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Indo-Aryan peoples

January 19, 2024

Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of Indo-European peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent. Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language.[5][6][7][8][9] The Indo-Aryan peoples were known to be closely related and belonging to the same Indo-Iranian group that have resided north of the Indus River; an evident connection in cultural, linguistic, and historical ties. Today, the Indo-Aryan language speakers are found south of the Indus, across the modern-day regions of Bangladesh, Nepal, eastern-Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and northern-India.[10]

Indo-Aryan peoples
1978 map showing geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan languages. (Urdu is included under Hindi. Romani, Domari, and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.
  Central
  Dardic
  Eastern
  Northern
  Northwestern
  Western
  Southern
Total population
~1.5 billion[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
 Indiaover 911 million[1]
 Pakistanover 233 million[2]
 Bangladeshover 160 million[3]
   Nepalover 26 million
 Sri Lankaover 14 million
 Myanmarover 1 million
 Mauritiusover 725,400
 Maldivesover 300,000[4]
 Bhutanover 240,000
Languages
Indo-Aryan languages
Religion
Indian religions (Mostly Hindu; with Buddhist, Sikh and Jain minorities) and Islam, Christians and some non-religious atheist/agnostic

History edit

Proto-Indo-Iranians edit

Main articles: Indo-Iranians, Proto-Indo-Europeans, Aryan, Indo-European migrations, and Indo-Aryan migrations
Further information: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia and Peopling of India
 
Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC). The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryan migrations.

The introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of Indo-Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia.[citation needed] Another group of Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria;[11] (c. 1500–1300 BC) the other group was the Vedic people.[12] Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun, an Indo-European Caucasoid people of Inner Asia in antiquity, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.[13]

The Proto-Indo-Iranians, from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE),[14][15] and the Andronovo culture,[citation needed] which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea, present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,[16] moved south through the Bactria-Margiana Culture, south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the Levant and north-western India.[17][5] The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennium BCE.[5][18][19] The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.

The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India.[20] Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.

While the Indo-Aryan linguistic group occupies mainly northern parts of India, genetically, all South Asians across the Indian subcontinent are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and Central Asian steppe pastoralists in varying proportion.[21][22] Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.[23]

Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.[24][25][26][27][28]

List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples edit

See also: List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes

Contemporary Indo-Aryan people edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "India". The World Factbook. 16 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Pakistan". The World Factbook. 4 February 2022.
  3. ^ "Bangladesh". The World Factbook. 4 February 2022.
  4. ^ . UNHCR. 2004. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  5. ^ a b c Anthony 2007.
  6. ^ Erdosy 2012.
  7. ^ "How ancient DNA may rewrite prehistory in India". bbc. 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  8. ^ "New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India". thehindu. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  9. ^ "Aryans or Harappans—Who drove the creation of caste system? DNA holds a clue". theprint. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  10. ^ Danesh Jain, George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 2.
  11. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 454.
  12. ^ Beckwith 2009, p. 33 note 20.
  13. ^ Beckwith 2009, p. 376-7.
  14. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 390 (fig. 15.9), 405–411.
  15. ^ Kuz'mina 2007, p. 222.
  16. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 408.
  17. ^ George Erdosy (1995). "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity", p. 279
  18. ^ Johannes Krause mit Thomas Trappe: Die Reise unserer Gene. Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren. Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 148 ff.
  19. ^ "All Indo-European Languages May Have Originated From This One Place". IFLScience. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  20. ^ Avari, Burjor (11 June 2007). India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-1-134-25161-2.
  21. ^ Reich et al. 2009.
  22. ^ Narasimhan et al. 2019.
  23. ^ Basu et al. 2016.
  24. ^ Witzel 2001, p. 95.
  25. ^ Jamison 2006.
  26. ^ Guha 2007, p. 341.
  27. ^ Fosse 2005, p. 438.
  28. ^ Olson 2016, p. 136.

Sources edit

  • Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.
  • Basu A, Sarkar-Roy N, Majumder PP (February 2016). "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (6): 1594–9. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113. PMC 4760789. PMID 26811443.
  • Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400829941. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  • Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9.
  • Erdosy, George, ed. (2012), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Walter de Gruyter
  • Fosse, Lars Martin (2005), "ARYAN PAST AND POST-COLONIAL PRESENT. The polemics and politics of indigenous Aryanism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge
  • Guha, Sudeshna (2007), "Review. Reviewed Work: The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History by Edwin F. Bryant, Laurie Patton", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, 17 (3): 340–343, doi:10.1017/S135618630700733X, S2CID 163092658
  • Jamison, Stephanie W. (2006). "The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review)" (PDF). Journal of Indo-European Studies. 34: 255–261.
  • Kuz'mina, Elena Efimovna (2007), J. P. Mallory (ed.), The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, Brill, ISBN 978-9004160545
  • Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0-5214-7030-7. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  • Mallory, JP. 1998. "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia. Ed. Mair. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
  • Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): 7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
  • Olson, Carl (2016). Religious Ways of Experiencing Life: A Global and Narrative Approach. Routledge.
  • Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
  • Trubachov, Oleg N., 1999: Indoarica, Nauka, Moscow.
  • Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3): 1–115
  • Witzel, Michael (2005), "Indocentrism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge

External links edit

  • Horseplay at Harappa – People Fas Harvard – Harvard University (PDF)
  • A tale of two horses – Frontline

January 19, 2024
indo, aryan, peoples, this, article, possibly, contains, original, research, please, improve, verifying, claims, made, adding, inline, citations, statements, consisting, only, original, research, should, removed, january, 2021, learn, when, remove, this, templ. This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Indo Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of Indo European peoples speaking Indo Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent Historically Aryans were the Indo Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto Indo Aryan language 5 6 7 8 9 The Indo Aryan peoples were known to be closely related and belonging to the same Indo Iranian group that have resided north of the Indus River an evident connection in cultural linguistic and historical ties Today the Indo Aryan language speakers are found south of the Indus across the modern day regions of Bangladesh Nepal eastern Pakistan Sri Lanka Maldives and northern India 10 Indo Aryan peoples1978 map showing geographical distribution of the major Indo Aryan languages Urdu is included under Hindi Romani Domari and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map Dotted striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common Central Dardic Eastern Northern Northwestern Western SouthernTotal population 1 5 billion citation needed Regions with significant populations Indiaover 911 million 1 Pakistanover 233 million 2 Bangladeshover 160 million 3 Nepalover 26 million Sri Lankaover 14 million Myanmarover 1 million Mauritiusover 725 400 Maldivesover 300 000 4 Bhutanover 240 000LanguagesIndo Aryan languagesReligionIndian religions Mostly Hindu with Buddhist Sikh and Jain minorities and Islam Christians and some non religious atheist agnostic Contents 1 History 1 1 Proto Indo Iranians 2 List of historical Indo Aryan peoples 3 Contemporary Indo Aryan people 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksHistory editProto Indo Iranians edit Main articles Indo Iranians Proto Indo Europeans Aryan Indo European migrations and Indo Aryan migrations Further information Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia and Peopling of India nbsp Archaeological cultures associated with Indo Iranian migrations after EIEC The Andronovo BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo Iranian migrations The GGC Cemetery H Copper Hoard OCP and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo Aryan migrations The introduction of the Indo Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of Indo Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent modern day Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka These migrations started approximately 1 800 BCE after the invention of the war chariot and also brought Indo Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia citation needed Another group of Indo Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria 11 c 1500 1300 BC the other group was the Vedic people 12 Christopher I Beckwith suggests that the Wusun an Indo European Caucasoid people of Inner Asia in antiquity were also of Indo Aryan origin 13 The Proto Indo Iranians from which the Indo Aryans developed are identified with the Sintashta culture 2100 1800 BCE 14 15 and the Andronovo culture citation needed which flourished ca 1800 1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea present day Kazakhstan Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan The Proto Indo Aryan split off around 1800 1600 BCE from the Iranians 16 moved south through the Bactria Margiana Culture south of the Andronovo culture borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC and then migrated further south into the Levant and north western India 17 5 The migration of the Indo Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo European languages from the Proto Indo European homeland at the Pontic Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennium BCE 5 18 19 The GGC Cemetery H Copper Hoard OCP and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo Aryans The Indo Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language referred to as arya noble Over the last four millennia the Indo Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo Aryan and indigenous people groups of India 20 Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron client systems which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted While the Indo Aryan linguistic group occupies mainly northern parts of India genetically all South Asians across the Indian subcontinent are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter gatherers Iranian hunter gatherers and Central Asian steppe pastoralists in varying proportion 21 22 Additionally Austroasiatic and Tibeto Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make up of South Asia 23 Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and that the Indo European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship 24 25 26 27 28 List of historical Indo Aryan peoples editSee also List of ancient Indo Aryan peoples and tribes Anga Bahlikas Bharatas Caidyas Dewa Gandharis Gangaridai Gurjara Pratihara Kambojas Kalinga Kasmira Kekaya Khasas Kikata Koliya Kosala Kurus Licchavis Madra Magadhis Malavas Mallakas Matsyeyas Moriya Nishadhas Odra Pakthas Panchala Paundra Puru Salva Salwa Saraswata Sauvira Shakya Sindhu Sudra Surasena Trigarta Utkala Vanga Vatsa Vidarbha Videha Yadava YaduContemporary