "Parcours Creole +" in 2019, a project trialling bilingual education of children in French and Martinican Creole. Rather than being a topic to be learned itself, Creole became a language that classes were taught in, such as arts, math, physical activity, etc.[92]

Though Creole is normally not used in professional situations, members of the media and politicians have begun to use it more frequently as a way to redeem national identity and prevent cultural assimilation by mainland France.[citation needed]

Linguistic features of Martinican Creole

Martinican Creole has general locative marking (GLM, also called general locative adposition, goal/source (in)difference and motion-to=motion-from). This means that source locations, final locations and static entity locations are expressed morphologically identically.[93] Some West African languages that are possibly contributors to Martinican Creole also present GLM.[93] Martinican Creole locative marking exists in 3 morphological types, including:

  1. spatial prepositions as free morphemes;
    • These include "an" (in), "adan" (inside), "douvan" (in front), "anba" (under) and "anlè" (on).
  2. spatial morphemes "a-", "an(n)-", and "o(z)-" bound to the noun on their right;
    • Only bare lexemes that depict certain locations will take on these particles
  3. phonologically null locative markers
    • In ambiguous sentences, these are added to polysyllabic city names[93]

Culture

 
Martinique dancers in traditional dress
Main article: Culture of Martinique

As an overseas département of France, Martinique's culture blends French and Caribbean influences. The city of Saint-Pierre (destroyed by a volcanic eruption of Mount Pelée), was often referred to as the "Paris of the Lesser Antilles". Following traditional French custom, many businesses close at midday to allow a lengthy lunch, then reopen later in the afternoon.

Today, Martinique has a higher standard of living than most other Caribbean countries. French products are easily available, from Chanel fashions to Limoges porcelain. Studying in the métropole (mainland France, especially Paris) is common for young adults. Martinique has been a vacation hotspot for many years, attracting both upper-class French and more budget-conscious travelers.

Cuisine

Martinique has a hybrid cuisine, mixing elements of African, French, Carib Amerindian and Indian subcontinental traditions. One of its most famous dishes is the Colombo (compare kuzhambu (Tamil: குழம்பு) for gravy or broth), a unique curry of chicken (curry chicken), meat or fish with vegetables, spiced with a distinctive masala of Tamil origins, sparked with tamarind, and often containing wine, coconut milk, cassava and rum. A strong tradition of Martiniquan desserts includes cakes made with pineapple, rum, and a wide range of local ingredients.

Literature

 
Schoelcher Library

Sisters Jeanne Nardal and Paulette Nardal were involved in the creation of the Négritude movement. Yva Léro was a writer and painter who co-founded the Women's Union of Martinique. Marie-Magdeleine Carbet wrote with her partner under the pseudonym Carbet.

Aimé Césaire is perhaps Martinique's most famous writer; he was one of the main figures in the Négritude literary movement.[94] René Ménil was a surrealist writer who founded the journal Tropiques with Aimé and Suzanne Césaire and later formulated the concept of Antillanité. Other surrealist writers of that era included Étienne Léro and Jules Monnerot, who co-founded the journal Légitime Défense with Simone Yoyotte and Ménil. Édouard Glissant was later influenced by Césaire and Ménil, and in turn had an influence on Patrick Chamoiseau, who founded the Créolité movement with Raphaël Confiant and Jean Bernabé.[citation needed] Raphaël Confiant was a poetry, prose and non-fiction writer who supports Creole and tries to bring both French and Creole (Martinican and Guadeloupean) together in his work.[88] He is specifically known for his contribution to the Créolité movement.

Frantz Fanon, a prominent critic of colonialism and racism, was also from Martinique.

Music

See also: Music of Martinique

Martinique has a large popular music industry, which gained in international renown after the success of zouk music in the later 20th century. Zouk's popularity was particularly intense in France, where the genre became an important symbol of identity for Martinique and Guadeloupe.[95] Zouk's origins are in the folk music of Martinique and Guadeloupe, especially Martinican chouval bwa, and Guadeloupan gwo ka. There's also notable influence of the pan-Caribbean calypso tradition and Haitian kompa.

Symbols and flags

Main article: Flag of Martinique

As a part of the French Republic, the French tricolour is in use and La Marseillaise is sung at national French events. When representing Martinique outside of the island for sport and cultural events the civil flag is 'Ipséité' and the anthem is 'Lorizon'.[96] Martinique's civil ensign is the cross of St Michael (white cross with four blue quarters with one snake in each), which is the official civil ensign of Martinique (it also used to be the civil ensign of Saint Lucia).[needs update?] A coat of arms adaptation of the civil ensign (also called the "snake flag") was used in an unofficial but formal context such as by the Gendarmerie until 2018. Pro-independence activists also have their own flag, using red, black and green.

  •  

    The Ipséité is a civil flag, designed for use in international cultural and sporting events to represent the territory.

  •  

    Flag sometimes used by Martinique in taekwondo competitions.

  •  

    Civil ensign of Martinique, a St Michael cross with white snakes. Also called the 'snake flag' of Martinique. Its use is sometimes controversial.

  •  

    Also called ‘red, green and black’, this flag is used by the independence movement.

  •  

    Flag of the High Council of Martinique (Collectivité Territoriale de la Martinique).

Sport

 
Louis Achille Stadium

Association football

The Martinique national football team[97] is affiliated with CONCACAF,[97] but not FIFA,[98] so it does not play in World Cup Qualifiers, but can play friendly matches and CONCACAF tournaments such as the CONCACAF Nations League and Gold Cup.[98] Since Martiniquais people are French citizens, they may choose to represent France in international competitions. Several French players also have had roots in Martinique although they were born or raised in France. Among the most famous include Thierry Henry, Eric Abidal, Raphaël Varane, Sylvain Wiltord and Loïc Rémy, all of whom represented France on multiple occasions and in Henry's case won the European Golden Boot twice. Henry and Varane also have won a FIFA World Cup each.

Martinique has its own soccer league known as the Ligue de Football de Martinique.[99] The Martinique men's soccer championship, known as the Regional 1 (R1)[100] – Trophée Gérard Janvion, is a premier local soccer competition in the territory. It is held annually in the form of a championship between fourteen amateur clubs between the months of September and May. The competition is organized by the Martinique Football League and, although the clubs in the league are affiliated with the French Football Federation, there is no promotion to the French national championships.

At the end of the twenty-six-day (two-stage) championship, the top four teams qualify for the Ligue Antilles, while the bottom three are relegated to the lower division, the Régionale 2.[101]

Surf

 
153rd International Surfing Championship, Basse-Pointe, Martinique

The Martinique Surf Pro[102] is an international surfing competition held every year in April in Basse-Pointe (Martinique).[103] It was created in 2015 by two Martinicans, Nicolas Ursulet and Nicolas Clémenté[104] and is organized by the Caribbean Surf Project (CSP).51 It is the only Caribbean competition in the World Surf League, the world surfing championship. It is part of the World Qualifying Series calendar, the entry league to the WSL's elite circuit, the Championship Tour.[105]

Regattas

Le Tour de Yoles Rondes de Martinique is an annual sailing regatta,[106] the island's largest sporting event, which takes place in late July and early August and is very popular with spectators.[107]

The event is organized by the Fédération des yoles rondes. Crews circumnavigate Martinique on a 180-kilometer course over eight stages. The race begins with a prologue time trial from the starting town.

The time trial determines the starting order of the first ten boats, and the time between starts is determined by the advantage of each boat over the next during the prologue; all Boats below the top ten start simultaneously. The next seven legs circumnavigate the island. The leg around the southern part of the island, starting in the commune of Le Diamant, passing through Sainte-Anne and finishing in Le François, is known as the Défi de l'Espace Sud (Southern Challenge Zone).

 
Tour des Yoles

Handball

The Martinique Handball Championship, organized by the Martinique Handball League,[108] concludes with the Poule des As (play-off) which determines the Martinique champion in the women's and men's categories. The Poule des As is a very popular event in Martinique, the pavilions are filled for the finals held at the Palais des Sports de Lamentin.

The highest division is the Pré-Nationale, equivalent to the Pré-Nationale (or even the Nationale 3) in metropolitan France. The champions of the Poule des As come every year to Metropolitan France to play in the finals of the French Handball Championships of N1, N2 and N3 Women, N2 and N3 Men Metropolitan/Ultra Marines.

The winners (female and male) of the Martinique Handball Cup, receive a reward of 10 000 Euros. The main players of the Martinique Handball Championship in recent years have been: Katty Piejos, Cédric Sorhaindo, Joël Abati.

Notable Martinique people

Below is a list of notable people born in Martinique, with at least one parent or grandparent born in Martinique, or who are living or have lived in Martinique.

Painters and sculptors

Film-makers, screenwriters, directors and actors

 
Viktor Lazlo (Paris Book Fair 2011).

Singers, musicians or music groups

 
Jocelyne Béroard at the Mons International Film Festival (May 2007). She was made Officier des l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2020 and National Order of the Legion of Honor in 2014.
 
Joeystarr at Art Rock 2007, Saint-Brieuc (February 2011).
 
Kalash, rapper and singer of Dancehall and Trap.

Sports personalities

Athletics / Parathletics

Basketball

 
Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos is the 2019 European Artistic Gymnastics all-around champion, a two time European champion on floor exercise (2018, 2019), and the 2021 European champion on the balance beam
 
Coralie Balmy, freestyle swimmer, at the parade of French medallists of the 2012 Olympics (August 2012).
 
Wendie Renard at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup (July 2011).
 
Ronny Turiaf at a New York Knicks practice (October 2010).

Football

Handball

Judo

Tennis

Volleyball

Politics

Contemporary political figures

 
Serge Letchimy, President of the Executive Council of Martinique since 2 July 2021, President of the Regional Council of Martinique from 2010 to 2015, Mayor of Fort-de-France from 2001 to 2010 and President of the Martinican Progressive Party since 2005
 
Pierre-Marie Pory-Papy, Abolitionist and anti-slavery Member of Parliament from 1848 to 1849 and 1871-1874

Politicians of Martinique

 
Cyrille Bissette deputy from 1849 to 1851 and one of the fathers of the abolition of slavery in Martinique


Martinican writers and intellectuals

 
Aimé Césaire poet, playwright and author of Cahier d'un retour au pays natal. He is one of the founders of Négritude
 
Édouard Glissant, novelist, poet, essayist and philosopher, he won the Prix Renaudot in 1958, the Prix Puterbaugh in the United States in 1989 and the Prix Roger Caillois in 1991. Edouard Glissant is the founder of the literary movement L'Antillanité and the philosophical concept "Le Tout Monde"
 
René Ménil, Philosopher, essayist, and winner of the Frantz Fanon prize in 1999. In 1932, he was amongst Martinique literary figures engaged in publishing Légitime Défense[137]
 
Patrick Chamoiseau, novelist awarded the Prix Goncourt in 1992 for his novel Texaco and Commander of the ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2010. He is a co-founder of the literary movement, Créolité
 
René Maran, novelist awarded the Prix Goncourt in 1921 for his novel Batouala
 
Raphaël Confiant, novelist and cofounder of the literary movement Créolité. He has won several literary prizes including the prix Novembre in 1991 for his novel Eau de café, the Shibusawa-Claudel Prize in Japan, the Antigone Prize, the Caribbean Literary Prize, the Carbet Prize and the Casa de las Américas Prize in Cuba.

A non-exhaustive list of the main novelists, poets, playwrights, essayists, sociologists, economists and historians from Martinique:

