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Patna

January 19, 2023

This article is about Patna, the capital city of Bihar. For its namesake district, see Patna district. For other uses, see Patna (disambiguation).

Patna (/ˈpætnə, ˈpʌt-/[13]Hindi: [ˈpəʈnaː] (listen)), historically known as Pataliputra, is the capital and largest city of the state of Bihar in India.[1] According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Patna had a population of 2.35 million,[14] making it the 19th largest city in India.[1] Covering 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi) and over 2.5 million people, its urban agglomeration is the 18th largest in India. Patna serves as the seat of Patna High Court. The Buddhist, Hindu and Jain pilgrimage centres of Vaishali, Rajgir, Nalanda, Bodh Gaya and Pawapuri are nearby and Patna City is a sacred city for Sikhs as the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh was born here.[15] The modern city of Patna is mainly on the southern bank of the river Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) in length and 16 to 18 kilometres (9.9 to 11.2 mi) wide.

Patna
Metropolis
From top, left to right: Patna Skyline, Patna High Court, Patna Museum, Buddha Smriti Park, Bihar Museum, AIIMS Patna, Patna College, Digha–Sonpur Bridge, Mahavir Mandir, Takht Sri Patna Sahib, IIT Patna, Bailey Road, Patna, Ambuja City Center Patna
Patna
Location in Patna
Patna
Location in Bihar
Patna
Location in India
Coordinates: 25°36′N 85°06′E / 25.6°N 85.1°E / 25.6; 85.1Coordinates: 25°36′N 85°06′E / 25.6°N 85.1°E / 25.6; 85.1
Country India
StateBihar
DivisionPatna
DistrictPatna
Pataliputra490BC
Founded byUdayin
Government
 • TypeMunicipal corporation
 • BodyPatna Municipal Corporation
 • MayorSita Sahu[2]
 • Municipal CommissionerAnimesh Kumar Parashar, IAS
 • District MagistrateSri Chandrashekar Singh (IAS)
Area
[3]
 • City250 km2 (100 sq mi)
 • Urban
600 km2 (200 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,167 km2 (451 sq mi)
 • Rank18
Elevation
[4]
53 m (174 ft)
Population
 (2011)[5]
 • City1,683,200 (IN: 19th)[1]
 • Urban
2,046,652 (IN: 18th)
 • Metro
3,874,000 (IN: 12th)
Demonym(s)Pataniya (Hindi), Patnaite
Language
 • OfficialHindi[6]
 • Additional officialUrdu[6]
 • RegionalMagahi[7][8]
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Pincode(s)
8000xx (Patna)[9]
Area Code(s)+91-(0)612
ISO 3166 codeIN-BR-PA
IN PAT
Vehicle registrationBR-01
Literacy (2011)82.73%[10]
Sex ratio (2011)897 ♀/1000 ♂[5]
HDI (2016) 0.811[11] (very high)
GDP Nominal (Patna District)USD $30 billion (2022)[12]
Websitepatna.nic.in

One of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world,[16] Patna was founded in 490 BCE by the king of Magadha. Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadh Empire through Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta and Pala dynasties. Pataliputra was a seat of learning and fine arts. It was home to many astronomers and scholars including Aryabhata, Vātsyāyana and Chanakya.[17][18] During the Maurya period (around 300 BCE) its population was about 400,000.[19] Patna served as the seat of power, and political and cultural centre of the Indian subcontinent during the Maurya and Gupta empires.[20] With the fall of the Gupta Empire, Patna lost its glory. It was revived again in the 17th century by the British as a centre of international trade. Following the partition of Bengal presidency in 1912, Patna became the capital of Bihar and Orissa Province.[21]

Until the 19th century it was a major trading and commercial hub in India.[22] After independence there were a few downturns but its economy was still stable.[23] After the separation of Jharkhand from Bihar, it lost its glory.[24] Now trials are made to develop the city.[25] As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Bihar), Nominal GDP of Patna District was estimated at INR 63,176.55 crores in 2011-12.[12][26] As of 2011-12, Patna already recorded per capita gross domestic product of ₹1,08,657, way ahead of many other Indian cities and state capitals.[12][27] Using figures for assumed average annual growth, Patna is the 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India according to a study by the City Mayors Foundation. Patna registered an average annual growth of 3.72% during 2006–2010.[28] As of 2011-12, GDP per capita of Patna is ₹1,08,657 and its GDP growth rate is 7.29 per cent. In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna second in India (after Delhi) for ease of starting a business.[29]

Etymology

Main article: Names of Patna

The name of this city has changed with time. One of the oldest cities of India, there are several theories regarding the origin of the modern name Patna (Bengali: পাটনা; Devanagari: पटना; Kaithi: 𑂣𑂗𑂢𑂰; Gurmukhi: ਪਟਨਾ; Urdu: پٹنہ). It is etymologically derived from Patan (Devanagari: पटन), the name of the Hindu goddess, Patan Devi.[30] Patan Devi Mandir is still in old Patna near Gulzarbagh mandi along with another, Patan Devi Mandir, near Takht Sri Patna Sahib. Many believe Patna derived its name from Patli, a tree variety that was found in abundance in the historic city.[31] It is also seen on the state tourism's logo.[32] The place is mentioned in Chinese traveller Fa Hien's records as Pa-lin-fou.[30] The city has been known by various names through more than 2,000 years of existence – Pataligrama, Pataliputra, Kusumapura, Kusumdhwaja Pushpapuram, Padmavathi, Azimabad and the present-day Patna.[33][34] Legend ascribes the origin of Patna to the mythological King Putraka who created Patna by magic for his queen Patali, literally "trumpet flower", which gives it its ancient name Pataligrama. It is said that in honour of the queen's first-born, the city was named Pataliputra. Gram is Sanskrit for village and Putra means son.[35] Legend also says that the Emerald Buddha was created in Patna (then Pataliputra) by Nagasena in 43 BCE.[36]

History

Main article: History of Patna
See also: Pataliputra, History of Bihar, and Timeline for Bihar

Ancient Era

Traditional Buddhist literature attributes foundation of Patna 490 BCE[37][38] as Ajatashatru, the king of Magadha, wanted to shift his capital from the hilly Rajagrha (today Rajgir) to a strategically chosen place to better combat the Licchavis of Vaishali.[39] He chose the site on the bank of the Ganges and fortified the area. Gautama Buddha travelled through this place in the last year of his life. He prophesied a great future for this place even as he predicted its ruin due to flood, fire and feud.[40] According to Dieter Schlingloff, the Buddhist accounts may have presented the grandeur of Patna as a prophecy and that its wooden fortifications unlike other early historic Indian cities indicate that it might be much older than thought but only archaeological excavation and C14 dates of its wooden palisades which is presently lacking may establish this.[41]

Mauryan Empire

 
Statue of Matrikas found near Agam Kuan, built by Ashoka.

Megasthenes, the Indo-Greek historian and ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, gave one of the earliest accounts of the city. He wrote that the city was on the confluence of the rivers Ganga and Arennovoas (Sonabhadra – Hiranyawah) and was 14 kilometres (9 mi) long and 2.82 kilometres (1.75 mi) wide.[42][43] Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India, described the city as the greatest city on earth during its heyday.[44] The Shungas ultimately retained control of Pataliputra and ruled for almost 100 years. The Shungas were followed by the Kanvas and eventually by the Guptas.[45] A number of Chinese travellers came to India in pursuit of knowledge and recorded their observations about Pataliputra in their travelogues. One such famous account was recorded by a Chinese Buddhist traveller Fa Hien, who visited India between 399 and 414 CE, and stayed here for many months translating Buddhist texts.[46] When Chinese Buddhist Monk Faxian visited the city in 400 A.D, he found the people to be rich and prosperous; they practised virtue and justice. He found that the nobles and householders of the city had constructed several hospitals in which the poor of all countries, the destitute, the crippled and the diseased can get treatment. They could receive every kind of help gratuitously. Physicians would inspect the diseases, and order them food, drink, and medicines.[47][page needed]

Gupta and Pala empire

 
Main street of Patna, showing one side of the Chowk, 1814–15.
 
