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Bihar

February 08, 2023

For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation).

Bihar (/bɪˈhɑːr/; Hindi pronunciation: [bɪˈɦaːr] (listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the second largest state by population in 2019, the 12th largest by area of 94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi), and the 14th largest by GDP in 2021.[10][11] Bihar borders Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Bengal to the east, and with Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges, which flows from west to east.[12]

Bihar
State
Clockwise from top right: Aerial view of the capital Patna on the banks of River Ganga, Ruins of ancient Nalanda University, Mata Mundeshwari Temple in Kaimur, Madhubani painting from Mithila region, Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, Brahma Kund hot springs in Rajgir
Emblem of Bihar
Anthem: Mere Bharat Ke Kanth Haar
(The Garland of My India)
Location of Bihar in India
Coordinates (Patna): 25°24′N 85°06′E / 25.4°N 85.1°E / 25.4; 85.1Coordinates: 25°24′N 85°06′E / 25.4°N 85.1°E / 25.4; 85.1
CountryIndia
Formation22 March 1912
Statehood26 January 1950
Capital
and largest city		Patna
Districts38
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Bihar
 • GovernorPhagu Chauhan[1]
 • Chief MinisterNitish Kumar
 • Deputy Chief MinisterTejashwi Yadav
 • Legislature
 • Parliamentary constituenciesRajya Sabha (16 seats)
Lok Sabha (40 seats)
Area
[2]
 • Total94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi)
 • Rank12th
Population
 (2011)[3]
 • Total104,099,452
 • Rank3rd
 • Density1,102/km2 (2,850/sq mi)
 • Major Ethnolinguistic Groups
DemonymBihari
GDP nominal (2021–22)
[4][5]
 • Total₹6.75 lakh crore (US$85 billion)
 • Per capita₹54,070 (US$680)
Languages
 • OfficialHindi[6]
 • Additional officialUrdu[7]
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
UN/LOCODEINBR
ISO 3166 codeIN-BR
Vehicle registrationBR
Industrial and Financial CapitalBegusarai
HDI (2019) 0.574[8] (medium) · 36th
Literacy (2020)68.15%[9]
Sex ratio (2020)1090 ♀/1000 ♂[9]
WebsiteOfficial Website
Symbols of Bihar
MammalGaur (Mithun)
BirdHouse Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
FlowerKachnar (Phanera variegata)
FruitMango (Mangifera indica)
TreePeepal tree (Ficus religiosa)

On 15 November 2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand.[13] Only 20% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas as of 2021.[14] Additionally, almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state.[15] The official languages are Hindi and Urdu, although other languages are common, including Maithili, Magahi, Bhojpuri, and other Languages of Bihar.

In Ancient and Classical India, the area that is now Bihar was considered the centre of political and cultural power and as a haven of learning.[16] From Magadha arose India's first empire, the Maurya empire, as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions: Buddhism.[17] Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule.[18] Another region of Bihar, Mithila, was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom.[19][20]

However, since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social and economic development.[21] Many economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of the policies of the central government, such as the freight equalisation policy,[22][23] its apathy towards Bihar,[24] lack of Bihari sub-nationalism,[25] and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company.[23] The state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the state.[26] Improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure,[27] better healthcare facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in crime and corruption.[28]

Etymology

The name Bihar derives from the Sanskrit and Pali word vihāra (Devanagari: विहार), meaning "abode". The region roughly encompassing the present state had many Buddhist vihāras, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabaqat-i Nasiri that in 1198 Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town identified with the word, later known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km (43 mi) away from Bodh Gaya.[29][30]

History

Main article: History of Bihar
See also: Timeline for Bihar; Magadha; Mithila Kingdom; History of Buddhism in India; Decline of Buddhism in India; Mithila, India; and List of rulers of Mithila
 
Copy of the seal excavated from Kundpur, Vaishali. The Brahmi letters on the seal state: "Kundpur was in Vaishali. Prince Vardhaman (Mahavira) used this seal after the Judgement."
 
Magadha, Anga and Vajjika League of Mithila, c. 600 BCE.

Ancient period

Chirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record from the Neolithic age (c. 2500–1345 BCE).[31][32] Regions of Bihar – such as Magadha, Mithila, and Anga – are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient India.

Mithila gained prominence after the establishment of the Videha Kingdom.[33][34] During the late Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas.[35] Sita, a daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila is mentioned as the consort of Lord Rama, in the Hindu epic Ramayana, written by Valmiki.[33][36][page needed] The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajjika League which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila.[37] Vajji had a republican form of government where the head of state was elected from the rajas. Based on the information found in texts pertaining to Jainism and Buddhism, Vajji was established as a republic by the sixth century BCE, before the birth of Gautama Buddha in 563 BCE, making it the first known republic in India.

The Haryanka dynasty, founded in 684 BCE, ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha (modern Rajgir). The two well-known kings from this dynasty were Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru, who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. Ajatashatru founded the city of Pataliputra which later became the capital of Magadha. He declared war and conquered the Vajjika League. The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the Shishunaga dynasty. Later, the Nanda Dynasty ruled a vast tract stretching from Bengal to Punjab.

The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the Maurya Empire, India's first empire. The Maurya Empire and the religion of Buddhism arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 325 BCE, was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who was born in Magadha. It had its capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna). Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, who was born in Pataliputra (Patna), is often considered to be among the most accomplished rulers in world history.[38][39]

The Gupta Empire, which originated in Magadha in 240 CE, is referred to as the Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, commerce, religion, and Indian philosophy.[40] Bihar and Bengal were invaded by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty in the 11th century.[41][42]

Medieval period

Buddhism in Magadha went into decline due to the invasion of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, during which many of the viharas were destroyed along with the universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila. Some historians believe that thousands of Buddhist monks were massacred during the 12th century.[43][44][45][46] D. N. Jha suggests, instead, that these incidents were the result of Buddhist–Brahmin skirmishes in a fight for supremacy.[47] After the fall of the Pala Empire, the Chero dynasty ruled some parts of Bihar from the 12th century until Mughal rule in the 16th century.[48] In 1540, the great Pathan chieftain, Sher Shah Suri, took northern India from the Mughals and declared Delhi his capital.

From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these were the Karnatas, followed by the Oiniwar dynasty and Raj Darbhanga.[49] It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was shifted to Darbhanga.[50][51]

The tenth and the last guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh, was born in Patna in 1666. With political instability in the Mughal Empire following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Murshid Quli Khan declared Bengal's independence and named himself Nawab of Bengal.

Colonial era

See also: 1781 revolt in Bihar, Veer Kunwar Singh, Siege of Arrah, and Battle of Chatra

After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British East India Company obtained the diwani rights (rights to administer and collect tax revenue) for Bihar, Bengal, and Odisha. The rich resources of fertile land, water, and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th century. A number of agriculture-based industries had been started in Bihar by foreign entrepreneurs.[52] Bihar remained a part of the Bengal Presidency of British India until 1912, when Bihar and Orissa were carved out as separate provinces.

Pre- and post-Independence

See also: 2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra

Farmers in Champaran had revolted against indigo cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and 1916 (Turkaulia). In April 1917, Mahatma Gandhi visited Champaran, where Raj Kumar Shukla had drawn his attention to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. The Champaran Satyagraha that followed received support from many Bihari nationalists, such as Rajendra Prasad Krishna Sinha and Anugrah Narayan Sinha.[53][54]

In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the Kisan Sabha (peasant movement) was an important consequence of the independence movement. It began in 1929 under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who formed the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS), to mobilise peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights. The movement intensified and spread from Bihar across the rest of India, culminating in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936, where Saraswati was elected as its first president.[55]

Following independence, Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as Maharashtra, Punjab, and Assam.[56][57]

Geography

 
Himalayan Foothills in Valmikinagar, Bihar
 
Flooded farmlands in during 2008 Bihar flood.
 
Mountain of Ashrams, Vindhya range Bodh Gaya
Main articles: Geography of Bihar and Climate of Bihar
See also: Physiographical Regions of Bihar and Forest in Bihar
Further information: Floods in Bihar
Climate of Bihar
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
12
 
 
24
9
 
 
9.9
 
 
26
11
 
 
12
 
 
32
16
 
 
24
 
 
37
21
 
 
56
 
 
37
24
 
 
165
 
 
36
26
 
 
325
 
 
33
25
 
 
276
 
 
33
25
 
 
217
 
 
32
25
 
 
83
 
 
32
21
 
 
6.4
 
 
29
15
 
 
6
 
 
25
10
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [58]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.5
 
 
74
49
 
 
0.4
 
 
79
53
 
 
0.5
 
 
90
61
 
 
0.9
 
 
98
70
 
 
2.2
 
 
99
75
 
 
6.5
 
 
96
78
 
 
13
 
 
91
78
 
 
11
 
 
91
78
 
 
8.5
 
 
90
77
 
 
3.3
 
 
89
71
 
 
0.3
 
 
84
59
 
 
0.2
 
 
77
51
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Bihar covers a total area of 94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi), with an average elevation above sea level of 173 feet (53 m). It is land locked by Nepal in the north, Jharkhand in the south West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh to the west.[59] It has three parts on the basis of physical and structural conditions: the Southern Plateau, the Shivalik Region, and Bihar's Gangetic Plain.[60] Furthermore, the vast stretch of fertile Bihar Plain is divided by the Ganges River into two unequal parts – North Bihar and South Bihar.[61] The Ganges flows west–east and, along with its tributaries, regularly floods parts of the Bihar plain. The main northern tributaries are the Gandak and Koshi, which originate in the Nepalese Himalayas, and the Bagmati, which originates in the Kathmandu Valley. Other tributaries are the Son, Budhi Gandak, Chandan, Orhani and Phalgu. Bihar has some small hills, such as the Rajgir hills in center, Kaimur Range in south-west and Shivalik Range in North. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 7.1 percent of its geographical area.[62] The sub-Himalayan foothills of Shivalik ranges, primary Someshwar and Dun mountain, in West Champaran district are clad in a belt of moist deciduous forest. As well as trees, this consists of scrub, grass and reeds.

Bihar lies completely in the Subtropical region of the Temperate Zone, and its climatic type is humid subtropical. Its temperature is subtropical in general, with hot summers and cold winters. Bihar has an average daily high temperature of only 26 °C with a yearly average of 26 °C. The climate is very warm, but has only a very few tropical and humid months. Several months of the year it is warm to hot at temperatures continuously above 25 °C, sometimes up to 29 °C. Due to less rain the best time for traveling is from October to April. The most rainy days occur from May to September.[63]

Flora and fauna

 
Bengal Tiger is main attraction at Valmiki Tiger Reserve
 
Bauhinia acuminata, locally known as Kachnaar
 
A dolphin in Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
Main articles: Flora of Bihar and Fauna of Bihar
See also: Protected areas of Bihar
Further information: Valmiki National Park and Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary

Bihar has reserved Forest area of 6,845 km2 (2,643 sq mi), which is 7.27% of its geographical area.[64] The sub-Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district have belts of moist deciduous forests, mixed with shrubs, grass and reeds. High rainfall (above 1,600 mm [63 in]) promotes forests of Sal (Shorea robusta) in these areas. Other important trees are Sal Cedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in the Saharsa and Purnia districts,[65] with common trees including Shorea robusta (sal), Diospyros melanoxylon (kendu), Boswellia serrata (salai), Terminalia tomentose (asan), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Terminalia arjuna (arjun), Pterocarpus marsupium (paisar), and Madhuca indica (mahua).