  • Jacques Adélaïde-Merlande : Historian. In 2000, he was awarded an honorary degree by the University of the West Indies. He is the author of "Histoire générale des Antilles et des Guyanes, des Précolombiens à nos jours" and directed the publication of volumes 3 and 4 of the "Historial antillais" series.[138][139]
  • Alfred Alexandre : a writer, he won the Prix des Amériques insulaires et de la Guyane in 2006 for his novel "Bord de canal".[140] In 2020, he won the Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde for his collection of poems "The walk of Leïla Khane".
  • Sabine Andrivon-Milton : historian, founder of the Association for the Military History of Martinique and Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, she is the author of "La Martinique pendant la Grande Guerre" a collection of poems and songs, and "Anatole dans la tourmente du Morne Siphon".[141]
  • Jean Bernabé : a writer, linguist and author of several novels including Le Bailleur d'étincelle and Le Partage des ancêtres
  • Daniel Boukman : writer, he won the Carbet Prize in 1992, writing Et jusqu'à la dernière pulsation de nos veines, Délivrans, and Chants pour hâter la mort du temps des Orphées ou Madinina île esclave[142]
  • Roland Brival : writer, awarded the prix RFO du livre in 2000 and chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2013[143]
  • Guy Cabort-Masson : novelist, who won the Prix de la Fondation Frantz Fanon in 1998 for La Mangrove mulâtre, Martinique, comportements et mentalité[144]
  • Nicole Cage-Florentiny : novelist who won the prix Casa de las Américas 1996 (Cuba) for Arc-en-Ciel, l'espoir, also writing C'est vole que je vole and a bilingual collection of poems, Dèyè pawol sé lanmou / Par-delà les mots l'amour[145]
  • Mayotte Capécia : novelist born in Le Carbet in 1916, the author of two major novels "I Am a Martinican Woman" and "The White Negress". She won the France-Antilles prize for "Je suis martiniquaise" in 1949
  • Marie-Magdeleine Carbet : a novelist, whose best-known work is a volume of poetry titled "Rose de ta grâce". She received the Prix littéraire des Caraïbes in 1970
  • Paule Cassius de Linval, writer, storyteller and poet. In 1961, his collection of tales "Mon pays à travers les légendes" won the prix Montyon[146]
  • Aimé Césaire : poet and playwright and father of the concept of négritude, Cahier d'un retour au pays natal, Discourse on Colonialism, The Tragedy of King Christophe
  • Suzanne Césaire : author of Léo Frobénius et le problème des civilisations and Aurore de la liberté
  • Patrick Chamoiseau : novelist awarded the prix Goncourt in 1992 for Texaco, Chronique des sept misères, Une enfance créole [147]
  • Nadia Chonville : Sociologist and novelist. She is the author of the fantasy novel "Rose de Wégastrie".[148]
  • Raphaël Confiant : novelist awarded the prix Antigone and the prix Novembre for his work Eau de café, Adèle et la Pacotilleuse, La Panse du chacal
  • Jean Crusol : economist and author of Les Antilles Guyane et la Caraïbe : coopération et globalisation, Le tourisme et la Caraïbe and L'enjeu des petites Économies insulaires[149]
  • Camille Darsières : and author of : Des origines de la nation martiniquaise, Joseph Lagrosillière, socialiste colonial
  • Marie-Reine de Jaham, novelist, made officer of the ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2013, awarded the Prix littéraire des Caraïbes in 1997 and author of the best-selling novel "La Grande Béké"
  • Édouard de Lépine : historian and essayist, Sur la Question dite du Statut de la Martinique, Questions sur l'histoire antillaise : trois essais sur l'abolition, l'assimilation, l'autonomie, Dix semaines qui ébranlèrent la Martinique :
  • Tony Delsham : a journalist and best selling novelist in the Antilles; he is author of Xavier : Le drame d'un émigré antillais, Papa, est-ce que je peux venir mourir à la maison? and "Tribunal des femmes bafouées".[150]
  • Georges Desportes : novelist, poet and essayist, the author of : Cette île qui est la nôtre, Sous l'œil fixe du soleil and Le Patrimoine martiniquais, souvenirs et réflexions.[151]
  • Suzanne Dracius : novelist awarded the prix de la Société des Poètes français Jacques Raphaël-Leygues in 2010 : Negzagonal et Moun le Sid, and in 2009 Prix Fetkann Maryse Condé in the poetry category for Exquise déréliction métisse[152]
  • Miguel Duplan, a writer and teacher, he won the Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe in 2007 for his novel "L'Acier". He is also the author of the following novels "Le Discours profane" and "Un long silence de Carnaval".
  • Victor Duquesnay : Martinican poet. His best-known works are "Les Martiniquaises" and "Les Chansons des Isles".[153]
  • Jude Duranty : writer in French and Martinican Creole. He is the author of "Zouki ici danse", de "La fugue de Sopaltéba" and "Les contes de Layou".[154]
  • Frantz Fanon : essayist, author of Black Skin, White Masks and The Wretched of the Earth
  • Georges Fitt-Duval : poet, author of the following collections of poems : "Salut ma patrie", "Floralies-florilèges" and "Environnement, tropiques rayonnants".[155]
  • Édouard Glissant : novelist awarded the prix Renaudot in 1958. He is the author of La Lézarde, La Case du commandeur. In 1992, Edouard Glissant was a finalist for the Nobel prize in Literature, but it was the St. Lucian poet and playwright Derek Walcott who won by one vote.
  • Gilbert Gratiant : a pioneer of literature Martinican Creole, writing : Fab' Compè Zicaque, Poèmes en vers faux, Sel et Sargasses.[156]
  • Simonne Henry-Valmore : ethno-psychoanalyst and essayist. She won the prix Frantz Fanon in 1988 for "Dieu en exil". She co-wrote "Aimé Césaire, le nègre inconsolé" with Roger Toumson in 1992, then "objet perdu" in 2013.[157]
  • Fabienne Kanor, novelist, awarded the Prix RFO du livre in 2007 for her novel "Humus". In 2014, she won the Prix Carbet De la Caraïbe for her novel "Faire l'aventure".
  • Viktor Lazlo : novelist, singer and actor
  • Étienne Léro : co-author of the literary journal Légitime défense and the journal Tropiques
  • Yva Léro : novelist, Yva Léro authored "La Plaie", "Peau d'ébène" and "Doucherie".
  • Georges-Henri Léotin : novelist in French and Martinician Creole. He is the author of "Memwè la tè", "Mango vèt", and "Bèlè li sid".[158]
  • Marie-Hélène Léotin, historian and executive advisor to the Territorial Collectivity of Martinique in charge of Heritage and Culture, she is the author of "Habiter le monde, Martinique 1946-2006" ;[159]
  • Térèz Léotin : writer in French and Martinican Creole. She is the author of the novels "Le génie de la mer", "La panthère" et "Un bonheur à crédit".[160]
  • André Lucrèce : sociologist and writer author of La pluie de Dieu, Civilisés et énergumènes, and Société et modernité[161]
  • J. Q. Louison : poet and author of the fantasy novel series Le Crocodile assassiné, Le Canari brisé and L'Ère du serpent.[162]
  • Marie-Thérèse Julien Lung-Fou : Martinican writer best known for her collections of "créole tales" published in three volumes in 1979: "Contes mes", "Contes diaboliques, fabliaux" and "Contes animaux, proverbes, titimes ou devinettes". She also wrote the essay entitled "Le Carnaval aux Antilles".[163]
  • Marcel Manville : essayist, and winner of the Frantz Fanon Prize in 1992 for his essay Les Antilles sans fard.[164]
  • René Maran : novelist awarded the prix Goncourt in 1921 for Batouala, Un homme pareil aux autres
  • Georges Mauvois : novelist, playwright he won the Casa de las Américas Prize 2004 for Ovando ou Le magicien de Saint-Domingue, Agénor Cacoul, Man Chomil.
  • Alfred Melon-Degras, writer, poet and academic. He is the author of"Le silence", "Battre le rappel" and "Avec des si, avec des mains".[165]
  • René Ménil, philosopher and essayist. In 1999, he received the Frantz Fanon Prize for his essay "Antilles déjà jadis".He was also co-founder in 1932 of the journal Légitime Défense and with Aimé Césaire of the cultural review Tropiques in 1941. He is the author of "Tracées : Identité, négritude, esthétique aux Antilles" and "Pour l'émancipation et l'identité du peuple martiniquais". René Ménil, and with Césaire, Fanon and Glissant is one of Martinique's greatest thinkers.
  • Monchoachi : the pen name of André Pierre-Louis, a writer in French and Martinician Creole, he won the Carbet Prize and the prix Max-Jacob in 2003. His works include L'Espère-geste, Lakouzémi, Nostrom and Lémistè [166]
  • Paulette Nardal : co-founder of the journal, La Revue du Monde Noir in 1932 and one of the inspirations of the négritude movement [167]
  • Jeanne Nardal : Writer, philosopher and essayist, sister of Paulette Nardal
  • Armand Nicolas : Martinican historian. He is the author of "Histoire de la Martinique", "La révolution antiesclavagiste de mai 1848 à La Martinique", and "L'Insurrection du Sud à la Martinique, septembre 1870".[168]
  • Gaël Octavia, writer, playwright[169]
  • Xavier Orville : novelist, who won the Frantz Fanon prize in 1993. He wrote Le Corps absent de Prosper Ventura, Le Parfum des belles de nuit.[170]
  • Gilbert Pago : historian and author of "1848 : Chronique de l'abolition de l'esclavage en Martinique", "L'insurrection de Martinique 1870-1871", and "Lumina Sophie dite Surprise (1848-1879) : insurgée et bagnarde".[171]
  • Roger Parsemain : Poet and novelist. He is the author of "L'œuvre des volcans", "l'absence du destin" and "Il chantait des boléros".[172]
  • Eric Pézo, Writer and novelist in French and Martinican Creole, author of the novels : "L'amour sinon rien"; in Martinician Creole, "lanmou épi sé tout", "Marie-Noire", and "Passeurs de rives" and "Lasotjè", a work of poetry.[173]
  • Daniel Picouly : writer, tv host and winner of the Prix Renaudot for L'Enfant Léopard
  • Vincent Placoly : winner of the prix Frantz Fanon in 1991. Author of Une journée torride, La vie et la mort de Marcel Gonstran, L'eau-de-mort guildive[174]
  • Alain Rapon, novelist and storyteller. He is the author of the novel "La Présence de l'Absent" and received the Prix littéraire des Caraïbes in 1983. He is also the author of "Ti soleil", "Ti-Fène et la rivière qui chante", "Itinéraire d'un Esprit perdu" and "Danse, petit nègre danse".
  • Clément Richer : Martinican novelist and author of "L'homme de la Caravelle". In 1941 and 1948 he was awarded the Prix Paul Flat by the Académie française for his novel "Le dernier voyage de Pembroke" and "La croisière de la Priscilla" and the Prix Marianne in 1939. His novel "Ti Coyo et son requin" has been translated into English, German, Spanish, Danish and Dutch and adapted for film by Italo Calvino as Tiko and the Shark.
  • Jean-Marc Rosier : writer in French and Martinican Creole. He won the prix Sonny Rupaire for his novel in Creole, "An lavi chimérik" in 1999, then the prix Carbet de la Caraïbe for his novel "Noirs néons" in 2008 and in the poetry category of the prix Fetkann Maryse Condé for "Urbanîle" in 2015.
  • Julienne Salvat : writer, poet, she is the author of Feuillesonge, La lettre d'Avignon
  • Juliette Sméralda : sociologist, author of L'Indo-Antillais entre Noirs et Békés, Peau noire cheveu crépu, l'histoire d'une aliénation
  • Daniel Thaly : Martinican poet, and librarian of the Schœlcher Library from 1939 to 1945.[175]
  • Raphaël Tardon : writer, author of "La Caldeira" and "Starkenfirst", which received the grand prix littéraire des Antilles in 1948. In 1967, Raphaël Tardon was posthumously awarded the Prix littéraire des Caraïbes in recognition of his life's work.
  • Louis-Georges Tin : essayist and academic, the author of Esclavage et réparations : Comment faire face aux crimes de l'histoire and author of a dictionary that documents the history of the treatment of homosexuals in all regions of the world.[176][177]
  • Simone Yoyotte : She was the only woman to participate in producing the literary journal Légitime Défense published in 1932 by young Martinican intellectuals in Paris and considered one of the founding acts of the Négritude movement.
  • Joseph Zobel : A novelist, and winner of the Frantz Fanon Prize in 1994. He is the author of : La Rue Cases-Nègres

Other personalities

Energy

Martinique is part of the zones not interconnected to the continental metropolitan network (ZNI), which must therefore produce the electricity they consume themselves. For this reason, the ZNI have specific legislation on electricity production and distribution.

Martinique's energy mix is marked by a very strong importance of thermal energy production. At the same time, the island's electricity consumption has decreased slightly. These results can be attributed to the information and awareness-raising efforts of the regions, the Agency for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) and energy companies in favor of energy savings, but also to the context of demographic decline of the territory.

Despite these results, the control of the Territory's electricity consumption remains a central issue, given the Territory's low energy potential[184] compared to other overseas territories, such as Guadeloupe[185] and Reunion.[186]

Martinique and its inhabitants are therefore faced with a twofold need: to further strengthen the control of electricity consumption and at the same time develop renewable energies to reduce environmental pollution due to thermal electricity production.

 
Saut-Gendarme waterfall

Renewable energies

The exploitation of renewable energies in Martinique started late, as the characteristics of the island were previously considered unfavorable for their development. However, the efforts of the population and energy suppliers are moving towards a higher proportion of renewable energies in Martinique's future energy mix.

Article 56 of the Grenelle I Law No. 2009-967 3 August 2009, on the implementation of the Grenelle Environment Forum, sets out the provisions for overseas: in the case of Martinique, the energy objective is to reach 50% renewable energy in final consumption by 2020. Energy autonomy is planned for 2030.

As Martinique's electricity distribution grid is not interconnected with neighboring islands, let alone with the mainland's metropolitan grid, the decree of 23 April 2008, applies to the management of so-called intermittent energies: wind, photovoltaic and marine: any solar and wind power production facility with a capacity exceeding 3 kWp and not equipped with a storage system is liable to be disconnected from the grid by the grid manager once the threshold of 30% of random active power injected into the grid has been reached.

Thus, the achievement of the objectives of the Grenelle I law is subject to the development of Structures with a maximum power of 3 kWp or less, or to the incorporation of storage devices in production facilities.

Water

90% of the water distributed by Martinique's drinking water network comes from Rainwater intakes in five catchment areas. Thus, although there is no shortage of water, the situation becomes very critical in the Lenten period, with abstractions leading to the drying up of several rivers.[187]

Water resources are abundant but unevenly distributed: Four municipalities (Saint-Joseph, Gros-Morne, le Lorrain and Fort-de-France) provide 85% of Martinique's drinking water.

There is no water catchment in the south of the island. The water consumed in the South comes exclusively from abstractions from the North and the center (mainly from the Blanche River which flows into the Lézarde, the Capot, and the Dumauzé). Thus, 60% of the total is extracted from a single river (the Lézarde and its tributary, the Blanche river). This concentration of abstractions can constitute a risk in a crisis situation, such as a drought for example.[188]

Health

 
A patient is transferred between aircraft and ambulance at Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport.

