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Herodotus

March 29, 2023

For other uses, see Herodotus (disambiguation).

Herodotus (/həˈrɒdətəs/[1] hə-ROD-ə-təs; Ancient Greek: Ἡρόδοτος, romanized: Hēródotos; c. 484 – c. 425 BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria (Italy). He is known for having written the Histories – a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars. Herodotus was the first writer to perform systematic investigation of historical events. He is referred to as "The Father of History", a title conferred on him by the ancient Roman orator Cicero.[2][3]

Herodotus
Ἡρόδοτος
A Roman copy (2nd century AD) of a Greek bust of Herodotus from the first half of the 4th century BC
Bornc. 484 BC
Halicarnassus, Caria, Asia Minor, Persian Empire
(modern-day Bodrum, Turkey)
Diedc. 425 BC (aged approximately 60)
Thurii, Calabria, or Pella, Macedon
OccupationHistorian
Notable workHistories
Parents
  • Lyxes (father)
  • Dryotus (mother)
Relatives
  • Theodorus (brother)
  • Panyassis (uncle or cousin)

The Histories primarily cover the lives of prominent kings and famous battles such as Marathon, Thermopylae, Artemisium, Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale. His work deviates from the main topics to provide a cultural, ethnographical, geographical, and historiographical background that forms an essential part of the narrative and provides readers with a wellspring of additional information.

Herodotus has been criticized for his inclusion of "legends and fanciful accounts" in his work. The contemporaneous historian Thucydides accused him of making up stories for entertainment. However, Herodotus explained that he reported what he could see and was told.[4] A sizable portion of the Histories has since been confirmed by modern historians and archaeologists.

Life

Modern scholars generally turn to Herodotus' own writing for reliable information about his life,[5]: 7  supplemented with ancient yet much later sources, such as the Byzantine Suda, an 11th-century encyclopedia which possibly took its information from traditional accounts. Still, the challenge is great:

The data are so few – they rest upon such late and slight authority; they are so improbable or so contradictory, that to compile them into a biography is like building a house of cards, which the first breath of criticism will blow to the ground. Still, certain points may be approximately fixed ...

— G. Rawlinson[6]: 1 

Childhood

It is generally accepted that Herodotus was born at Halicarnassus in Anatolia around 485 BC. The Suda describes his family as influential, and that he was the son of Lyxes and Dryo, and the brother of Theodorus, and that he was also related to Panyassis – an epic poet of the time.[6]: Introduction [5]: Introduction 

Halicarnassus was within the Persian Empire at that time, making Herodotus a Persian subject,[7][8] and it may be that the young Herodotus heard local eyewitness accounts of events within the empire and of Persian preparations for the invasion of Greece, including the movements of the local fleet under the command of Artemisia I of Caria.

Inscriptions recently discovered at Halicarnassus indicate that Artemesia's grandson Lygdamis negotiated with a local assembly to settle disputes over seized property, which is consistent with a tyrant under pressure. His name is not mentioned later in the tribute list of the Athenian Delian League, indicating that there might well have been a successful uprising against him sometime before 454 BC.

 
Romanticized statue of Herodotus in his hometown of Halicarnassus, modern Bodrum, Turkey

Herodotus wrote his Histories in the Ionian dialect, in spite of being born in a Dorian settlement. According to the Suda, Herodotus learned the Ionian dialect as a boy living on the island of Samos, to which he had fled with his family from the oppressions of Lygdamis, tyrant of Halicarnassus and grandson of Artemisia. Panyassis, the epic poet related to Herodotus, is reported to have taken part in a failed uprising.

The Suda also informs us that Herodotus later returned home to lead the revolt that eventually overthrew the tyrant. Due to recent discoveries of inscriptions at Halicarnassus dated to about Herodotus' time, we now know that the Ionic dialect was used in Halicarnassus in some official documents, so there is no need to assume (like the Suda) that he must have learned the dialect elsewhere.[5]: 11  The Suda is the only source placing Herodotus as the heroic liberator of his birthplace, casting doubt upon the veracity of that romantic account.[6]: 11 

Early travels

As Herodotus himself reveals, Halicarnassus, though a Dorian city, had ended its close relations with its Dorian neighbours after an unseemly quarrel (I, 144),[clarification needed] and it had helped pioneer Greek trade with Egypt (II, 178). It was, therefore, an outward-looking, international-minded port within the Persian Empire, and the historian's family could well have had contacts in other countries under Persian rule, facilitating his travels and his researches.

Herodotus' eyewitness accounts indicate that he traveled in Egypt in association with Athenians, probably sometime after 454 BC or possibly earlier, after an Athenian fleet had assisted the uprising against Persian rule in 460–454 BC. He probably traveled to Tyre next and then down the Euphrates to Babylon. For some reason, possibly associated with local politics, he subsequently found himself unpopular in Halicarnassus, and sometime around 447 BC, migrated to Periclean Athens – a city whose people and democratic institutions he openly admired (V, 78). Athens was also the place where he came to know the local topography (VI, 137; VIII, 52–55), as well as leading citizens such as the Alcmaeonids, a clan whose history is featured frequently in his writing.

According to Eusebius[9] and Plutarch,[10] Herodotus was granted a financial reward by the Athenian assembly in recognition of his work. Plutarch, using Diyllus as a source, says this was 10 talents.[11]

Later life

In 443 BC or shortly afterwards, he migrated to Thurii, in modern Calabria, as part of an Athenian-sponsored colony. Aristotle refers to a version of the Histories written by "Herodotus of Thurium", and some passages in the Histories have been interpreted as proof that he wrote about Magna Graecia from personal experience there (IV, 15,99; VI, 127). Intimate knowledge of some events in the first years of the Peloponnesian War (VI, 91; VII, 133, 233; IX, 73) indicate that he might have returned to Athens, in which case it is possible that he died there during an outbreak of the plague. Possibly he died in Macedonia instead, after obtaining the patronage of the court there; or else he died back in Thurii. There is nothing in the Histories that can be dated to later than 430 BC with any certainty, and it is generally assumed that he died not long afterwards, possibly before his sixtieth year.