Valmiki National Park covers about 800 km2 (309 sq mi) of forest and is the 18th Tiger Reserve of India, ranked fourth in terms of density of tiger population.[66] It has a diverse landscape and biodiversity in addition to sheltering the protected carnivores. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in Bhagalpur region is a reserve for the endangered South Asian river dolphin.[64] Other species in Bihar include leopard, bear, hyena, bison, chital and barking deer. Crocodilians including gharials and muggers as well as Gangetic turtles can be found in the river systems. Karkatgarh Waterfall on Karmanasa River is a natural habitat of the crocodilians. In 2016, the government of Bihar has accepted the proposal of the forest authorities to turn the place into a Crocodile Conservation Reserve (CCR).[67] Other notable wildlife sanctuaries include Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary and Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary. Many varieties of local and migratory bird species can be seen in natural wetlands of Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, Baraila lake, Kusheshwar Nath Lake, Udaypur lake.[64]

Natural resource

Bihar is the principal holder of the country's pyrite resources and possesses 95% of the resources.[68]

In May 2022, a gold mine was found in the district of Jamui.[69] It accounts for more than 44% of country's gold reserve, approximately 223 million tons.[70]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901 21,243,632—    
1911 21,567,159+1.5%
1921 21,358,905−1.0%
1931 23,438,371+9.7%
1941 26,302,771+12.2%
1951 29,085,000+10.6%
1961 34,841,000+19.8%
1971 42,126,000+20.9%
1981 52,303,000+24.2%
1991 64,531,000+23.4%
2001 82,999,000+28.6%
2011 104,099,452+25.4%
Source: Census of India[71]
Religion in Bihar
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 82.69%
Islam
 
 16.86%
other
 
 0.44%
Main articles: Demographics of Bihar, Languages of Bihar, and Religion in Bihar
Languages of Bihar (2011)[72]
Languages of Bihar Percent
Hindi
 
 25.54%
Bhojpuri
 
 24.86%
Maithili
 
 12.55%
Magahi
 
 10.87%
Urdu
 
 8.42%
Surjapuri
 
 1.78%
Bengali
 
 0.78%
other
 
 15.2%

At the 2011 Census, Bihar was the third most populous state of India with a total population of 104,099,452. It was also India's most densely populated state, with 1,106 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio was 1090 females per 1000 males in the year 2020.[9] Almost 58% of Bihar's population was below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. In 2021, Bihar has had an urbanisation rate of 20%.[73][14] Bihar has an adult literacy rate of 68.15% (78.5% for males and 57.8% for females) in 2020.[9]

According to the 2011 census, 82.7% of Bihar's population practised Hinduism, while 16.9% followed Islam.[74][75] Christianity (0.12%), Buddhism (0.02%) and Sikhism (0.02%) is minority in religion in Bihar. Most of Bihar's population belongs to Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups. It also attracted Punjabi Hindu refugees during the Partition of British India in 1947.[76]

Hindi is the official language of the state and spoken by 25.54% of the total population.[6] At 8.42%, Urdu is the second official language in 15 districts of the state.[7] However, the majority of the people speak one of the Bihari languages, most of which as classified as dialects of Hindi during the census. The major ones are Bhojpuri (24.86%), Maithili (12.55%)and Magahi (10.87%)[77][78] Maithili is a recognised regional language of India under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. Proponents have called Bhojpuri, Magahi, Angika and Bajjika to receive the same status.[79][80] Smaller communities of Bengali and Surjapuri speakers are found in the parts of the state, especially in the eastern districts and urban areas.[72]

Government and administration

Government of Bihar
 
Patna High Court
 
Bihar Vidhan Sabha
 
Patna Secretariat
Main articles: Government of Bihar and Administration in Bihar
See also: Divisions of Bihar and Districts of Bihar

Governor is the constitutional head of the government of Bihar, who is appointed by the President of India. Chief minister is the executive head of the government who with its cabinet ministers makes all important decisions. The political party or coalition of political parties having a majority in the Bihar Legislative Assembly forms the government.

Chief secretary is the head of the bureaucracy of the state, under whom a hierarchy of officials is drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, Indian Forest Service, and different wings of the state civil services. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice of the High Court. Bihar has a high court in Patna, which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Patna.

The state is administratively divided into 9 divisions and 38 districts. For the administration of urban areas, Bihar has 19 municipal corporations, 89 nagar parishads (city councils), and 154 nagar panchayats (town councils).[81][82][83][84][85][86][87]

List of largest populated cities in Bihar governed by a municipal corporation[88]
Rank City Population (2011) Rank City Population (2011)
1 Patna 1684222
 
11 Begusarai 252008
 
2 Gaya 474093
 
12 Katihar 240838
 
3 Bhagalpur 400146
 
13 Bettiah 237254
 
4 Muzaffarpur 354462
 
14 Motihari 221646
 
5 Bihar Sharif 337819
 
15 Saharsa 216491
 
6 Darbhanga 296039
 
16 Munger 213303
 
7 Purnia 282248
 
17 Chhapra 202352
 
8 Sasaram 264709
 
18 Sitamarhi 67818
 
9 Arrah 261430
 
19 Madhubani NA
 
10 Samastipur 253136
 

Politics

Main article: Politics of Bihar
See also: Category:Political parties in Bihar, Elections in Bihar, List of politicians from Bihar, and 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election

By 2004, The Economist magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".[89] In 2005, the World Bank believed that issues faced by the state were "enormous" because of "persistent poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance".[90] As of 2014, there are two main political formations: the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which comprises Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP, Indian People's Party), Lok Janashakti Party (LJP) and Janata Dal (United) (JDU); and a second alliance between Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD, National People's Party), Hindustani Awam Morcha, Rashtriya Lok Samta Party and Indian National Congress (INC). There are many other political formations. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened.[91] The Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) and CPM and All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) have a minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties.[92]

Nitish Kumar has been chief minister of Bihar for 13 years between 2005 and 2020. In contrast to prior governments, which emphasised divisions of caste and religion, his political platform was based on economic development, reduction of crime and corruption, and greater social equality. Since 2010, the government confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeployed them as school buildings.[93] They also introduced Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime.[94] It also legislated a two-hour lunch break on Fridays, to enable Muslim employees to pray and thereby reduce absenteeism.[95] The government has prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol in the state since March 2016,[96] which has been linked to a drop in tourism[97] and a rise in substance abuse.[98]

Public health

Bihar generally ranks weakest in health outcomes in comparison to other Indian states.[99][100] While the National Health Mission, the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010, and the formation of the Empowered Action Group (EAG)[101] provide federal funds to expand and improve healthcare services, Bihar's ability to fully utilise this funding is lacking.[99][100]

Research indicates that Bihar relies on privatised hospitals to provide healthcare to the masses, with the second-highest ratio among Indian states for private to public spending and high levels of corruption.[99] These factors are associated with slower healthcare delivery and steep healthcare costs.[102][103][104][105] Corruption is enabled as Bihar lacks continuity and transparency of health reporting as required by the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010. In turn, this prevents the government from making evidence-based conclusions about policy changes and hospital effectiveness, resulting in patterns of ill-informed spending and inconsistent hiring.

When comparing Bihar to Kerala, the number of healthcare professionals (including registered nurses, auxiliary nurses, physicians and health supervisors) at each hospital are significantly lower, and remain constant over time while they steadily increase in number in Kerala.[106] According to Ministry of Health statistics, the greatest shortfalls are for physicians and specialists at 75%.[99] Bihar has only 50% of the sub-health centres, 60% of the primary health centres, and 9% of the community health centres required by the national supply-to-population standards. The number of public hospital beds in Bihar decreased between 2008 and 2015.[106] Given the high population density of the state, Bihar is significantly behind in the number of healthcare professionals that should be employed.[107][106] Despite these shortcomings, Bihar has shown gradual signs of improvement for female health workers,[99] death rate, and infant, neo-natal, child and maternal mortality rates.[99]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Bihar
Gross State Domestic Product
Year Millions of rupees[108]
1980
73,530
1985
142,950
1990
264,290
1995
244,830
2000
469,430
2005
710,060[109]
2010
2,042,890[citation needed]
2015
3,694,690[citation needed]
 
Langra mango from a farm in Shivnarayanpur, Bhagalpur, Bihar
 
Bihar accounts for 71% of India's annual litchi production.[110]

Bihar's gross state domestic product (GSDP) for the fiscal year (FY) 2013–14 was around ₹3,683.37 billion. By sectors, its composition is 22% agriculture, 5% industry and 73% services.[citation needed] Bihar has the fastest-growing state economy in terms of GSDP, with a growth rate of 17.06% in FY 2014–15.[111] The economy of Bihar was projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.4% during 2012–2017 (the 12th Five-Year Plan). Bihar has experienced strong growth in per capita net state domestic product (NSDP). At current prices, per capita NSDP of the state grew at a CAGR of 12.91% from 2004 to 2005 to 2014–15.[112] Bihar's per capita income went up by 40.6% in FY 2014–15.[113] The state's debt was estimated at 77% of GDP by 2007.[114]

Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in Bihar

Among the states of India, Bihar is the fourth-largest producer of vegetables and the eighth-largest producer of fruits. About 80% of the state's population is employed in agriculture, which is above the national average.[112] The main agricultural products are litchi, guava, mango, pineapple, brinjal, lady's finger, cauliflower, cabbage, rice, wheat, sugarcane, and sunflower. Though good soil and favourable climatic conditions favour agriculture, this can be hampered by floods and soil erosion.[115] The southern parts of the state endure annual droughts, which affect crops such as paddy.[116]

Industry

Begusarai is the industrial and financial capital of Bihar. It has major industries like Barauni Refinery, NTPC, Barauni (BTPS), Barauni Fertiliser Plant (HURL, Barauni), Sudha Dairy Plant, Pepsi Bottling Plant.

Hajipur, Dalmianagar, Munger and Barauni are the major industrial cities in Bihar[117] The capital city, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita income.[relevant?][118]

The Finance Ministry has sought to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like Reliance Industries. Further developments have taken place in the growth of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, a software park in Patna, Darbhanga, Bhagalpur,[119] and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand. In August 2008, a Patna-registered company called the Security and Intelligence Services[120] took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American conglomerate, United Technologies Corporation (UTC). SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.[121][relevant?]

Prior to prohibition, Bihar emerged as a brewery hub with numerous production units.[122] In August 2018, United Breweries Limited announced it would begin production of non-alcoholic beer at its previously defunct brewery in Bihar.[123][124]

Income distribution

In terms of income, the districts of Patna, Munger, and Begusarai placed highest among the 38 districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of ₹31,441, ₹10,087 and ₹9,312, respectively, in FY 2004–05.[118]

Income disparity among social groups

Rumela Sen outlines the inequalities and backwardness prevalent in Bihar in post-independence period as a consequence of the "delaying tactics" in implementation of land reform and utilisation of kinship ties by the upper-caste landlords, who were having obstructionist attitude towards the land reform programs. The upper-caste not only dominated the administration, but also the politics in the post-independence period, and they utilised the caste ties to keep about 9000 acres of land undisturbed to the poor. Since the landlords primarily belonged to upper-caste as were the politicians and administrators, they were successful in grabbing large holdings amidst the passage of Zamindari abolition act of 1952.[125]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Bihar

Paintings

Painting in Bihar
 
 
Left  : Mithila Painting, Right : Patna Qualam
Tikuli Painting and Manjusha Painting are two other form of Painting in Bihar
Main article: Painting in Bihar
See also: Mithila painting, Patna Qualam, and Manjusha Painting
 
Kathak classical dance form, from Bhojpur region

There are several traditional styles of painting practised in Bihar. One is Mithila painting, a style used in the Mithila region of Bihar. Traditionally, this form was practised mainly by women, passed down generation to generation. Painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, births, marriages, and other cultural milestones.[126] It was traditionally done on the plastered walls of mud huts, and is also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. Famous Mithila painters include Smt Bharti Dayal, Mahasundari Devi, the late Ganga Devi, and Sita Devi.