Indo Aryan people editAssamese people Awadhi people Banjara people Bengali people Bhil people Bhojpuri people Bishnupriya Manipuri people Brokpa people Chakma people Deccani people Dhivehi people Dogra people Garhwali people Gujarati people Halba people Haryanvi people Jaunsari people Kalash people Kashmiri people Khas people Kho people Kohistani people Konkani people Kumauni people Kutchi people Magahi people Muhajir people Maithil people Marathi people Marwari people Nagpuria people Odia people Palula people Pashayi people Punjabi people Rajasthani people Romani people Rohingya people Sadan people Saraiki people Saurashtra people Shina people Sindhi people Sinhalese people Thari people Tharu people Thori people Tirahi people Torwali people Warli peopleSee also editProto Indo Europeans Indo Iranians Dardic peoples Aryan Indo Aryan languages Indo Aryan migrations Indigenous Aryanism Aryan race Aryavarta Dasa Dravidian peoples Early Indians South Asian diaspora Northern South AsiaReferences edit India The World Factbook 16 November 2021 Pakistan The World Factbook 4 February 2022 Bangladesh The World Factbook 4 February 2022 Population of Lhotshampas in Bhutan UNHCR 2004 Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 Retrieved 23 March 2016 a b c Anthony 2007 Erdosy 2012 How ancient DNA may rewrite prehistory in India bbc 23 December 2018 Retrieved 23 November 2022 New reports clearly confirm Arya migration into India thehindu 13 September 2019 Retrieved 23 November 2022 Aryans or Harappans Who drove the creation of caste system DNA holds a clue theprint 29 June 2021 Retrieved 23 November 2022 Danesh Jain George Cardona 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge p 2 Anthony 2007 p 454 Beckwith 2009 p 33 note 20 Beckwith 2009 p 376 7 Anthony 2007 p 390 fig 15 9 405 411 Kuz mina 2007 p 222 Anthony 2007 p 408 George Erdosy 1995 The Indo Aryans of Ancient South Asia Language Material Culture and Ethnicity p 279 Johannes Krause mit Thomas Trappe Die Reise unserer Gene Eine Geschichte uber uns und unsere Vorfahren Propylaen Verlag Berlin 2019 p 148 ff All Indo European Languages May Have Originated From This One Place IFLScience 24 May 2018 Retrieved 26 December 2019 Avari Burjor 11 June 2007 India The Ancient Past A History of the Indian Sub Continent from c 7000 BC to AD 1200 Routledge pp xvii ISBN 978 1 134 25161 2 Reich et al 2009 Narasimhan et al 2019 Basu et al 2016 Witzel 2001 p 95 Jamison 2006 Guha 2007 p 341 Fosse 2005 p 438 Olson 2016 p 136 Sources editAnthony David W 2007 The Horse The Wheel And Language How Bronze Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World Princeton University Press Basu A Sarkar Roy N Majumder PP February 2016 Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 6 1594 9 Bibcode 2016PNAS 113 1594B doi 10 1073 pnas 1513197113 PMC 4760789 PMID 26811443 Beckwith Christopher I 16 March 2009 Empires of the Silk Road A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present Princeton University Press ISBN 978 1400829941 Retrieved 30 December 2014 Bryant Edwin 2001 The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 513777 9 Erdosy George ed 2012 The Indo Aryans of Ancient South Asia Language Material Culture and Ethnicity Walter de Gruyter Fosse Lars Martin 2005 ARYAN PAST AND POST COLONIAL PRESENT The polemics and politics of indigenous Aryanism in Bryant Edwin Patton Laurie L eds The Indo Aryan Controversy Evidence and inference in Indian history Routledge Guha Sudeshna 2007 Review Reviewed Work The Indo Aryan Controversy Evidence and Inference in Indian History by Edwin F Bryant Laurie Patton Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Third Series 17 3 340 343 doi 10 1017 S135618630700733X S2CID 163092658 Jamison Stephanie W 2006 The Indo Aryan controversy Evidence and inference in Indian history Book review PDF Journal of Indo European Studies 34 255 261 Kuz mina Elena Efimovna 2007 J P Mallory ed The Origin of the Indo Iranians Brill ISBN 978 9004160545 Loewe Michael Shaughnessy Edward L 1999 The Cambridge History of Ancient China From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC Cambridge University Press pp 87 88 ISBN 0 5214 7030 7 Retrieved 1 November 2013 Mallory JP 1998 A European Perspective on Indo Europeans in Asia In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia Ed Mair Washington DC Institute for the Study of Man Narasimhan Vagheesh M Patterson N J Moorjani Priya Rohland Nadin et al 2019 The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia Science 365 6457 7487 doi 10 1126 science aat7487 PMC 6822619 PMID 31488661 Olson Carl 2016 Religious Ways of Experiencing Life A Global and Narrative Approach Routledge Reich David Thangaraj Kumarasamy Patterson Nick Price Alkes L Singh Lalji 2009 Reconstructing Indian population history Nature 461 7263 489 494 Bibcode 2009Natur 461 489R doi 10 1038 nature08365 ISSN 0028 0836 PMC 2842210 PMID 19779445 Trubachov Oleg N 1999 Indoarica Nauka Moscow Witzel Michael 2001 Autochthonous Aryans The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts PDF Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7 3 1 115 Witzel Michael 2005 Indocentrism in Bryant Edwin Patton Laurie L eds The Indo Aryan Controversy Evidence and inference in Indian history RoutledgeExternal links editHorseplay at Harappa People Fas Harvard Harvard University PDF A tale of two horses Frontline Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indo Aryan peoples amp oldid 1194128157, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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