Regional health agency

A regional health agency for Martinique (Agence régionale de santé Martinique) was set up in 2010. It is responsible for applying French health policy in the territory, managing public health and health care regulations.[189]

Healthcare professionals

As of 1 January 2018, Martinique had a workforce of 1,091 doctors. For each 100,000 people of its population, there was a density of 141 general practitioners, 150 specialists, 53 dentists, 1,156 state certified nurses and 90 pharmacists.[190] Self-employed doctors are represented by URML Martinique, created under the Hospital, patients, health, territories bill. URML Martinique works in partnership with ARS Martinique, l'Assurance Maladie, the Ministry of Health and Local Authorities to manage regional health policy.[191]

Health facilities

The University Hospital of Martinique (Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique) is a teaching hospital based in Fort-de-France, in an agreement with the University of the French Antilles. It is the largest French- and English-speaking university hospital in the Caribbean, having more than 1600 beds. These include 680 medical, 273 surgical and 100 obstetrics beds, with another 30 in its intensive care unit. The hospital operates a 24-hour emergency service.[192]

Chlordecone controversy

Actions of the French government

After the discovery of the toxicity of chlordecone, a dangerous insecticide, and the health risks it posed, the French state put in place certain measures to protect the Martinican and Guadeloupean populations, allocating nearly 100 million euros towards the implementation of these measures.[193] The soils are regularly tested and subjected to strict regulations related to the standards of potability.[193][194] Martinique is also subject to regular mapping processes to delineate highly contaminated areas. River fishing is also prohibited in order to limit health risks, as rivers represent high-risk contamination areas.[193]

Since 2008, the French state has developed three action plans establishing strategies to protect local populations, raise awareness regarding the effects of chlordecone, as well as to support the agriculture and fisheries sectors.[195]

A French parliamentary commission revealed in 2019 that more than 90% of Martinicans have been exposed to chlordecone, which was authorized for use between 1972 and 1993 in the banana plantations of the Antilles. The committee judged the three "Chlordecone Plans" launched by the State since 2008 to be inadequate; recommendations were provided via its rapporteur, Justine Benin MP, to address prevention and research into cleanup methods for a fourth plan, scheduled for 2020.[196]

The parliamentary commission of inquiry called the French state into question for having authorized the sale of chlordecone as an insecticide, as its toxicity was known, but "responsibilities are shared with economic actors. Firstly, industrialists, but also groups of planters and certain elected officials."[197]

Health consequences

Chlordecone is known to have harmful effects on human health, with scientific research identifying it as an endocrine disruptor or hormonally-active chemical agent, as well as a probable carcinogen, particularly in relation to increasing chances of prostate cancer occurrence and recurrence.[195][193] As an endocrine disruptor, chlordecone can also lead to delayed cognitive development in infants, an increased likelihood of pregnancy complications, and may disrupt the reproductive process.[193]

The chlordecone molecule has physical and chemical characteristics that allow it to remain for several centuries in soil, river-water and groundwater, thus spreading beyond the location of the banana plantations where this insecticide was initially administered.[193][198] Although chlordecone has not been used since the 1990s, the health risks remain. Chlordecone contamination occurs through contaminated food and drink.[195]

Local community response

In the streets of Fort-de-France, approximately 5,000 to 15,000 residents of Martinique demonstrated in protest on 27 March 2021, denouncing the possible statute of limitations on a complaint filed by civil parties for the use of chlordecone in causing life endangerment (mise en danger de la vie d'autrui).[199] The complaint was issued on 23 February 2006.[199][200]

The French government's actions in response to the historical authorization of chlordecone are often criticized by residents of Martinique and local associations involved in the "Chlordecone Scandal." The lack of information transmitted to the population concerning the danger of chlordecone between 1993 and 2004 is one of the main concerns expressed.[199]

The civil complaint in 2006 was issued by several associations from the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe, and was in response to the long-term impacts of government-authorized chlordecone use in polluting the islands' natural environments and affecting the health of inhabitants.[201]

COVID-19 pandemic

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique

Martinique's first cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) were confirmed in March 2020.[202] The pandemic has since put provision of health services under significant stress; as of 2 September 2021, Martinique had recorded an excess mortality at all ages, and of all causes since the week beginning 26 July 2021.[203]