Mithila painting is also called Madhubani art. It mostly depicts human beings and their association with nature. Common scenes illustrate deities and Saraswati from ancient epics, celestial objects, and religious plants like Tulsi, and scenes from the royal court and social events. Generally, no space is left empty.[126]

The Patna School of Painting (Patna Kalam), sometimes called "Company Painting", flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to mid-20th centuries. It was an offshoot of the Mughal Miniature School of Painting. Those who practised this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting. Facing persecution from the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, these artisans found refuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna during the late 18th century. Their art shared the characteristics of the Mughal painters, expanded subject matter from court scenes to bazaar scenes, daily life and ceremonies. They used watercolours on paper and on mica. This school of painting formed the basis for the formation of the Patna Art School under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan. The school is an important centre of the fine arts in Bihar.

Performing arts

See also: Music of Bihar

Bihar has produced musicians like Bharat Ratna, Ustad Bismillah Khan and dhrupad singers like the Malliks (Darbhanga Gharana) and the Mishras (Bettiah Gharana), along with poets like Vidyapati Thakur who contributed to Maithili music. The classical music in Bihar is a form of Hindustani classical music.[citation needed]

Gaya is another centre of classical music, particularly of the Tappa and Thumri varieties. Pandit Govardhan Mishra – son of the Ram Prasad Mishra, himself an accomplished singer – is perhaps the finest living exponent of Tappa singing in India, according to Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh, founding secretary of the Sangeet Natak Academi of Bihar[citation needed].

Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in his memoir, that Champanagar, Banaili, was another major centre of classical music. Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha of Champanagar, Banaili princely state, was a great patron of music and was himself one of the finest exponents of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time.[127] Singh, in another book on Indian classical music, wrote that "Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many great singers including Kesarbai Kerkar acknowledged his ability. After listening to bandishes from Kumar Sahib, Pandit Jasraj was moved to tears and lamented that, alas, he did not have such ability himself." [free translation of Hindi text].[128][129]

During the 19th century, many Biharis emigrated as indentured labourers to the West Indies, Fiji, and Mauritius. During this time many sad plays and songs called birha became popular in the Bhojpur region, as Bhojpuri Birha. Dramas incorporating this theme continue to be popular in the theatres of Patna.[130][better source needed]

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Bihar
See also: Bhojpuri Film Industry and List of Bhojpuri films

Bihar has a robust Bhojpuri-language film industry. There is also a smaller production of Magadhi-, Maithili language films. The first film with Bhojpuri dialogue was Ganga Jamuna, released in 1961.[131]Bhaiyaa, the first Magadhi film, was released in 1961.[132] The first Maithili movie was Kanyadan released in 1965.[133] Maithili film Mithila Makhaan won the National Film Award for Best Maithili Film in 2016.[134] The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well-received film Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by Kundan Kumar.[135] 1963's Lagi nahin chute ram was the all-time hit Bhojpuri film, and had higher attendance than Mughal-e-Azam in the eastern and northern regions of India. Bollywood's Nadiya Ke Paar is another well-known Bhojpuri-language movie. Films such as Bidesiya ("Foreigner", 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and Ganga ("Ganges", 1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s.

In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to support a dedicated industry. Films such as Mai ("Mom", 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and Hamar Bhauji ("My Brother's Wife", 1983, directed by Kalpataru) had success at the box office. However, this trend faded during the 1990s.[136]

In 2001, Bhojpuri films regained popularity with Saiyyan Hamar ("My Sweetheart", directed by Mohan Prasad), which raised actor Ravi Kishan to prominence.[137] Several other commercially successful films followed, including Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi ("Priest, tell me when I will marry", 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and Sasura Bada Paisa Wala ("My father-in-law, the rich guy", 2005). These films did much better business in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time, and were both made on extremely tight budgets.[138] Sasura Bada Paisa Wala also introduced Manoj Tiwari, formerly a well-loved folk singer, to the wider audiences of Bhojpuri cinema. The success of Ravi Kishan and Manoj Tiwari's films led to a revival in Bhojpuri cinema, and the industry began to support an awards show[139] and trade magazine Bhojpuri City.[140] The industry produces over one hundred films per year.[citation needed]

In 2019, Maithili film Mithila Makhaan won Best Maithili Film in the 63rd National Film Awards.[141]

Mass media

Main article: Media in Bihar

Biharbandhu was the first Hindi newspaper published in Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Madan Mohan Bhatta, a Marathi Brahman who settled in Bihar Sharif.[142] Hindi journalism often failed[143] until it became an official language in the state. Hindi was introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.[142][144]

Urdu journalism and poetry have a long history in Bihar, with many poets such as Shaad Azimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and Bismil Azimabadi. Bihar publishes many Urdu dailies, such as Qomi Tanzim and Sahara, and the monthly Voice of Bihar.[145]

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started in Patna, in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta from Dinapure, Udyoga, and Chaitanya Chandrika.[146] Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time, and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to other districts of Bihar.[142][147]

Festivals

Main article: Festivals

Chhath Puja is the biggest and most popular festival in Bihar.[148] The four-day-long holy Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Chhath Puja are done in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. All Bihar involves itself in devotion to Chhath Puja. It is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful ghats are set up where effigies of the goddess Chhath Maiya and her brother God Surya are displayed and worshipped while sunset and sunrise. The people of each and every religion goes to the bank of any river or near by the pond or lake for giving arghya to the Sun. They carry Fruits and thekuaa along with them in Soop and Daura(a bowl like structure made up of bamboo) for the worship. Nowadays it's widely spread all over the world where Bihari community lives.

Durga Puja is also the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in Bihar.[149] The ten-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Pandals are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. The cities of Bihar transforms Durga Puja. It is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from Kumortuli, where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities. On Vijayadashami, the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers.

Tourism

Tourist attraction in Bihar
 
 
 
 
 
 
UNESCO World Heritage Site of Mahabodhi Temple and Nalanda, Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar Museum, Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, Ghora Katora
Main article: Tourism in Bihar

Bihar is visited by many tourists from around the world,[150] In 2019, 33 million tourists visited Bihar, including more than 1 million foreign tourists.[151] Bihar is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as many other ancient monuments. The Mahabodhi Temple (literally: "Great Awakening Temple"), a UNESCO World Heritage site, is an ancient Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment. The Khuda Bakhsh Library, which has one of the world's largest collection of books, rare manuscripts and paintings is located in Patna. Bodh Gaya (in Gaya district) is about 96 km (60 mi) from Patna. Nalanda Mahavihara, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is among the oldest universities in the world, situated in Nalanda, Bihar. It comprises the archaeological remains of a monastic and scholastic institution dating from the third century BCE to the 13th century CE. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian subcontinent. Archaeological Survey of India has recognized 72 monuments in Bihar as Monuments of National Importance. Furthermore, Archaeological Survey of India has recognized 30 additional monument as protected monuments in Bihar.

Bihar has many places for ecotourism, which includes Valmiki National Park is famous national park and tiger reserve. Vikramshila Dolphin Sanctuary is home of endangered Gangetic Dolphin. Bihar has many wildlife sanctuary such Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary, Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaimur Sanctuary, Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary and Pant Wildlife Sanctuary. Bihar invites many species of migratory birds at bird sanctuary like Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary and Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary.

Many tourists visit Bihar because of religious significance of the Bihar. Hindu Goddess Sita, the consort of Lord Rama, is believed to have been born in Sitamarhi in the Mithila region of modern-day Bihar.[152][153] Gautama Buddha attained Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, a town located in the modern day district of Gaya in Bihar. Vasupujya, the 12th Jain Tirthankara was born in Champapuri, Bhagalpur. Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism, was born in Vaishali around the sixth century BC.[154] Śrāddha ritual performed in Pitru Paksha period considered as fruitful in the holy city of Gaya, which is seen as a special place to perform the rite, and hosts a fair during the Pitri Paksha period.[155]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Bihar
 
Patliputra ISBT, Patna
 
Ganges river port on national inland waterways-1 at Gaighat, Patna

Airways

Main article: List of airports in Bihar

Bihar has a total of three operational airports as of 2020: Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport in Patna, Gaya Airport in Gaya, and Darbhanga Airport in Darbhanga. All three airports have scheduled flights to major cities around India. Gaya Airport is the only international airport in Bihar, having seasonal flights to countries like Thailand, Bhutan, and Myanmar.

Railways

Bihar has a rail network length of 3,794 km (2,357 mi) in 2020.[156] All major cities, districts and towns are well connected. Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor, after completion, will pass through Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, and Gaya with a total length of 239 km (149 mi) in Bihar.[157]

Expressways

Gaya-Darbhanga Expressway (access controlled highway) will be Bihar's first expressway of length 189 km, expected to be completed by 2024.[158]

State highways

Main article: List of state highways in Bihar

Bihar has state highways with total length of 4,006 km (2,489 mi)  and national highways with total length of 5,358 km (3,329 mi).

Metro transit

Patna will be the first city in Bihar to have mass rapid transit system. Patna Metro with network of 31 km (19 mi) length is under construction as of 2022.[159]

Bus transit

Bihar State Road Transport Corporation (BSRTC) runs interstate, intrastate, and international route buses.[160] BSRTC has daily ridership of around 100,000. Its fleet includes non-electric and electric buses, AC and non-AC buses. Delhi, Ranchi, and Kathmandu in Nepal are some of the destinations served outside Bihar. Patliputra Inter-State Bus Terminal is a major bus transit hub in Bihar.[161]

Inland Waterways

National Waterways-1 runs along Ganges river. Gaighat in Patna has a permanent terminal of inland waterways for handling cargo vessels.[162] The Ganges is navigable throughout the year, and was the principal river highway across the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period, when it served as a conduit for overseas trade. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links to major rivers and streams in north and south Bihar.[163]

Education

Main articles: Education in Bihar and Literacy in Bihar
See also: List of educational institutions in Bihar
 
Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna
 
NIT Patna main building

Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the ancient universities of Nalanda (est. 450 CE), Odantapurā (est. 550 CE) and Vikramashila (est. 783 CE). Nalanda and Vikramshila universities were destroyed by Islamic invader Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1200 CE.[164] Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of the British rule, when Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library was established in 1891 by Sir Khan Bahadur Khuda Bakhsh which is currently one of the world's largest functioning library and boast 5 Million items. It is known for its paintings and rare manuscripts.[165] Patna University, the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent, was established in 1917.[166] Some other centres of high learning established under British rule are Patna College (est. 1839), Bihar School of Engineering (est. 1900; now known as National Institute of Technology, Patna), Prince of Wales Medical College (est. 1925; now Patna Medical College and Hospital), Science College, Patna (est. 1928), Patna Women's College, Bihar Veterinary College (est. 1927), and Imperial Agriculture Research Institute (est. 1905; now Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Pusa). The Patna University, one of the oldest universities in Bihar, was established in 1917, and is the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent. Second oldest engineering college of India known as NIT Patna was established as survey training school in 1886 and later renamed as Bihar College of Engineering in 1932.

