Hydronym

A hydronym (from Greek: ὕδρω, hydrō, "water" and ὄνομα, onoma, "name") is a type of toponym that designates a proper name of a body of water. Hydronyms include the proper names of rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, swamps and marshes, seas and oceans. As a subset of toponymy, a distinctive discipline of hydronymy (or hydronomastics) studies the proper names of all bodies of water, the origins and meanings of those names, and their development and transmission through history.^[1]

Hydronym Iteru ("great river") written in hieroglyphs, designating the river Nile in Egyptian language

Classification by water types

Within the onomastic classification, main types of hydronyms are (in alphabetical order):

• helonyms: proper names of swamps, marshes and bogs,^[2]
• limnonyms: proper names of lakes and ponds,^[3]
• oceanonyms: proper names of oceans,^[4]
• pelagonyms: proper names of seas and maritime bays,^[5]
• potamonyms: proper names of rivers and streams.^[6]

Linguistic phenomena

Often a given body of water will have several entirely different names given to it by different peoples living along its shores. For example, Tibetan: རྫ་ཆུ, Wylie: rDza chu, ZYPY: Za qu and Thai: แม่น้ำโขง [mɛ̂ː náːm kʰǒːŋ] are the Tibetan and Thai names, respectively, for the same river, the Mekong in southeast Asia. (The Tibetan name is used for three other rivers as well.)

Hydronyms from various languages may all share a common etymology. For example, the Danube, Don, Dniester, Dnieper, and Donets rivers all contain the Scythian name for "river" (cf. don, "river, water" in modern Ossetic).^[7] A similar suggestion is that the Yarden, Yarkon, and Yarmouk (and possibly, with distortion, Yabbok and/or Arnon) rivers in the Israel/Jordan area contain the Egyptian word for river (itrw, transliterated in the Bible as ye'or).

It is also possible for a toponym to become a hydronym: for example, the River Liffey takes its name from the plain on which it stands, called Liphe or Life; the river originally was called An Ruirthech.^[8][9] An unusual example is the River Cam, which originally was called the Granta, but when the town of Grantebrycge became Cambridge, the river's name changed to match the toponym.

Relation to history

Compared to most other toponyms, hydronyms are very conservative linguistically, and people who move to an area often retain the existing name of a body of water rather than rename it in their own language.^[10] For example, the Rhine in Germany bears a Celtic name, not a German name.^[11] The Mississippi River in the United States bears an Anishinaabe name, not a French or English one.^[12] The names of large rivers are even more conservative than the local names of small streams.

Therefore, hydronomy may be a tool used to reconstruct past cultural interactions, population movements, religious conversions, or older languages.^[13] For example, history professor Kenneth H. Jackson identified a river-name pattern against which to fit the story of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain and pockets of surviving native British culture.^[14] His river map of Britain divided the island into three principal areas of English settlement: the river valleys draining eastward in which surviving British names are limited to the largest rivers and Saxon settlement was early and dense; the highland spine; and a third region whose British hydronyms apply even to the smaller streams.

See also

• Old European hydronymy
• Rigvedic rivers
• List of river name etymologies

References

1. Room 1996, p. 48, 51, 56, 71, 79, 84.
2. Room 1996, p. 48.
3. Room 1996, p. 56.
4. Room 1996, p. 71.
5. Room 1996, p. 79.
6. Room 1996, p. 84.
7. Mallory, J.P. and Victor H. Mair. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames and Hudson, 2000. p. 106. Абаев В. И. Осетинский язык и фольклор (Ossetian language and folklore). Moscow: Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1949. P. 236
8. Byrne, F. J. 1973. Irish Kings and High-Kings. Dublin. p.150
9. . Archived from the original on 16 June 2002. Retrieved 20 November 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
10. Julie Tetel Andresen; Phillip Carter (2015). Languages In The World: How History, Culture, and Politics Shape Language. John Wiley & Sons. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-118-53128-0. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
11. Klement Tockner; Urs Uehlinger; Christopher T. Robinson (2009). Rivers of Europe. Academic Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-08-091908-9. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
12. Arlene B. Hirschfelder; Paulette Fairbanks Molin (2012). The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists. Scarecrow Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-8108-7709-2. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
13. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Toponymy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 31 December 2015. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
14. Jackson, Language and History in Early Britain, Edinburgh, 1953:220-23, summarized in H.R. Loyn, Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest , 2nd ed. 1991:7-9.

Sources

• Robert S.P. Beekes, "River", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, pp. 486–87.
• H.L. Mencken, "The American language: An inquiry into the development of English in the United States", 1921, 2nd ed., rev. and enl. 3. Geographical Names
• Room, Adrian (1996). An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3169-8.