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Ladakhi language

The Ladakhi language is a Tibetic language spoken in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. It is the predominant language in the Buddhist-dominated district of Leh. Though a member of the Tibetic family, Ladakhi is not mutually intelligible with Standard Tibetan. Ladakhis and Tibetans usually communicate with each other in Hindi or English as they do not understand each other's languages clearly.

Ladakhi
ལ་དྭགས་སྐད , لداخی زبان
La-dwags skad
Native toIndia,
RegionLadakh
EthnicityLadakhis
Native speakers
14,952 (2011 Census)[1]
Tibetan script (official, in India and China), Perso-Arabic script (by Muslims, in Pakistan)
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
lbj – Ladakhi
zau – Zangskari
Glottologkenh1234
ELPLadakhi
Ladakhi is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Ladakhi has several dialects: Lehskat, named after Leh where it is spoken, Shamskat, spoken northwest of Leh, Stotskat, spoken in the Indus valley and which unlike the others is tonal, Nubra, spoken north of Leh, the Changthang language, spoken in the Changtang region by the Changpa people, and the Zangskari language, spoken in the Zanskar region of Ladakh.

Name edit

The Ladakhi language (Tibetan: ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་, Wylie: La-dwags skad) is also referred to as Bhoti or Bodhi.[2][3] The classification of Bhoti or Bodhi has connotations with Tibetan Buddhism, a major religion in the area. However, many Ladakhi people contest this classification as there are also Muslim, Christian, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Ladakhi.[4]

Classification edit

Nicolas Tournadre considers Ladakhi, Balti, and Purgi to be distinct languages on the basis of mutual intelligibility (Zangskari is not as distinct). As a group they are termed Ladakhi–Balti or Western Archaic Tibetan.[5]

Zangskari is a dialect of Ladakhi spoken in Zanskar and also spoken by Buddhists in the upper reaches of Lahaul (Himachal Pradesh) and Paddar (Paldar).[citation needed] It has four subdialects, Stod, Zhung, Sham, and Lungna. It is written using the Tibetan script by Buddhists and the Arabic script by Muslim and Christian Ladakhis.[6]

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

  • /b d ɡ/ can fricative sounds ð ɣ] as allophones that occur within free variation.
  • /k/ has an allophone of a retracted velar stop [k̠].
  • /l r/ can have allophones [l̥ r̥] when occurring initially before a voiceless consonant.[7]

Vowels edit

Vowels with allophones
Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Mid [ɛ̝] ə [ɔ̝]
Open-mid [ɐ]
Open [ä]
  • Allophones of /ə/ in word-final position are heard as ɐ].
  • Allophones of /e o/ are heard as [ɛ̝ ɔ̝].
  • Allophones occur in free variation.[7]

Script edit

Ladakhi is usually written using Tibetan script, and the pronunciation of Ladakhi is much closer to written Classical Tibetan than that of most other Tibetic languages. Ladakhis pronounce many of the prefix, suffix and head letters that are silent in many other Tibetic languages, in particular the Central Tibetan.[8] This tendency is more pronounced to the west of Leh, and on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control, in Baltistan. For example, a Tibetan would pronounce sta ('axe') as [tá], but a Lehpa would say [sta], and a Purgi would pronounce [stare]. While a Tibetan would pronounce འབྲས་ ’bras ('rice') as [ɳʈɛ́ʔ], Lehpa say [ɖas], and the Purgi pronounce it as [bras].[citation needed]

The question of whether to write colloquial Ladakhi in the Tibetan script or to write an only slightly Ladakhified version of Classical Tibetan is controversial in Ladakh.[9] Muslim Ladakhis speak Ladakhi but most do not read the Tibetan script and most Buddhist Ladakhis can sound out the Tibetan script but do not understand Classical Tibetan, but some Ladakhi Buddhist scholars insist that Ladakhi must be written only in a form of Classical Tibetan. A limited number of books and magazines have been published in colloquial Ladakhi.

In Ladakhi language, it is customary to add the suffix 'le' at the end of sentences as a sign of respect towards the individual being spoken to.[10] This linguistic convention is a way to express politeness and honor towards the listener, emphasizing the cultural values of respect and courtesy.

Written Ladakhi is most often romanised using modified Wylie transliteration, with th denoting an aspirated dental t, for example.