Author and orator

Herodotus would have made his researches known to the larger world through oral recitations to a public crowd. John Marincola writes in his introduction to the Penguin edition of the Histories that there are certain identifiable pieces in the early books of Herodotus' work which could be labeled as "performance pieces". These portions of the research seem independent and "almost detachable", so that they might have been set aside by the author for the purposes of an oral performance. The intellectual matrix of the 5th century, Marincola suggests, comprised many oral performances in which philosophers would dramatically recite such detachable pieces of their work. The idea was to criticize previous arguments on a topic and emphatically and enthusiastically insert their own in order to win over the audience.[12]

It was conventional in Herodotus' day for authors to "publish" their works by reciting them at popular festivals. According to Lucian, Herodotus took his finished work straight from Anatolia to the Olympic Games and read the entire Histories to the assembled spectators in one sitting, receiving rapturous applause at the end of it.[6]: 14  According to a very different account by an ancient grammarian,[13] Herodotus refused to begin reading his work at the festival of Olympia until some clouds offered him a bit of shade – by which time the assembly had dispersed. (Hence the proverbial expression "Herodotus and his shade" to describe someone who misses an opportunity through delay.) Herodotus' recitation at Olympia was a favourite theme among ancient writers, and there is another interesting variation on the story to be found in the Suda: that of Photius[14] and Tzetzes,[15] in which a young Thucydides happened to be in the assembly with his father, and burst into tears during the recital. Herodotus observed prophetically to the boy's father, "Your son's soul yearns for knowledge."

Eventually, Thucydides and Herodotus became close enough for both to be interred in Thucydides' tomb in Athens. Such at least was the opinion of Marcellinus in his Life of Thucydides.[16] According to the Suda, he was buried in Macedonian Pella and in the agora in Thurium.[6]: 25 

Place in history

Herodotus announced the purpose and scope of his work at the beginning of his Histories:[a][17]

Here are presented the results of the inquiry carried out by Herodotus of Halicarnassus. The purpose is to prevent the traces of human events from being erased by time, and to preserve the fame of the important and remarkable achievements produced by both Greeks and non-Greeks; among the matters covered is, in particular, the cause of the hostilities between Greeks and non-Greeks.

— Herodotus, The Histories (tr. R. Waterfield, 2008)[18]

Predecessors

His record of the achievements of others was an achievement in itself, though the extent of it has been debated. Herodotus' place in history and his significance may be understood according to the traditions within which he worked. His work is the earliest Greek prose to have survived intact. However, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a literary critic of Augustan Rome, listed seven predecessors of Herodotus, describing their works as simple, unadorned accounts of their own and other cities and people, Greek or foreign, including popular legends, sometimes melodramatic and naïve, often charming – all traits that can be found in the work of Herodotus himself.[19]

Modern historians regard the chronology as uncertain, but according to the ancient account, these predecessors included Dionysius of Miletus, Charon of Lampsacus, Hellanicus of Lesbos, Xanthus of Lydia and, the best attested of them all, Hecataeus of Miletus. Of these, only fragments of Hecataeus' works survived, and the authenticity of these is debatable,[5]: 27  but they provide a glimpse into the kind of tradition within which Herodotus wrote his own Histories.

Contemporary and modern critics

It is on account of the many strange stories and the folk-tales he reported that his critics have branded him "The Father of Lies".[5]: 10 [20] Even his own contemporaries found reason to scoff at his achievement. In fact, one modern scholar[6] has wondered whether Herodotus left his home in Greek Anatolia, migrating westwards to Athens and beyond, because his own countrymen had ridiculed his work, a circumstance possibly hinted at in an epitaph said to have been dedicated to Herodotus at one of his three supposed resting places, Thuria:

Herodotus the son of Sphynx
lies; in Ionic history without peer;
a Dorian born, who fled from slander's brand
and made in Thuria his new native land.[5]: 13 

Yet it was in Athens where his most formidable contemporary critics could be found. In 425 BC, which is about the time that Herodotus is thought by many scholars to have died, the Athenian comic dramatist Aristophanes created The Acharnians, in which he blames the Peloponnesian War on the abduction of some prostitutes – a mocking reference to Herodotus, who reported the Persians' account of their wars with Greece, beginning with the rapes of the mythical heroines Io, Europa, Medea, and Helen.[21][22]

Similarly, the Athenian historian Thucydides dismissed Herodotus as a "logos-writer" (story-teller).[23]: 191  Thucydides, who had been trained in rhetoric, became the model for subsequent prose-writers as an author who seeks to appear firmly in control of his material, whereas with his frequent digressions Herodotus appeared to minimize (or possibly disguise) his authorial control.[18] Moreover, Thucydides developed a historical topic more in keeping with the Greek world-view: focused on the context of the polis or city-state. The interplay of civilizations was more relevant to Greeks living in Anatolia, such as Herodotus himself, for whom life within a foreign civilization was a recent memory.[23]: 191 

Before the Persian crisis, history had been represented among the Greeks only by local or family traditions. The "Wars of Liberation" had given to Herodotus the first genuinely historical inspiration felt by a Greek. These wars showed him that there was a corporate life, higher than that of the city, of which the story might be told; and they offered to him as a subject the drama of the collision between East and West. With him, the spirit of history was born into Greece; and his work, called after the nine Muses, was indeed the first utterance of Clio.

— R. C. Jebb, [24]

See also

Critical editions

  • C. Hude (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs prior: Libros I–IV continens. (Oxford 1908)
  • C. Hude (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs alter: Libri V–IX continens. (Oxford 1908)
  • H. B. Rosén (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Vol. I: Libros I–IV continens. (Leipzig 1987)
  • H. B. Rosén (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Vol. II: Libros V–IX continens indicibus criticis adiectis (Stuttgart 1997)
  • N. G. Wilson (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs prior: Libros I–IV continens. (Oxford 2015)
  • N. G. Wilson (ed.) Herodoti Historiae. Tomvs alter: Libri V–IX continens. (Oxford 2015)

Translations

Several English translations of Herodotus' Histories are readily available in multiple editions. The most readily available are those translated by:

  • Henry Cary (judge), translation 1849: text Internet Archive
  • George Rawlinson, translation 1858–1860. Public domain; many editions available, although Everyman Library and Wordsworth Classics editions are the most common ones still in print.[6]
  • George Campbell Macaulay, translation 1890, published in two volumes. London: Macmillan and Co.
  • A. D. Godley 1920; revised 1926. Reprinted 1931, 1946, 1960, 1966, 1975, 1981, 1990, 1996, 1999, 2004. Available in four volumes from Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99130-3 Printed with Greek on the left and English on the right:
    • A. D. Godley Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume I : Books 1–2 (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1920)
    • A. D. Godley Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume II : Books 3–4 (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1921)
    • A. D. Godley Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume III : Books 5–7 (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1922)
    • A. D. Godley Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Volume IV : Books 8–9 (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1925)
  • Aubrey de Sélincourt, originally 1954; revised by John Marincola in 1996. Several editions from Penguin Books available.
  • David Grene, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
  • Robin Waterfield, with an Introduction and Notes by Carolyn Dewald, Oxford World Classics, 1997. ISBN 978-0-19-953566-8
  • Andrea L. Purvis, The Landmark Herodotus, edited by Robert B. Strassler. Pantheon, 2007. ISBN 978-0-375-42109-9 with adequate ancillary information.
  • Walter Blanco, Herodotus: The Histories: The Complete Translation, Backgrounds, Commentaries. Edited by Jennifer Tolbert Roberts. New York: W. W. Norton, 2013.
  • Tom Holland, The Histories, Herodotus. Introduction and notes by Paul Cartledge. New York, Penguin, 2013.

Notes

  1. ^ For the past several hundred years, the title of Herodotus' work has been translated rather roughly as Histories or The History.[citation needed] The original title can be translated from the Greek as "researches" or "inquiries".[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ "Herodotus". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  2. ^ Luce, T. James (2002). The Greek Historians. p. 26.
  3. ^ "Herodotus". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  4. ^ Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (11 September 2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. OUP Oxford. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-19-101675-2.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Burn, A.R. (1972). Herodotus: The Histories. Penguin Classics.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rawlinson, George (1859). The History of Herodotus. Vol. 1. New York, NY: D. Appleton and Company. "via The Internet Classics Archive". Classics. Translated by Rawlinson, George. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2001.
  7. ^ Dandamaev, M.A. (1989). A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Brill. p. 153. ISBN 978-90-04-09172-6. The 'Father of History', Herodotus, was born at Halicarnassus, and before his emigration to mainland Greece was a subject of the Persian empire.
  8. ^ Kia, Mehrdad (2016). The Persian Empire: A historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-61069-391-2. At the time of Herodotus' birth southwestern Asia Minor, including Halicarnassus, was under Persian Achaemenid rule.
  9. ^ Eusebius Chron. Can. Pars. II p. 339, 01.83.4, cited by.[6]: Introduction 
  10. ^ Plutarch De Malign. Herod. II p. 862 A, cited by.[6]: Introduction 
  11. ^ "Plutarch on the Malice of Herodotus". www.bostonleadershipbuilders.com. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  12. ^ Herodotus (2003). The Histories. Translated by de Selincourt, Aubrey. Introduction and notes by John Marincola. Penguin Books. pp. xii.
  13. ^ Montfaucon's Bibliothec. Coisl. Cod. clxxvii p. 609, cited by.[6]: 14 
  14. ^ Photius Bibliothec. Cod. lx p. 59, cited by Ralinson[6]: 15 
  15. ^ Tzetzes Chil. 1.19, cited by.[6]: 15 
  16. ^ Marcellinus, in Vita. Thucyd. p. ix, cited by.[6]: 25 
  17. ^ "Herodotus". Encyclopedia of World Biography. The Gale Group. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  18. ^ a b Dewald, Carolyn, ed. (1998). The Histories by Herodotus. Translated by Waterfield, Robin. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. "Introduction", p. xviii. ISBN 9780199535668.
  19. ^ ,[5]: 23  citing Dionysius On Thucydides
  20. ^ Pipes, David. "Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies". from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  21. ^ Tritle., Lawrence A. (2004). The Peloponnesian War. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 147–148.
  22. ^ Hart, John (1982). Herodotus and Greek History. Taylor and Francis. p. 174.
  23. ^ a b Murray, Oswyn (1986). "Greek historians". In Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (eds.). The Oxford History of the Classical World. Oxford University Press. pp. 186–203. ISBN 978-0-19-872112-3.
  24. ^ Jebb, Richard C. The Genius of Sophocles . section 7.

Sources

  • Archambault, Paul (2002). "Herodotus (c. 480–c. 420)". In Amoia, Alba della Fazia; Knapp, Bettina Liebowitz (eds.). Multicultural Writers from Antiquity to 1945: a bio-bibliographical sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 168–172. ISBN 978-0-313-30687-7.
  • Asheri, David; Lloyd, Alan; Corcella, Aldo (2007). A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814956-9.
  • Baragwanath, Emily; de Bakker, Mathieu (2010). Herodotus. Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-980286-9.
  • Herodotus; Blanco, Walter (2013). The Histories. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-93397-0.
  • Boedeker, Deborah (2000). "Herodotus' genre(s)". In Depew, Mary; Obbink, Dirk (eds.). Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons, and Society. Harvard University Press. pp. 97–114. ISBN 978-0-674-03420-4.
  • Cameron, Alan (2004). Greek Mythography in the Roman World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803821-4.
  • Dalley, S. (2003). "Why did Herodotus not mention the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?". In Derow, P.; Parker, R. (eds.). Herodotus and his World. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 171–189. ISBN 978-0-19-925374-6.
  • Dalley, S. (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an Elusive World Wonder Traced. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5.
  • Evans, J.A.S. (1968). "Father of History or Father of Lies; The Reputation of Herodotus". Classical Journal. 64: 11–17.
  • Farley, David G. (2010). Modernist Travel Writing: Intellectuals Abroad. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-7228-7.
  • Fehling, Detlev (1989) [1971]. Herodotos and His 'Sources': Citation, Invention, and Narrative Art. Arca Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs. Vol. 21. Translated by Howie, J.G. Leeds: Francis Cairns. ISBN 978-0-905205-70-0.
  • Fehling, Detlev (1994). "The art of Herodotus and the margins of the world". In von Martels, Z.R.W.M. (ed.). Travel Fact and Travel Fiction: Studies on Fiction, Literary Tradition, Scholarly Discovery, and Observation in Travel Writing. Brill's studies in intellectual history. Vol. 55. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–15. ISBN 978-90-04-10112-8.
  • Heeren, A.H.L. (1838). Historical Researches into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Carthaginians, Ethiopians, and Egyptians. Oxford, UK: D.A. Talboys. ASIN B003B3P1Y8.
  • Immerwahr, Henry R. (1985). "Herodotus". In Easterling, P.E.; Knox, B.M.W. (eds.). Greek Literature. The Cambridge History of Classical Greek Literature. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-21042-3.
  • Jones, C.P. (1996). "ἔθνος and γένος in Herodotus". The Classical Quarterly. new series. 46 (2): 315–320. doi:10.1093/cq/46.2.315.
  • Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India they saw: Foreign Accounts. Delhi, IN: Ocean Books. ISBN 978-81-8430-106-9.
  • Lloyd, Alan B. (1993). Herodotus, Book  II. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. Vol. 43. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07737-9.
  • Majumdar, R.C. (1981). The Classical accounts of India: Being a compilation of the English translations of the accounts left by Herodotus, Megasthenes, Arrian, Strabo, Quintus, Diodorus, Siculus, Justin, Plutarch, Frontinus, Nearchus, Apollonius, Pliny, Ptolemy, Aelian, and others with maps. Calcutta, IN: Firma KLM. ISBN 978-0-8364-0704-4.
  • Mikalson, Jon D. (2003). Herodotus and Religion in the Persian Wars. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-2798-7.
  • Nielsen, Flemming A.J. (1997). The Tragedy in History: Herodotus and the deuteronomistic history. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-85075-688-0.
  • Roberts, Jennifer T. (2011). Herodotus: a Very Short Introduction. OXford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957599-2.
  • Saltzman, Joe (2010). "Herodotus as an ancient journalist: Reimagining antiquity's historians as journalists". The IJPC Journal. 2: 153–185. from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  • Sparks, Kenton L. (1998). Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and their Expression in the Hebrew Bible. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-033-0.
  • Waters, K.H. (1985). Herodotos the Historian: His problems, methods and originality. Tulsa, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1928-1.