In popular culture

See also

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January 13, 2023
martinique, york, city, nightclub, 1940s, redirects, here, irish, politician, madeleine, taylor, quinn, indonesian, religious, competition, musabaqah, tilawatil, quran, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, french, marc. For the New York City nightclub of the 1940s see La Martinique MTQ redirects here For the Irish politician see Madeleine Taylor Quinn For the Indonesian religious competition see Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French March 2019 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Martinique see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Martinique to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Martinique ˌ m ɑːr t ɪ ˈ n iː k MAR tin EEK French maʁtinik listen Martinican Creole Matinik or Matnik 7 Kalinago Madinina or Madiana is an island and an overseas department region and single territorial collectivity of France An integral part of the French Republic 8 Martinique is located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea It has a land area of 1 128 km2 436 sq mi and a population of 364 508 inhabitants as of January 2019 9 One of the Windward Islands it is directly north of Saint Lucia northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica Martinique is an Outermost Region and a special territory of the European Union the currency in use is the euro Virtually the entire population speaks both French the sole official language and Martinican Creole 10 Martinique Matinik or Matnik Martinican French Creole Overseas department region and single territorial collectivityTerritorial Collectivity of MartiniqueCollectivite Territoriale de Martinique French Emblem of the Territorial Collectivity of MartiniqueMotto La collective au service du pays 1 Anthem La Marseillaise The Marseillaise source track Coordinates 14 39 00 N 61 00 54 W 14 65000 N 61 01500 W 14 65000 61 01500 Coordinates 14 39 00 N 61 00 54 W 14 65000 N 61 01500 W 14 65000 61 01500Country FrancePrefectureFort de FranceDepartments1Government President of Executive CouncilSerge Letchimy PPM LegislatureAssembly of MartiniqueArea Total1 128 km2 436 sq mi Rank17th regionHighest elevation Mont Pelee 1 397 m 4 583 ft Population Jan 2020 4 Total361 225 Density320 km2 830 sq mi Ethnic groups80 African Creole10 Indian5 Beke European5 Arab Chinese Jewish 2 Religion91 6 Christianity 86 Roman Catholicism 5 6 Protestantism0 5 Bahaʼi0 5 Islam0 3 Hinduism7 1 Other 3 Demonym s Martinican English Martiniquais m Martiniquaise f French Language Official languageFrench Vernacular languageMartinican French CreoleTime zoneUTC 04 00 ECT ISO 3166 codeMQFR 972GDP 2015 5 Ranked 23rd in FranceTotalUS 9 363 000 000 6 Per capitaUS 24 964NUTS RegionFRAWebsitePrefecture Territorial collectivity The Cape Saint Martin cliffs and the Dominica channel as seen from Grand Riviere at the northern tip of the island Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Pre European contact and early colonial periods 2 2 Post 1688 period 2 3 20th 21st centuries 3 Governance 3 1 Administrative divisions 3 2 Representation of the State 3 3 Institutions 3 3 1 National representation 3 4 Institutional and statutory evolution of the island 3 5 New collectivity of Martinique 3 6 Political forces 3 7 Defence 4 Geography 4 1 Relief 4 2 Flora and fauna 4 3 Beaches 4 4 Hydrography 4 5 Major urban areas 5 Economy 5 1 Exports and imports 5 2 Tourism 5 3 Agriculture 5 3 1 Banana 5 3 2 Rum 5 3 3 Sugarcane 5 3 4 Pineapples 6 Infrastructure 6 1 Transport 6 1 1 Roads 6 1 2 Public transport 6 1 3 Ports 6 1 4 Air services 6 1 5 Railroads 6 2 Communications 6 2 1 Mobile telephony 6 2 2 Television 6 2 3 Telephone and Internet 7 Demographics 7 1 Population 7 2 Ethnic groups 7 3 Religion 7 3 1 Catholic Church 7 4 Languages 7 4 1 Linguistic features of Martinican Creole 8 Culture 8 1 Cuisine 8 2 Literature 8 3 Music 8 4 Symbols and flags 9 Sport 9 1 Association football 9 2 Surf 9 3 Regattas 9 4 Handball 10 Notable Martinique people 10 1 Painters and sculptors 10 2 Film makers screenwriters directors and actors 10 3 Singers musicians or music groups 10 4 Sports personalities 10 4 1 Athletics Parathletics 10 4 2 Basketball 10 4 3 Football 10 4 4 Handball 10 4 5 Judo 10 4 6 Tennis 10 4 7 Volleyball 10 5 Politics 10 5 1 Contemporary political figures 10 5 2 Politicians of Martinique 10 6 Martinican writers and intellectuals 10 7 Other personalities 11 Energy 11 1 Renewable energies 11 2 Water 12 Health 12 1 Regional health agency 12 2 Healthcare professionals 12 3 Health facilities 12 4 Chlordecone controversy 12 4 1 Actions of the French government 12 4 2 Health consequences 12 4 3 Local community response 12 5 COVID 19 pandemic 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External linksEtymology EditIt is thought that Martinique is a corruption of the Taino name for the island Madiana Madinina meaning island of flowers or Matinino island of women as relayed to Christopher Columbus when he visited the island in 1502 11 According to historian Sydney Daney the island was called Jouanacaera or Wanakaera by the Caribs which means the island of iguanas 12 History EditMain articles History of Martinique and French West Indies Pre European contact and early colonial periods Edit The island was occupied first by Arawaks then by Caribs The Arawaks were described as gentle timorous Indians and the Caribs as ferocious cannibal warriors The Arawaks came from Central America in the 1st century AD and the Caribs came from the Venezuelan coast around the 11th century Christopher Columbus charted Martinique without landing in 1493 during his first voyage but Spain had little interest in the territory 11 Columbus landed during a later voyage on 15 June 1502 after a 21 day trade wind passage his fastest ocean voyage 11 He spent three days there refilling his water casks bathing and washing laundry 13 The indigenous people Columbus encountered called Martinique Matinino He was told by indigenous people of San Salvador that the island of Matinino was entirely populated by women on whom the Caribs descended at certain seasons of the year and if these women bore sons they were entrusted to the father to bring up 14 On 15 September 1635 Pierre Belain d Esnambuc French governor of the island of St Kitts landed in the harbour of St Pierre with 80 to 150 French settlers after being driven off St Kitts by the English D Esnambuc claimed Martinique for the French king Louis XIII and the French Compagnie des Iles de l Amerique Company of the American Islands and established the first European settlement at Fort Saint Pierre now St Pierre 11 D Esnambuc died in 1636 leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew Jacques Dyel du Parquet who in 1637 became governor of the island 11 In 1636 in the first of many skirmishes the indigenous Caribs rose against the settlers to drive them off the island citation needed The French successfully repelled the natives and forced them to retreat to the eastern part of the island on the Caravelle Peninsula in the region then known as the Capesterre When the Caribs revolted against French rule in 1658 the governor Charles Houel du Petit Pre retaliated with war against them Many were killed and those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island Some Caribs fled to Dominica or St Vincent where the French agreed to leave them at peace citation needed After the death of du Parquet in 1658 his widow Marie Bonnard du Parquet tried to govern Martinique but dislike of her rule led King Louis XIV to take over the sovereignty of the island 11 In 1654 Dutch Jews expelled from Portuguese Brazil introduced sugar plantations worked by large numbers of enslaved Africans 11 In 1667 the Second Anglo Dutch War spilled out into the Caribbean with Britain attacking the pro Dutch French fleet in Martinique virtually destroying it and further cementing British preeminence in the region 15 In 1674 the Dutch attempted to conquer the island but were repulsed 11 The attack on the French ships at Martinique in 1667 Because there were few Catholic priests in the French Antilles many of the earliest French settlers were Huguenots who sought religious freedom 16 Others were transported there as a punishment for refusing to convert to Catholicism many of them dying en route citation needed 17 Those who survived were quite industrious and over time prospered though the less fortunate were reduced to the status of indentured servants Although edicts from King Louis XIV s court regularly came to the islands to suppress the Protestant heretics these were mostly ignored by island authorities until Louis XIV s Edict of Revocation in 1685 18 As many of the planters on Martinique were Huguenots suffering under the harsh strictures of the Revocation they began plotting to emigrate from Martinique with many of their recently arrived brethren Many of them were encouraged by the Catholics who looked forward to their departure and the opportunities for seizing their property By 1688 nearly all of Martinique s French Protestant population had escaped to the British American colonies or Protestant countries in Europe citation needed The policy decimated the population of Martinique and the rest of the French Antilles and set back their colonisation by decades causing the French king to relax his policies in the region which left the islands susceptible to British occupation over the next century 19 Post 1688 period Edit Under governor of the Antilles Charles de Courbon comte de Blenac Martinique served as a home port for French pirates including Captain Crapeau Etienne de Montauban and Mathurin Desmarestz 20 In later years pirate Bartholomew Roberts styled his jolly roger as a black flag depicting a pirate standing on two skulls labeled ABH and AMH for A Barbadian s Head and A Martinican s Head after governors of those two islands sent warships to capture Roberts 21 The Battle of Martinique between British and French fleets in 1779 Martinique was attacked or occupied several times by the British in 1693 1759 1762 and 1779 11 Excepting a period from 1802 to 1809 following signing of the Treaty of Amiens Britain controlled the island for most of the time from 1794 to 1815 when it was traded back to France at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars 11 22 Martinique has remained a French possession since then Despite the introduction of successful coffee plantations in the 1720s to Martinique the first coffee growing area in the Western hemisphere 23 as sugar prices declined in the early 1800s the planter class lost political influence Slave rebellions in 1789 1815 and 1822 plus the campaigns of abolitionists such as Cyrille Bissette and Victor Schœlcher persuaded the French government to end slavery in the French West Indies in 1848 24 25 11 22 26 As a result some plantation owners imported workers from India and China 11 Despite the abolition of slavery life scarcely improved for most Martinicans class and racial tensions exploded into rioting in southern Martinique in 1870 following the arrest of Leopold Lubin a trader of African ancestry who retaliated after he was beaten by a Frenchman After several deaths the revolt was crushed by French militia 27 20th 21st centuries Edit On 8 May 1902 Mont Pelee erupted and completely destroyed St Pierre killing 30 000 people 11 Refugees from Martinique travelled by boat to the southern villages of Dominica and some of them remained permanently on the island The only survivor in the town of Saint Pierre Auguste Cyparis was saved by the thick walls of his prison cell 28 Shortly thereafter the capital shifted to Fort de France where it remains today 22 During World War II the pro Nazi Vichy government controlled Martinique under Admiral Georges Robert 11 German U boats used Martinique for refuelling and re supply during the Battle of the Caribbean 29 In 1942 182 ships were sunk in the Caribbean dropping to 45 in 1943 and five in 1944 30 Free French forces took over on the island on Bastille Day 14 July 1943 11 31 In 1946 the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an Overseas Department of France 11 Meanwhile the post war period saw a growing campaign for full independence a notable proponent of this was the author Aime Cesaire who founded the Progressive Party of Martinique in the 1950s Tensions boiled over in December 1959 when riots broke out following a racially charged altercation between two motorists resulting in three deaths 32 In 1962 as a result of this and the global turn against colonialism the strongly pro independence OJAM Organisation de la jeunesse anticolonialiste de la Martinique was formed Its leaders were later arrested by the French authorities However they were later acquitted 32 Tensions rose again in 1974 when gendarmes shot dead two striking banana workers 32 However the independence movement lost steam as Martinique s economy faltered in the 1970s resulting in large scale emigration 33 Hurricanes in 1979 80 severely affected agricultural output further straining the economy 11 Greater autonomy was granted by France to the island in the 1970s 80s 11 In 2009 Martinique was convulsed by the French Caribbean general strikes Initially focusing on cost of living issues the movement soon took on a racial dimension as strikers challenged the continued economic dominance of the Beke descendants of French European settlers 34 35 President Nicolas Sarkozy later visited the island promising reform 36 While ruling out full independence which he said was desired neither by France nor by Martinique Sarkozy offered Martiniquans a referendum on the island s future status and degree of autonomy 36 Mont Pelee and Bay of St Pierre as seen from the Grande Savane trailGovernance EditMain article Politics of Martinique Further information Elections in Martinique The special territories of the European Union Like French Guiana Martinique is a special collectivity 37 Unique in French of the French Republic It is also an outermost region of the European Union The inhabitants of Martinique are French citizens with full political and legal rights Martinique sends four deputies to the French National Assembly and two senators to the French Senate On 24 January 2010 during a referendum the inhabitants of Martinique approved by 68 4 the change to be a special unique collectivity within the framework of article 73 of the French Republic s Constitution The new council replaces and exercises the powers of both the General Council and the regional council Administrative divisions Edit A map of Martinique showing the island s four arrondissements Main article Arrondissements of the Martinique department Further information Communes of the Martinique department and Cantons of the Martinique department Martinique is divided into four arrondissements and 34 communes It had also been divided into 45 cantons but these were abolished in 2015 The four arrondissements of the island with their respective locations are as follows Fort de France is the prefecture of Martinique It takes up the central zone of the island It includes four communes In 2019 the population was 152 102 9 Besides the capital it includes the communities of Saint Joseph and Schœlcher La Trinite one of the three subprefectures on the island occupies the northeast region It has ten communes In 2019 the population was 75 238 9 La Trinite contains the communities of La Trinite Ajoupa Bouillon Basse Pointe Le Gros Morne Le Lorrain Macouba Le Marigot Le Robert and Sainte Marie Le Marin the second subprefecture of Martinique makes up the southern part of the island and is composed of twelve communes In 2019 the population was 114 824 9 The subprefecture includes the communities of La Marin Les Anses d Arlet Le Diamant Ducos Le Francois Riviere Pilote Riviere Salee Sainte Anne Sainte Luce Saint Esprit Les Trois Ilets and Le Vauclin Saint Pierre is the third subprefecture of the island It comprises eight communes lying in the northwest of Martinique In 2019 the population was 22 344 9 Together with Saint Pierre its communities include Le Carbet Case Pilote Bellefontaine Le Morne Rouge and Le Precheur Name Area km2 Population 2019 9 Arrondissement MapL Ajoupa Bouillon 12 3 1 756 La Trinite Les Anses d Arlet 25 92 3 494 Le Marin Basse Pointe 27 95 2 823 La Trinite Bellefontaine 11 89 1 813 Saint Pierre Le Carbet 36 3 461 Saint Pierre Case Pilote 18 44 4 455 Saint Pierre Le Diamant 27 34 5 511 Le Marin Ducos 37 69 17 655 Le Marin Fonds Saint Denis 24 28 680 Saint Pierre Fort de France 44 21 76 512 Fort de France Le Francois 53 93 15 980 Le Marin Grand Riviere 16 6 610 La Trinite Gros Morne 54 25 9 689 La Trinite Le Lamentin 62 32 40 095 Fort de France Le Lorrain 50 33 6 768 La Trinite Macouba 16 93 1 050 La Trinite Le Marigot 21 63 3 117 La Trinite Le Marin 31 54 8 751 Le Marin Le Morne Rouge 37 64 4 795 Saint Pierre Le Morne Vert 13 37 1 816 Saint Pierre Le Precheur 29 92 1 203 Saint Pierre Riviere Pilote 35 78 11 877 Le Marin Riviere Salee 39 38 11 874 Le Marin Le Robert 47 3 21 913 La Trinite Saint Esprit 23 46 9 890 Le Marin Saint Joseph 43 29 15 883 Fort de France Saint Pierre 38 72 4 121 Saint Pierre Sainte Anne 38 42 4 444 Le Marin Sainte Luce 28 02 9 487 Le Marin Sainte Marie 44 55 15 487 La Trinite Schœlcher 21 17 19 612 Fort de France La Trinite 45 77 12 025 La Trinite Les Trois Ilets 28 6 7 242 Le Marin Le Vauclin 39 06 8 619 Le Marin Diamant beach and Diamond Rock as seen from Dizac beach Representation of the State Edit The prefecture of Martinique is Fort de France The three sub prefectures are Le Marin Saint Pierre and La Trinite The French State is represented in Martinique by a prefect Stanislas Cazelles since 5 February 2020 and by two sub prefects in Le Marin Corinne Blanchot Prosper and La Trinite Saint Pierre Nicolas Onimus appointed on 20 May 2020 The prefecture was criticized for racism following the publication on its Twitter account of a poster calling for physical distancing against the coronavirus and showing a black man and a white man separated by pineapples 38 Institutions Edit Former town hall or Mayor s office of Fort de France The President of the Executive Council of Martinique is Serge Letchimy as of 2 July 2021 The Executive Council of Martinique is composed of nine members a president and eight executive councilors 39 The deliberative assembly of the territorial collectivity is the Assembly of Martinique composed of 51 elected members and chaired by Lucien Saliber as of 2 July 2021 40 The advisory council of the territorial collectivity of Martinique is the Economic Social Environmental Cultural and Educational Council of Martinique Conseil economique social environnemental de la culture et de l education de Martinique composed of 68 members Its president is Justin Daniel since 20 May 2021 41 National representation Edit Martinique has been represented since 17 June 2017 in the National Assembly by four deputies Serge Letchimy Jean Philippe Nilor Josette Manin and Manuela Keclard Mondesir and in the Senate by two senators Maurice Antiste and Catherine Conconne since 24 September 2017 Martinique is also represented in the Economic Social and Environmental Council by Pierre Marie Joseph since 26 April 2021 