City of Patna, on the River Ganges, 19th-century painting.

In the years that followed, many dynasties ruled the Indian subcontinent from the city, including the Gupta dynasty and the Pala kings. With the disintegration of the Gupta empire, Patna passed through uncertain times. Bakhtiar Khilji captured Bihar in the 12th century and destroyed everything, and Patna lost its prestige as the political and cultural centre of India.[48] Guru Gobind Singh (22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708), the tenth Guru of the Sikhs, was born as Gobind Rai in Patna to Guru Teg Bahadur, the ninth Guru of the Sikhs, and his wife Mata Gujri. His birthplace, Patna Sahib is one of the most sacred sites of pilgrimage for Sikhs.[49]

Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was a period of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi.[50] The most remarkable period during the Middle Ages was under the Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri, who revived Patna in the middle of the 16th century. He built a fort and founded a town on the banks of the Ganges. Sher Shah's fort in Patna does not survive, although the Sher Shah Suri mosque, built in Afghan architectural style, does. Mughal emperor Akbar reached Patna in 1574 to crush the rebellious Afghan Chief Daud Khan. One of the navratnas from Akbar's court, his official historian and author of "Ain-i-Akbari" Abul Fazl refers to Patna as a flourishing centre for paper, stone and glass industries. He also refers to the high quality of numerous strains of rice grown in Patna, famous as Patna rice in Europe.[51] By 1620, the city of Patna was being described as the "chiefest mart towne of all Bengala" (i.e. largest town in Bengal)[39][52] in northern India, "the largest town in Bengal and the most famous for trade".[53] This was before the founding of the city of Calcutta. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb acceded to the request of his favourite grandson, Prince Muhammad Azim, to rename Patna as Azimabad, in 1704 while Azim was in Patna as the subedar. Patna or Azimabad did see some violent activities, according to Phillip Mason, writing in the book "The Men Who Ruled India". "Aurangzeb had restored the poll-tax (Jazia) on unbelievers and this had to be compounded for. In Patna, Peacock the Chief of the factory was not sufficiently obliging and was seized, forced to walk through the town bare-headed and bare-footed and subjected to many other indignities before he paid up and was released." Little changed during this period other than the name. With the decline of the Mughal empire, Patna moved into the hands of the Nawabs of Bengal, who levied a heavy tax on the populace but allowed it to flourish as a commercial centre. The mansions of the Maharaja of Tekari Raj dominated the Patna riverfront in 1811–12.[54] In 1750, the future Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah revolted against his grandfather, Alivardi Khan, and seized Patna, but quickly surrendered and was forgiven.[55]

Portuguese Empire

As trade grew, settlements of the Portuguese empire expanded to the Bengal Gulf. Since at least 1515 the Portuguese were at Bengal as traders, and later in 1521 an embassy was sent to Gaur to be able to create factories in the region. The Bengal Sultan after 1534 allowed the Portuguese to create several settlements as Chitagoong e Satgaon.[56] In 1535 the Portuguese were allied with the Bengal sultan and held the Teliagarhi pass[57] 280 km from Patna helping to avoid the invasion by the Mughals. By then several of the products came from Patna and the Portuguese send in traders, establishing a factory there since 1580 at least.[58] The products were shipped out down the river until other Portuguese ports as Chittagoon e Satgaoon, and from there to the rest of the empire.

British Empire

During the 17th century, Patna became a centre of international trade.[52] In 1620, the English East India Company established a factory in Patna for trading in calico and silk. Soon it became a trading centre for saltpetre. Francois Bernier, in Travels in the Mogul Empire (1656–1668), says ". It was carried down the Ganges with great facility, and the Dutch and English sent large cargoes to many parts of the Indies, and to Europe". This trade encouraged other Europeans, principally the French, Danes, Dutch and Portuguese, to compete in the lucrative business. Peter Mundy, writing in 1632, described Patna as "the greatest mart of the eastern region".[50] After the decisive Battle of Buxar of 1764, as per the treaty of Allahabad East India Company was given the right to collect tax of this former Mughal province by the Mughal emperor. Patna was annexed by the company in 1793 to its territory when Nizamat (Mughal suzerainty) was abolished and the British East India Company took control of the province of Bengal-Bihar. Patna however continued as a trading centre. In 1912, when the Bengal Presidency was partitioned, Patna became the capital of the British province of Bihar and Orissa, although in 1936 Orissa became a separate entity with its own capital. Till date, a major population of Bengalis live in Patna particularly.[21][59]

  •  

    Street in Patna, 1825 (British, active in India)

  •  

    Golghar at Bankipore, near Patna, 1814–15

Indian Independence Movement

People from Patna were greatly involved in the Indian independence movement.[60][61] Most notable movements were the Champaran movement against the Indigo plantation and the 1942 Quit India Movement.[62][63] National leaders who came from the city include Swami Sahajanand Saraswati; the first President of the Constituent Assembly of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad; Bihar Vibhuti (Anugrah Narayan Sinha); Basawon Singh (Sinha); and Loknayak (Jayaprakash Narayan).

Post-Independence

Patna remained the capital of Bihar after India gained independence in 1947, even as Bihar was partitioned again in 2000 when Jharkhand became a separate state of the Indian union.[59] On 27 October 2013, six people were killed and 85 others were injured in a series of co-ordinated bombings at an election rally for BJP candidate Narendra Modi.[64] On 3 October 2014, 33 people were killed and 26 injured in a stampede at Gandhi Maidan during Vijaya Dashmi celebrations.[65]

Geography

See also: Geography of Bihar

Topography

 
Map of Patna district
Patna's Urban agglomeration
Jurisdiction Population
Town Type Estimate
(2011)
Patna Municipal Corporation 1,684,222
Danapur Nagar Parishad 182,429
Badalpura Out Growth 75
Danapur Cantonment Cantonment Board 28,723
Khagaul Nagar Parishad 44,364
Nohsa Census Town 16,680
Pataliputra Housing Colony Census Town 3,531
Phulwari Sharif Nagar Parishad 81,740
Saidpura Census Town 7,392
Patna UA 2,049,156
Patna district 5,838,465
Source:[66][67]

Patna is on the southern bank of the river Ganges.[68] The total area of Patna is 250 km2 (97 sq mi). Of this, the municipal area constitutes 109.218 km2 (42.169 sq mi). The suburban area covers 140.782 km2 (54.356 sq mi). It has an average elevation of 53 m (174 ft). A characteristic feature of the geography of Patna is its confluence of major rivers.[69]

During the British Raj, Patna was part of the Bengal Presidency. After Nalanda district was carved out of Patna district in 1976,[70] Patna was purged of all hilly regions. It is an alluvial, flat expanse of land. The land in the district is too fertile and is almost entirely cultivated with no forest cover. Alluvial soil found here is ideal for cultivation of rice, sugarcane and other foodgrains. The area under cultivation is studded with mango orchards and bamboo groves. In the fields along the banks of river Ganges, weeds such as ammannia, citriculari, hygrophile and sesbania grow. But palmyra, date palm and mango orchards are found near habitations. Dry stretches of shrubbery are sometimes seen in the villages far from the rivers. Trees commonly found are bel, siris, jack fruit and the red cotton tree.[71] Patna is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity.[72] It is the largest riverine city in the world.[73] The topography of Patna city is saucer shaped as per Patna City Development Plan prepared in 2006.[74][75] The bridge over the river Ganges named Mahatma Gandhi Setu is 5575m long and is the longest river bridge in the India.[76]

Patna comes under India's seismic zone-IV, indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes, but earthquakes have not been common in recent history.[77] Patna also falls in the risk zone for floods and cyclones.[78][79]

Climate

 
Monsoon clouds over Priyadarshi Nagar, a part of Kankarbagh- residential area in Eastern Patna.