Today, Bihar is home of 8 Institutes of National Importance: IIT Patna, IIM Bodh Gaya, AIIMS, Patna, NIT Patna, IIIT Bhagalpur, NIPER Hajipur, Khuda bakhsh Oriental Library and Nalanda International University. In 2008, Indian Institutes of Technology Patna was inaugurated with students from all over India[167] and same year National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna was established as the ninth such institute in India.[168] The Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya was established in 2015. In March 2019, the government of Bihar has sent a proposal to centre Government to upgrade Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital into an AIIMS-like institution.[169] Bihar is home of four Central universities which includes Central University of South Bihar, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University and Nalanda University. In 2015, the central government had proposed re-establishment of Vikramshila in Bhagalpur and had designated ₹500 crores (₹5 billion) for it.[170] Bihar also has the National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna, National Law University, Patna Institute of Hotel Management (IHM), Footwear Design and Development Institute, Bihta and Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Center. CIPET and IHM was established in Hajipur in 1994 and 1998 respectively. Aryabhatta Knowledge University was established under Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act, 2008 of Bihar Government[171] with purpose of the development and management of educational infrastructure related to technical education, medical, management and allied professional education in Bihar.[172] Based on 2020–21 data, Aryabhatta Knowledge University has 56 Engineering and Pharmacy colleges, 15 Medical colleges, 33 Educational colleges, 8 community colleges, 36 Nursing colleges and 11 Vocational colleges.[173] Chanakya National Law University and Chandragupt Institute of Management were established in the later half of 2008 and now attracts students from not just within Bihar but also students from far flung states. Nalanda International University is established in 2014 with active investment from countries such as Japan, Korea, and China. The A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state.[174] Bihar has eight medical colleges which are funded by the government, namely Patna Medical College and Hospital, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital Gaya, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur, Government Medical College, Bettiah and five private medical colleges[175]

Bihta, a suburb of state capital Patna, is home of institutes like IIT Patna, AIIMS, Patna, BIT, Patna and is now emerging as an education hub.[176][177] With institute like Super 30, Patna has emerged as a major center for engineering and civil services coaching. The major private IIT-JEE coaching institutes have opened up their branches in Bihar and this has reduced the number of students who go to, for example, Kota and Delhi for engineering/medical coaching.

Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the government of Bihar have initiated a unique program to establish a centre of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a finishing school to equip students with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The centre aims to attract the youth of the state to improve their technical, professional, and soft skills, to meet the current requirements of the industrial job market.[178] The National Employability Report of Engineering Graduates, 2014,[179] puts graduates from Bihar in the top 25 percent of the country, and rates Bihar as one of the three top states at producing engineering graduates in terms of quality and employability.[180]

See also

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Further reading

  • Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), Prakashan Sansthan, Delhi, 2003.
  • Christopher Alan Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, University of California Press, 1999.
  • Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi.
  • Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauser along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
  • Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
  • Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).
  • Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma, 1947, Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad.
  • Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore.
  • Indradeep Sinha, 1969, Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi, Patna.
  • Indradeep Sinha, Real face of JP's total revolution, Communist Party of India (1974).
  • Indradeep Sinha, Some features of current agrarian situation in India, All India Kisan Sabha, (1987).
  • Indradeep Sinha, The changing agrarian scene: Problems and tasks, Peoples Publishing House (1980).
  • Indradeep Sinha, Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry, Communist Party of India (1982).
  • Sinha, Udai Prakash; Kumar, Swargesh (2012). Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788180697999. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  • Nand Kishore Shukla, The Trial of Baikunth Sukul: A Revolutionary Patriot, Har-Anand, 1999, 403 pages, ISBN 81-241-0143-4.
  • Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy (1st Edition, April 2000).
  • Ramchandra Prasad, Ashok Kumar Sinha, Sri Krishna Singh in Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
  • Walter Hauser, 1961, Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha, 1929–1942, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, (Forthcoming publication).
  • Rai, Algu, 1946, A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans, Azamgrah.
  • N. G. Ranga, 1949, Revolutionary Peasants, New Delhi.
  • N. G. Ranga, 1968, Fight For Freedom, New Delhi.
  • Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1943, Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India), in Hindi, Allahabad.
  • Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1957, Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery), in Hindi, Allahabad.
  • Manmath Nath Gupta, Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar, Alekha Prakasana (1981).
  • Khagendra Thakur, Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar': Vyaktitva aur Krititva, Publications Division, 2008 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
  • Vijendra Narayan Singh, Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2005, ISBN 81-260-2142-X.
  • Kumar Vimal, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna – Sanchayan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2008, ISBN 978-81-260-2627-2.
  • Mishra Shree Govind, History Of Bihar 1740–1772, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1970
  • Verma B S, Socio-religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar (From ca. 319 A.D. to 1000 A.D.), Munshiram Manoharlal, 1962
  • Maitra A,Magahi Culture, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1983
  • Naipaul V S, India: A Wounded Civilization, Picador, 1977
  • Trevithick Alan, The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya (1811–1949): Anagarika Dharmapala And The Mahabodhi Temple
  • Jannuzi F. Tomasson, Agrarian Crisis In India: The Case Of Bihar, University of Texas Press, 1974, ISBN 0-292-76414-6, ISBN 978-0-292-76414-9
  • Omalley L S S, History of Magadh, Veena Publication, 2005, ISBN 81-89224-01-8
  • Shukla Prabhat Kumar, Indigo And The Raj: Peasant Protests In Bihar 1780–1917, Pragati Publications, 1993, ISBN 81-7307-004-0
  • Ahmad Qeyamuddin, Patna Through The Ages: Glimpses of History, Society & Economy, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
  • Jain B D, Ardha Magadhi Reader, Sri Satguru Publications, Lahore, 1923
  • Patra C, Life in Ancient India: As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya, Punthi Pustak, 1996, ISBN 81-85094-93-4
  • Hazra Kanai Lal, Buddhism in India As Described by the Chinese Pilgrims AD 399–689, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983, ISBN 81-215-0132-6
  • McCrindle John W., Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian, Munshiram Manoharlal
  • McCrindle John W., Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1927, ISBN 81-215-0945-9
  • Sastry Harprasad, Magadhan Literature, Sri Satguru Publications, Calcutta, 1923
  • Rai Alok, Hindi Nationalism, Orient Longman, 2000, ISBN 81-250-1979-0
  • Waddell Austine L., Report on the Excavations at Pataliputra (Patna) – The Palibothra of the Greeks, Asian Publicational Services, Calcutta, 1903
  • Das Arvind N., The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes, Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1992
  • Brass Paul R., The politics of India since Independence, Cambridge University Press, 1990
  • Askari S. H., Mediaeval Bihar: Sultante and Mughal Period, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 1990
  • Tayler William, Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 2007
  • Taylor P.J.O., "What really happened during the Mutiny: A day by day account of the major events of 1857–1859 in India", Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-564182-5
  • Pathak Prabhu Nath, Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 – 600), Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
  • Basham A. L., The Wonder that was India, Picador, 1954, ISBN 0-330-43909-X
  • Nambisan Vijay, Bihar in the eye of the beholder, Penguin Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0-14-029449-1
  • Pathak Mohan, Flood plains and Agricultural occupance, Deep & Deep Publication, 1991, ISBN 81-7100-289-7
  • D'Souza Rohan, Drowned and Dammed:Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India, Oxford University Press, 2006,
  • Radhakanta Barik – Land & Caste Politics in Bihar (Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2006)

External links

Government
  • Official site of Bihar 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  • Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation
General information