42 Institutional and statutory evolution of the island Edit During the 2000s the political debate in Martinique focused on the question of the evolution of the island s status 43 Two political ideologies assimilationism and autonomism clashed On the one hand there are those who want a change of status based on Article 73 of the French Constitution i e that all French laws apply in Martinique as of right which in law is called legislative identity and on the other hand the autonomists who want a change of status based on Article 74 of the French Constitution i e an autonomous status subject to the regime of legislative specialty following the example of St Martin and St Barthelemy Since the constitutional revision of 28 March 2003 Martinique has four options First possibility the status quo 44 Martinique retains its status as an Overseas Department and Region under Article 73 of the Constitution The DROMs are under the regime of legislative identity In this framework the laws and regulations are applicable as of right with the adaptations required by the particular characteristics and constraints of the communities concerned Old City Hall Fort de FranceSecond possibility if the local stakeholders and first and foremost the elected representatives agree they can within the framework of Article 73 of the Constitution 45 propose an institutional evolution such as the creation of a single assembly merger of the general council and the regional council However the department and the region will remain The government may propose to the President of the Republic to consult the voters on this issue In case of a negative answer nothing will be possible In case of positive response the final decision will be taken by the Parliament which will finally decide whether the reform is carried out by passing an ordinary law 46 Third possibility those elected may propose the creation of a new collectivity within the framework of Article 73 of the French Constitution 47 This new community will replace the department and the region It will bring together the competences currently attributed to the General Council and the Regional Council This community governed by Article 73 is subject to the regime of legislative identity and is therefore not autonomous It will have as institutions an executive council a deliberative assembly and an economic and social council 48 Fourth possibility if a consensus is reached the elected representatives may propose to the government a change of status i e the transformation of Martinique into an overseas collectivity COM 49 Indeed since the constitutional revision of 28 March 2003 the overseas departments may under Article 74 become an overseas collectivity COM like St Martin and St Barthelemy Unlike the overseas departments the overseas collectivities are subject to legislative specialization 43 The laws and decrees of the Republic apply to them under certain conditions established by the organic law defining their status The overseas departments have a greater degree of autonomy than the DOMs They have an executive council a territorial council and an economic and social council The prefect is the representative of the French State in the overseas collectivity citation needed Salines Beach St Anne peninsula However the French Constitution specifies in Article 72 4 43 that no change may be made for all or part of one of the communities mentioned in the second paragraph of Article 72 3 from one of the regimes provided for in Articles 73 and 74 without the prior consent of the electors of the community or part of the community concerned having been obtained under the conditions provided for in the following paragraph 43 In 2003 a new organization is envisaged in which the regional and departmental institutions would be merged into a single institution This proposal was rejected in Martinique but also in Guadeloupe by 50 48 in a referendum held on 7 December 2003 50 On 10 January 2010 a consultation of the population was held Voters were asked to vote in a referendum on a possible change in the status of their territory The ballot proposed voters to approve or reject the transition to the regime provided for in Article 74 of the Constitution The majority of voters 79 3 said no 48 The following 24 January in a second referendum 68 4 of the population of Martinique approved the transition to a single collectivity under Article 73 of the Constitution i e a single assembly that would exercise the powers of the General Council and the Regional Council 47 New collectivity of Martinique Edit The project of the elected representatives of Martinique to the government proposes a single territorial community 46 governed by Article 73 of the Constitution 45 whose name is Territorial Community of Martinique The single assembly that replaces the General Council and the Regional Council is called the Assembly of Martinique The Assembly of Martinique is composed of 51 councilors elected for a six year term of office by the proportional representation system the electoral district is divided into four sections A majority bonus of 20 is granted to the first place list citation needed The executive body of this community is called the executive council 51 which is composed of nine executive councilors including a president The president of the community of Martinique is the president of the executive council The executive council is responsible to the Assembly of Martinique which may overrule it by a motion of constructive censure Unlike the previous functioning of the General Council and the Regional Council the Assembly of Martinique is separate from the Executive Council and is headed by a bureau and a president Anses d Arlet and its churchside beach a landmark of Martinique The new collectivity of Martinique combines the powers of the general and regional councils but may obtain new powers through empowerments under Article 73 The executive council is assisted by an advisory council the Economic Social Environmental Cultural and Educational Council of Martinique 51 The bill was approved on 26 January 2011 by the French Government The ordinary law was submitted to Parliament during the first half of 2011 and resulted in the adoption of Law No 2011 884 27 July 2011 on the territorial communities of French Guiana and Martinique 51 Political forces Edit Political life in Martinique is essentially based on Martinican political parties and local federations of national parties PS and LR The following classification takes into account their position with regard to the statutory evolution of the island there are the assimilationists in favor of an institutional or statutory evolution within the framework of Article 73 of the French Constitution the autonomists and the independentists in favor of a statutory evolution based on Article 74 of the French Constitution Indeed on 18 December 2008 during the congress of Martinique s departmental and regional elected representatives the thirty three pro independence elected representatives MIM CNCP MODEMAS PALIMA of the two assemblies voted unanimously in favor of a change in the island s status based on Article 74 of the French Constitution which allows access to autonomy this change in status was massively rejected 79 3 by the population during the referendum of 10 January 2010 52 Defence Edit The defence of the department is the responsibility of the French Armed Forces Some 1 400 military personnel are deployed in Martinique and Guadeloupe centred on the 33e regiment d infanterie de Marine in Martinique and incorporating a reserve company of the regiment located in Guadeloupe 53 54 55 Four French Navy vessels are based in Martinique including the surveillance frigates Ventose and Germinal the patrol and support ship Dumont d Urville and the Confiance class patrol vessel Combattante The naval aviation element includes Eurocopter AS565 Panther or Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin helicopters able to embark on the Floreal class frigates as required 53 One Engins de Debarquement Amphibie Standards EDA S landing craft is to be delivered to naval forces based in Martinique by 2025 The landing craft is to better support operations in the territory and region 56 About 700 National Gendarmerie are also stationed in Martinique 57 while the Maritime Gendarmerie deploys the coastal harbor tug RPC Maitos in the territory 58 Geography EditMain article Geography of Martinique Diamond Rock and the Sleeping Woman the defining landscape of the southwest peninsulaPart of the archipelago of the Antilles Martinique is located in the Caribbean Sea about 450 km 280 mi northeast of the coast of South America and about 700 km 435 mi southeast of the Dominican Republic It is north of St Lucia northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica The total area of Martinique is 1 128 km2 436 sq mi of which 40 km2 15 sq mi is water and the rest land 11 Martinique is the 3rd largest island in The Lesser Antilles after Trinidad and Guadeloupe It stretches 70 km 43 mi in length and 30 km 19 mi in width The highest point is the volcano of Mount Pelee at 1 397 m 4 583 ft above sea level There are numerous small islands particularly off the east coast Caravelle Peninsula and Martinique s Atlantic coast as seen from the Phare de la CaravelleThe Atlantic or windward coast of Martinique is difficult to navigate by ship A combination of coastal cliffs shallow coral reefs and cays and strong winds make the area notoriously hazardous for sea traffic The Caravelle peninsula clearly separates the north Atlantic and south Atlantic coast The Caribbean or leeward coast of Martinique is much more favourable to sea traffic Besides being shielded from the harsh Atlantic trade winds by the island the sea bed itself descends steeply from the shore This ensures that most potential hazards are deep underwater and prevents the growth of corals Pitons du Carbet rainforest as seen from the Fontaine Didier route in Fort de France The north of the island is especially mountainous It features four ensembles of pitons volcanoes and mornes mountains the Piton Conil on the extreme North which dominates the Dominica Channel Mont Pelee an active volcano the Morne Jacob and the Pitons du Carbet an ensemble of five extinct volcanoes covered with rainforest and dominating the Bay of Fort de France at 1 196 m 3 924 ft Mont Pelee s volcanic ash has created grey and black sand beaches in the north in particular between Anse Ceron and Anse des Gallets contrasting markedly from the white sands of Les Salines in the south Grand Anse beach a haven for sea turtles southwest peninsula The south is more easily traversed though it still features impressive geographic features Because it is easier to travel to and due to the many beaches and food facilities throughout this region the south receives most of the tourism The beaches from Pointe de Bout through Diamant which features right off the coast of Roche de Diamant St Luce the department of St Anne and down to Les Salines are popular Relief Edit The terrain is mountainous on this island of volcanic origin The oldest areas correspond to the volcanic zones at the southern end of the island and towards the peninsula of La Caravelle to the east The island developed over the last 20 million years according to a sequence of movements and volcanic eruptions to the north The volcanic activity is due to the subduction fault located here where the South American Plate slides beneath the Caribbean Plate 59 Martinique has eight centres of volcanic activity The oldest rocks are andesitic lavas dated to about 24 million years ago mixed with tholeiitic magma containing iron and magnesium Mount Pelee the island s most dramatic feature formed about 400 000 years ago 60 Pelee erupted in 1792 1851 and twice in 1902 28 The eruption of 8 May 1902 destroyed Saint Pierre and killed 28 000 people in 2 minutes that of 30 August 1902 killed nearly 1 100 mostly in Le Morne Rouge and Ajoupa Bouillon 61 62 The east coast coast of the wind or of the islands has been called in the Caribbean cabesterre This term in Martinique designates more specifically the area of La Caravelle This windward coast bordered by the Atlantic Ocean is directly exposed to the trade winds and the sea bottom The northern part of the Grand River in Sainte Marie is basically surrounded by cliffs with very few mooring points access to maritime navigation is limited to inshore fishing with small traditional Martinique boats Flora and fauna Edit See also Parc naturel regional de la Martinique The Trou d eau of the Pitons du Carbet forest Riviere du Lorrain as seen from the Trace des Jesuites trail Beach of Anse Grosse Roche St Anne peninsula The Jamaican fruit bat can be found throughout the island The northern end of the island catches most of the rainfall and is heavily forested featuring species such as bamboo mahogany rosewood and West Indian locust The south is drier and dominated by savanna like brush including cacti Copaiba balsam logwood and acacia Anole lizards and fer de lance snakes are native to the island Mongooses Urva auropunctata introduced in the 1800s to control the snake population have become a particularly cumbersome introduced species 63 as they prey upon bird eggs and have exterminated or endangered a number of native birds including the Martinique trembler white breasted trembler and White breasted Thrasher 22 Bat species include the Jamaican fruit bat the Antillean fruit eating bat the Little yellow shouldered bat Davy s naked backed bat the Greater bulldog bat Schwartz s myotis and the Mexican free tailed bat Beaches Edit Martinique has many beaches 64 those in the south of the island are of white sand unlike those in the north which are of volcanic origin and therefore of black or gray sand Most of the beaches are wild without services and without surveillance but some are organized and give the possibility to do sports and activities related to the sea Hydrography Edit Due to the island s geographic and morphological characteristics it has short and torrential rivers The Lezarde 30 km long is the longest on the island Major urban areas Edit The most populous urban unit is Le Robert which covers 11 communes in the southeastern part of the department The three largest urban units are 65 Urban unit Population 2019 Le Robert 130 179Fort de France 116 462Le Lamentin 40 095Economy Edit Dillon s distellery In 2014 Martinique had a total GDP of 8 4 billion euros Its economy is heavily dependent on tourism limited agricultural production and grant aid from mainland France 11 Historically Martinique s economy relied on agriculture notably sugar and bananas but by the beginning of the 21st century this sector had dwindled considerably Sugar production has declined with most of the sugarcane now used for the production of rum 11 Banana exports are increasing going mostly to mainland France Chlordecone a pesticide used in the cultivation of bananas before a ban in 1993 has been found to have contaminated farming ground rivers and fish and affected the health of islanders Fishing and agriculture has had to stop in affected areas having a significant effect on the economy 66 The bulk of meat vegetable and grain requirements must be imported This contributes to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from mainland France 11 All goods entering Martinique are charged a variable sea toll which may reach 30 of the value of the cargo and provides 40 of the island s total revenue Additionally the government charges an annual due of 1 2 5 and a value added tax of 2 2 8 5 67 Exports and imports Edit Exports of goods and services in 2015 amounted to 1 102 million 504 million of goods of which more than 20 were refined petroleum products SARA refinery located in the town of Le Lamentin 95 9 million of agricultural forestry fish and aquaculture products 62 4 million of agri food industry products and 54 8 million of other goods Imports of goods and services in 2015 were 3 038 million of which 2 709 million were goods of which approximately 40 were crude and refined petroleum products 462 6 million were agricultural and agri food products and 442 8 million were mechanical electrical electronic and computer equipment Tourism Edit Les Salines a wide sand beach at the southeastern end of the island Tourism has become more important than agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange 11 Most visitors come from mainland France Canada and the US 11 Roughly 16 of the total businesses on the island some 6 000 companies provide tourist related services 67 Agriculture Edit Banana Edit Banana cultivation is the main agricultural activity with more than 7 200 hectares cultivated nearly 220 000 tons produced and almost 12 000 jobs direct indirect in 2006 figures Its weight in the island s economy is low 1 6 however it generates more than 40 of the agricultural value added 68 Sugarcane Cultivation Rum Edit Rum and particularly agricultural rum accounted for 23 of agri food value added in 2005 and employed 380 people on the island including traditional rum The island s production is about 90 000 hl of pure alcohol in 2009 of which 79 116 hl of pure alcohol is agricultural rum 2009 69 Sugarcane Edit In 2009 sugarcane cultivation occupied 4 150 hectares or 13 7 of agricultural land The area under cultivation has increased by more than 20 in the last 20 years a rapid increase explained by the high added value of the rum produced and the rise in world sugar prices This production is increasingly concentrated with farms of more than 50 hectares accounting for 6 2 of the farms and 73 4 of the area under production Annual production was about 220 000 tons in 2009 of which almost 90 000 tons went to sugar production and the rest was delivered to agricultural rum distilleries 70 Pineapples Edit Pineapples used to be an important part of agricultural production but in 2005 according to IEDOM they accounted for only 1 of agricultural production in value 2 5 million euros compared to 7 9 million in 2000 Infrastructure EditMain articles Transportation in Martinique and Communications in Martinique The A1 highway 972 in Fort de France Transport Edit Martinique s main and only airport with commercial flights is Martinique Aime Cesaire International Airport It serves flights to and from Europe the Caribbean Venezuela the United States and Canada 28 See List of airports in Martinique Fort de France is the major harbour The island has regular ferry service to Guadeloupe Dominica and St Lucia 22 28 There are also several local ferry companies that connect Fort de France with Pointe du Bout 22 The road network is extensive and well maintained with freeways in the area around Fort de France Buses run frequently between the capital and St Pierre 22 Roads Edit In 2019 Martinique s road network consisted of 2 123 km 71 7 km of highway A1 between Fort de France and Le Lamentin 919 km of departmental and national roads Lighthouse of La Caravelle Martinique1 197 km of communal roads In proportion to its population Martinique is the French department with the highest number of vehicle registrations 72 In 2019 19 137 new vehicles were registered in Martinique i e 42 new vehicles were purchased per 1 000 inhabitants 14 in 5 years to the great benefit