Patna has a humid subtropical climate under the Köppen climate classification: (Cwa) with extremely hot summers from late March to June, the monsoon season from late June to late September and chilly winter nights and foggy or sunny days from November to February.[80] Highest temperature ever recorded was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) in the year 1966,[81] the lowest ever was 1.1 °C (34 °F) on 9 January 2013,[82] and highest rainfall was 204.5 mm (8.05 in) in the year 1997.[81]

The table below details historical monthly averages for climate variables.

Climate data for Patna Airport (1981–2010, extremes 1951–2013)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.0
(86.0) 		35.1
(95.2) 		41.4
(106.5) 		44.6
(112.3) 		45.6
(114.1) 		46.6
(115.9) 		41.2
(106.2) 		39.7
(103.5) 		37.5
(99.5) 		37.2
(99.0) 		34.1
(93.4) 		30.5
(86.9) 		46.6
(115.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		30.4
(86.7) 		37.3
(99.1) 		41.1
(106.0) 		42.5
(108.5) 		41.7
(107.1) 		36.8
(98.2) 		36.1
(97.0) 		35.1
(95.2) 		34.5
(94.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		27.9
(82.2) 		43.3
(109.9)
Average high °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3) 		26.0
(78.8) 		32.2
(90.0) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.4
(99.3) 		36.4
(97.5) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.5
(90.5) 		31.9
(89.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		24.5
(76.1) 		31.3
(88.3)
Average low °C (°F) 9.3
(48.7) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		22.1
(71.8) 		25.1
(77.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.5
(77.9) 		21.5
(70.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		10.5
(50.9) 		19.8
(67.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.6
(69.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.6
(74.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		6.9
(44.4) 		4.9
(40.8)
Record low °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.5
(68.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		1.1
(34.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 11.1
(0.44) 		14.0
(0.55) 		9.5
(0.37) 		12.7
(0.50) 		43.7
(1.72) 		162.5
(6.40) 		354.4
(13.95) 		277.8
(10.94) 		197.7
(7.78) 		49.1
(1.93) 		7.2
(0.28) 		6.1
(0.24) 		1,145.8
(45.11)
Average rainy days 1.2 1.3 0.7 1.0 2.9 6.9 14.3 12.5 9.5 2.9 0.5 0.6 54.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 65 52 37 32 42 59 75 75 76 68 67 69 60
Mean monthly sunshine hours 207.7 228.8 260.4 264.0 272.8 192.0 130.2 151.9 162.0 238.7 240.0 201.5 2,550
Mean daily sunshine hours 6.7 8.1 8.4 8.8 8.8 6.4 4.2 4.9 5.4 7.7 8.0 6.5 7.0
Average ultraviolet index 6 7 9 11 12 12 12 12 11 8 6 5 9
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[83][84][85]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[86]

Air pollution

Pollution is a major concern in Patna. According to the CAG report, tabled in the Bihar Legislative Assembly in April 2015, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) level (PM-10) in Patna was 355, three-and-a-half times higher than the prescribed limit of 100 micro-gram per cubic metre,[87] primarily due to high vehicular[88] and industrial emissions[89] and construction activities in the city.[90] In May 2014, a World Health Organization survey declared Patna the second most air polluted city in India, only after Delhi, with the survey calculating the airborne particulate matter in the state capital's ambient air (PM-2.5) to be 149 micro-grams, six times more than the safe limit, which is 25 micro-grams.[91][92] Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer, asthma, dysentery and diarrhoea.[93][94] The dense smog in Patna during winter season results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.[95]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Patna
 
Maurya Lok is one of the oldest and major shopping area of the city

Patna has long been a major agricultural hub and centre of trade. Its most active exports are grain, sugarcane, sesame, and medium-grained Patna rice. There are several sugar mills in and around Patna.[96] It is an important business and luxury brand centre of eastern India.[97] The economy of Patna has seen sustained economic growth since 2005. The economy has been spurred by growth in the fast-moving consumer goods industry, the service sector, along with Green revolution businesses.[97] In 2009, the World Bank stated Patna as the second best city in India to start up a business.[98] As of 2011-12, GDP per capita of Patna is ₹1,08,657 and its GDP growth rate is 7.29 per cent.[99] Patna is the 21st fastest growing city in the world and the fifth fastest-growing city in India, and is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 3.72%.[28] The major business districts of the city are Bander Bagicha, Exhibition Road, Gandhi Maidan Marg, Frazer Road, Indrapuri and Maurya Lok.

Earlier Patna was an international trading hub and a major textile center. Going back to the 19th century when silk factory was set up here, so many foreign traders came to visit it and have some income. After the independence the economy was still stable. After the independence many vegetables and vegetable oils were manufactured in the city. Until 1980s up and down in economy was there. But till the 1990s, when liberalisation came in India, Patna didn't receive any global funds and foreign investments. The trading and economic environment were fully destroyed. There were many fertiliser plants and sugar mills. But to week ecosystem, company saw loses and it was also get closed.

A large number of manufacturing companies Hero Cycles, Britannia Industries, PepsiCo, Sonalika Tractors and UltraTech Cement have come with there manufacturing plants in Patna metropolitan area. World's second largest leather cluster is in Fatuha at Patna. Patna is also emerging as an IT based economy. Tata Consultancy Services-Patna got operational in 2019 at its new office.[100] Many business park are introduced to the city.

Demographics

See also: Demographics of Bihar and List of cities in Bihar

With an estimated population of 1.68 million in 2011, Patna is the 19th most populous city in India and with over 2 million people, its urban agglomeration is the 18th largest in India. Residents of Patna are referred to by the demonym Patnaite.[104][105]

According to 2011 census data, Patna city had a population of 1,683,200 (before expansion of the city limits) within the corporation limits, with 894,158 men and 789,042 women. This was an increase of 22.2 per cent compared to the 2001 figures. 11.32 per cent of the population was under six years of age, with 102,208 boys while 88,288 are girls. The overall literacy rate is 83.37%, with the male literacy rate being 87.35% and the female literacy rate being 79.89%. The sex ratio of Patna is 885 females per 1,000 males. Child sex ratio of girls is 877 per 1000 boys.[106] The urban agglomeration had a population of 2,046,652 of which 1,087,864 are males and 958,788 are females with 82.73% literacy.[107] Patna is the second largest city in eastern India.[108]

According to the 2011 census of India, Patna's major religion is Hinduism with 86.39% followers. Islam is the second most popular religion in Patna with approximately 12.27% following it. Christianity, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism, with smaller followings, are also practised in Patna. During the last census report, around 0.01% stated other religions and approximately 0.49% stated no particular religion.[106]

Roughly 0.25% of Patna's population lives in slums which makes Patna, the city with the lowest percentage of people living in slum in India.[109] Like other fast-growing cities in the developing world, Patna suffers from major urbanisation problems including unemployment, poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population.[110] In 2015, the National Sample Survey Organisation revealed that, for females, Patna had highest unemployment rate 34.6% and for males it was the second highest with a rate of 8% in 2011–12.[111]

Religions in Patna City (2011)[106]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 86.39%
Islam
 
 12.27%
Christianity
 
 1.92%
Sikhism
 
 0.98%
Jainism
 
 0.09%
Others
 
 0.52%

Hindi is the official language of the state of Bihar and Urdu is the additional official language, but many other languages are spoken too. The native Language is Magadhi or Magahi, named after Magadha, the ancient name of South Bihar is most widely spoken. Other spoken dialects and languages include Bhojpuri, Angika, Maithili, Bengali and Oriya.[112]

Administration

The Patna sub-division (Tehsil) is one of the 6 Tehsils of the Patna district. It is headed by an IAS or state Civil service officer of the rank of Sub Divisional Magistrate (SDM). The SDM of Patna Tehsil reports to the District Magistrate (DM) of Patna District.