Further reading

  • Bakker, Egbert J.; de Jong, Irene J.F.; van Wees, Hans, eds. (2002). Brill's companion to Herodotus. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12060-0.
  • Baragwanath, Emily (2010). Motivation and Narrative in Herodotus. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-964550-3.
  • Bury, J.B.; Meiggs, Russell (1975). A History of Greece (Fourth ed.). London: MacMillan Press. pp. 251–252. ISBN 978-0-333-15492-2.
  • De Selincourt, Aubrey (1962). The World of Herodotus. London: Secker and Warburg.
  • Dewald, Carolyn; Marincola, John, eds. (2006). The Cambridge companion to Herodotus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83001-0.
  • Evans, J.A.S. (2006). The beginnings of history: Herodotus and the Persian Wars. Campbellville, Ont.: Edgar Kent. ISBN 978-0-88866-652-9.
  • Evans, J.A.S. (1982). Herodotus. Boston: Twayne. ISBN 978-0-8057-6488-8.
  • Evans, J.A.S. (1991). Herodotus, explorer of the past: three essays. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-06871-8.
  • Flory, Stewart (1987). The archaic smile of Herodotus. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1827-0.
  • Fornara, Charles W. (1971). Herodotus: An Interpretative Essay. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Giessen, Hans W. Giessen (2010). Mythos Marathon. Von Herodot über Bréal bis zur Gegenwart. Landau: Verlag Empirische Pädagogik (= Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations- und Kulturwissenschaft. Band 17). ISBN 978-3-941320-46-8.
  • Harrington, John W. (1973). To see a world. Saint Louis: G.V. Mosby Co. ISBN 978-0-8016-2058-4.
  • Hartog, François (2000). "The Invention of History: The Pre-History of a Concept from Homer to Herodotus". History and Theory. 39 (3): 384–395. doi:10.1111/0018-2656.00137.
  • Hartog, François (1988). The mirror of Herodotus: the representation of the other in the writing of history. Janet Lloyd, trans. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05487-5.
  • How, Walter W.; Wells, Joseph, eds. (1912). A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford: Clarendon Press. from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  • Hunter, Virginia (1982). Past and process in Herodotus and Thucydides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03556-7.
  • Immerwahr, H. (1966). Form and Thought in Herodotus. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press.
  • Kapuściński, Ryszard (2007). Travels with Herodotus. Klara Glowczewska, trans. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4338-5.
  • Lateiner, Donald (1989). The historical method of Herodotus. Toronto: Toronto University Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5793-8.
  • Pitcher, Luke (2009). Writing Ancient History: An Introduction to Classical Historiography. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.
  • Marozzi, Justin (2008). The way of Herodotus: travels with the man who invented history. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81621-5.
  • Momigliano, Arnaldo (1990). The classical foundations of modern historiography. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06890-2.
  • Myres, John L. (1971). Herodotus : father of history. Chicago: Henry Regnrey. ISBN 978-0-19-924021-0.
  • Pritchett, W. Kendrick (1993). The liar school of Herodotus. Amsterdam: Gieben. ISBN 978-90-5063-088-7.
  • Selden, Daniel (1999). "Cambyses' Madness, or the Reason of History". Materiali e Discussioni per l'Analisi dei Testi Classici. 42 (42): 33–63. doi:10.2307/40236137. JSTOR 40236137.
  • Thomas, Rosalind (2000). Herodotus in context: ethnography, science and the art of persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66259-8.
  • Waters, K.H. (1985). Herodotus the Historian: His Problems, Methods and Originality. Beckenham: Croom Helm Ltd.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herodotus.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Herodotus.
 
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Herodotos
 
Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Ἡρόδοτος
  • Herodotus on the Web
  • Herodotus of Halicarnassus 1 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine at Livius.org
  • Mendelsohn, Daniel (28 April 2008). "Arms and the Man". The New Yorker. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
  • Works by Herodotus at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)  
  • The History of Herodotus, at The Internet Classics Archive (translation by George Rawlinson).
  • Parallel Greek and English text of the History of Herodotus at the Internet Sacred Text Archive
    • The Histories of Herodotus, A.D. Godley translation with footnotes ("Direct link to PDF" (PDF). (14 MB))