of dealers 73 Public transport Edit The public entity Martinique Transport was created in December 2014 This establishment is in charge of urban intercity passenger cabs maritime school and disabled student transport throughout the island as well as the bus network 72 The first exclusive right of way public transport line in Martinique TCSP served by high service level buses between Fort de France and Le Lamentin airport was put into service on 13 August 2018 Extensions to Schœlcher Robert and Ducos are planned Ports Edit Given the insular nature of Martinique its supply by sea is important The port of Fort de France is the seventh largest French port in terms of container traffic 74 After 2012 it became the Grand Port Maritime Port GPM of Martinique following the State s decision to modernize port infrastructures of national interest Air services Edit The island s airport is Martinique Aime Cesaire International Airport It is located in the municipality of Le Lamentin Its civilian traffic 1 696 071 passengers in 2015 ranks it thirteenth among French airports behind those of two other overseas departments Guadeloupe Pole Caraibes de Pointe a Pitre Airport Guadeloupe and La Reunion Roland Garros Airport 75 Its traffic is very strongly polarized by metropolitan France with very limited 192 244 passengers in 2017 and declining international traffic Former Martinique Plantation train 030 T Corpet Railroads Edit At the beginning of the 20th century Martinique had more than 240 km of railways serving the sugar factories cane transport Only one tourist train remains in Sainte Marie between the Saint James house and the banana museum 74 Communications Edit The country code top level domain for Martinique is mq but fr is often used instead The country code for international dialling is 596 The entire island uses a single area code also 596 for landline phones and 696 for cell phones 596 is dialled twice when calling a Martinique landline from another country 76 Mobile telephony Edit There are three mobile telephone networks in Martinique Orange SFR Caraibe and Digicel The arrival of Free in partnership with Digicel was planned for 2020 45According to Arcep by mid 2018 Martinique is 99 covered by 4G 77 Television Edit The DTT package includes 10 free channels 4 national channels of the France Televisions group the news channel France 24 Arte and 4 local channels Martinique 1re ViaATV KMT Television Zouk TV stopped broadcasting in April 2021 and will be subsequently replaced by Zitata TV whose broadcasting is delayed following the COVID 19 pandemic Viewers in Martinique do not have free access to other free national channels in the DTT package in mainland France TF1 group M6 group etc Viewers in the French overseas territories also do not have free access to the public service cultural channel Culturebox which is not broadcast locally on DTT 78 The French language satellite package Canal Caraibes is available in the territory Telephone and Internet Edit In early 2019 Orange put into service Kanawa a new submarine cable linking Martinique to French Guiana Martinique is also connected by other submarine cables ECFS en Americas 2 en and Southern Caribbean Fiber 79 Demographics EditPopulation Edit Main article Demographics of MartiniqueMartinique had a population of 364 508 as of January 2019 The population has been decreasing by 0 9 per year since 2013 80 There are an estimated 260 000 people of Martinican origin living in mainland France most of them in the Paris region Emigration was highest in the 1970s causing population growth to almost stop but it is comparatively light today 11 Religion in Martinique 3 Catholic 86 Protestant 5 6 Muslim 0 5 Bahaʼi 0 5 Hindu 0 3 Others 7 1 Historical population 1700estimate 1738estimate 1848estimate 1869estimate 1873estimate 1878estimate 1883estimate 1888estimate 1893estimate 1900estimate24 000 74 000 120 400 152 925 157 805 162 861 167 119 175 863 189 599 203 7811954census 1961census 1967census 1974census 1982census 1990census 1999census 2006census 2011census 2013census239 130 292 062 320 030 324 832 328 566 359 572 381 325 397 732 392 291 385 551Official figures from past censuses and INSEE estimatesEthnic groups Edit The population of Martinique is mainly of African descent generally mixed with European Amerindian Carib Indian descendants of 19th century Tamil and Telugu immigrants from South India Lebanese Syrian or Chinese Martinique also has a small Syro Lebanese community a small Indian community a small but increasing Chinese community and the Beke community descendants of the first European settlers 11 The Beke population represents around 1 of Martinique s population 81 mostly of noble ancestry or members of the old bourgeoisie In addition to the island population the island hosts a mainland French community most of which live on the island on a temporary basis generally from 3 to 5 years citation needed Religion Edit See also Hinduism in Martinique Cathedrale Saint Louis About 90 of Martiniquans are Christian predominantly Roman Catholic as well as smaller numbers of various Protestant denominations 11 There are much smaller communities of other faiths such as Islam Hinduism and the Bahaʼi Faith The island has 49 parishes 82 and several historic places of worship such as the Saint Louis Cathedral of Fort de France 83 the Sacred Heart Church of Balata 84 and the Co Cathedral of Our Lady of Assumption Saint Pierre 85 Catholic Church Edit Catholic Christians follow the Latin rite with parishes in each municipality and village of the territory 86 The island has the following places of worship classified as historic monuments Saint Louis Cathedral Cathedrale Saint Louis in Fort de France erected in 1850 by a bull of Pope Pius IX is currently the seat of the archdiocese of Saint Pierre and Fort de France since 1967 Church of the Sacre coeur Sacred Heart in Balata Cathedral of Notre Dame de l Assomption Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption in Saint Pierre de la Martinique The former church of Mouillage located on the corner of Victor Hugo Street and Dupuy Street in the Mouillage district of Saint Pierre was completed in 1956 Our Lady of the Assumption Church in Sainte Marie a town in Martinique dates to 1658 The Archdiocese of Saint Pierre and Fort de France Latin archidioecesis Sancti Petri et Arcis Gallicae seu Martinicensis is an ecclesiastical circumscription of the Catholic Church in the Caribbean based in Saint Pierre and Fort de France on the island of Martinique The archdiocese of Saint Pierre and Fort de France is metropolitan and its suffragan dioceses are Basse Terre and Pointe a Pitre and Cayenne Languages Edit Multilingual welcome sign in Fort de France Kontan we zot is Martiniquan Creole for Happy to see you The official language of Martinique is French which is spoken by most of the population The department was integrated into France in 1946 and consequently became French 87 Most residents also speak Martinican Creole Martinique Creole Kreyol Mat nik Kreyol a form of Antillean Creole closely related to the varieties spoken in neighboring English dominated islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica Martiniquan Creole is based on French Carib and African languages with elements of English Spanish and Portuguese citation needed Also unlike other varieties of French creole such as Mauritian Creole Martinican Creole is not readily understood by speakers of Standard French due to significant differences in grammar syntax vocabulary and pronunciation citation needed It continues to be used in oral storytelling traditions and other forms of speech and to a lesser extent in writing citation needed French and Creole are in a diglossic situation in Martinique 88 89 where French is used in official dialogue and Martinican Creole is used in casual or familial contexts 89 Creole was a spoken language with a developed oraliture it wasn t until the mid 20th century that Martinican Creole began to be written 89 Since then decreolization of the language has taken place via the adoption of Standard French features mostly unconsciously but some speakers have noticed that they do not speak Creole like their parents once did 89 Being an overseas department of France the island has European French Caribbean Martinican black and Creole markers of identity all being influenced by foreign factors social factors cultural factors and as a reportedly important marker linguistic practices 87 Martinican and Creole identities are specifically asserted through encouragement of Creole and its use in literature in a movement known as Creolite that was started by Patrick Chamoiseau Jean Bernabe and Raphael Confiant 87 90 Martinican Creole used to be a shameful language and it wasn t until the 1970s that it has been revalorized through literature and increasing code switching 87 89 90 People now speak Martinican Creole more often and in more contexts 90 Speaking Creole in public schools was forbidden until 1982 which is thought to have discouraged parents from using Creole in the home 91 In collaboration with GEREC Groupe d Etudes et de Recherches en Espace Creolophone Raphael Confiant created KAPES KREYOL 88 CAPES for Creole Certificat d aptitude au professorat de l enseignement du second degre which is an aptitude exam that allowed Creole teachers in secondary school 89 This debuted 9 February 2001 88 Recently the education authority Academie de la Martinique launched Parcours Creole in 2019 a project trialling bilingual education of children in French and Martinican Creole Rather than being a topic to be learned itself Creole became a language that classes were taught in such as arts math physical activity etc 92 Though Creole is normally not used in professional situations members of the media and politicians have begun to use it more frequently as a way to redeem national identity and prevent cultural assimilation by mainland France citation needed Linguistic features of Martinican Creole Edit Martinican Creole has general locative marking GLM also called general locative adposition goal source in difference and motion to motion from This means that source locations final locations and static entity locations are expressed morphologically identically 93 Some West African languages that are possibly contributors to Martinican Creole also present GLM 93 Martinican Creole locative marking exists in 3 morphological types including spatial prepositions as free morphemes These include an in adan inside douvan in front anba under and anle on spatial morphemes a an n and o z bound to the noun on their right Only bare lexemes that depict certain locations will take on these particles phonologically null locative markers In ambiguous sentences these are added to polysyllabic city names 93 Culture Edit Martinique dancers in traditional dress Main article Culture of Martinique As an overseas departement of France Martinique s culture blends French and Caribbean influences The city of Saint Pierre destroyed by a volcanic eruption of Mount Pelee was often referred to as the Paris of the Lesser Antilles Following traditional French custom many businesses close at midday to allow a lengthy lunch then reopen later in the afternoon Today Martinique has a higher standard of living than most other Caribbean countries French products are easily available from Chanel fashions to Limoges porcelain Studying in the metropole mainland France especially Paris is common for young adults Martinique has been a vacation hotspot for many years attracting both upper class French and more budget conscious travelers Cuisine Edit Martinique has a hybrid cuisine mixing elements of African French Carib Amerindian and Indian subcontinental traditions One of its most famous dishes is the Colombo compare kuzhambu Tamil க ழம ப for gravy or broth a unique curry of chicken curry chicken meat or fish with vegetables spiced with a distinctive masala of Tamil origins sparked with tamarind and often containing wine coconut milk cassava and rum A strong tradition of Martiniquan desserts includes cakes made with pineapple rum and a wide range of local ingredients Literature Edit Schoelcher Library Sisters Jeanne Nardal and Paulette Nardal were involved in the creation of the Negritude movement Yva Lero was a writer and painter who co founded the Women s Union of Martinique Marie Magdeleine Carbet wrote with her partner under the pseudonym Carbet Aime Cesaire is perhaps Martinique s most famous writer he was one of the main figures in the Negritude literary movement 94 Rene Menil was a surrealist writer who founded the journal Tropiques with Aime and Suzanne Cesaire and later formulated the concept of Antillanite Other surrealist writers of that era included Etienne Lero and Jules Monnerot who co founded the journal Legitime Defense with Simone Yoyotte and Menil Edouard Glissant was later influenced by Cesaire and Menil and in turn had an influence on Patrick Chamoiseau who founded the Creolite movement with Raphael Confiant and Jean Bernabe citation needed Raphael Confiant was a poetry prose and non fiction writer who supports Creole and tries to bring both French and Creole Martinican and Guadeloupean together in his work 88 He is specifically known for his contribution to the Creolite movement Frantz Fanon a prominent critic of colonialism and racism was also from Martinique Music Edit See also Music of Martinique Martinique has a large popular music industry which gained in international renown after the success of zouk music in the later 20th century Zouk s popularity was particularly intense in France where the genre became an important symbol of identity for Martinique and Guadeloupe 95 Zouk s origins are in the folk music of Martinique and Guadeloupe especially Martinican chouval bwa and Guadeloupan gwo ka There s also notable influence of the pan Caribbean calypso tradition and Haitian kompa Symbols and flags Edit Main article Flag of Martinique As a part of the French Republic the French tricolour is in use and La Marseillaise is sung at national French events When representing Martinique outside of the island for sport and cultural events the civil flag is Ipseite and the anthem is Lorizon 96 Martinique s civil ensign is the cross of St Michael white cross with four blue quarters with one snake in each which is the official civil ensign of Martinique it also used to be the civil ensign of Saint Lucia needs update A coat of arms adaptation of the civil ensign also called the snake flag was used in an unofficial but formal context such as by the Gendarmerie until 2018 Pro independence activists also have their own flag using red black and green The Ipseite is a civil flag designed for use in international cultural and sporting events to represent the territory Flag sometimes used by Martinique in taekwondo competitions Civil ensign of Martinique a St Michael cross with white snakes Also called the snake flag of Martinique Its use is sometimes controversial Also called red green and black this flag is used by the independence movement Flag of the High Council of Martinique Collectivite Territoriale de la Martinique Sport Edit Louis Achille Stadium Association football Edit The Martinique national football team 97 is affiliated with CONCACAF 97 but not FIFA 98 so it does not play in World Cup Qualifiers but can play friendly matches and CONCACAF tournaments such as the CONCACAF Nations League and Gold Cup 98 Since Martiniquais people are French citizens they may choose to represent France in international competitions Several French players also have had roots in Martinique although they were born or raised in France Among the most famous include Thierry Henry Eric Abidal Raphael Varane Sylvain Wiltord and Loic Remy all of whom represented France on multiple occasions and in Henry s case won the European Golden Boot twice Henry and Varane also have won a FIFA World Cup each Martinique has its own soccer league known as the Ligue de Football de Martinique 99 The Martinique men s soccer championship known as the Regional 1 R1 100 Trophee Gerard Janvion is a premier local soccer competition in the territory It is held annually in the form of a championship between fourteen amateur clubs between the months of September and May The competition is organized by the Martinique Football League and although the clubs in the league are affiliated with the French Football Federation there is no promotion to the French national championships At the end of the twenty six day two stage championship the top four teams qualify for the Ligue Antilles while the bottom three are relegated to the lower division the Regionale 2 101 Surf Edit 153rd International Surfing Championship Basse Pointe Martinique The Martinique Surf Pro 102 is an international surfing competition held every year in April in Basse Pointe Martinique 103 It was created in 2015 by two Martinicans Nicolas Ursulet and Nicolas Clemente 104 and is organized by the Caribbean Surf Project CSP 51 It is the only Caribbean competition in the World Surf League the world surfing championship It is part of the World Qualifying Series calendar the entry league to the WSL s elite circuit the Championship Tour 105 Regattas Edit Le Tour de Yoles Rondes de Martinique is an annual sailing regatta 106 the island s largest sporting event which takes place in late July and early August and is very popular with spectators 107 The event is organized by the Federation des yoles rondes Crews circumnavigate Martinique on a 180 kilometer course over eight stages The race begins with a prologue time trial from the starting town The time trial determines the starting order of the first ten boats and the time between starts is determined by the advantage of each boat over the next during the prologue all Boats below the top ten start simultaneously The next seven legs circumnavigate the island The leg around the southern part of the island starting in the commune of Le Diamant passing through Sainte Anne and finishing in Le Francois is known as the Defi de l Espace Sud Southern Challenge Zone Tour des Yoles Handball Edit The Martinique Handball Championship organized by the Martinique Handball League 108 concludes with the Poule des As play off which determines the Martinique champion in the women s and men s categories The Poule des As is a very popular event in Martinique the pavilions are filled for the finals held at the Palais des Sports de Lamentin The highest division is the Pre Nationale equivalent to the Pre Nationale or even the Nationale 3 in metropolitan France The champions of the Poule des As come every year to Metropolitan France to play in the finals of the French Handball Championships of N1 N2 and N3 Women N2 and N3 Men Metropolitan Ultra Marines The winners female and male of the Martinique Handball Cup receive a reward of 10 000 Euros The main players of the Martinique Handball Championship in recent years have been Katty Piejos Cedric Sorhaindo Joel Abati Notable Martinique people EditBelow is a list of notable people born in Martinique with at least one parent or grandparent born in Martinique or who are living or have lived in Martinique Painters and sculptors Edit Victor Anicet 109 Jean Francois Bocle 110 Hector Charpentier 111 112 Henri Guedon 113 Rene