Blocks

The Patna Tehsil is divided into 3 Blocks, each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO). List of Blocks is as follows:

  1. Patna
  2. Sampatchak
  3. Phulwari Sharif

Government

Civic administration

The civic administration of Patna is run by several government agencies and has overlapping structural divisions. At least five administrative definitions of the city are available; listed in ascending order of area, those are: Patna division, Patna district (also the Patna Police area), the Patna Metropolitan Region[113] (also known as Patna Planning area),[114] "Greater Patna" or PRDA area, which adds to the PMC area a few areas just adjacent to it[115] and Patna Municipal Corporation area.

City officials 
Assumed office Office Source
Corporation Mayor Sita Sahu, BJP June 2017 Maurya Lok [116]
Corporation Commissioner Animesh Kumar Parashar, IAS November 2021 Maurya Lok [117]
Divisional Commissioner Sanjay Kumar Agarwal, IAS October 2019 Near Golghar, Gandhi Maidan [118]
District Magistrate Dr.Chandrashekhar Singh, IAS January 2021 Patna Collectorate [119]
Senior Superintendent of Police Manavjit Singh Dhillon, IPS January 2022 South Gandhi Maidan Marg [120]

The Patna Municipal Corporation, or PMC, oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 75 wards,[116] which accommodates a population of 1.7 million as per 2011 Census. The municipal corporation consists of democratically elected members, each ward elects a Councillor to the PMC.[121] The PMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.

As Patna's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a mayor, a deputy mayor, and other elected members of the PMC. The Mayor is usually chosen through indirect election by the councillors from among themselves. The functions of the PMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, and building regulation. The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and head of the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation. All executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government.[122] Although the Municipal Corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the Commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the Commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the Corporation or the Standing Committee. As of June 2017, the BJP won PMC Mayor seat; the mayor is Sita Sahu, while the deputy mayor is Vinay Kumar Pappu.[116] The Patna Municipal Corporation was ranked 4th out of 21 Cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.6 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[123] The revenue district of Patna come under the jurisdiction of a District Collector (District Magistrate).[124] The Collectors are in charge of the general administration, property records and revenue collection for the Central Government, and oversee the national elections held in the city.[125] The Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (BUIDCO) and the Patna Metropolitan Area Authority, are responsible for the statutory planning and development of Patna Metropolitan Region.[126] Patna Metropolitan Area Authority was established in 2016.[127] It is the superseding agency for the former Patna Regional Development Authority (PRDA), which was dissolved in 2006.[128] In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Ministry of Tourism, the Bihar Health Department, the Bihar Water Resources Department, National Ganga River Basin Authority, Bihar State Pollution Control Board and the Bihar Public Service Commission—play a role in the life of Patnaites. As the capital of Bihar, Patna plays a major role not only in state politics but in central politics as well.[129]

In October 2016, Bihar cabinet approved the Patna master plan 2031 which envisages development of a new airport at Bihta.[130][131] As of August 2015, the area of Patna city (along with its urban agglomeration) is 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi).[3] Patna master 2031 is the second master plan of city which has been passed ever, after the last plan was approved for 1961-1981.[132] Patna master plan covers six urban local bodies - Patna Municipal Corporation, Danapur Nagar Parishad, Phulwarisharif Nagar Parishad, Khagaul Nagar Parishad, Maner Nagar Panchayat and Fatuha Nagar Parishad.[133] The new master plan proposed to increase the area of Patna city to 1,167 square kilometres (451 sq mi) to transform it as a metropolitan city.[134] 5 satellite towns have also been proposed in the master plan at Bihta, Naubatpur, Punpun, Fatuha and Khusrupur.

Patna has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Government of India's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[135] With the grade of a Smart City, Patna will have highly up-to-date and radical provisions like uninterrupted electric supply, first-rate traffic and transport system, superior health care and many other prime utilities. Under this scheme, the city will use digital technology that will act as the integral mechanism of the aforesaid facilities and thereby further elevate the lifestyle of the citizens. A special purpose vehicle company named the Patna Smart City Limited has been formed to implement the smart city projects. On 22 November 2017, Eptisa Servicios de Ingenieria SL of Spain was chosen as the project management consultant.[136]

Politics

As the seat of the Government of Bihar, The city has several federal facilities, including the Raj Bhavan: Governor's house, the Bihar Legislative Assembly; the state secretariat, which is housed in the Patna Secretariat; and the Patna High Court. The Patna High Court is one of the oldest High Court in India. The Patna High Court has jurisdiction over the state of Bihar.[137] Patna also has lower courts; the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases.[138][139] The Patna Police, commanded by Senior Superintendent of Police, is overseen by the Bihar Government's Home Department. The Patna district elects two representatives to India's lower house, the Lok Sabha,[140] and 14 representatives to the state legislative assembly.

City representatives (Legislators) 
Member Party Constituency Source
Ravi Shankar Prasad, MP BJP Patna Sahib [141]
Ram Kripal Yadav, MP BJP Pataliputra [142]
Sanjiv Chaurasia, MLA BJP Digha [143]
Nitin Naveen, MLA BJP Bankipur [143]
Nand Kishore Yadav, MLA BJP Patna Sahib [143]
Arun Kumar Sinha, MLA BJP Kumhrar [143]
Jai Vardhan Yadav, MLA RJD Paliganj [143]
Rama Nand Yadav, MLA RJD Fatuha [144]
Ritlal Yadav, MLA RJD Danapur [143]
Bhai Virendra, MLA RJD Maner [145]
Gopal Ravidas, MLA CPI-ML(L) Phulwari [146]

Utility services

 
Bhootnath Road TV Tower broadcasts programming to Patna

Groundwater fulfills the basic needs of the people,[147] administered by Patna Jal Parishad under Patna Municipal Corporation.[148] The public water supply system comprises 98 tube wells[149] that pump water directly to the distribution mains. Around 23 overhead reservoirs[147] of which only the one's at Agam Kuan, Gulzarbagh Press, Guru Gobind Singh Hospital and High Court serves the city. The sewerage system in Patna was set up in 1936. At present, there are four sewage treatment plants[150] at Saidpur, Beur, Pahari and Karmali Chak.[151] In 2019, the central government has started the process Nirmal Ganga, which is to build new sewerage infrastructure at Patna's Karmalichak as well as in Barh, Naugachia and Sultanganj. The new infrastructure will be capable of preventing the flow of 67 million litre of sewage into Ganga.[152]

As of 2011, the city's electricity consumption is about 601 kWh per capita, even though the actual demand is much higher.[153] Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited[154] managed by Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (the holding company and a successor company of erstwhile Bihar State Electricity Board).[155] The city forms the Patna Electricity Supply Unit (PESU)[156] Circle, which is further divided into two wings namely Patna East (consists Kankarbagh, Patna City, Gulzarbagh, Bankipore, Rajendra Nagar Divisions) and Patna West (Consists Danapur, New Capital, Pataliputra, Gardanibagh, Dak Bungalow divisions).[157][158]

Direct–to–home (DTH) is available via DD Free Dish, Airtel digital TV, Dish TV, Tata Sky, Videocon d2h, Sun Direct and Reliance Digital TV.[159] Cable companies include Darsh Digital Network Pvt. Ltd.,[160] SITI Maurya Cablenet Pvt. Ltd[161] etc. The Conditional Access System for cable television was implemented in March 2013.[162]

Patna comes under the Patna Telecom District of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL),[163] India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Both Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services are available.[164] Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service.[165] Among private enterprises, Bharti Airtel, Reliance Jio, Reliance GSM/CDMA, Idea Cellular, Aircel, Tata Teleservices (Tata DoCoMo, Virgin Mobile and Tata Indicom), Telenor (Formerly Uninor & Now Acquired by Bharti Airtel), Vodafone and Videocon Telecom[166] are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.[167][168]

Patna was the second Indian city, after Bangalore,[169] which offered free WiFi connectivity to its citizens in February 2014. By surpassing the previous record-holder, Beijing in China,[170] Patna's WiFi zone is the world's longest free WiFi zone, which covers a 20-km stretch from NIT Patna on Ashok Rajpath to Danapur.[171][172]

Transport

Roads

 
Bihar's longest flyover from Jagdeo Path Mor to Sheikhpura Mor in Bailey Road, Patna
 
Chiriyatand Flyover at Patna, one of the many new ones that have come up in the city recently.
 