    March 29, 2023
    herodotus, other, uses, disambiguation, təs, ancient, greek, Ἡρόδοτος, romanized, hēródotos, greek, historian, geographer, from, greek, city, halicarnassus, part, persian, empire, bodrum, turkey, later, citizen, thurii, modern, calabria, italy, known, having, . For other uses see Herodotus disambiguation Herodotus h e ˈ r ɒ d e t e s 1 he ROD e tes Ancient Greek Ἡrodotos romanized Herodotos c 484 c 425 BC was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus part of the Persian Empire now Bodrum Turkey and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria Italy He is known for having written the Histories a detailed account of the Greco Persian Wars Herodotus was the first writer to perform systematic investigation of historical events He is referred to as The Father of History a title conferred on him by the ancient Roman orator Cicero 2 3 HerodotusἩrodotosA Roman copy 2nd century AD of a Greek bust of Herodotus from the first half of the 4th century BCBornc 484 BC Halicarnassus Caria Asia Minor Persian Empire modern day Bodrum Turkey Diedc 425 BC aged approximately 60 Thurii Calabria or Pella MacedonOccupationHistorianNotable workHistoriesParentsLyxes father Dryotus mother RelativesTheodorus brother Panyassis uncle or cousin The Histories primarily cover the lives of prominent kings and famous battles such as Marathon Thermopylae Artemisium Salamis Plataea and Mycale His work deviates from the main topics to provide a cultural ethnographical geographical and historiographical background that forms an essential part of the narrative and provides readers with a wellspring of additional information Herodotus has been criticized for his inclusion of legends and fanciful accounts in his work The contemporaneous historian Thucydides accused him of making up stories for entertainment However Herodotus explained that he reported what he could see and was told 4 A sizable portion of the Histories has since been confirmed by modern historians and archaeologists Contents 1 Life 1 1 Childhood 1 2 Early travels 1 3 Later life 1 4 Author and orator 2 Place in history 2 1 Predecessors 2 2 Contemporary and modern critics 3 See also 4 Critical editions 5 Translations 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External linksLife EditModern scholars generally turn to Herodotus own writing for reliable information about his life 5 7 supplemented with ancient yet much later sources such as the Byzantine Suda an 11th century encyclopedia which possibly took its information from traditional accounts Still the challenge is great The data are so few they rest upon such late and slight authority they are so improbable or so contradictory that to compile them into a biography is like building a house of cards which the first breath of criticism will blow to the ground Still certain points may be approximately fixed G Rawlinson 6 1 Childhood Edit It is generally accepted that Herodotus was born at Halicarnassus in Anatolia around 485 BC The Suda describes his family as influential and that he was the son of Lyxes and Dryo and the brother of Theodorus and that he was also related to Panyassis an epic poet of the time 6 Introduction 5 Introduction Halicarnassus was within the Persian Empire at that time making Herodotus a Persian subject 7 8 and it may be that the young Herodotus heard local eyewitness accounts of events within the empire and of Persian preparations for the invasion of Greece including the movements of the local fleet under the command of Artemisia I of Caria Inscriptions recently discovered at Halicarnassus indicate that Artemesia s grandson Lygdamis negotiated with a local assembly to settle disputes over seized property which is consistent with a tyrant under pressure His name is not mentioned later in the tribute list of the Athenian Delian League indicating that there might well have been a successful uprising against him sometime before 454 BC Romanticized statue of Herodotus in his hometown of Halicarnassus modern Bodrum Turkey Herodotus wrote his Histories in the Ionian dialect in spite of being born in a Dorian settlement According to the Suda Herodotus learned the Ionian dialect as a boy living on the island of Samos to which he had fled with his family from the oppressions of Lygdamis tyrant of Halicarnassus and grandson of Artemisia Panyassis the epic poet related to Herodotus is reported to have taken part in a failed uprising The Suda also informs us that Herodotus later returned home to lead the revolt that eventually overthrew the tyrant Due to recent discoveries of inscriptions at Halicarnassus dated to about Herodotus time we now know that the Ionic dialect was used in Halicarnassus in some official documents so there is no need to assume like the Suda that he must have learned the dialect elsewhere 5 11 The Suda is the only source placing Herodotus as the heroic liberator of his birthplace casting doubt upon the veracity of that romantic account 6 11 Early travels Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Herodotus news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message As Herodotus himself reveals Halicarnassus though a Dorian city had ended its close relations with its Dorian neighbours after an unseemly quarrel I 144 clarification needed and it had helped pioneer Greek trade with Egypt II 178 It was therefore an outward looking international minded port within the Persian Empire and the historian s family could well have had contacts in other countries under Persian rule facilitating his travels and his researches Herodotus eyewitness accounts indicate that he traveled in Egypt in association with Athenians probably sometime after 454 BC or possibly earlier after an Athenian fleet had assisted the uprising against Persian rule in 460 454 BC He probably traveled to Tyre next and then down the Euphrates to Babylon For some reason possibly associated with local politics he subsequently found himself unpopular in Halicarnassus and sometime around 447 BC migrated to Periclean Athens a city whose people and democratic institutions he openly admired V 78 Athens was also the place where he came to know the local topography VI 137 VIII 52 55 as well as leading citizens such as the Alcmaeonids a clan whose history is featured frequently in his writing According to Eusebius 9 and Plutarch 10 Herodotus was granted a financial reward by the Athenian assembly in recognition of his work Plutarch using Diyllus as a source says this was 10 talents 11 Later life Edit In 443 BC or shortly afterwards he migrated to Thurii in modern Calabria as part of an Athenian sponsored colony Aristotle refers to a version of the Histories written by Herodotus of Thurium and some passages in the Histories have been interpreted as proof that he wrote about Magna Graecia from personal experience there IV 15 99 VI 127 Intimate knowledge of some events in the first years of the Peloponnesian War VI 91 VII 133 233 IX 73 indicate that he might have returned to Athens in which case it is possible that he died there during an outbreak of the plague Possibly he died in Macedonia instead after obtaining the patronage of the court there or else