Recognition edit

A section of Ladakhi society has demanded inclusion of a newly named language, Bhoti, to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution. They say that Bhoti is spoken by Ladakhis, Baltis, Tibetans, and throughout the Himalayas from Baltistan to Arunachal Pradesh.[11][12]

References edit

  1. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (pdf) on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  2. ^ Omniglot Ladakhi Language Introduction, The Himalayan Initiatives, retrieved 23 January 2021.
  3. ^ Namgial, Eshay (Spring–Summer 2018), "Ladakhi: An off Shoot of Classical Tibetan Language", The Tibet Journal, 43 (1): 35–47, JSTOR 26634904
  4. ^ Wahid, Siddiq (13 May 2022). "Is Bhoti A Language, Religious Affiliation, Sanskrit Diminutive Or Political Tool?". Outlook. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  5. ^ Tournadre, Nicolas (2005). "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes" (PDF). Lalies. pp. 7–56.
  6. ^ Shakspo, Nawang Tsering (2005). "Tibetan (Bhoti)—An Endangered Script in Trans-Himalaya". The Tibet Journal. 30 (1): 61–64. JSTOR 43301113.
  7. ^ a b Koshal, Sanyukta (1979). Ladakhi Grammar. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
  8. ^ Bielmeier, Roland. 1985. 'A Survey of the Development of Western and South-western Tibetan dialects', in Barbara Nimri Aziz and Matthew Kapstein (eds.), Soundings in Tibetan Civilisation.
  9. ^ van Beek, Martijn (2008). "Imaginaries of Ladakhi Modernity". In Barnett, Robert; Schwartz, Ronald David (eds.). Tibetan Modernities: Notes from the Field on Cultural and Social Change. Brill. pp. 178–179.
  10. ^ Yangdol, Dechen. "Ladakhi Language".
  11. ^ Tsewang Rigzin (13 September 2013). . Reach Ladakh. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013.
  12. ^ . Hindustan Times. Press Trust of India. 27 February 2011. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.

External links edit

  • A. H. Francke 1901 A Sketch of Ladakhi GrammarJournal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 70.1 29 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine

ladakhi, language, tibetic, language, spoken, indian, union, territory, ladakh, predominant, language, buddhist, dominated, district, though, member, tibetic, family, ladakhi, mutually, intelligible, with, standard, tibetan, ladakhis, tibetans, usually, commun. The Ladakhi language is a Tibetic language spoken in the Indian union territory of Ladakh It is the predominant language in the Buddhist dominated district of Leh Though a member of the Tibetic family Ladakhi is not mutually intelligible with Standard Tibetan Ladakhis and Tibetans usually communicate with each other in Hindi or English as they do not understand each other s languages clearly Ladakhiལ ད གས ས ད لداخی زبان La dwags skadNative toIndia RegionLadakhEthnicityLadakhisNative speakers14 952 2011 Census 1 Language familySino Tibetan Tibeto BurmanTibeto Kanauri BodishTibeticLadakhi BaltiLadakhiWriting systemTibetan script official in India and China Perso Arabic script by Muslims in Pakistan Language codesISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code lbj class extiw title iso639 3 lbj lbj a Ladakhi a href https iso639 3 sil org code zau class extiw title iso639 3 zau zau a ZangskariGlottologkenh1234ELPLadakhiLadakhi is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in DangerLadakhi has several dialects Lehskat named after Leh where it is spoken Shamskat spoken northwest of Leh Stotskat spoken in the Indus valley and which unlike the others is tonal Nubra spoken north of Leh the Changthang language spoken in the Changtang region by the Changpa people and the Zangskari language spoken in the Zanskar region of Ladakh Contents 1 Name 2 Classification 3 Phonology 3 1 Consonants 3 2 Vowels 4 Script 5 Recognition 6 References 7 External linksName editThe neutrality of this section is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met December 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Ladakhi language Tibetan ལ ད གས ས ད Wylie La dwags skad is also referred to as Bhoti or Bodhi 2 3 The classification of Bhoti or Bodhi has connotations with Tibetan Buddhism a major religion in the area However many Ladakhi people contest this classification as there are also Muslim Christian Hindu and Sikh speakers of Ladakhi 4 Classification editNicolas Tournadre considers Ladakhi Balti and Purgi to be distinct languages on the basis of mutual intelligibility Zangskari is not as distinct As a group they are termed Ladakhi Balti or Western Archaic Tibetan 5 Zangskari is a dialect of Ladakhi spoken in Zanskar and also spoken by Buddhists in the upper reaches of Lahaul Himachal Pradesh and Paddar Paldar citation needed It has four subdialects Stod Zhung Sham and Lungna It is written using the Tibetan script by Buddhists and the Arabic script by Muslim and Christian Ladakhis 6 Phonology editConsonants edit Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m n ɲ ŋPlosive Affricate voiceless p t t s ʈ t ʃ kaspirated pʰ t ʰ t sʰ ʈʰ t ʃʰ kʰvoiced b d d z ɖ d ʒ ɡFricative voiceless s ʂ ʃ hvoiced z ʒTrill rLateral plain lmurmured lʱSemivowel w j b d ɡ can fricative sounds b d ɣ as allophones that occur within free variation k has an allophone of a retracted velar stop k l r can have allophones l r when occurring initially before a voiceless consonant 7 Vowels edit Front Central BackClose i uMid e e oVowels with allophones Front Central BackClose i uClose mid e oMid ɛ e ɔ Open mid ɐ Open a Allophones of e in word final position are heard as a ɐ Allophones of e o are heard as ɛ ɔ Allophones occur in free variation 7 Script editLadakhi is usually written using Tibetan script and the pronunciation of Ladakhi is much closer to written Classical Tibetan than that of most other Tibetic languages Ladakhis pronounce many of the prefix suffix and head letters that are silent in many other Tibetic languages in particular the Central Tibetan 8 This tendency is more pronounced to the west of Leh and on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control in Baltistan For example a Tibetan would pronounce sta axe as ta but a Lehpa would say sta and a Purgi would pronounce stare While a Tibetan would pronounce འབ ས bras rice as ɳʈɛ ʔ Lehpa say ɖas and the Purgi pronounce it as bras citation needed The question of whether to write colloquial Ladakhi in the Tibetan script or to write an only slightly Ladakhified version of Classical Tibetan is controversial in Ladakh 9 Muslim Ladakhis speak Ladakhi but most do not read the Tibetan script and most Buddhist Ladakhis can sound out the Tibetan script but do not understand Classical Tibetan but some Ladakhi Buddhist scholars insist that Ladakhi must be written only in a form of Classical Tibetan A limited number of books and magazines have been published in colloquial Ladakhi In Ladakhi language it is customary to add the suffix le at the end of sentences as a sign of respect towards the individual being spoken to 10 This linguistic convention is a way to express politeness and honor towards the listener emphasizing the cultural values of respect and courtesy Written Ladakhi is most often romanised using modified Wylie transliteration with th denoting an aspirated dental t for example Recognition editA section of Ladakhi society has demanded inclusion of a newly named language Bhoti to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution They say that Bhoti is spoken by Ladakhis Baltis Tibetans and throughout the Himalayas from Baltistan to Arunachal Pradesh 11 12 References edit ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES 2011 PDF Archived from the original pdf on 19 April 2022 Retrieved 25 February 2023 Omniglot Ladakhi Language Introduction The Himalayan Initiatives retrieved 23 January 2021 Namgial Eshay Spring Summer 2018 Ladakhi An off Shoot of Classical Tibetan Language The Tibet Journal 43 1 35 47 JSTOR 26634904 Wahid Siddiq 13 May 2022 Is Bhoti A Language Religious Affiliation Sanskrit Diminutive Or Political Tool Outlook Retrieved 12 May 2023 Tournadre Nicolas 2005 L aire linguistique tibetaine et ses divers dialectes PDF Lalies pp 7 56 Shakspo Nawang Tsering 2005 Tibetan Bhoti An Endangered Script in Trans Himalaya The Tibet Journal 30 1 61 64 JSTOR 43301113 a b Koshal Sanyukta 1979 Ladakhi Grammar Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Bielmeier Roland 1985 A Survey of the Development of Western and South western Tibetan dialects in Barbara Nimri Aziz and Matthew Kapstein eds Soundings in Tibetan Civilisation van Beek Martijn 2008 Imaginaries of Ladakhi Modernity In Barnett Robert Schwartz Ronald David eds Tibetan Modernities Notes from the Field on Cultural and Social Change Brill pp 178 179 Yangdol Dechen Ladakhi Language Tsewang Rigzin 13 September 2013 National Seminar on Bhoti Language held at Leh Reach Ladakh Archived from the original on 24 September 2013 Ladakh council adopts new emblem replacing J K logo Hindustan Times Press Trust of India 27 February 2011 Archived from the original on 1 March 2011 Retrieved 27 February 2011 External links edit nbsp Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Research on Tibetan Languages A Bibliography nbsp Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Lakakhi A H Francke 1901 A Sketch of Ladakhi GrammarJournal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 70 1 Archived 29 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine nbsp Ladakhi language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ladakhi language amp oldid 1184386004, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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