Radio Taxis
 
Digha–Sonpur Bridge connecting Patna with North Bihar.

Patna is about 100 km south of national East – West Highway corridor. The NH 30, NH 31 and NH 2 passes through the city. The Ashok Rajpath, Patna-Danapur Road, Bailey Road, Harding Road and Kankarbagh old bypass Road are the major corridors. Patna was one of the first places in India to use horse-drawn trams for public transport.[173] Public transportation is provided for by buses, auto rickshaws and local trains. Auto rickshaws are said to be the lifeline of the city.[174] BSRTC has started City bus service on all major routes of Patna.[175][176] App based cab service is available within city.[177][178] Patna is about 70.02KM away from Chhapra

Air transport

Patna Airport known as Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan International Airport is classified as a restricted international airport.[179] The arrival of several low-cost carriers and a number of new destinations have caused a growth in air traffic in recent years, as has an improvement in the situation with regard to law and order.[180] For the period April to December 2009 the airport ranked first in a survey of 46 airports in the country in terms of percentage growth of domestic passengers as well as domestic aircraft movement.[181] The Airport Authority of India (AAI) has proposed to develop a civil enclave at Bihta Air Force Station to serve as the new airport for Patna. The military airfield lies 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Patna, in Bihta.[182]

Railways

 
Patna Junction Railway Station, Patna

Patna is served by several railway stations within. The Patna Junction railway station is the main railway station of the city, and one of the busiest railway stations in India.[183] Patna lies in between New Delhi and Kolkata on Howrah–Delhi main line, which is one of the busiest rail routes in India.[184] Patna Junction is directly connected to most of the major cities in India.[185] The city has four additional major railway stations: Rajendra Nagar Terminal (adjacent to Kankarbagh), Patliputra Junction (near Bailey road), Danapur (near western outskirts) and Patna Sahib (in Patna City area). Danapur is the divisional headquarters of East Central Railway zone's Danapur railway division. Patna is well connected with neighbouring Gaya, Jehanabad, Bihar Sharif, Rajgir, Islampur through daily passenger and express train services. And also connected with Jamalpur Junction and Munger. India's longest road-cum-rail bridge, Digha–Sonpur bridge has been constructed across river Ganges, connecting Digha, Patna to Pahleja Ghat in Sonpur.[186] The bridge was completed in 2015,[187][188] It is 4.55 kilometres (2.83 mi) long and therefore the second longest rail-cum-road bridge in India, after Bogibeel Bridge in Assam.[189]

The city is served by several major road highways and state highways, including National Highways 19,[190] 30,[191] 31,[192] and 83.[193] Pataliputra Bus Terminal is an upcoming ISBT. Asia's longest river bridge, the Mahatma Gandhi Setu (built 1982), is in Patna and connects the city to Hajipur across the Ganga. In recent times, the bridge has been witnessing major traffic chaos and accidents due to exceeding number of vehicles passing over it and regularly overloading the structure.[194] A new six lane road bridge across the Ganges parallel to Mahatma Gandhi Setu is proposed which would connect Kacchi Dargah in Patna City to Bidupur in Vaishali district,[195] which will be the longest bridge in India after completion.[196] Patna is well connected with roads to various major cities of Bihar like Hajipur, Munger, Jamalpur, Bhagalpur, Gaya, and Purnia.

Patna is 1,015 kilometres (631 mi) East from Delhi, 1,802 kilometres (1,120 mi) North East from Mumbai,1,527 kilometres (949 mi) North from Hyderabad and 556 kilometres (345 mi) North West from Kolkata.[197] Luxury bus service between Patna and several neighbouring cities is provided by the Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation and the Bihar State Road Transport Corporation.[198] Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transportation.[199] Prepaid auto services operated by an all-women crew was started in 2013 in Patna, which is the first of its kind in India.[200] Radio Taxi services are also available within city limit as well as outskirts. There are private options such as Ola Cabs.[178][177]

Metro

Patna Metro is an under-construction rapid transit system for the city. It would be owned and operated by state run Patna Metro Rail Corporation.[201] It will be constructed on Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode, estimated to cost ₹140 billion (US$2 billion).[202] It will have 5 lines with a total planned length of 60 kilometres (37 mi) km, which will be built in 3 phases.[203] Patna Monorail Project covering the municipal area is also underway. Recently the central government approved Patna metro rail project comprising two corridors (Danapur - Khemnichak and Patna Junction - Pataliputra Bus Terminal). According to government, the project will be completed until 2025 with an estimated cost of Rs. 133657.7 million.[204]

 
River Port on National Waterway 1 at Gai Ghat, Patna

The Ganges – navigable throughout the year – was the principal river highway across the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period; it served as a major trade route, as goods were transported from Pataliputra to the Bay of Bengal and further, to ports in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links – it embraces all the major rivers and streams in both north and south Bihar.[205] In recent times, Inland Waterways Authority of India has declared the stretch of river Ganges between Allahabad and Haldia National Inland Waterway and has taken steps to restore and maintain its navigability. The National Waterway-1, the longest Waterway in India, stretches 1620 km in the River Ganga from Allahabad to Haldia via Varanasi, Munger, Bhagalpur passes through Patna.[206] This National Waterways has fixed terminal at Patna.[207]

Culture

 
Magahi folk singers
 
Gandhi Maidan (shown above) lies in the heart of Patna and is the site for most political and social functions in the city.
 
The Mahavir Mandir is a famous temple in Patna.

Patna's native language is Magahi or Magadhi a language derived from the ancient Magadhi Prakrit,[208] which was created in the ancient kingdom of Magadha, the core of which was the area of Patna south of the Ganges. It is believed to be the language spoken by Gautama Buddha. Patna has a vibrant Bengali culture too with many Bengali stalwarts including the first Chief Minister of post-independence West Bengal, Bidhan Chandra Ray, being born here. The numerous Bengali speaking Patnaites have contributed massively into fine arts, culture, education and history of Bihar in general and Patna in particular.[209] However, Magahi was the official language of the Mauryan court, in which the edicts of Ashoka were composed.[210]

The name Magahi is directly derived from the name Magadhi Prakrit, and educated speakers of Magahi prefer to call it "Magadhi" rather than "Magahi".[211]

Patna has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic[212] and Indo-Saracenic architectural motifs. Several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures";[213][214] others are in various stages of decay.[215] Established in 1917 as the Bihar's first museum, the Patna Museum (पटना संग्रहालय) houses large collections that showcase Indian natural history and Indian art.[216] The Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library and Sinha Library are historic public libraries of Patna.[217][218]

Several theatres are in or near the central part of the city, including the Bhartiya Nritya Kala Mandir, the Rabindra Parishad, Premchand Rangshala and the Kalidas Rangalaya, which is home to the Bihar art theatre. Kalidas Rangalaya also hosts the Patliputra Natya Mahotsav, a dance festival.[219] But in the last two decades, the popularity of commercial theatres in the city has declined.[220]

The Patna School of Painting or Patna Qalaam, some times also called Company style, is an offshoot of the well-known Mughal Miniature school of painting, which flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to the mid-20th centuries.[221] The practitioners of this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting who facing persecution under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and who found refuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna during the late 18th century. The Patna painters differed from the Mughal painters, whose subjects included only royalty and court scenes, in that they included as subjects bazaar scenes, scenes of Indian daily life, local dignitaries, festivals and ceremonies, and nature scenes.[222] The paintings were executed in watercolours on paper and on mica, but the style was generally of a hybrid and undistinguished quality. It is this school of painting that inspired the formation of the College of Arts and Crafts, Patna, under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan, which is an important centre of fine arts in Bihar.[222]