he died back in Thurii There is nothing in the Histories that can be dated to later than 430 BC with any certainty and it is generally assumed that he died not long afterwards possibly before his sixtieth year Author and orator Edit Herodotus would have made his researches known to the larger world through oral recitations to a public crowd John Marincola writes in his introduction to the Penguin edition of the Histories that there are certain identifiable pieces in the early books of Herodotus work which could be labeled as performance pieces These portions of the research seem independent and almost detachable so that they might have been set aside by the author for the purposes of an oral performance The intellectual matrix of the 5th century Marincola suggests comprised many oral performances in which philosophers would dramatically recite such detachable pieces of their work The idea was to criticize previous arguments on a topic and emphatically and enthusiastically insert their own in order to win over the audience 12 It was conventional in Herodotus day for authors to publish their works by reciting them at popular festivals According to Lucian Herodotus took his finished work straight from Anatolia to the Olympic Games and read the entire Histories to the assembled spectators in one sitting receiving rapturous applause at the end of it 6 14 According to a very different account by an ancient grammarian 13 Herodotus refused to begin reading his work at the festival of Olympia until some clouds offered him a bit of shade by which time the assembly had dispersed Hence the proverbial expression Herodotus and his shade to describe someone who misses an opportunity through delay Herodotus recitation at Olympia was a favourite theme among ancient writers and there is another interesting variation on the story to be found in the Suda that of Photius 14 and Tzetzes 15 in which a young Thucydides happened to be in the assembly with his father and burst into tears during the recital Herodotus observed prophetically to the boy s father Your son s soul yearns for knowledge Eventually Thucydides and Herodotus became close enough for both to be interred in Thucydides tomb in Athens Such at least was the opinion of Marcellinus in his Life of Thucydides 16 According to the Suda he was buried in Macedonian Pella and in the agora in Thurium 6 25 Place in history EditHerodotus announced the purpose and scope of his work at the beginning of his Histories a 17 Here are presented the results of the inquiry carried out by Herodotus of Halicarnassus The purpose is to prevent the traces of human events from being erased by time and to preserve the fame of the important and remarkable achievements produced by both Greeks and non Greeks among the matters covered is in particular the cause of the hostilities between Greeks and non Greeks Herodotus The Histories tr R Waterfield 2008 18 Predecessors Edit His record of the achievements of others was an achievement in itself though the extent of it has been debated Herodotus place in history and his significance may be understood according to the traditions within which he worked His work is the earliest Greek prose to have survived intact However Dionysius of Halicarnassus a literary critic of Augustan Rome listed seven predecessors of Herodotus describing their works as simple unadorned accounts of their own and other cities and people Greek or foreign including popular legends sometimes melodramatic and naive often charming all traits that can be found in the work of Herodotus himself 19 Modern historians regard the chronology as uncertain but according to the ancient account these predecessors included Dionysius of Miletus Charon of Lampsacus Hellanicus of Lesbos Xanthus of Lydia and the best attested of them all Hecataeus of Miletus Of these only fragments of Hecataeus works survived and the authenticity of these is debatable 5 27 but they provide a glimpse into the kind of tradition within which Herodotus wrote his own Histories Contemporary and modern critics Edit It is on account of the many strange stories and the folk tales he reported that his critics have branded him The Father of Lies 5 10 20 Even his own contemporaries found reason to scoff at his achievement In fact one modern scholar 6 has wondered whether Herodotus left his home in Greek Anatolia migrating westwards to Athens and beyond because his own countrymen had ridiculed his work a circumstance possibly hinted at in an epitaph said to have been dedicated to Herodotus at one of his three supposed resting places Thuria Herodotus the son of Sphynx lies in Ionic history without peer a Dorian born who fled from slander s brand and made in Thuria his new native land 5 13 Yet it was in Athens where his most formidable contemporary critics could be found In 425 BC which is about the time that Herodotus is thought by many scholars to have died the Athenian comic dramatist Aristophanes created The Acharnians in which he blames the Peloponnesian War on the abduction of some prostitutes a mocking reference to Herodotus who reported the Persians account of their wars with Greece beginning with the rapes of the mythical heroines Io Europa Medea and Helen 21 22 Similarly the Athenian historian Thucydides dismissed Herodotus as a logos writer story teller 23 191 Thucydides who had been trained in rhetoric became the model for subsequent prose writers as an author who seeks to appear firmly in control of his material whereas with his frequent digressions Herodotus appeared to minimize or possibly disguise his authorial control 18 Moreover Thucydides developed a historical topic more in keeping with the Greek world view focused on the context of the polis or city state The interplay of civilizations was more relevant to Greeks living in Anatolia such as Herodotus himself for whom life within a foreign civilization was a recent memory 23 191 Before the Persian crisis history had been represented among the Greeks only by local or family traditions The Wars of Liberation had given to Herodotus the first genuinely historical inspiration felt by a Greek These wars showed him that there was a corporate life higher than that of the city of which the story might be told and they offered to him as a subject the drama of the collision between East and West With him the spirit of history was born into Greece and his work called after the nine Muses was indeed the first utterance of Clio R C Jebb 24 See also EditAl Masudi known as the Herodotus of the Arabs Herodotus Machine Historiography the history of history and historians Life of Homer Pseudo Herodotus Sostratus of AeginaCritical editions EditC Hude ed Herodoti Historiae Tomvs prior Libros I IV continens Oxford 1908 C Hude ed Herodoti Historiae Tomvs alter Libri V IX continens Oxford 1908 H B Rosen ed Herodoti Historiae Vol I Libros I IV continens Leipzig 1987 H B Rosen ed Herodoti Historiae Vol II Libros V IX continens indicibus criticis adiectis Stuttgart 1997 N G Wilson ed Herodoti Historiae Tomvs prior Libros I IV continens Oxford 2015 N G Wilson ed Herodoti Historiae Tomvs alter Libri V IX continens Oxford 2015 Translations EditSeveral English