February 08, 2023
bihar, other, uses, disambiguation, ɑːr, hindi, pronunciation, bɪˈɦaːr, listen, state, eastern, india, second, largest, state, population, 2019, 12th, largest, area, 14th, largest, 2021, borders, uttar, pradesh, west, nepal, north, northern, part, west, bengal. For other uses see Bihar disambiguation Bihar b ɪ ˈ h ɑːr Hindi pronunciation bɪˈɦaːr listen is a state in eastern India It is the second largest state by population in 2019 the 12th largest by area of 94 163 km2 36 357 sq mi and the 14th largest by GDP in 2021 10 11 Bihar borders Uttar Pradesh to its west Nepal to the north the northern part of West Bengal to the east and with Jharkhand to the south The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges which flows from west to east 12 BiharStateClockwise from top right Aerial view of the capital Patna on the banks of River Ganga Ruins of ancient Nalanda University Mata Mundeshwari Temple in Kaimur Madhubani painting from Mithila region Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya Brahma Kund hot springs in RajgirEmblem of BiharAnthem Mere Bharat Ke Kanth Haar The Garland of My India Location of Bihar in IndiaCoordinates Patna 25 24 N 85 06 E 25 4 N 85 1 E 25 4 85 1 Coordinates 25 24 N 85 06 E 25 4 N 85 1 E 25 4 85 1CountryIndiaFormation22 March 1912Statehood26 January 1950Capitaland largest cityPatnaDistricts38Government BodyGovernment of Bihar GovernorPhagu Chauhan 1 Chief MinisterNitish Kumar Deputy Chief MinisterTejashwi Yadav LegislatureBicameralCouncil 75 seats Assembly 243 seats Parliamentary constituenciesRajya Sabha 16 seats Lok Sabha 40 seats Area 2 Total94 163 km2 36 357 sq mi Rank12thPopulation 2011 3 Total104 099 452 Rank3rd Density1 102 km2 2 850 sq mi Major Ethnolinguistic GroupsBhojpurisMaithilsMagahisDemonymBihariGDP nominal 2021 22 4 5 Total 6 75 lakh crore US 85 billion Per capita 54 070 US 680 Languages OfficialHindi 6 Additional officialUrdu 7 Time zoneUTC 05 30 IST UN LOCODEINBRISO 3166 codeIN BRVehicle registrationBRIndustrial and Financial CapitalBegusaraiHDI 2019 0 574 8 medium 36thLiteracy 2020 68 15 9 Sex ratio 2020 1090 1000 9 WebsiteOfficial WebsiteSymbols of BiharMammalGaur Mithun BirdHouse Sparrow Passer domesticus FlowerKachnar Phanera variegata FruitMango Mangifera indica TreePeepal tree Ficus religiosa a Recognized under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of Indiab In 15 districtsOn 15 November 2000 southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand 13 Only 20 of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas as of 2021 14 Additionally almost 58 of Biharis are below the age of 25 giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state 15 The official languages are Hindi and Urdu although other languages are common including Maithili Magahi Bhojpuri and other Languages of Bihar In Ancient and Classical India the area that is now Bihar was considered the centre of political and cultural power and as a haven of learning 16 From Magadha arose India s first empire the Maurya empire as well as one of the world s most widely adhered to religions Buddhism 17 Magadha empires notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule 18 Another region of Bihar Mithila was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom 19 20 However since the late 1970s Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social and economic development 21 Many economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of the policies of the central government such as the freight equalisation policy 22 23 its apathy towards Bihar 24 lack of Bihari sub nationalism 25 and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company 23 The state government has however made significant strides in developing the state 26 Improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure 27 better healthcare facilities greater emphasis on education and a reduction in crime and corruption 28 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Ancient period 2 2 Medieval period 2 3 Colonial era 2 4 Pre and post Independence 3 Geography 3 1 Flora and fauna 3 2 Natural resource 4 Demographics 5 Government and administration 5 1 Politics 6 Public health 7 Economy 7 1 Agriculture 7 2 Industry 7 3 Income distribution 7 4 Income disparity among social groups 8 Culture 8 1 Paintings 8 2 Performing arts 8 3 Cinema 8 4 Mass media 8 5 Festivals 9 Tourism 10 Transport 10 1 Airways 10 2 Railways 10 3 Expressways 10 4 State highways 10 5 Metro transit 10 6 Bus transit 10 7 Inland Waterways 11 Education 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksEtymology EditThe name Bihar derives from the Sanskrit and Pali word vihara Devanagari व ह र meaning abode The region roughly encompassing the present state had many Buddhist viharas the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods Medieval writer Minhaj al Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabaqat i Nasiri that in 1198 Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town identified with the word later known as Bihar Sharif about 70 km 43 mi away from Bodh Gaya 29 30 History EditMain article History of Bihar See also Timeline for Bihar Magadha Mithila Kingdom History of Buddhism in India Decline of Buddhism in India Mithila India and List of rulers of Mithila Copy of the seal excavated from Kundpur Vaishali The Brahmi letters on the seal state Kundpur was in Vaishali Prince Vardhaman Mahavira used this seal after the Judgement Magadha Anga and Vajjika League of Mithila c 600 BCE Ancient period Edit Chirand on the northern bank of the Ganga River in Saran district has an archaeological record from the Neolithic age c 2500 1345 BCE 31 32 Regions of Bihar such as Magadha Mithila and Anga are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient India Mithila gained prominence after the establishment of the Videha Kingdom 33 34 During the late Vedic period c 1100 500 BCE Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia along with Kuru and Pancala The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas 35 Sita a daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila is mentioned as the consort of Lord Rama in the Hindu epic Ramayana written by Valmiki 33 36 page needed The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajjika League which had its capital in the city of Vaishali which is also in Mithila 37 Vajji had a republican form of government where the head of state was elected from the rajas Based on the information found in texts pertaining to Jainism and Buddhism Vajji was established as a republic by the sixth century BCE before the birth of Gautama Buddha in 563 BCE making it the first known republic in India The Haryanka dynasty founded in 684 BCE ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha modern Rajgir The two well known kings from this dynasty were Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne Ajatashatru founded the city of Pataliputra which later became the capital of Magadha He declared war and conquered the Vajjika League The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the Shishunaga dynasty Later the Nanda Dynasty ruled a vast tract stretching from Bengal to Punjab The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the Maurya Empire India s first empire The Maurya Empire and the religion of Buddhism arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar The Mauryan Empire which originated from Magadha in 325 BCE was founded by Chandragupta Maurya who was born in Magadha It had its capital at Pataliputra modern Patna Mauryan Emperor Ashoka who was born in Pataliputra Patna is often considered to be among the most accomplished rulers in world history 38 39 The Gupta Empire which originated in Magadha in 240 CE is referred to as the Golden Age of India in science mathematics astronomy commerce religion and Indian philosophy 40 Bihar and Bengal were invaded by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty in the 11th century 41 42 Chandragupta Maurya founder of the Mauryan dynasty Medieval period Edit Buddhism in Magadha went into decline due to the invasion of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji during which many of the viharas were destroyed along with the universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila Some historians believe that thousands of Buddhist monks were massacred during the 12th century 43 44 45 46 D N Jha suggests instead that these incidents were the result of Buddhist Brahmin skirmishes in a fight for supremacy 47 After the fall of the Pala Empire the Chero dynasty ruled some parts of Bihar from the 12th century until Mughal rule in the 16th century 48 In 1540 the great Pathan chieftain Sher Shah Suri took northern India from the Mughals and declared Delhi his capital From the 11th century to the 20th century Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties The first of these were the Karnatas followed by the Oiniwar dynasty and Raj Darbhanga 49 It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was shifted to Darbhanga 50 51 The tenth and the last guru of Sikhism Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna in 1666 With political instability in the Mughal Empire following Aurangzeb s death in 1707 Murshid Quli Khan declared Bengal s independence and named himself Nawab of Bengal Sitting L to R Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha during Mahatma Gandhi s 1917 Champaran Satyagraha Colonial era Edit See also 1781 revolt in Bihar Veer Kunwar Singh Siege of Arrah and Battle of ChatraAfter the Battle of Buxar 1764 the British East India Company obtained the diwani rights rights to administer and collect tax revenue for Bihar Bengal and Odisha The rich resources of fertile land water and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists particularly the Dutch and British in the 18th century A number of agriculture based industries had been started in Bihar by foreign entrepreneurs 52 Bihar remained a part of the Bengal Presidency of British India until 1912 when Bihar and Orissa were carved out as separate provinces Pre and post Independence Edit See also 2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra Farmers in Champaran had revolted against indigo cultivation in 1914 at Pipra and 1916 Turkaulia In April 1917 Mahatma Gandhi visited Champaran where Raj Kumar Shukla had drawn his attention to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters The Champaran Satyagraha that followed received support from many Bihari nationalists such as Rajendra Prasad Krishna Sinha and Anugrah Narayan Sinha 53 54 In the northern and central regions of Bihar the Kisan Sabha peasant movement was an important consequence of the independence movement It began in 1929 under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who formed the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha BPKS to mobilise peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights The movement intensified and spread from Bihar across the rest of India culminating in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha AIKS at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936 where Saraswati was elected as its first president 55 Following independence Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India such as Maharashtra Punjab and Assam 56 57 Geography Edit Himalayan Foothills in Valmikinagar Bihar Flooded farmlands in during 2008 Bihar flood Mountain of Ashrams Vindhya range Bodh Gaya Main articles Geography of Bihar and Climate of BiharSee also Physiographical Regions of Bihar and Forest in BiharFurther information Floods in BiharClimate of BiharClimate chart explanation J F M A M J J A S O N D 12 24 9 9 9 26 11 12 32 16 24 37 21 56 37 24 165 36 26 325 33 25 276 33 25 217 32 25 83 32 21 6 4 29 15 6 25 10Average max and min temperatures in CPrecipitation totals in mmSource 58 Imperial conversionJFMAMJJASOND 0 5 74 49 0 4 79 53 0 5 90 61 0 9 98 70 2 2 99 75 6 5 96 78 13 91 78 11 91 78 8 5 90 77 3 3 89 71 0 3 84 59 0 2 77 51Average max and min temperatures in FPrecipitation totals in inchesBihar covers a total area of 94 163 km2 36 357 sq mi with an average elevation above sea level of 173 feet 53 m It is land locked by Nepal in the north Jharkhand in the south West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh to the west 59 It has three parts on the basis of physical and structural conditions the Southern Plateau the Shivalik Region and Bihar s Gangetic Plain 60 Furthermore the vast stretch of fertile Bihar Plain is divided by the Ganges River into two unequal parts North Bihar and South Bihar 61 The Ganges flows west east and along with its tributaries regularly floods parts of the Bihar plain The main northern tributaries are the Gandak and Koshi which originate in the Nepalese Himalayas and the Bagmati which originates in the Kathmandu Valley Other tributaries are the Son Budhi Gandak Chandan Orhani and Phalgu Bihar has some small hills such as the Rajgir hills in center Kaimur Range in south west and Shivalik Range in North Bihar has notified forest area of 6 764 14 km2 which is 7 1 percent of its geographical area 62 The sub Himalayan foothills of Shivalik ranges primary Someshwar and Dun mountain in West Champaran district are clad in a belt of moist deciduous forest As well as trees this consists of scrub grass and reeds Bihar lies completely in the Subtropical region of the Temperate Zone and its climatic type is humid subtropical Its temperature is subtropical in general with hot summers and cold winters Bihar has an average daily high temperature of only 26 C with a yearly average of 26 C The climate is very warm but has only a very few tropical and humid months Several months of the year it is warm to hot at temperatures continuously above 25 C sometimes up to 29 C Due to less rain the best time for traveling is from October to April The most rainy days occur from May to September 63 Flora and fauna Edit Bengal Tiger is main attraction at Valmiki Tiger Reserve Bauhinia acuminata locally known as Kachnaar A dolphin in Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary Main articles Flora of Bihar and Fauna of Bihar See also Protected areas of BiharFurther information Valmiki National Park and Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary Bihar has reserved Forest area of 6 845 km2 2 643 sq mi which is 7 27 of its geographical area 64 The sub Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district have belts of moist deciduous forests mixed with shrubs grass and reeds High rainfall above 1 600 mm 63 in promotes forests of Sal Shorea robusta in these areas Other important trees are Sal Cedrela Toona Khair and Semal Deciduous forests also occur in the Saharsa and Purnia districts 65 with common trees including Shorea robusta sal Diospyros melanoxylon kendu Boswellia serrata salai Terminalia tomentose asan Terminalia bellerica bahera Terminalia arjuna arjun Pterocarpus marsupium paisar and Madhuca indica mahua Valmiki National Park covers about 800 km2 309 sq mi of forest and is the 18th Tiger Reserve of India ranked fourth in terms of density of tiger population 66 It has a diverse landscape and biodiversity in addition to sheltering the protected carnivores Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in Bhagalpur region is a reserve for the endangered South Asian river dolphin 64 Other species in Bihar include leopard bear hyena bison chital and barking deer Crocodilians