Some well known dishes of Bihari cuisine include sattu paratha (parathas stuffed with roasted gram flour), "sattu ka sharbat" (a spiced drink with roasted gram flour as main ingredient), chokha (spicy mashed potatoes), fish curry, Bihari kebab, postaa-dana kaa halwaa, malpua, dal pitha (Similar to momos), kheer makhana (fox nut) and thekua/khajuria (a type of snack).[223]

Street foods such as samosa,[224] chaat, jalebi, litti chokha, phuchka (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind sauce), South Indian and Chinese cuisine are favourite among Patnaites.[225] Taj Hotel Patna is under construction at Budh Marg Lodipur.[226]

Bihari Women have traditionally worn cotton sari but shalwar kameez and other western attire are gaining acceptance among younger women.[227] Western attire has gained wide acceptance among the urban men, although the traditional dhoti and kurta[228] are seen during festivals. Chhath, also called Dala Chhath, is a major ancient festival in Bihar.[229] It is celebrated twice a year: once in the summer, called the Chaiti Chhath, and once about a week after Deepawali, called the Kartik Chhath. Durga Puja, held in September–October, is Patna's another important festival; it is an occasion for glamorous celebrations.[230][231] Among the city's other festivals, are Saraswati Puja, Eid, Holi, Christmas, Vishwakarma Puja, Makar Sankranti, Raksha Bandhan and Rath Yatra. Cultural events include the Patna Book Fair, Patna Sahib Mahotsav, the Patna Film Festival, Bihar Diwas, Rajgir Mahotsav, Vaishali Mahotsav and the Sonepur Cattle Fair in neighbouring towns.

  •  

    A murti, or representation, of the goddess Durga shown during the Durga Puja festival

  •  

    People Celebrating Chhath Festival the 2nd Day at Morning a tribute to the rising holy God Sun

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Patna
 
Golghar was originally built to serve as a granary for the British East India company army during the famine of 1786. It now features an observation deck overlooking the Ganges and the city.
 
Sabhyata Dwar in Patna

Patna is home to many tourist attractions and it saw about 2.4 million tourists (including day visitors) in 2005. Tourists visiting the city accounted for 41% of the total number of tourists visiting Bihar although Bodh Gaya was the most popular destination for foreign visitors.[232] The cultural heritage of Bihar is reflected in its many ancient monuments. Kumhrar and Agam Kuan are the sites of the ruins of the Ashokan Pataliputra. Didarganj Yakshi remains as an example of Mauryan art.[233]

Takht Sri Patna Sahib is one of the Five Takhts of Sikhism and consecrates the birthplace of the tenth Guru of the Sikhs, Gobind Singh.[234] There are five other Gurdwaras in Patna which are related to different Sikh Gurus; these are Gurdwara Pahila Bara,[235] Gurdwara Gobind Ghat,[236] Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh,[237]Gurdwara Bal Leela,[238] Gurdwara Handi Sahib.[239] and Prakash Punj.[240] Padri Ki Haveli, High Court, Golghar, Sultan Palace and Secretariat Building are examples of British architecture. Gandhi Maidan is a historic ground in Patna where several freedom movement rallies took place. Nealy built Buddha Smriti Park near Patna Junction is also becoming a major tourist attraction.

The Patna Planetarium (Indira Gandhi Planetarium) is in Patna's Indira Gandhi Science Complex. It claims to be one of the largest planetariums in Asia and to attract a large number of tourists.[241][better source needed] The Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan (Patna Zoo) is at Bailey Road, Raj Bhawan, Rajbanshi Nagar, and includes over 300 mammals, 300 birds and 450 species of reptiles as of January 2019.[242]

In 2015, the Bihar government has built a state-of-the-art art landmark museum in Patna at a cost of approximately ₹530 crores[243] on a site of 13.9 acres at Bailey Road.[244] 5 firms were shortlisted for the architectural design,[245] of which the Japanese firm Maki and Associates was chosen. It is now completed and opened for all.[246] Completed in May 2018, the Sabhyata Dwar was built with a Mauryan-style architecture. It was opened to the general public in December 2018.[247]

In 2014, the Bihar government laid the foundation of Samrat Ashok International Convention Centre. It is expected to use more steel than used in raising Eiffel Tower and Indira Gandhi International Airport. Construction of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Science City began in February 2019.[248] The Eco Park is in Jawaharlal Nehru Marg. It has more than 3,000 varieties of plants and includes several theme parks, a restaurant and a boat trip zone.

Education

See also: List of schools in Patna, List of educational institutions in Patna, and Education in India
 
Indian Institute of Technology Patna at Bihta, one of the premier institutes of engineering and research in India.
 
Patna College, established 1863, is considered to be the oldest institution of higher education in Bihar.

Schools in Patna are either government-run schools or private schools. The schools are affiliated to Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. A number of Bengali medium schools also thrive in Patna.[249] Hindi and English are the primary languages of instruction.[250] A 2012 survey found 1,574 schools: of these, 78% were private unaided schools (most of them at affordable cost), 21% were government schools and 1% were private aided.[251]

Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated to the Bihar State Intermediate Board, the All-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the NIOS[252] or the CBSE, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.[249] This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.[253]

Patna has important government educational institutions like Patna University, Anugrah Narayan College, Chanakya National Law University, Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bakhtiyarpur College of Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna, Patna Science College, Patna Women's College, Patna Law College, Bihar Veterinary College, J.D. Women's College, Birla Institute of Technology, Patna,[254] Patna Medical College Hospital, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Nalanda Medical College Hospital, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Mahavir Cancer Sansthan, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna, Chandragupta Institute of Management, Development Management Institute, National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Patliputra University.[255]

Patna University was established in 1917 and is the seventh oldest modern university in the Indian Sub-continent.[256] Patna also has a variety of other universities, as well as many primary and secondary schools.

Nalanda University (also known as Nalanda International University) is a newly established university in Rajgir, around 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Patna. The University, created as a revival of an ancient centre of learning at Nalanda, began its first academic session on 1 September 2014.[257] It will attract students from across the globe.[258]

Sports

As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Patna and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the city.[259] There are several sports grounds across the city. The Bihar Cricket Association, which regulates cricket in Bihar,[260] is based in the city. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, basketball, football, badminton, and table tennis, are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.

Moin-ul-Haq Stadium, which has a capacity of 25,000, has served as the venue for two one-day international cricket matches and several national sport events.[261] It was home to the Bihar cricket team. Due to negligence and lack of maintenance, the stadium is in a dilapidated state and no international match has been played here since 1996.[262] In 2013, it was announced by the Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar that an international cricket stadium will be constructed at Rajgir.[263]

The Patna Golf Club was established on 21 March 1916, and is one of the oldest golf courses in India. It has 18 holes in a historic setting in and around Bailey Road, a 165-acre (67 ha) course.[264][265]

Patna hosted the first ever woman's Kabaddi world cup.[266] It was held at the Patliputra Sports Complex, Kankarbagh from 1 to 4 March 2012.[267] Hosts India won the World Cup defeating Iran in the finals.[268] Patna also hosts the seven league matches of Pro Kabaddi League with its home team as Patna Pirates at the Patliputra Sports Complex.[269]

Other famous sports complexes of Patna are Bihar Military Police's Mithilesh Stadium,[270] East Central Railway zone's indoor stadium at Digha[271] etc.

Media

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started in Patna in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta from Dinapure, Patna, Udyoga and Chaitanya Chandrika.[272] Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to many districts of Bihar.[273][274]

Magahi Parishad, established in Patna in 1952, pioneered Magadhi journalism in Bihar. It started the monthly journal, Magadhi, which was later renamed Bihan.[275]

Many national media agencies, including the Press Trust of India and Doordarshan's regional offices, are based in the city.[276] The Hindu, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Economic Times and The Telegraph are the five principal English-language daily newspapers which have Patna editions. The Pioneer and The Indian Express,[277] though not printed in the city, are other English-language daily newspapers available in the city. The city's Hindi newspapers include Hindustan Dainik, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar,[278] Prabhat Khabar, Aaj and Rashtriya Sahara,[277] all of which have editions from Patna. There are also daily Urdu newspapers like Qaumi Tanzeem and Farooqi Tanzeem published in Patna.[277] There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid Inext.[279]

Patna has several AM and FM radio stations, including many state-owned channels. The city hosts several radio stations, including the state-owned All India Radio's Vividh Bharati, and FM 105. The All India Radio, Patna (officially Akashvani Patna Kendra) was established in 1948.[280]

Patna is served by several private channels.