translations of Herodotus Histories are readily available in multiple editions The most readily available are those translated by Henry Cary judge translation 1849 text Internet Archive George Rawlinson translation 1858 1860 Public domain many editions available although Everyman Library and Wordsworth Classics editions are the most common ones still in print 6 George Campbell Macaulay translation 1890 published in two volumes London Macmillan and Co A D Godley 1920 revised 1926 Reprinted 1931 1946 1960 1966 1975 1981 1990 1996 1999 2004 Available in four volumes from Loeb Classical Library Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 99130 3 Printed with Greek on the left and English on the right A D Godley Herodotus The Persian Wars Volume I Books 1 2 Cambridge Massachusetts 1920 A D Godley Herodotus The Persian Wars Volume II Books 3 4 Cambridge Massachusetts 1921 A D Godley Herodotus The Persian Wars Volume III Books 5 7 Cambridge Massachusetts 1922 A D Godley Herodotus The Persian Wars Volume IV Books 8 9 Cambridge Massachusetts 1925 Aubrey de Selincourt originally 1954 revised by John Marincola in 1996 Several editions from Penguin Books available David Grene Chicago University of Chicago Press 1985 Robin Waterfield with an Introduction and Notes by Carolyn Dewald Oxford World Classics 1997 ISBN 978 0 19 953566 8 Andrea L Purvis The Landmark Herodotus edited by Robert B Strassler Pantheon 2007 ISBN 978 0 375 42109 9 with adequate ancillary information Walter Blanco Herodotus The Histories The Complete Translation Backgrounds Commentaries Edited by Jennifer Tolbert Roberts New York W W Norton 2013 Tom Holland The Histories Herodotus Introduction and notes by Paul Cartledge New York Penguin 2013 Notes Edit For the past several hundred years the title of Herodotus work has been translated rather roughly as Histories or The History citation needed The original title can be translated from the Greek as researches or inquiries citation needed References Edit Herodotus Dictionary com Unabridged Online n d Luce T James 2002 The Greek Historians p 26 Herodotus Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 4 April 2021 Retrieved 30 March 2021 Hornblower Simon Spawforth Antony Eidinow Esther 11 September 2014 The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization OUP Oxford p 372 ISBN 978 0 19 101675 2 a b c d e f g Burn A R 1972 Herodotus The Histories Penguin Classics a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rawlinson George 1859 The History of Herodotus Vol 1 New York NY D Appleton and Company via The Internet Classics Archive Classics Translated by Rawlinson George Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archived from the original on 1 December 2012 Retrieved 25 July 2001 Dandamaev M A 1989 A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire Brill p 153 ISBN 978 90 04 09172 6 The Father of History Herodotus was born at Halicarnassus and before his emigration to mainland Greece was a subject of the Persian empire Kia Mehrdad 2016 The Persian Empire A historical encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 161 ISBN 978 1 61069 391 2 At the time of Herodotus birth southwestern Asia Minor including Halicarnassus was under Persian Achaemenid rule Eusebius Chron Can Pars II p 339 01 83 4 cited by 6 Introduction Plutarch De Malign Herod II p 862 A cited by 6 Introduction Plutarch on the Malice of Herodotus www bostonleadershipbuilders com Retrieved 26 January 2022 Herodotus 2003 The Histories Translated by de Selincourt Aubrey Introduction and notes by John Marincola Penguin Books pp xii Montfaucon s Bibliothec Coisl Cod clxxvii p 609 cited by 6 14 Photius Bibliothec Cod lx p 59 cited by Ralinson 6 15 Tzetzes Chil 1 19 cited by 6 15 Marcellinus in Vita Thucyd p ix cited by 6 25 Herodotus Encyclopedia of World Biography The Gale Group Retrieved 11 March 2018 a b Dewald Carolyn ed 1998 The Histories by Herodotus Translated by Waterfield Robin Oxford UK Oxford University Press Introduction p xviii ISBN 9780199535668 5 23 citing Dionysius On Thucydides Pipes David Herodotus Father of History Father of Lies Archived from the original on 27 January 2008 Retrieved 16 November 2009 Tritle Lawrence A 2004 The Peloponnesian War Greenwood Publishing Group pp 147 148 Hart John 1982 Herodotus and Greek History Taylor and Francis p 174 a b Murray Oswyn 1986 Greek historians In Boardman John Griffin Jasper Murray Oswyn eds The Oxford History of the Classical World Oxford University Press pp 186 203 ISBN 978 0 19 872112 3 Jebb Richard C The Genius of Sophocles section 7 Sources Edit Archambault Paul 2002 Herodotus c 480 c 420 In Amoia Alba della Fazia Knapp Bettina Liebowitz eds Multicultural Writers from Antiquity to 1945 a bio bibliographical sourcebook Greenwood Publishing Group pp 168 172 ISBN 978 0 313 30687 7 Asheri David Lloyd Alan Corcella Aldo 2007 A Commentary on Herodotus Books 1 4 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 814956 9 Aubin Henry 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press ISBN 978 1 56947 275 0 Baragwanath Emily de Bakker Mathieu 2010 Herodotus Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 980286 9 Herodotus Blanco Walter 2013 The Histories New York W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 93397 0 Boedeker Deborah 2000 Herodotus genre s In Depew Mary Obbink Dirk eds Matrices of Genre Authors Canons and Society Harvard University Press pp 97 114 ISBN 978 0 674 03420 4 Cameron Alan 2004 Greek Mythography in the Roman World Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 803821 4 Dalley S 2003 Why did Herodotus not mention the Hanging Gardens of Babylon In Derow P Parker R eds Herodotus and his World New York NY Oxford University Press pp 171 189 ISBN 978 0 19 925374 6 Dalley S 2013 The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon an Elusive World Wonder Traced Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 966226 5 Diop Cheikh Anta 1974 The African Origin of Civilization Chicago IL Lawrence Hill Books ISBN 978 1 55652 072 3 Diop Cheikh Anta 1981 Civilization or Barbarism Chicago Lawrence Hill Books ISBN 978 1 55652 048 8 Evans J A S 1968 Father of History or Father of Lies The Reputation of Herodotus Classical Journal 64 11 17 Farley David G 2010 Modernist Travel Writing Intellectuals Abroad Columbia MO University of Missouri Press ISBN 978 0 8262 7228 7 Fehling Detlev 1989 1971 Herodotos and His Sources Citation Invention and Narrative Art Arca Classical and Medieval Texts Papers and Monographs Vol 21 Translated by Howie J G Leeds Francis Cairns ISBN 978 0 905205 70 0 Fehling Detlev 1994 The art of Herodotus and the margins of the world In von Martels Z R W M ed Travel Fact and Travel Fiction Studies on Fiction Literary Tradition Scholarly Discovery and Observation in Travel Writing Brill s studies in intellectual history Vol 55 Leiden Brill pp 1 15 ISBN 978 90 04 10112 8 Gould John 1989 Herodotus Historians on historians London UK George Weidenfeld amp Nicolson ISBN 978 0 297 79339 7 Heeren A H L 1838 Historical Researches into the Politics Intercourse and Trade of the Carthaginians Ethiopians and Egyptians Oxford UK D A Talboys ASIN