Louise 114 Joseph Rene Corail also known as Khokho 115 Film makers screenwriters directors and actors Edit Viktor Lazlo Paris Book Fair 2011 Lucien Jean Baptiste Alex Descas Viktor Lazlo Darling Legitimus Chris Macari Euzhan Palcy Stefi Celma Cathy RosierSingers musicians or music groups Edit Jocelyne Beroard at the Mons International Film Festival May 2007 She was made Officier des l ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2020 and National Order of the Legion of Honor in 2014 Joeystarr at Art Rock 2007 Saint Brieuc February 2011 Kalash rapper and singer of Dancehall and Trap Paulo Albin author composer and performer lead singer in La Perfecta Jenny Alpha actress and singer Jocelyne Beroard author and part of the group Kassav and first woman to receive a double gold record for the sales of her album Siwo in the Antilles She was made Officer of l ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2020 and National Order of the Legion of Honor in 2014 Mino Cinelu musician Cyril Cinelu winner of Star Academy 2006 Miss Dominique singer Gibson Brothers a disco salsa band from Sainte Marie Christina Goh singer and songwriter of blues chanson realiste music JoeyStarr rapper producer and actor Simon Jurad author composer performer former guitarist of La Perfecta Lord Kossity rapper and dancehall singer In 1998 he recorded the hit Ma Benz with Kool Shen and JoeyStarr on Supreme NTM s album which made him a household name in France 116 117 Philippe Lavil singer author composer and performer Kalash rapper his hit Mwaka Moon featuring rapper Damso has more than 200 million views on YouTube 118 Tiitof rapper and trap music artist Viktor Lazlo actress and singer Princess Lover zouk singer 119 Malavoi band mixing French Antillean music with modern influences from across the Americas Edmond Mondesir author composer and singer of Bele music La Perfecta a band which played music including cadence and compas most active in the 1970s and 80 s Ronald Rubinel author composer performer and producer of zouk 120 121 Dede Saint Prix singer and traditional musician playing chouval bwa Shy m French R n B singer and dancer Axel Tony singer Lynnsha singer author composer and performer of zouk Eddy Marc zouk singer 122 Stacy zouk singer nominee for Best New International Act at the BET Awards 2020 123 Sports personalities Edit Athletics Parathletics Edit Marie Jose Perec Coralie Balmy Ghislaine Barnay Melanie de Jesus dos Santos Mandy Francois Elie 124 Max Moriniere Hermann Panzo Ronald PognonBasketball Edit Marielle Amant Leslie Ardon Sandrine Gruda Ronny Turiaf Melanie de Jesus dos Santos is the 2019 European Artistic Gymnastics all around champion a two time European champion on floor exercise 2018 2019 and the 2021 European champion on the balance beam Coralie Balmy freestyle swimmer at the parade of French medallists of the 2012 Olympics August 2012 Wendie Renard at the 2011 FIFA Women s World Cup July 2011 Ronny Turiaf at a New York Knicks practice October 2010 Football Edit Stephane Abaul Nicolas Anelka Johan Audel Jean Sylvain Babin Mickael Biron Garry Bocaly Patrick Burner Manuel Cabit Daniel Charles Alfred Paul Chillan Gael Clichy Charles Edouard Coridon Mathias Coureur Sebastien Cretinoir Jordy Delem Didier Domi Gael Germany Thierry Henry Christophe Herelle Daniel Herelle Steeven Langil Peter Luccin Kevin Parsemain Patrick Percin Frederic Piquionne Loic Remy Wendie Renard Fabrice Reuperne Emmanuel Riviere Franck Tanasi Kevin Theophile Catherine Raphael Varane Sylvain Wiltord Axel Witsel Jonathan Zebina Fabrice Abriel Joan HartockHandball Edit Joel Abati Mathieu Grebille Cedric SorhaindoJudo Edit Amandine Buchard Kayra SayitTennis Edit Gael MonfilsVolleyball Edit Frantz GranvorkaPolitics Edit Contemporary political figures Edit Serge Letchimy President of the Executive Council of Martinique since 2 July 2021 President of the Regional Council of Martinique from 2010 to 2015 Mayor of Fort de France from 2001 to 2010 and President of the Martinican Progressive Party since 2005 Pierre Marie Pory Papy Abolitionist and anti slavery Member of Parliament from 1848 to 1849 and 1871 1874 Maurice Antiste Senator and former mayor of Francois David Zobda Mayor of Lamentin vice president of CACEM and member of the Executive Council of Martinique Didier Laguerre Mayor of Fort de France CACEM and Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique Yann Monplaisir Mayor of Saint Joseph 1st vice president of the Territorial Authorities of Martinique Andre Lesueur Mayor of Riviere Salee and former Conseiller regional of Martinique Serge Letchimy President of the Executive Council of Martinique since 2021 member of the National Assembly of France representing the island of Martinique s 3rd constituency since June 2007 Josette Manin Member of Parliament for Martinique Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique and former President of the General Council of Martinique Bruno Nestor Azerot Mayor of Sainte Marie President of CAP Nord Martinique and Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique 125 Jean Philippe Nilor Deputy and Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique Luc Louison Clemente Mayor of Schoelcher and President of the CACEM 126 Justin Pamphile Mayor of Le Lorrain Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique President of the Association of Mayors of Martinique Nicaise Monrose Mayor of Sainte Luce vice president of CAESM and member of the Executive Council of Martinique 127 Arnaud Rene Corail Mayor of Les Trois Ilets vice president of CAESM and member of the Executive Council of Martinique Marie Therese Casimirius Mayor of Basse Pointe First Vice president of CAP Nord Martinique and member of the Executive Council of Martinique Manuela Keclard Mondesir Member of Parliament for Martinique Lucien Saliber President of the Assembly of Martinique 4th Vice President of CAP Nord Martinique Municipal Councillor of Le Morne Vert and former mayor of Le Morne Vert Jenny Dulys Petit Mayor of Le Morne Rouge and Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique Audrey Pulvar former journalist and politician Deputy Mayor of Paris and Regional Councillor for Ile de France Member of the Standing Committee Karine Jean Pierre political advisor White House Press Secretary Cedric Pemba Marine was born in Hauts de Seine in France of Martinican origin and mayor of Le Port Marly since 2020 128 Politicians of Martinique Edit Cyrille Bissette deputy from 1849 to 1851 and one of the fathers of the abolition of slavery in Martinique Pierre Aliker doctor and mayor of Fort de France Josephine Buoneparte born Marie Josephe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie 129 was Empress of the French and Queen consort of Italy Cyrille Bissette deputy and one of the fathers of the abolition of slavery in Martinique Auguste Francois Perrinon Abolitionist Member of Parliament Pierre Marie Pory Papy first black Martinician to become a lawyer a mayor of Saint Pierre and Abolitionist Member of Parliament 130 Victor Mazuline first black Martinican elected Member of Parliament Leopold Bissol deputy and one of the founders of the communist movement in Martinique and the CGT Martinique union Aime Cesaire Deputy Mayor of Fort de France and President of the Regional Council Camille Darsieres Member of Parliament and President of the Regional Council Louis Delgres known for the anti Slavery proclamation signed with his name dated 10 May 1802 and leading resistance on Guadeloupe to reoccupation and thus the reinstitution of slavery by Napoleonic France in 1802 Alcide Delmont Under Secretary of State for the Colonies of the nineteenth and nineteenth century in the government of Andre Tardieu 131 Ernest Deproge Member of Parliament for Martinique 1882 1898 President of the General Council and a controversial figure of French colonization 132 Osman Duquesnay Mayor of Fort de France and Member of Parliament 133 Francois Duval Senator from 1968 to 1977 Mayor of Francois and President of the General Council Georges Gratiant Mayor of Lamentin and President of the General Council 134 Marius Hurard deputy and founder of the secular school in Martinique 135 Joseph Lagrosilliere deputy and founder of the socialist movement in Martinique 136 Pierre Alexandre Le Camus Count of Furstenstein born in Martinique in 1774 died in 1824 in Le Chesnay Secretary of State and foreign minister to Kingdom of Westphalia Henry Lemery Justice Minister in the government of Gaston Doumergue Martinician appointed minister in a French government Emile Maurice Mayor of Saint Joseph and President of the General Council Camille Petit deputy and founder of the Gaullist movement in Martinique Pierre Petit Mayor of Le Morne Rouge and Member of Parliament Marie Joseph Pernock served in the National Assembly from 1966 to 1967 Michel Renard Mayor of Marigot and Deputy Victor Severe Deputy Mayor of Fort de France Paul Symphor President of the General Council 1947 1948 and Senator Victor Schœlcher died 1893 deputy of Martinique 1848 1849 and 1871 1875 known for having acted in favor of the definitive abolition of slavery in France via the decree of abolition of 1848 Emmanuel Very Hermence 1902 1966 member of the National Assembly Martinican writers and intellectuals Edit Aime Cesaire poet playwright and author of Cahier d un retour au pays natal He is one of the founders of Negritude Edouard Glissant novelist poet essayist and philosopher he won the Prix Renaudot in 1958 the Prix Puterbaugh in the United States in 1989 and the Prix Roger Caillois in 1991 Edouard Glissant is the founder of the literary movement L Antillanite and the philosophical concept Le Tout Monde Rene Menil Philosopher essayist and winner of the Frantz Fanon prize in 1999 In 1932 he was amongst Martinique literary figures engaged in publishing Legitime Defense 137 Patrick Chamoiseau novelist awarded the Prix Goncourt in 1992 for his novel Texaco and Commander of the ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2010 He is a co founder of the literary movement Creolite Rene Maran novelist awarded the Prix Goncourt in 1921 for his novel Batouala Raphael Confiant novelist and cofounder of the literary movement Creolite He has won several literary prizes including the prix Novembre in 1991 for his novel Eau de cafe the Shibusawa Claudel Prize in Japan the Antigone Prize the Caribbean Literary Prize the Carbet Prize and the Casa de las Americas Prize in Cuba A non exhaustive list of the main novelists poets playwrights essayists sociologists economists and historians from Martinique Jacques Adelaide Merlande Historian In 2000 he was awarded an honorary degree by the University of the West Indies He is the author of Histoire generale des Antilles et des Guyanes des Precolombiens a nos jours and directed the publication of volumes 3 and 4 of the Historial antillais series 138 139 Alfred Alexandre a writer he won the Prix des Ameriques insulaires et de la Guyane in 2006 for his novel Bord de canal 140 In 2020 he won the Prix Carbet de la Caraibe et du Tout Monde for his collection of poems The walk of Leila Khane Sabine Andrivon Milton historian founder of the Association for the Military History of Martinique and Chevalier de la Legion d honneur she is the author of La Martinique pendant la Grande Guerre a collection of poems and songs and Anatole dans la tourmente du Morne Siphon 141 Jean Bernabe a writer linguist and author of several novels including Le Bailleur d etincelle and Le Partage des ancetres Daniel Boukman writer he won the Carbet Prize in 1992 writing Et jusqu a la derniere pulsation de nos veines Delivrans and Chants pour hater la mort du temps des Orphees ou Madinina ile esclave 142 Roland Brival writer awarded the prix RFO du livre in 2000 and chevalier de l ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2013 143 Guy Cabort Masson novelist who won the Prix de la Fondation Frantz Fanon in 1998 for La Mangrove mulatre Martinique comportements et mentalite 144 Nicole Cage Florentiny novelist who won the prix Casa de las Americas 1996 Cuba for Arc en Ciel l espoir also writing C est vole que je vole and a bilingual collection of poems Deye pawol se lanmou Par dela les mots l amour 145 Mayotte Capecia novelist born in Le Carbet in 1916 the author of two major novels I Am a Martinican Woman and The White Negress She won the France Antilles prize for Je suis martiniquaise in 1949 Marie Magdeleine Carbet a novelist whose best known work is a volume of poetry titled Rose de ta grace She received the Prix litteraire des Caraibes in 1970 Paule Cassius de Linval writer storyteller and poet In 1961 his collection of tales Mon pays a travers les legendes won the prix Montyon 146 Aime Cesaire poet and playwright and father of the concept of negritude Cahier d un retour au pays natal Discourse on Colonialism The Tragedy of King Christophe Suzanne Cesaire author of Leo Frobenius et le probleme des civilisations and Aurore de la liberte Patrick Chamoiseau novelist awarded the prix Goncourt in 1992 for Texaco Chronique des sept miseres Une enfance creole 147 Nadia Chonville Sociologist and novelist She is the author of the fantasy novel Rose de Wegastrie 148 Raphael Confiant novelist awarded the prix Antigone and the prix Novembre for his work Eau de cafe Adele et la Pacotilleuse La Panse du chacal Jean Crusol economist and author of Les Antilles Guyane et la Caraibe cooperation et globalisation Le tourisme et la Caraibe and L enjeu des petites Economies insulaires 149 Camille Darsieres and author of Des origines de la nation martiniquaise Joseph Lagrosilliere socialiste colonial Marie Reine de Jaham novelist made officer of the ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2013 awarded the Prix litteraire des Caraibes in 1997 and author of the best selling novel La Grande Beke Edouard de Lepine historian and essayist Sur la Question dite du Statut de la Martinique Questions sur l histoire antillaise trois essais sur l abolition l assimilation l autonomie Dix semaines qui ebranlerent la Martinique Tony Delsham a journalist and best selling novelist in the Antilles he is author of Xavier Le drame d un emigre antillais Papa est ce que je peux venir mourir a la maison and Tribunal des femmes bafouees 150 Georges Desportes novelist poet and essayist the author of Cette ile qui est la notre Sous l œil fixe du soleil and Le Patrimoine martiniquais souvenirs et reflexions 151 Suzanne Dracius novelist awarded the prix de la Societe des Poetes francais Jacques Raphael Leygues in 2010 Negzagonal et Moun le Sid and in 2009 Prix Fetkann Maryse Conde in the poetry category for Exquise dereliction metisse 152 Miguel Duplan a writer and teacher he won the Prix Carbet de la Caraibe in 2007 for his novel L Acier He is also the author of the following novels Le Discours profane and Un long silence de Carnaval Victor Duquesnay Martinican poet His best known works are Les Martiniquaises and Les Chansons des Isles 153 Jude Duranty writer in French and Martinican Creole He is the author of Zouki ici danse de La fugue de Sopalteba and Les contes de Layou 154 Frantz Fanon essayist author of Black Skin White Masks and The Wretched of the Earth Georges Fitt Duval poet author of the following collections of poems Salut ma patrie Floralies florileges and Environnement tropiques rayonnants 155 Edouard Glissant novelist awarded the prix Renaudot in 1958 He is the author of La Lezarde La Case du commandeur In 1992 Edouard Glissant was a finalist for the Nobel prize in Literature but it was the St Lucian poet and playwright Derek Walcott who won by one vote Gilbert Gratiant a pioneer of literature Martinican Creole writing Fab Compe Zicaque Poemes en vers faux Sel et Sargasses 156 Simonne Henry Valmore ethno psychoanalyst and essayist She won the prix Frantz Fanon in 1988 for Dieu en exil She co wrote Aime Cesaire le negre inconsole with Roger Toumson in 1992 then objet perdu in 2013 157 Fabienne Kanor novelist awarded the Prix RFO du livre in 2007 for her novel Humus In 2014 she won the Prix Carbet De la Caraibe for her novel Faire l aventure Viktor Lazlo novelist singer and actor Etienne Lero co author of the literary journal Legitime defense and the journal Tropiques Yva Lero novelist Yva Lero authored La Plaie Peau d ebene and Doucherie Georges Henri Leotin novelist in French and Martinician Creole He is the author of Memwe la te Mango vet and Bele li sid 158 Marie Helene Leotin historian and executive advisor to the Territorial Collectivity of Martinique in charge of Heritage and Culture she is the author of Habiter le monde Martinique 1946 2006 159 Terez Leotin writer in French and Martinican Creole She is the author of the novels Le genie de la mer La panthere et Un bonheur a credit 160 Andre Lucrece sociologist and writer author of La pluie de Dieu Civilises et energumenes and Societe et modernite 161 J Q Louison poet and author of the fantasy novel series Le Crocodile assassine Le Canari brise and L Ere du serpent 162 Marie Therese Julien Lung Fou Martinican writer best known for her collections of creole tales published in three volumes in 1979 Contes mes Contes diaboliques fabliaux and Contes animaux proverbes titimes ou devinettes She also wrote the essay entitled Le Carnaval aux Antilles 163 Marcel Manville essayist and winner of the Frantz Fanon Prize in 1992 for his essay Les Antilles sans fard 164 Rene Maran novelist awarded the prix Goncourt in 1921 for Batouala Un homme pareil aux autres Georges Mauvois novelist playwright he won the Casa de las Americas Prize 2004 for Ovando ou Le magicien de Saint Domingue Agenor Cacoul Man Chomil Alfred Melon Degras writer poet and academic He is the author of Le silence Battre le rappel and Avec des si avec des mains 165 Rene Menil philosopher and essayist In 1999 he received the Frantz Fanon Prize for his essay Antilles deja jadis He was also co founder in 1932 of the journal Legitime Defense and with Aime Cesaire of the cultural review Tropiques in 1941 He is the author of Tracees Identite negritude esthetique aux Antilles and Pour l emancipation et l identite du peuple martiniquais Rene Menil and with Cesaire Fanon and Glissant is one of Martinique s greatest thinkers Monchoachi the pen name of Andre Pierre Louis a writer in French and Martinician Creole he won the Carbet Prize and the prix Max Jacob in 2003 His works include L Espere geste Lakouzemi Nostrom and Lemiste 166 Paulette Nardal co founder of the journal La Revue du Monde Noir in 1932 and one of the inspirations of the negritude movement 167 Jeanne Nardal Writer philosopher and essayist sister of Paulette Nardal Armand Nicolas Martinican historian He is the author of Histoire de la Martinique La revolution antiesclavagiste de mai 1848 a La Martinique and L Insurrection du Sud a la Martinique septembre 1870 168 Gael Octavia writer playwright 169 Xavier Orville novelist who won the Frantz Fanon prize in 1993 He wrote Le Corps absent de Prosper Ventura Le Parfum des belles de nuit 170 Gilbert Pago historian and author of 1848 Chronique de l abolition de l esclavage en Martinique L insurrection de Martinique 1870 1871 and Lumina Sophie dite Surprise 1848 1879 insurgee et bagnarde 171 Roger Parsemain Poet and novelist He is the author of L œuvre des volcans l absence du destin