Private FM stations

No. Name Frequency Language
01 Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM Hindi
02 Radio City 91.1 FM Hindi
03 Big FM 95.0 FM Hindi & Bhojpuri
04 Red FM 93.5 FM Hindi

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Patna

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Lewis Sydney Steward O'Malley, ed. (1924). Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna. Concept Publishing Company. p. 256. ISBN 9788172681210.
January 19, 2023
patna, this, article, about, capital, city, bihar, namesake, district, district, other, uses, disambiguation, hindi, ˈpəʈnaː, listen, historically, known, pataliputra, capital, largest, city, state, bihar, india, according, united, nations, 2018, population, m. This article is about Patna the capital city of Bihar For its namesake district see Patna district For other uses see Patna disambiguation Patna ˈ p ae t n e ˈ p ʌ t 13 Hindi ˈpeʈnaː listen historically known as Pataliputra is the capital and largest city of the state of Bihar in India 1 According to the United Nations as of 2018 Patna had a population of 2 35 million 14 making it the 19th largest city in India 1 Covering 250 square kilometres 97 sq mi and over 2 5 million people its urban agglomeration is the 18th largest in India Patna serves as the seat of Patna High Court The Buddhist Hindu and Jain pilgrimage centres of Vaishali Rajgir Nalanda Bodh Gaya and Pawapuri are nearby and Patna City is a sacred city for Sikhs as the tenth Sikh Guru Guru Gobind Singh was born here 15 The modern city of Patna is mainly on the southern bank of the river Ganges The city also straddles the rivers Sone Gandak and Punpun The city is approximately 35 kilometres 22 mi in length and 16 to 18 kilometres 9 9 to 11 2 mi wide PatnaMetropolisFrom top left to right Patna Skyline Patna High Court Patna Museum Buddha Smriti Park Bihar Museum AIIMS Patna Patna College Digha Sonpur Bridge Mahavir Mandir Takht Sri Patna Sahib IIT Patna Bailey Road Patna Ambuja City Center PatnaPatnaLocation in PatnaShow map of PatnaPatnaLocation in BiharShow map of BiharPatnaLocation in IndiaShow map of IndiaCoordinates 25 36 N 85 06 E 25 6 N 85 1 E 25 6 85 1 Coordinates 25 36 N 85 06 E 25 6 N 85 1 E 25 6 85 1Country IndiaStateBiharDivisionPatnaDistrictPatnaPataliputra490BCFounded byUdayinGovernment TypeMunicipal corporation BodyPatna Municipal Corporation MayorSita Sahu 2 Municipal CommissionerAnimesh Kumar Parashar IAS District MagistrateSri Chandrashekar Singh IAS Area 3 City250 km2 100 sq mi Urban600 km2 200 sq mi Metro1 167 km2 451 sq mi Rank18Elevation 4 53 m 174 ft Population 2011 5 City1 683 200 IN 19th 1 Urban2 046 652 IN 18th Metro3 874 000 IN 12th Demonym s Pataniya Hindi PatnaiteLanguage OfficialHindi 6 Additional officialUrdu 6 RegionalMagahi 7 8 Time zoneUTC 5 30 IST Pincode s 8000xx Patna 9 Area Code s 91 0 612ISO 3166 codeIN BR PAIN PATVehicle registrationBR 01Literacy 2011 82 73 10 Sex ratio 2011 897 1000 5 HDI 2016 0 811 11 very high GDP Nominal Patna District USD 30 billion 2022 12 Websitepatna wbr nic wbr inOne of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world 16 Patna was founded in 490 BCE by the king of Magadha Ancient Patna known as Pataliputra was the capital of the Magadh Empire through Haryanka Nanda Mauryan Shunga Gupta and Pala dynasties Pataliputra was a seat of learning and fine arts It was home to many astronomers and scholars including Aryabhata Vatsyayana and Chanakya 17 18 During the Maurya period around 300 BCE its population was about 400 000 19 Patna served as the seat of power and political and cultural centre of the Indian subcontinent during the Maurya and Gupta empires 20 With the fall of the Gupta Empire Patna lost its glory It was revived again in the 17th century by the British as a centre of international trade Following the partition of Bengal presidency in 1912 Patna became the capital of Bihar and Orissa Province 21 Until the 19th century it was a major trading and commercial hub in India 22 After independence there were a few downturns but its economy was still stable 23 After the separation of Jharkhand from Bihar it lost its glory 24 Now trials are made to develop the city 25 As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of Bihar Nominal GDP of Patna District was estimated at INR 63 176 55 crores in 2011 12 12 26 As of 2011 12 Patna already recorded per capita gross domestic product of 1 08 657 way ahead of many other Indian cities and state capitals 12 27 Using figures for assumed average annual growth Patna is the 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India according to a study by the City Mayors Foundation Patna registered an average annual growth of 3 72 during 2006 2010 28 As of 2011 12 GDP per capita of Patna is 1 08 657 and its GDP growth rate is 7 29 per cent In June 2009 the World Bank ranked Patna second in India after Delhi for ease of starting a business 29 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Ancient Era 2 2 Mauryan Empire 2 3 Gupta and Pala empire 2 4 Mughal Empire 2 5 Portuguese Empire 2 6 British Empire 2 6 1 Indian Independence Movement 2 7 Post Independence 3 Geography 3 1 Topography 3 2 Climate 3 3 Air pollution 4 Economy 5 Demographics 6 Administration 6 1 Blocks 7 Government 7 1 Civic administration 8 Politics 9 Utility services 10 Transport 10 1 Roads 10 2 Air transport 10 3 Railways 10 4 Metro 11 Culture 12 Tourism 13 Education 14 Sports 15 Media 15 1 Private FM stations 16 Notable people 17 See also 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External linksEtymology EditMain article Names of Patna The name of this city has changed with time One of the oldest cities of India there are several theories regarding the origin of the modern name Patna Bengali প টন Devanagari पटन Kaithi 𑂣𑂗𑂢 Gurmukhi ਪਟਨ Urdu پٹنہ It is etymologically derived from Patan Devanagari पटन the name of the Hindu goddess Patan Devi 30 Patan Devi Mandir is still in old Patna near Gulzarbagh mandi along with another Patan Devi Mandir near Takht Sri Patna Sahib Many believe Patna derived its name from Patli a tree variety that was found in abundance in the historic city 31 It is also seen on the state tourism s logo 32 The place is mentioned in Chinese traveller Fa Hien s records as Pa lin fou 30 The city has been known by various names through more than 2 000 years of existence Pataligrama Pataliputra Kusumapura Kusumdhwaja Pushpapuram Padmavathi Azimabad and the present day Patna 33 34 Legend ascribes the origin of Patna to the mythological King Putraka who created Patna by magic for his queen Patali literally trumpet flower which gives it its ancient name Pataligrama It is said that in honour of the queen s first born the city was named Pataliputra Gram is Sanskrit for village and Putra means son 35 Legend also says that the Emerald Buddha was created in Patna then Pataliputra by Nagasena in 43 BCE 36 History EditMain article History of Patna See also Pataliputra History of Bihar and Timeline for Bihar Ancient Era Edit Traditional Buddhist literature attributes foundation of Patna 490 BCE 37 38 as Ajatashatru the king of Magadha wanted to shift his capital from the hilly Rajagrha today Rajgir to a strategically chosen place to better combat the Licchavis of Vaishali 39 He chose the site on the bank of the Ganges and fortified the area Gautama Buddha travelled through this place in the last year of his life He prophesied a great future for this place even as he predicted its ruin due to flood fire and feud 40 According to Dieter Schlingloff the Buddhist accounts may have presented the grandeur of Patna as a prophecy and that its wooden fortifications unlike other early historic Indian cities indicate that it might be much older than thought but only archaeological excavation and C14 dates of its wooden palisades which is presently lacking may establish this 41 Mauryan Empire Edit Statue of Matrikas found near Agam Kuan built by Ashoka Megasthenes the Indo Greek historian and ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya gave one of the earliest accounts of the city He wrote that the city was on the confluence of the rivers Ganga and Arennovoas Sonabhadra Hiranyawah and was 14 kilometres 9 mi long and 2 82 kilometres 1 75 mi wide 