B003B3P1Y8 Immerwahr Henry R 1985 Herodotus In Easterling P E Knox B M W eds Greek Literature The Cambridge History of Classical Greek Literature Vol 1 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 21042 3 Jones C P 1996 ἔ8nos and genos in Herodotus The Classical Quarterly new series 46 2 315 320 doi 10 1093 cq 46 2 315 Jain Meenakshi 2011 The India they saw Foreign Accounts Delhi IN Ocean Books ISBN 978 81 8430 106 9 Lloyd Alan B 1993 Herodotus Book II Etudes preliminaires aux religions orientales dans l Empire romain Vol 43 Leiden Brill ISBN 978 90 04 07737 9 Majumdar R C 1981 The Classical accounts of India Being a compilation of the English translations of the accounts left by Herodotus Megasthenes Arrian Strabo Quintus Diodorus Siculus Justin Plutarch Frontinus Nearchus Apollonius Pliny Ptolemy Aelian and others with maps Calcutta IN Firma KLM ISBN 978 0 8364 0704 4 Marincola John 2001 Greek Historians Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 922501 9 Mikalson Jon D 2003 Herodotus and Religion in the Persian Wars Chapel Hill NC Univ of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0 8078 2798 7 Nielsen Flemming A J 1997 The Tragedy in History Herodotus and the deuteronomistic history A amp C Black ISBN 978 1 85075 688 0 Peissel Michel 1984 The Ants Gold The discovery of the Greek el Dorado in the Himalayas Collins ISBN 978 0 00 272514 9 Roberts Jennifer T 2011 Herodotus a Very Short Introduction OXford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 957599 2 Romm James 1998 Herodotus New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 07229 7 Saltzman Joe 2010 Herodotus as an ancient journalist Reimagining antiquity s historians as journalists The IJPC Journal 2 153 185 Archived from the original on 1 October 2013 Retrieved 3 March 2013 Sparks Kenton L 1998 Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and their Expression in the Hebrew Bible Winona Lake IN Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 1 57506 033 0 Wardman A E 1960 Myth in Greek historiography Historia Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte 9 4 403 413 JSTOR 4434671 Waters K H 1985 Herodotos the Historian His problems methods and originality Tulsa OK University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 0 8061 1928 1 Welsby Derek 1996 The Kingdom of Kush London UK British Museum Press ISBN 978 0 7141 0986 2 Further reading EditBakker Egbert J de Jong Irene J F van Wees Hans eds 2002 Brill s companion to Herodotus Leiden E J Brill ISBN 978 90 04 12060 0 Baragwanath Emily 2010 Motivation and Narrative in Herodotus Oxford Classical Monographs Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 964550 3 Bury J B Meiggs Russell 1975 A History of Greece Fourth ed London MacMillan Press pp 251 252 ISBN 978 0 333 15492 2 De Selincourt Aubrey 1962 The World of Herodotus London Secker and Warburg Dewald Carolyn Marincola John eds 2006 The Cambridge companion to Herodotus Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 83001 0 Evans J A S 2006 The beginnings of history Herodotus and the Persian Wars Campbellville Ont Edgar Kent ISBN 978 0 88866 652 9 Evans J A S 1982 Herodotus Boston Twayne ISBN 978 0 8057 6488 8 Evans J A S 1991 Herodotus explorer of the past three essays Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 06871 8 Flory Stewart 1987 The archaic smile of Herodotus Detroit Wayne State University Press ISBN 978 0 8143 1827 0 Fornara Charles W 1971 Herodotus An Interpretative Essay Oxford Clarendon Press Giessen Hans W Giessen 2010 Mythos Marathon Von Herodot uber Breal bis zur Gegenwart Landau Verlag Empirische Padagogik Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations und Kulturwissenschaft Band 17 ISBN 978 3 941320 46 8 Harrington John W 1973 To see a world Saint Louis G V Mosby Co ISBN 978 0 8016 2058 4 Hartog Francois 2000 The Invention of History The Pre History of a Concept from Homer to Herodotus History and Theory 39 3 384 395 doi 10 1111 0018 2656 00137 Hartog Francois 1988 The mirror of Herodotus the representation of the other in the writing of history Janet Lloyd trans Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 05487 5 How Walter W Wells Joseph eds 1912 A Commentary on Herodotus Oxford Clarendon Press Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 Retrieved 26 July 2011 Hunter Virginia 1982 Past and process in Herodotus and Thucydides Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 03556 7 Immerwahr H 1966 Form and Thought in Herodotus Cleveland Case Western Reserve University Press Kapuscinski Ryszard 2007 Travels with Herodotus Klara Glowczewska trans New York Knopf ISBN 978 1 4000 4338 5 Lateiner Donald 1989 The historical method of Herodotus Toronto Toronto University Press ISBN 978 0 8020 5793 8 Pitcher Luke 2009 Writing Ancient History An Introduction to Classical Historiography New York I B Tauris amp Co Ltd Marozzi Justin 2008 The way of Herodotus travels with the man who invented history Cambridge Massachusetts Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 306 81621 5 Momigliano Arnaldo 1990 The classical foundations of modern historiography Berkeley Univ of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 06890 2 Myres John L 1971 Herodotus father of history Chicago Henry Regnrey ISBN 978 0 19 924021 0 Pritchett W Kendrick 1993 The liar school of Herodotus Amsterdam Gieben ISBN 978 90 5063 088 7 Selden Daniel 1999 Cambyses Madness or the Reason of History Materiali e Discussioni per l Analisi dei Testi Classici 42 42 33 63 doi 10 2307 40236137 JSTOR 40236137 Thomas Rosalind 2000 Herodotus in context ethnography science and the art of persuasion Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 66259 8 Waters K H 1985 Herodotus the Historian His Problems Methods and Originality Beckenham Croom Helm Ltd External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herodotus Wikiquote has quotations related to Herodotus Wikisource has original works by or about Herodotos Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article Ἡrodotos Herodotus on the WebHerodotus of Halicarnassus Archived 1 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine at Livius org Herodotus Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed 1911 pp 381 384 Mendelsohn Daniel 28 April 2008 Arms and the Man The New Yorker Retrieved 27 April 2008 Works by Herodotus at Project Gutenberg The History of Herodotus vol 1 at Project Gutenberg translation by George Campbell Macaulay 1852 1915 The History of Herodotus vol 2 at Project GutenbergWorks by or about Herodotus at Internet ArchiveWorks by Herodotus at LibriVox public domain audiobooks The History of Herodotus at The Internet Classics Archive translation by George Rawlinson Parallel Greek and English text of the History of Herodotus at the Internet Sacred Text ArchiveExcerpts of Selincourt s translationHerodotus Histories on the Perseus ProjectThe Histories of Herodotus A D Godley translation with footnotes Direct link to PDF PDF 14 MB Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Herodotus amp oldid 1147183502, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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