and Il chantait des boleros 172 Eric Pezo Writer and novelist in French and Martinican Creole author of the novels L amour sinon rien in Martinician Creole lanmou epi se tout Marie Noire and Passeurs de rives and Lasotje a work of poetry 173 Daniel Picouly writer tv host and winner of the Prix Renaudot for L Enfant Leopard Vincent Placoly winner of the prix Frantz Fanon in 1991 Author of Une journee torride La vie et la mort de Marcel Gonstran L eau de mort guildive 174 Alain Rapon novelist and storyteller He is the author of the novel La Presence de l Absent and received the Prix litteraire des Caraibes in 1983 He is also the author of Ti soleil Ti Fene et la riviere qui chante Itineraire d un Esprit perdu and Danse petit negre danse Clement Richer Martinican novelist and author of L homme de la Caravelle In 1941 and 1948 he was awarded the Prix Paul Flat by the Academie francaise for his novel Le dernier voyage de Pembroke and La croisiere de la Priscilla and the Prix Marianne in 1939 His novel Ti Coyo et son requin has been translated into English German Spanish Danish and Dutch and adapted for film by Italo Calvino as Tiko and the Shark Jean Marc Rosier writer in French and Martinican Creole He won the prix Sonny Rupaire for his novel in Creole An lavi chimerik in 1999 then the prix Carbet de la Caraibe for his novel Noirs neons in 2008 and in the poetry category of the prix Fetkann Maryse Conde for Urbanile in 2015 Julienne Salvat writer poet she is the author of Feuillesonge La lettre d Avignon Juliette Smeralda sociologist author of L Indo Antillais entre Noirs et Bekes Peau noire cheveu crepu l histoire d une alienation Daniel Thaly Martinican poet and librarian of the Schœlcher Library from 1939 to 1945 175 Raphael Tardon writer author of La Caldeira and Starkenfirst which received the grand prix litteraire des Antilles in 1948 In 1967 Raphael Tardon was posthumously awarded the Prix litteraire des Caraibes in recognition of his life s work Louis Georges Tin essayist and academic the author of Esclavage et reparations Comment faire face aux crimes de l histoire and author of a dictionary that documents the history of the treatment of homosexuals in all regions of the world 176 177 Simone Yoyotte She was the only woman to participate in producing the literary journal Legitime Defense published in 1932 by young Martinican intellectuals in Paris and considered one of the founding acts of the Negritude movement Joseph Zobel A novelist and winner of the Frantz Fanon Prize in 1994 He is the author of La Rue Cases NegresOther personalities Edit Hippolyte Morestin doctor associate professor of anatomy and specialist in reconstructive surgery Raymond Garcin neurologist former member of Academie Nationale de Medecine 178 Georges Le Breton Doctor of Dental Surgery former President of the Academie Nationale de Chirurgie dentaire 179 Robert Attuly Doctor of Law Judge and former trial judge at the Court of Cassation 180 Harry Roselmack journalist Karine Baste journalist 181 Manon Tardon fought with the French Resistance in the Second World War Jane Lero communist and feminist activist and founder of the Union des Femmes de la Martinique l UFM Union of Women of Martinique Soa de Muse drag performer finalist in first ever season of Drag Race France 182 183 Energy EditMartinique is part of the zones not interconnected to the continental metropolitan network ZNI which must therefore produce the electricity they consume themselves For this reason the ZNI have specific legislation on electricity production and distribution Martinique s energy mix is marked by a very strong importance of thermal energy production At the same time the island s electricity consumption has decreased slightly These results can be attributed to the information and awareness raising efforts of the regions the Agency for the Environment and Energy Management ADEME and energy companies in favor of energy savings but also to the context of demographic decline of the territory Despite these results the control of the Territory s electricity consumption remains a central issue given the Territory s low energy potential 184 compared to other overseas territories such as Guadeloupe 185 and Reunion 186 Martinique and its inhabitants are therefore faced with a twofold need to further strengthen the control of electricity consumption and at the same time develop renewable energies to reduce environmental pollution due to thermal electricity production Saut Gendarme waterfall Renewable energies Edit The exploitation of renewable energies in Martinique started late as the characteristics of the island were previously considered unfavorable for their development However the efforts of the population and energy suppliers are moving towards a higher proportion of renewable energies in Martinique s future energy mix Article 56 of the Grenelle I Law No 2009 967 3 August 2009 on the implementation of the Grenelle Environment Forum sets out the provisions for overseas in the case of Martinique the energy objective is to reach 50 renewable energy in final consumption by 2020 Energy autonomy is planned for 2030 As Martinique s electricity distribution grid is not interconnected with neighboring islands let alone with the mainland s metropolitan grid the decree of 23 April 2008 applies to the management of so called intermittent energies wind photovoltaic and marine any solar and wind power production facility with a capacity exceeding 3 kWp and not equipped with a storage system is liable to be disconnected from the grid by the grid manager once the threshold of 30 of random active power injected into the grid has been reached Thus the achievement of the objectives of the Grenelle I law is subject to the development of Structures with a maximum power of 3 kWp or less or to the incorporation of storage devices in production facilities Water Edit 90 of the water distributed by Martinique s drinking water network comes from Rainwater intakes in five catchment areas Thus although there is no shortage of water the situation becomes very critical in the Lenten period with abstractions leading to the drying up of several rivers 187 Water resources are abundant but unevenly distributed Four municipalities Saint Joseph Gros Morne le Lorrain and Fort de France provide 85 of Martinique s drinking water There is no water catchment in the south of the island The water consumed in the South comes exclusively from abstractions from the North and the center mainly from the Blanche River which flows into the Lezarde the Capot and the Dumauze Thus 60 of the total is extracted from a single river the Lezarde and its tributary the Blanche river This concentration of abstractions can constitute a risk in a crisis situation such as a drought for example 188 Health Edit A patient is transferred between aircraft and ambulance at Martinique Aime Cesaire International Airport Regional health agency Edit A regional health agency for Martinique Agence regionale de sante Martinique was set up in 2010 It is responsible for applying French health policy in the territory managing public health and health care regulations 189 Healthcare professionals Edit As of 1 January 2018 Martinique had a workforce of 1 091 doctors For each 100 000 people of its population there was a density of 141 general practitioners 150 specialists 53 dentists 1 156 state certified nurses and 90 pharmacists 190 Self employed doctors are represented by URML Martinique created under the Hospital patients health territories bill URML Martinique works in partnership with ARS Martinique l Assurance Maladie the Ministry of Health and Local Authorities to manage regional health policy 191 Health facilities Edit The University Hospital of Martinique Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique is a teaching hospital based in Fort de France in an agreement with the University of the French Antilles It is the largest French and English speaking university hospital in the Caribbean having more than 1600 beds These include 680 medical 273 surgical and 100 obstetrics beds with another 30 in its intensive care unit The hospital operates a 24 hour emergency service 192 Chlordecone controversy Edit Actions of the French government Edit After the discovery of the toxicity of chlordecone a dangerous insecticide and the health risks it posed the French state put in place certain measures to protect the Martinican and Guadeloupean populations allocating nearly 100 million euros towards the implementation of these measures 193 The soils are regularly tested and subjected to strict regulations related to the standards of potability 193 194 Martinique is also subject to regular mapping processes to delineate highly contaminated areas River fishing is also prohibited in order to limit health risks as rivers represent high risk contamination areas 193 Since 2008 the French state has developed three action plans establishing strategies to protect local populations raise awareness regarding the effects of chlordecone as well as to support the agriculture and fisheries sectors 195 A French parliamentary commission revealed in 2019 that more than 90 of Martinicans have been exposed to chlordecone which was authorized for use between 1972 and 1993 in the banana plantations of the Antilles The committee judged the three Chlordecone Plans launched by the State since 2008 to be inadequate recommendations were provided via its rapporteur Justine Benin MP to address prevention and research into cleanup methods for a fourth plan scheduled for 2020 196 The parliamentary commission of inquiry called the French state into question for having authorized the sale of chlordecone as an insecticide as its toxicity was known but responsibilities are shared with economic actors Firstly industrialists but also groups of planters and certain elected officials 197 Health consequences Edit Chlordecone is known to have harmful effects on human health with scientific research identifying it as an endocrine disruptor or hormonally active chemical agent as well as a probable carcinogen particularly in relation to increasing chances of prostate cancer occurrence and recurrence 195 193 As an endocrine disruptor chlordecone can also lead to delayed cognitive development in infants an increased likelihood of pregnancy complications and may disrupt the reproductive process 193 The chlordecone molecule has physical and chemical characteristics that allow it to remain for several centuries in soil river water and groundwater thus spreading beyond the location of the banana plantations where this insecticide was initially administered 193 198 Although chlordecone has not been used since the 1990s the health risks remain Chlordecone contamination occurs through contaminated food and drink 195 Local community response Edit In the streets of Fort de France approximately 5 000 to 15 000 residents of Martinique demonstrated in protest on 27 March 2021 denouncing the possible statute of limitations on a complaint filed by civil parties for the use of chlordecone in causing life endangerment mise en danger de la vie d autrui 199 The complaint was issued on 23 February 2006 199 200 The French government s actions in response to the historical authorization of chlordecone are often criticized by residents of Martinique and local associations involved in the Chlordecone Scandal The lack of information transmitted to the population concerning the danger of chlordecone between 1993 and 2004 is one of the main concerns expressed 199 The civil complaint in 2006 was issued by several associations from the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe and was in response to the long term impacts of government authorized chlordecone use in polluting the islands natural environments and affecting the health of inhabitants 201 COVID 19 pandemic Edit Main article COVID 19 pandemic in Martinique Martinique s first cases of coronavirus COVID 19 were confirmed in March 2020 202 The pandemic has since put provision of health services under significant stress as of 2 September 2021 Martinique had recorded an excess mortality at all ages and of all causes since the week beginning 26 July 2021 203 In popular culture EditIn 1887 the artist Paul Gauguin lived in Martinique 204 Gauguin painted the tropical landscape and the native women The Paul Gauguin Interpretation Centre former Gauguin Museum is dedicated to his stay on the island In the lyrics of Irving Berlin s 1933 song Heat Wave the dancer referred to by the title came from the island of Martinique Various films have been set or filmed on Martinique notably To Have and Have Not the 1999 remake of The Thomas Crown Affair Concorde Affaire 79 and Sugar Cane Alley Mexican writer Caridad Bravo Adams wrote Corazon salvaje published in 1957 which was set in Martinique Several novelists have use the island as a setting such as Patrick Chamoiseau Solibo Magnificent Jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea Rex Bestle Martinique Island and Carolly Erickson The Secret Life of Josephine Napoleon s Bird of Paradise Aime Cesaire s seminal poem Cahier d un retour au pays natal Notebook of a Return to the Native Land envisions the poet s imagined journey back to his homeland Martinique to find it in a state of colossal poverty and psychological inferiority due to the French colonial presence 205 206 Lafcadio Hearn in 1890 published a travel book titled Two Years in the French West Indies in which Martinique Martinique Sketches is its main topic his descriptions of the island people and history are lively observations of life before the Mont Pelee eruption in 1902 that would change the island forever The Library of America republished his works in 2009 entitled Hearn American Writings 207 208 The Island Martinique by John Edgar Wideman is a travel memoir of an African originated man visiting a place built on slavery and a deeply personal journal of his romance with a Frenchwoman 2003 National Geographic Society See also Edit2009 French Caribbean general strikes 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articles Editions L Harmattan in French Archived from the original on 26 February 2018 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Andre Lucrece Ile en ile in French 17 June 2004 Archived from the original on 23 May 2021 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Louison Jacqueline Q WorldCat Identities Archived from the original on 8 December 2021 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Author a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Larrier Renee Brenda 2000 Francophone women writers of Africa and the Caribbean Gainesville University Press of Florida p 37 ISBN 978 0 8130 2288 8 OCLC 47008638 Manville Marcel 1922 WorldCat Identities Archived from the original on 6 December 2021 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Biographies Criticism interpretation etc Conference papers and proceedings a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Morrison Anthea 1 January 1993 Americanite or Antillanite Changing perspectives on identity in post negritude Francophone Caribbean poetry New West Indian Guide Nieuwe West Indische Gids 67 1 2 33 45 doi 10 1163 13822373 90002672 ISSN 2213 4360 Monchoachi World Literature Today Archived from the original on 11 April 2021 Retrieved 28 November 2021 La Revue du monde noir Index of Modernist Magazines 9 June 2016 Archived from the original on 16 November 2021 Retrieved 28 November 2021 Armand Nicolas Goodreads Archived from the original on 3 December 2021 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Matrimoine Matrimoine Afro Americano Caribeen MAAC in French Archived from the original on 1 June 2021 Retrieved 28 November 2021 Entre Nous Xavier Orville ecrivain martiniquais 2 Radio Haiti Archive Duke Digital Repository Duke Digital Collections Retrieved 28 November 2021 Pago Gilbert WorldCat Identities Archived from the original on 9 December 2021 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Author Author of introduction Editor Film editor Scientific advisor a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Parsemain Roger 1944 WorldCat Identities Archived from the original on 9 December 2021 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Author Adapter a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Pezo Eric WorldCat Identities Archived from the original on 6 December 2021 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Author a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Placoly Vincent 1946 WorldCat Identities Archived from the original on 9 December 2021 Retrieved 3 December 2021 Author Bibliographic antecedent a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Daniel Thaly 1879 1950 PDF BnF Data Bibliotheque nationale de France Archived from the original on 1 December 2021 Retrieved 1 December 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Tin Louis Georges Redburn Marek Michaud Alice Mathers Kyle 2008 The dictionary of homophobia a global history of gay amp lesbian experience Vancouver Arsenal Pulp Press ISBN 978 1 55152 314 9 OCLC 503446128 Tin Louis Georges WorldCat Identities Archived from the original on 9 December 2021 Retrieved 4 December 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Rondot P 1 April 2000 Raymond Garcin 1897 1971 Journal of Neurology 247 4 315 316 doi 10 1007 s004150050594 ISSN 1432 1459 PMID 10836629 S2CID 39802292 Le Breton Georges WorldCat Identities Archived from the original on 4 December 2021 Retrieved 4 December 2021 Author Thesis advisor Creator Editor a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Attuly Robert 1884 1963 WorldCat Identities Archived from the original on 4 December 2021 Retrieved 4 December 2021 Author Author of introduction a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link JT de France 2 voir et revoir en direct et replay aujourd hui hier archives journal tv Franceinfo in French Archived from the original on 27 November 2021 Retrieved 28 November 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Soa de Muse une Martiniquaise dans le premier drag show televise francais la1ere in French 2 July 2022 Archived from the original on 2 July 2022 Retrieved 5 August 2022 June 02 Joey Nolfi EDT 2022 at 09 15 AM Bonjour ladies Meet the queens of Drag Race France EW com Retrieved 6 August 2022 ADEME Vers l autonomie energetique en zone non interconnectee a l horizon 2030 Rapport final d etude pour l ile de la Martinique Agence de l environnement et de la maitrise de l energie Vers l autonomie energetique en zone non interconnectee a l horizon 2030 Rapport final d etude pour l ile de la Guadeloupe Agencia del Medio Ambiente y de la Gestion de la Energia Hacia la autonomia energetica en zona no interconectada en el horizonte 2030 Informe final del estudio para la isla de Guadalupe ADEME Vers l autonomie energetique en zone non interconnectee a l horizon 2030 Rapport final d etude pour l ile de la Reunion ADEME Martinique BRGM www brgm fr in French Archived from the original on 25 July 2021 Retrieved 31 July 2021 RAIMBAUD Guillaume Les chiffres de l eau potable en Martinique Observatoire de l Eau Martinique a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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