including gharials and muggers as well as Gangetic turtles can be found in the river systems Karkatgarh Waterfall on Karmanasa River is a natural habitat of the crocodilians In 2016 the government of Bihar has accepted the proposal of the forest authorities to turn the place into a Crocodile Conservation Reserve CCR 67 Other notable wildlife sanctuaries include Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary and Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary Many varieties of local and migratory bird species can be seen in natural wetlands of Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary Baraila lake Kusheshwar Nath Lake Udaypur lake 64 Natural resource Edit Bihar is the principal holder of the country s pyrite resources and possesses 95 of the resources 68 In May 2022 a gold mine was found in the district of Jamui 69 It accounts for more than 44 of country s gold reserve approximately 223 million tons 70 Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop 190121 243 632 191121 567 159 1 5 192121 358 905 1 0 193123 438 371 9 7 194126 302 771 12 2 195129 085 000 10 6 196134 841 000 19 8 197142 126 000 20 9 198152 303 000 24 2 199164 531 000 23 4 200182 999 000 28 6 2011104 099 452 25 4 Source Census of India 71 Religion in BiharReligion PercentHinduism 82 69 Islam 16 86 other 0 44 Main articles Demographics of Bihar Languages of Bihar and Religion in Bihar Languages of Bihar 2011 72 Languages of Bihar PercentHindi 25 54 Bhojpuri 24 86 Maithili 12 55 Magahi 10 87 Urdu 8 42 Surjapuri 1 78 Bengali 0 78 other 15 2 At the 2011 Census Bihar was the third most populous state of India with a total population of 104 099 452 It was also India s most densely populated state with 1 106 persons per square kilometre The sex ratio was 1090 females per 1000 males in the year 2020 9 Almost 58 of Bihar s population was below 25 years age which is the highest in India In 2021 Bihar has had an urbanisation rate of 20 73 14 Bihar has an adult literacy rate of 68 15 78 5 for males and 57 8 for females in 2020 9 According to the 2011 census 82 7 of Bihar s population practised Hinduism while 16 9 followed Islam 74 75 Christianity 0 12 Buddhism 0 02 and Sikhism 0 02 is minority in religion in Bihar Most of Bihar s population belongs to Indo Aryan speaking ethnic groups It also attracted Punjabi Hindu refugees during the Partition of British India in 1947 76 Hindi is the official language of the state and spoken by 25 54 of the total population 6 At 8 42 Urdu is the second official language in 15 districts of the state 7 However the majority of the people speak one of the Bihari languages most of which as classified as dialects of Hindi during the census The major ones are Bhojpuri 24 86 Maithili 12 55 and Magahi 10 87 77 78 Maithili is a recognised regional language of India under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India Proponents have called Bhojpuri Magahi Angika and Bajjika to receive the same status 79 80 Smaller communities of Bengali and Surjapuri speakers are found in the parts of the state especially in the eastern districts and urban areas 72 Government and administration EditGovernment of Bihar Patna High Court Bihar Vidhan Sabha Patna Secretariat Main articles Government of Bihar and Administration in Bihar See also Divisions of Bihar and Districts of Bihar Governor is the constitutional head of the government of Bihar who is appointed by the President of India Chief minister is the executive head of the government who with its cabinet ministers makes all important decisions The political party or coalition of political parties having a majority in the Bihar Legislative Assembly forms the government Chief secretary is the head of the bureaucracy of the state under whom a hierarchy of officials is drawn from the Indian Administrative Service Indian Police Service Indian Forest Service and different wings of the state civil services The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice of the High Court Bihar has a high court in Patna which has been functioning since 1916 All the branches of the government are located in the state capital Patna The state is administratively divided into 9 divisions and 38 districts For the administration of urban areas Bihar has 19 municipal corporations 89 nagar parishads city councils and 154 nagar panchayats town councils 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 List of largest populated cities in Bihar governed by a municipal corporation 88 Rank City Population 2011 Rank City Population 2011 1 Patna 1684222 11 Begusarai 252008 2 Gaya 474093 12 Katihar 240838 3 Bhagalpur 400146 13 Bettiah 237254 4 Muzaffarpur 354462 14 Motihari 221646 5 Bihar Sharif 337819 15 Saharsa 216491 6 Darbhanga 296039 16 Munger 213303 7 Purnia 282248 17 Chhapra 202352 8 Sasaram 264709 18 Sitamarhi 67818 9 Arrah 261430 19 Madhubani NA 10 Samastipur 253136 Politics Edit Main article Politics of Bihar See also Category Political parties in Bihar Elections in Bihar List of politicians from Bihar and 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election By 2004 The Economist magazine said that Bihar had become a byword for the worst of India of widespread and inescapable poverty of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia dons they patronise caste ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties 89 In 2005 the World Bank believed that issues faced by the state were enormous because of persistent poverty complex social stratification unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance 90 As of 2014 update there are two main political formations the National Democratic Alliance NDA which comprises Bharatiya Janata Party BJP Indian People s Party Lok Janashakti Party LJP and Janata Dal United JDU and a second alliance between Rashtriya Janata Dal RJD National People s Party Hindustani Awam Morcha Rashtriya Lok Samta Party and Indian National Congress INC There are many other political formations The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time which has since weakened 91 The Communist Party of India Marxist CPI M and CPM and All India Forward Bloc AIFB have a minor presence along with the other extreme leftist parties 92 Nitish Kumar has been chief minister of Bihar for 13 years between 2005 and 2020 In contrast to prior governments which emphasised divisions of caste and religion his political platform was based on economic development reduction of crime and corruption and greater social equality Since 2010 the government confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeployed them as school buildings 93 They also introduced Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime 94 It also legislated a two hour lunch break on Fridays to enable Muslim employees to pray and thereby reduce absenteeism 95 The government has prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol in the state since March 2016 96 which has been linked to a drop in tourism 97 and a rise in substance abuse 98 Public health EditBihar generally ranks weakest in health outcomes in comparison to other Indian states 99 100 While the National Health Mission the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010 and the formation of the Empowered Action Group EAG 101 provide federal funds to expand and improve healthcare services Bihar s ability to fully utilise this funding is lacking 99 100 Research indicates that Bihar relies on privatised hospitals to provide healthcare to the masses with the second highest ratio among Indian states for private to public spending and high levels of corruption 99 These factors are associated with slower healthcare delivery and steep healthcare costs 102 103 104 105 Corruption is enabled as Bihar lacks continuity and transparency of health reporting as required by the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010 In turn this prevents the government from making evidence based conclusions about policy changes and hospital effectiveness resulting in patterns of ill informed spending and inconsistent hiring When comparing Bihar to Kerala the number of healthcare professionals including registered nurses auxiliary nurses physicians and health supervisors at each hospital are significantly lower and remain constant over time while they steadily increase in number in Kerala 106 According to Ministry of Health statistics the greatest shortfalls are for physicians and specialists at 75 99 Bihar has only 50 of the sub health centres 60 of the primary health centres and 9 of the community health centres required by the national supply to population standards The number of public hospital beds in Bihar decreased between 2008 and 2015 106 Given the high population density of the state Bihar is significantly behind in the number of healthcare professionals that should be employed 107 106 Despite these shortcomings Bihar has shown gradual signs of improvement for female health workers 99 death rate and infant neo natal child and maternal mortality rates 99 Economy EditMain article Economy of Bihar Gross State Domestic Product Year Millions of rupees 108 1980 73 5301985 142 9501990 264 2901995 244 8302000 469 4302005 710 060 109 2010 2 042 890 citation needed 2015 3 694 690 citation needed Langra mango from a farm in Shivnarayanpur Bhagalpur Bihar Bihar accounts for 71 of India s annual litchi production 110 Bihar s gross state domestic product GSDP for the fiscal year FY 2013 14 was around 3 683 37 billion By sectors its composition is 22 agriculture 5 industry and 73 services citation needed Bihar has the fastest growing state economy in terms of GSDP with a growth rate of 17 06 in FY 2014 15 111 The economy of Bihar was projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate CAGR of 13 4 during 2012 2017 the 12th Five Year Plan Bihar has experienced strong growth in per capita net state domestic product NSDP At current prices per capita NSDP of the state grew at a CAGR of 12 91 from 2004 to 2005 to 2014 15 112 Bihar s per capita income went up by 40 6 in FY 2014 15 113 The state s debt was estimated at 77 of GDP by 2007 114 Agriculture Edit Main article Agriculture in BiharAmong the states of India Bihar is the fourth largest producer of vegetables and the eighth largest producer of fruits About 80 of the state s population is employed in agriculture which is above the national average 112 The main agricultural products are litchi guava mango pineapple brinjal lady s finger cauliflower cabbage rice wheat sugarcane and sunflower Though good soil and favourable climatic conditions favour agriculture this can be hampered by floods and soil erosion 115 The southern parts of the state endure annual droughts which affect crops such as paddy 116 Industry Edit Begusarai is the industrial and financial capital of Bihar It has major industries like Barauni Refinery NTPC Barauni BTPS Barauni Fertiliser Plant HURL Barauni Sudha Dairy Plant Pepsi Bottling Plant Hajipur Dalmianagar Munger and Barauni are the major industrial cities in Bihar 117 The capital city Patna is one of the better off cities in India when measured by per capita income relevant 118 The Finance Ministry has sought to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like Reliance Industries Further developments have taken place in the growth of small industries improvements in IT infrastructure a software park in Patna Darbhanga Bhagalpur 119 and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand In August 2008 a Patna registered company called the Security and Intelligence Services 120 took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American conglomerate United Technologies Corporation UTC SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar 121 relevant Prior to prohibition Bihar emerged as a brewery hub with numerous production units 122 In August 2018 United Breweries Limited announced it would begin production of non alcoholic beer at its previously defunct brewery in Bihar 123 124 Income distribution Edit In terms of income the districts of Patna Munger and Begusarai placed highest among the 38 districts in the state recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of 31 441 10 087 and 9 312 respectively in FY 2004 05 118 Income disparity among social groups Edit Rumela Sen outlines the inequalities and backwardness prevalent in Bihar in post independence period as a consequence of the delaying tactics in implementation of land reform and utilisation of kinship ties by the upper caste landlords who were having obstructionist attitude towards the land reform programs The upper caste not only dominated the administration but also the politics in the post independence period and they utilised the caste ties to keep about 9000 acres of land undisturbed to the poor Since the landlords primarily belonged to upper caste as were the politicians and administrators they were successful in grabbing large holdings amidst the passage of Zamindari abolition act of 1952 125 Culture EditMain article Culture of Bihar Paintings Edit Painting in Bihar Left Mithila Painting Right Patna Qualam Tikuli Painting and Manjusha Painting are two other form of Painting in BiharMain article Painting in Bihar See also Mithila painting Patna Qualam and Manjusha Painting Kathak classical dance form from Bhojpur regionThere are several traditional styles of painting practised in Bihar One is Mithila painting a style used in the Mithila region of Bihar Traditionally this form was practised mainly by women passed down generation to generation Painting was usually done on walls during festivals religious events births marriages and other cultural milestones 126 It was traditionally done on the plastered walls of mud huts and is also done on cloth handmade paper and canvas Famous Mithila painters include Smt Bharti Dayal Mahasundari Devi the late Ganga Devi and Sita Devi Mithila painting is also called Madhubani art It mostly depicts human beings and their association with nature Common scenes illustrate deities and Saraswati from ancient epics celestial objects and religious plants like Tulsi and scenes from the royal court and social events Generally no space is left empty 126 The Patna School of Painting Patna Kalam sometimes called Company Painting flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to mid 20th centuries It was an offshoot of the Mughal Miniature School of Painting Those who practised this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting Facing persecution from the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb these artisans found refuge via Murshidabad in Patna during the late 18th century Their art shared the characteristics of the Mughal painters expanded subject matter from court scenes to bazaar scenes daily life and ceremonies They used watercolours on paper and on mica This school of painting formed the basis for the formation of the Patna Art School under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan The school is an important centre of the fine arts in Bihar Performing arts Edit See also Music of Bihar Bihar has produced musicians like Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan and dhrupad singers like the Malliks Darbhanga Gharana and the Mishras Bettiah Gharana along with poets like Vidyapati Thakur who contributed to Maithili music The classical music in Bihar is a form of Hindustani classical music citation needed Gaya is another centre of classical music particularly of the Tappa and Thumri varieties Pandit Govardhan Mishra son of the Ram Prasad Mishra himself an accomplished singer is perhaps the finest living exponent of Tappa singing in India according to Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh founding secretary of the Sangeet Natak Academi of Bihar citation needed Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes in his memoir that Champanagar Banaili was another major centre of classical music Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha of Champanagar Banaili princely state was a great patron of music and was himself one of the finest exponents of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time 127 Singh in another book on Indian classical music wrote that Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many great singers including Kesarbai Kerkar acknowledged his ability After listening to bandishes from Kumar Sahib Pandit Jasraj was moved to tears and lamented that alas he did not have such ability himself free translation of Hindi text 128 129 During the 19th century many Biharis emigrated as indentured labourers to the West Indies Fiji and Mauritius During this time many sad plays and songs called birha became popular in the Bhojpur region as Bhojpuri Birha Dramas incorporating this theme continue to be popular in the theatres of Patna 130 better source needed Cinema Edit Main article Cinema of Bihar See also Bhojpuri Film Industry and List of Bhojpuri films Bihar has a robust Bhojpuri language film industry There is also a smaller production of Magadhi Maithili language films The first film with Bhojpuri dialogue was Ganga Jamuna released in 1961 131 Bhaiyaa the first Magadhi film was released in 1961 132 The first Maithili movie was Kanyadan released in 1965 133 Maithili film Mithila Makhaan won the National Film Award for Best Maithili Film in 2016 134 The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well received film Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo Mother Ganges I will offer you a yellow sari which was directed by Kundan Kumar 135 1963 s Lagi nahin chute ram was the all time hit Bhojpuri film and had higher attendance than Mughal e Azam in the eastern and northern regions of India Bollywood s Nadiya Ke Paar is another well known Bhojpuri language movie Films such as Bidesiya Foreigner 1963 directed by S N Tripathi and Ganga Ganges 1965 directed by Kundan Kumar were profitable and popular but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s In the 1980s enough Bhojpuri films were produced to support a dedicated industry Films such as Mai Mom 1989 directed by Rajkumar Sharma and Hamar Bhauji My Brother s Wife 1983 directed by Kalpataru had success at the box office However this trend faded during the 1990s 136 In 2001 Bhojpuri films regained popularity with Saiyyan Hamar My Sweetheart directed by Mohan Prasad which raised actor Ravi Kishan to prominence 137 Several other commercially successful films followed including Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi Priest tell me when I will marry 2005 directed by Mohan Prasad and Sasura Bada Paisa Wala My father in law the rich guy 2005 These films did much better business in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time and were both made on extremely tight budgets 138 Sasura Bada Paisa Wala also introduced Manoj Tiwari formerly a well loved folk singer to the wider audiences of Bhojpuri cinema The success of Ravi Kishan and Manoj Tiwari s films led to a revival in Bhojpuri cinema and the industry began to support an awards show 139 and trade magazine Bhojpuri City 140 The industry produces over one hundred films per year citation needed In 2019 Maithili film Mithila Makhaan won Best Maithili Film in the 63rd National Film Awards 141 Mass media Edit Main article Media in Bihar Biharbandhu was the first Hindi newspaper published in Bihar It was started in 1872 by Madan Mohan Bhatta a Marathi Brahman who settled in Bihar Sharif 142 Hindi journalism often failed 143 until it became an official language in the state Hindi was introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880 142 144 Urdu journalism and poetry have a long history in Bihar with many poets such as Shaad Azimabadi Kaif Azimabadi Kalim Ajiz and Bismil Azimabadi Bihar publishes many Urdu dailies such as Qomi Tanzim and Sahara and the monthly Voice of Bihar 145 The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started in Patna in 1901 It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi Aryavarta from Dinapure Udyoga and Chaitanya Chandrika 146 Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy a famous poet of the time and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami a literary figure of that time The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to other districts of Bihar 142 147 Festivals Edit Main article Festivals Chhath Puja is the biggest and most popular festival in Bihar 148 The four day long holy Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state Chhath Puja are done in various cities towns and villages throughout Bihar All Bihar involves itself in devotion to Chhath Puja It is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful ghats are set up where effigies of the goddess Chhath Maiya and her brother God Surya are displayed and worshipped while sunset and sunrise The people of each and every religion goes to the bank of any river or near by the pond or lake for giving arghya to the Sun They carry Fruits and thekuaa along with them in Soop and Daura a bowl like structure made up of bamboo for the worship Nowadays it s widely spread all over the world where Bihari community lives Durga Puja is also the biggest most popular and widely celebrated festival in Bihar 149 The ten day long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state Pandals are erected in various cities towns and villages throughout Bihar The cities of Bihar transforms Durga Puja It is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped The idols of the goddess are brought in from Kumortuli where idol makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess Since independence in 1947 Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than a religious festival Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities On Vijayadashami the last day of the festival the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers Tourism EditTourist attraction in Bihar UNESCO World Heritage Site of Mahabodhi Temple and Nalanda Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary Bihar Museum Tomb of Sher Shah Suri Ghora KatoraMain article Tourism in Bihar Bihar is visited by many tourists from around the world 150 In 2019 33 million tourists visited Bihar including more than 1 million foreign tourists 151 Bihar is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites as well as many other ancient monuments The Mahabodhi Temple literally Great Awakening Temple a UNESCO World Heritage site is an ancient Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment The Khuda Bakhsh Library which has one of the world s largest collection of books rare manuscripts and paintings is located in Patna Bodh Gaya in Gaya district is about 96 km 60 mi from Patna Nalanda Mahavihara a UNESCO World Heritage site is among the oldest universities in the world situated in Nalanda Bihar It comprises the archaeological remains of a monastic and scholastic institution dating from the third century BCE to the 13th century CE It includes stupas shrines viharas residential and educational buildings and important art works in stucco stone and metal Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian subcontinent Archaeological Survey of India has recognized 72 monuments in Bihar as Monuments of National Importance Furthermore Archaeological Survey of India has recognized 30 additional monument as protected monuments in Bihar Bihar has many places for ecotourism which includes Valmiki National Park is famous national park and tiger reserve Vikramshila Dolphin Sanctuary is home of endangered Gangetic Dolphin Bihar has many wildlife sanctuary such Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary Kaimur Sanctuary Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary and Pant Wildlife Sanctuary Bihar invites many species of migratory birds at bird sanctuary like Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary and Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary Many tourists visit Bihar because of religious significance of the Bihar Hindu Goddess Sita the consort of Lord Rama is believed to have been born in Sitamarhi in the Mithila region of modern day Bihar 152 153 Gautama Buddha attained Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya a town located in the modern day district of Gaya in Bihar Vasupujya the 12th Jain Tirthankara was born in Champapuri Bhagalpur Mahavira the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism was born in Vaishali around the sixth century BC 154 Sraddha ritual performed in Pitru Paksha period considered as fruitful in the holy city of Gaya which is seen as a special place to perform the rite and hosts a fair during the Pitri Paksha period 155 Transport EditMain article Transport in Bihar Patliputra ISBT Patna Ganges river port on national inland waterways 1 at Gaighat Patna Airways Edit Main article List of airports in Bihar Bihar has a total of three operational airports as of 2020 Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport in Patna Gaya Airport in Gaya and Darbhanga Airport in Darbhanga All three airports have scheduled flights to major cities around India Gaya Airport is the only international airport in Bihar having seasonal flights to countries like Thailand Bhutan and Myanmar Railways Edit Bihar has a rail network length of 3 794 km 2 357 mi in 2020 156 All major cities districts and towns are well connected Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor after completion will pass through Kaimur Rohtas Aurangabad and Gaya with a total length of 239 km 149 mi in Bihar 157 Expressways Edit Gaya Darbhanga Expressway access controlled highway will be Bihar s first expressway of length 189 km expected to be completed by 2024 158 State highways Edit Main article List of state highways in Bihar Bihar has state highways with total length of 4 006 km 2 489 mi and national highways with total length of 5 358 km 3 329 mi Metro transit Edit Patna will be the first city in Bihar to have mass rapid transit system Patna Metro with network of 31 km 19 mi length is under construction as of 2022 159 Bus transit Edit Bihar State Road Transport Corporation BSRTC runs interstate intrastate and international route buses 160 BSRTC has daily ridership of around 100 000 Its fleet includes non electric and electric buses AC and non AC buses Delhi Ranchi and Kathmandu in Nepal are some of the destinations served outside Bihar Patliputra Inter State Bus Terminal is a major bus transit hub in Bihar 161 Inland Waterways Edit National Waterways 1 runs along Ganges river Gaighat in Patna has a permanent terminal of inland waterways for handling cargo vessels 162 The Ganges is navigable throughout the year and was the principal river highway across the vast Indo Gangetic Plain Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period when it served as a conduit for overseas trade The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links to major rivers and streams in north and south Bihar 163 Education EditMain articles Education in Bihar and Literacy in Bihar See also List of educational institutions in Bihar Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna NIT Patna main buildingHistorically Bihar has been a major centre of learning home to the ancient universities of Nalanda est 450 CE Odantapura est 550 CE and Vikramashila est 783 CE Nalanda and Vikramshila universities were destroyed by Islamic invader Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1200 CE 164 Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of the British rule when Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library was established in 1891 by Sir Khan Bahadur Khuda Bakhsh which is currently one of the world s largest functioning library and boast 5 Million items It is known for its paintings and rare manuscripts 165 Patna University the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent was established in 1917 166 Some other centres of high learning established under British rule are Patna College est 1839 Bihar School of Engineering est 1900 now known as National Institute of Technology Patna Prince of Wales Medical College est 1925 now Patna Medical College and Hospital Science College Patna est 1928 Patna Women s College Bihar Veterinary College est 1927 and Imperial Agriculture Research Institute est 1905 now Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University Pusa The Patna University one of the oldest universities in Bihar was established in 1917 and is the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent Second oldest engineering college of India known as NIT Patna was established as survey training school in 1886 and later renamed as Bihar College of Engineering in 1932 Today Bihar is home of 8 Institutes of National Importance IIT Patna IIM Bodh Gaya AIIMS Patna NIT Patna IIIT Bhagalpur NIPER Hajipur Khuda bakhsh Oriental Library and Nalanda International University In 2008 Indian Institutes of Technology Patna was inaugurated with students from all over India 167 and same year National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna was established as the ninth such institute in India 168 The Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya was established in 2015 In March 2019 the government of Bihar has sent a proposal to centre Government to upgrade Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital into an AIIMS like institution 169 Bihar is home of four Central universities which includes Central University of South Bihar Mahatma Gandhi Central University Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University and Nalanda University In 2015 the central government had proposed re establishment of Vikramshila in Bhagalpur and had designated 500 crores 5 billion for it 170 Bihar also has the National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna National Law University Patna Institute of Hotel Management IHM Footwear Design and Development Institute Bihta and Central Institute of Plastic Engineering amp Technology CIPET Center CIPET and IHM was established in Hajipur in 1994 and 1998 respectively Aryabhatta Knowledge University was established under Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act 2008 of Bihar Government 171 with purpose of the development and management of educational infrastructure related to technical education medical management and allied professional education in Bihar 172 Based on 2020 21 data Aryabhatta Knowledge University has 56 Engineering and Pharmacy colleges 15 Medical colleges 33 Educational colleges 8 community colleges 36 Nursing colleges and 11 Vocational colleges 173 Chanakya National Law University and Chandragupt Institute of Management were established in the later half of 2008 and now attracts students from not just within Bihar but also students from far flung states Nalanda International University is established in 2014 with active investment from countries such as Japan Korea and China The A N Sinha Institute of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state 174 Bihar has eight medical colleges which are funded by the government namely Patna Medical College and Hospital Nalanda Medical College and Hospital Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital Gaya Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Bhagalpur Government Medical College Bettiah and five private medical colleges 175 Bihta a suburb of state capital Patna is home of institutes like IIT Patna AIIMS Patna BIT Patna and is now emerging as an education hub 176 177 With institute like Super 30 Patna has emerged as a major center for engineering and civil services coaching The major private IIT JEE coaching institutes have opened up their branches in Bihar and this has reduced the number of students who go to for example Kota and Delhi for engineering medical coaching Bihar e Governance Services amp Technologies BeST and the government of Bihar have initiated a unique program to establish a centre of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center a finishing school to equip students with the latest skills and customised short term training programs at an affordable cost The centre aims to attract the youth of the state to improve their technical professional and soft skills to meet the current requirements of the industrial job market 178 The National Employability Report of Engineering Graduates 2014 179 puts graduates from Bihar in the top 25 percent of the country and rates Bihar as one of the three top states at producing engineering graduates in terms of quality and employability 180 See also EditBihar Diwas Outline of Bihar Timeline of Bihar Bihari culture Cuisine of Bihar Chhotanagpur Front Chhotanagpur Plateau Praja Parishad List of people from BiharReferences Edit Senior BJP Leader Phagu Chauhan Appointed Governor of Bihar to Take Over From Lal Ji Tandon News18 20 July 2019 Retrieved 25 July 2019 State Profile 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region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of lack of awareness The uneducated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule PDF Ministry of Home Affairs Retrieved 4 April 2022 ल कसभ म उठ मगह भ जप र क आठव अन स च म श म ल करन क म Demand for including Bhojpuri in the Eighth Schedule Firstpost in Hindi 22 March 2017 Archived from the original on 28 March 2019 Retrieved 24 February 2019 Bihar Civic elections likely in May 2017 Archived from the original on 31 March 2017 Retrieved 30 March 2017 Pandey Ashutosh Kumar 20 March 2017 ब ह र नगर व क स एव आव स व भ ग क पहल प नर गठन स नगर पर षद क बढ ज य ग स ख य Bihar Initiatives of the Department of Urban Development and Housing will increase the number of city councils by restructuring Prabhat Khabar in Hindi Archived 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Academic doi 10 1093 oso 9780197529867 003 0005 The big landlords of Bihar derailed land reform via delaying tactics and by refusing to comply with paperwork They refused to submit documents for their estates despite government orders and filed thousands of court cases halting the landholding ceiling and redistribution of over 9 000 acres of land across the state of Bihar Since administrators and politicians came mostly from the same landed gentry upper castes as the landlords the landlords exploited their kinship ties to have government field surveys halted amended and ultimately aborted a b Carolyn Brown Heinz 2006 Documenting the Image in Mithila Art Visual Anthropology Review Vol 22 Issue 2 pp 5 33 Singh Gajendra Narayan 2008 2002 Surile Logon Ki Sangat New Delhi Kanishka Publishers amp Distributors ISBN 9788184570724 Singh Gajendra Narayan 1999 Swargangh Collections Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh Archived from the original on 11 August 2014 Jugnu Haidar Ali Sati Sulochana 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bhojpuricity com Archived from the original on 4 September 2009 Retrieved 15 October 2009 Dedhia Soni 28 January 2017 Neetu Chandra s Mithila Makhaan wins Best Maithili Film National Award The Times of India Retrieved 19 April 2022 a b c Ahmad Qeyamuddin ed 1988 Patna Through the Ages Glimpses of History Society and Economy New Delhi Commonwealth Publishers Rajendra Abhinandan Granth Nagri Pracharini Sabha Arrah 3 March 1950 pp 353 Kumar Nagendra 1971 Journalism in Bihar A Supplement to Bihar State Gazette Government of Bihar Gazetteers Branch p 28 Archived from the original on 23 November 2015 Retrieved 17 April 2015 Bihar Urdu Academy biharurduacademy in Retrieved 2 June 2020 Bihar ki Sahityik Pragati Bihar Hindi Sahitya Sammelan Patna 1956 p 73 Jayanti Smarak Granth pp 583 585 Chhath Puja Durga Pooja Festivals of Bihar Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation Statistics on Tourism in Bihar on Indian Government s website Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine jcreview PDF Archived PDF from the original on 26 January 2021 tourism gov in PDF Archived PDF from the original on 26 January 2021 Sitamarhi Britannica Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 Retrieved 30 January 2015 History of Sitamarhi Official site of Sitamarhi district Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 Retrieved 30 January 2015 Pathak Prabhu Nath Society and Culture in Early Bihar Commonwealth Publishers 1988 p 140 Vidyarathi L P 1978 The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya Concept Publishing Company pp 13 15 33 81 110 India railway route length in Bihar 2020 Statista Retrieved 25 November 2022 Railways at Glance ECR 2021 PDF Construction of Bihar s first expressway to start soon The Economic Times Retrieved 25 November 2022 DMRC chief visits Patna Metro project sites meets officials Financialexpress Retrieved 25 November 2022 BSRTC bsrtc co in Retrieved 25 November 2022 NYOOOZ From today the new station of buses in Patna know where your bus will be found at Patliputra Bus Terminal Patna NYOOOZ NYOOOZ Retrieved 26 November 2022 Inland Waterways Authority of India website Yang Anand A 1998 Bazaar India Markets Society and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar ISBN 978 0 520 21100 1 Retrieved 15 October 2009 Altekar Anant Sadashiv 1965 Education in Ancient India Sixth Varanasi Nand Kishore amp Bros Total collection of Khuda bakhsh library from ministry of culture website Profile of Patna University Patna University Archived from the original on 10 April 2015 Retrieved 14 April 2015 Jha Abhay Mohan 4 August 2008 Brand new IIT in Patna impresses all NDTV Archived from the original on 7 August 2008 Retrieved 4 August 2008 NIFT starts classes in Patna with 60 students TwoCircles net 12 August 2008 Archived from the original on 22 March 2019 Retrieved 21 March 2019 Kumar Madan 3 March 2019 DMCH will be upgraded to AIIMS like institution Minister Patna News Times of India The Times of India Retrieved 16 August 2019 Bihar drags feet on Central varsity in Bhagalpur district identifies three chunks of land Hindustan Times 26 June 2017 Retrieved 15 August 2019 The Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act 2008 PDF Government of Bihar 2008 Retrieved 3 August 2017 Tech cradles fail to shift to permanent campus The Times of India Times News Network 3 January 2015 Retrieved 3 August 2017 Official Website Aryabhatta Knowledge University Patna akubihar ac in Retrieved 1 February 2020 Premier Research Institute ANSISS Official website Archived from the original on 13 May 2010 First brick for new hospital www telegraphindia com 18 August 2013 Retrieved 2 September 2019 Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology Nsit Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology Nsit Address Admission Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology Nsit Courses Ranking Contact Details www StudyGuideIndia com Archived from the original on 11 November 2016 Retrieved 26 October 2017 Welcome to Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology Bihta Patna Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 Retrieved 27 February 2015 Bihar Knowledge Center 2008 Archived from the original on 28 April 2009 Retrieved 3 August 2016 National Employability Report Engineers Annual Report 2014 PDF www aspiringminds com www aspiringminds com p 22 Archived PDF from the original on 12 October 2016 Retrieved 2 September 2016 Delhi Bihar produce top engineers in India Report The Times Of India Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 1 February 2014 Further reading EditSwami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Prakashan Sansthan Delhi 2003 Christopher Alan Bayly Rulers Townsmen and Bazaars North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770 1870 Cambridge University Press 1983 Anand A Yang Bazaar India Markets Society and the Colonial State in Bihar University of California Press 1999 Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali Rajkamal Prakashan Delhi Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauser along with the unedited Hindi original Manohar Publishers paperback 2005 Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser Manohar Publishers paperback 2005 Religion Politics and the Peasants A Memoir of India s Freedom Movement translated and edited by Walter Hauser Manohar Publishers hardbound 2003 Pandit Yadunandan Jadunandan Sharma 1947 Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy in Hindi Allahabad Jagannath Sarkar Many Streams Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar First Published May 2010 Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited Bangalore Indradeep Sinha 1969 Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants in Hindi Patna Indradeep Sinha Real face of JP s total revolution Communist Party of India 1974 Indradeep Sinha Some features of current agrarian situation in India All India Kisan Sabha 1987 Indradeep Sinha The changing agrarian scene Problems and tasks Peoples Publishing House 1980 Indradeep Sinha Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry Communist Party of India 1982 Sinha Udai Prakash Kumar Swargesh 2012 Bihar Tourism Retrospect and Prospect New Delhi Concept Publishing Company ISBN 9788180697999 Retrieved 18 April 2015 Nand Kishore Shukla The Trial of Baikunth Sukul A Revolutionary Patriot Har Anand 1999 403 pages ISBN 81 241 0143 4 Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta Itihas Purush Basawon Singh published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy 1st Edition April 2000 Ramchandra Prasad Ashok Kumar Sinha Sri Krishna Singh in Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series Publications Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India Walter Hauser 1961 Peasant Organisation in India A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha 1929 1942 Ph D Thesis University of Chicago Forthcoming publication Rai Algu 1946 A Move for the Formation of an All Indian Organisation for the Kisans Azamgrah N G Ranga 1949 Revolutionary Peasants New Delhi N G Ranga 1968 Fight For Freedom New Delhi Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan 1943 Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta New Leaders of New India in Hindi Allahabad Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan 1957 Dimagi Gulami Mental Slavery in Hindi Allahabad Manmath Nath Gupta Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar Alekha Prakasana 1981 Khagendra Thakur Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Vyaktitva aur Krititva Publications Division 2008 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India Vijendra Narayan Singh Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Sahitya Akademi New Delhi 2005 ISBN 81 260 2142 X Kumar Vimal Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna Sanchayan Sahitya Akademi New Delhi 2008 ISBN 978 81 260 2627 2 Mishra Shree Govind History Of Bihar 1740 1772 Munshiram Manoharlal 1970 Verma B S Socio religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar From ca 319 A D to 1000 A D Munshiram Manoharlal 1962 Maitra A Magahi Culture Cosmo Publications New Delhi 1983 Naipaul V S India A Wounded Civilization Picador 1977 Trevithick Alan The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya 1811 1949 Anagarika Dharmapala And The Mahabodhi Temple Jannuzi F Tomasson Agrarian Crisis In India The Case Of Bihar University of Texas Press 1974 ISBN 0 292 76414 6 ISBN 978 0 292 76414 9 Omalley L S S History of Magadh Veena Publication 2005 ISBN 81 89224 01 8 Shukla Prabhat Kumar Indigo And The Raj Peasant Protests In Bihar 1780 1917 Pragati Publications 1993 ISBN 81 7307 004 0 Ahmad Qeyamuddin Patna Through The Ages Glimpses of History Society amp Economy Commonwealth Publishers 1988 Jain B D Ardha Magadhi Reader Sri Satguru Publications Lahore 1923 Patra C Life in Ancient India As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya Punthi Pustak 1996 ISBN 81 85094 93 4 Hazra Kanai Lal Buddhism in India As Described by the Chinese Pilgrims AD 399 689 Munshiram Manoharlal 1983 ISBN 81 215 0132 6 McCrindle John W Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian Munshiram Manoharlal McCrindle John W Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy Munshiram Manoharlal 1927 ISBN 81 215 0945 9 Sastry Harprasad Magadhan Literature Sri Satguru Publications Calcutta 1923 Rai Alok Hindi Nationalism Orient Longman 2000 ISBN 81 250 1979 0 Waddell Austine L Report on the Excavations at Pataliputra Patna The Palibothra of the Greeks Asian Publicational Services Calcutta 1903 Das Arvind N The State of Bihar an economic history without footnotes Amsterdam VU University Press 1992 Brass Paul R The politics of India since Independence Cambridge University Press 1990 Askari S H Mediaeval Bihar Sultante and Mughal Period Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library Patna 1990 Tayler William Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857 Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library Patna 2007 Taylor P J O What really happened during the Mutiny A day by day account of the major events of 1857 1859 in India Oxford University Press 1997 ISBN 0 19 564182 5 Pathak Prabhu Nath Society and Culture in Early Bihar C A D 200 600 Commonwealth Publishers 1988 Basham A L The Wonder that was India Picador 1954 ISBN 0 330 43909 X Nambisan Vijay Bihar in the eye of the beholder Penguin Books 2000 ISBN 978 0 14 029449 1 Pathak Mohan Flood plains and Agricultural occupance Deep amp Deep Publication 1991 ISBN 81 7100 289 7 D Souza Rohan Drowned and Dammed Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India Oxford University Press 2006 Radhakanta Barik Land amp Caste Politics in Bihar Shipra Publications Delhi 2006 External links EditGovernmentOfficial site of Bihar Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Bihar State Tourism Development CorporationGeneral informationBihar web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Bihar at the Encyclopaedia Britannica Bihar at Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of Bihar Geographic data related to Bihar at OpenStreetMapBihar at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Travel guides from Wikivoyage Bhojpuri Edition from Wikipedia Maithili Edition from Wikipedia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bihar amp oldid 1138151933, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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