42 43 Megasthenes the Greek ambassador to India described the city as the greatest city on earth during its heyday 44 The Shungas ultimately retained control of Pataliputra and ruled for almost 100 years The Shungas were followed by the Kanvas and eventually by the Guptas 45 A number of Chinese travellers came to India in pursuit of knowledge and recorded their observations about Pataliputra in their travelogues One such famous account was recorded by a Chinese Buddhist traveller Fa Hien who visited India between 399 and 414 CE and stayed here for many months translating Buddhist texts 46 When Chinese Buddhist Monk Faxian visited the city in 400 A D he found the people to be rich and prosperous they practised virtue and justice He found that the nobles and householders of the city had constructed several hospitals in which the poor of all countries the destitute the crippled and the diseased can get treatment They could receive every kind of help gratuitously Physicians would inspect the diseases and order them food drink and medicines 47 page needed Pataliputra as a capital of the Magadha Empire Pataliputra as a capital of Maurya Empire The Maurya Empire at its largest extent under Ashoka the Great Pataliputra as a capital of Shunga Empire Approximate greatest extent of the Shunga Empire c 185 BCE Pataliputra as a capital of Gupta Empire Approximate greatest extent of the Gupta Empire Gupta and Pala empire Edit Main street of Patna showing one side of the Chowk 1814 15 City of Patna on the River Ganges 19th century painting In the years that followed many dynasties ruled the Indian subcontinent from the city including the Gupta dynasty and the Pala kings With the disintegration of the Gupta empire Patna passed through uncertain times Bakhtiar Khilji captured Bihar in the 12th century and destroyed everything and Patna lost its prestige as the political and cultural centre of India 48 Guru Gobind Singh 22 December 1666 7 October 1708 the tenth Guru of the Sikhs was born as Gobind Rai in Patna to Guru Teg Bahadur the ninth Guru of the Sikhs and his wife Mata Gujri His birthplace Patna Sahib is one of the most sacred sites of pilgrimage for Sikhs 49 Mughal Empire Edit The Mughal Empire was a period of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi 50 The most remarkable period during the Middle Ages was under the Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri who revived Patna in the middle of the 16th century He built a fort and founded a town on the banks of the Ganges Sher Shah s fort in Patna does not survive although the Sher Shah Suri mosque built in Afghan architectural style does Mughal emperor Akbar reached Patna in 1574 to crush the rebellious Afghan Chief Daud Khan One of the navratnas from Akbar s court his official historian and author of Ain i Akbari Abul Fazl refers to Patna as a flourishing centre for paper stone and glass industries He also refers to the high quality of numerous strains of rice grown in Patna famous as Patna rice in Europe 51 By 1620 the city of Patna was being described as the chiefest mart towne of all Bengala i e largest town in Bengal 39 52 in northern India the largest town in Bengal and the most famous for trade 53 This was before the founding of the city of Calcutta Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb acceded to the request of his favourite grandson Prince Muhammad Azim to rename Patna as Azimabad in 1704 while Azim was in Patna as the subedar Patna or Azimabad did see some violent activities according to Phillip Mason writing in the book The Men Who Ruled India Aurangzeb had restored the poll tax Jazia on unbelievers and this had to be compounded for In Patna Peacock the Chief of the factory was not sufficiently obliging and was seized forced to walk through the town bare headed and bare footed and subjected to many other indignities before he paid up and was released Little changed during this period other than the name With the decline of the Mughal empire Patna moved into the hands of the Nawabs of Bengal who levied a heavy tax on the populace but allowed it to flourish as a commercial centre The mansions of the Maharaja of Tekari Raj dominated the Patna riverfront in 1811 12 54 In 1750 the future Nawab of Bengal Siraj ud Daulah revolted against his grandfather Alivardi Khan and seized Patna but quickly surrendered and was forgiven 55 Portuguese Empire Edit As trade grew settlements of the Portuguese empire expanded to the Bengal Gulf Since at least 1515 the Portuguese were at Bengal as traders and later in 1521 an embassy was sent to Gaur to be able to create factories in the region The Bengal Sultan after 1534 allowed the Portuguese to create several settlements as Chitagoong e Satgaon 56 In 1535 the Portuguese were allied with the Bengal sultan and held the Teliagarhi pass 57 280 km from Patna helping to avoid the invasion by the Mughals By then several of the products came from Patna and the Portuguese send in traders establishing a factory there since 1580 at least 58 The products were shipped out down the river until other Portuguese ports as Chittagoon e Satgaoon and from there to the rest of the empire British Empire Edit During the 17th century Patna became a centre of international trade 52 In 1620 the English East India Company established a factory in Patna for trading in calico and silk Soon it became a trading centre for saltpetre Francois Bernier in Travels in the Mogul Empire 1656 1668 says It was carried down the Ganges with great facility and the Dutch and English sent large cargoes to many parts of the Indies and to Europe This trade encouraged other Europeans principally the French Danes Dutch and Portuguese to compete in the lucrative business Peter Mundy writing in 1632 described Patna as the greatest mart of the eastern region 50 After the decisive Battle of Buxar of 1764 as per the treaty of Allahabad East India Company was given the right to collect tax of this former Mughal province by the Mughal emperor Patna was annexed by the company in 1793 to its territory when Nizamat Mughal suzerainty was abolished and the British East India Company took control of the province of Bengal Bihar Patna however continued as a trading centre In 1912 when the Bengal Presidency was partitioned Patna became the capital of the British province of Bihar and Orissa although in 1936 Orissa became a separate entity with its own capital Till date a major population of Bengalis live in Patna particularly 21 59 Street in Patna 1825 British active in India Golghar at Bankipore near Patna 1814 15Indian Independence Movement Edit People from Patna were greatly involved in the Indian independence movement 60 61 Most notable movements were the Champaran movement against the Indigo plantation and the 1942 Quit India Movement 62 63 National leaders who came from the city include Swami Sahajanand Saraswati the first President of the Constituent Assembly of India Dr Rajendra Prasad Bihar Vibhuti Anugrah Narayan Sinha Basawon Singh Sinha and Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan Post Independence Edit Patna remained the capital of Bihar after India gained independence in 1947 even as Bihar was partitioned again in 2000 when Jharkhand became a separate state of the Indian union 59 On 27 October 2013 six people were killed and 85 others were injured in a series of co ordinated bombings at an election rally for BJP candidate Narendra Modi 64 On 3 October 2014 33 people were killed and 26 injured in a stampede at Gandhi Maidan during Vijaya Dashmi celebrations 65 Geography EditSee also Geography of Bihar Topography Edit Map of Patna district Patna s Urban agglomeration Jurisdiction PopulationTown Type Estimate 2011 Patna Municipal Corporation 1 684 222Danapur Nagar Parishad 182 429Badalpura Out Growth 75Danapur Cantonment Cantonment Board 28 723Khagaul Nagar Parishad 44 364Nohsa Census Town 16 680Pataliputra Housing Colony Census Town 3 531Phulwari Sharif Nagar Parishad 81 740Saidpura Census Town 7 392Patna UA 2 049 156Patna district 5 838 465Source 66 67 Patna is on the southern bank of the river Ganges 68 The total area of Patna is 250 km2 97 sq mi Of this the municipal area constitutes 109 218 km2 42 169 sq mi The suburban area covers 140 782 km2 54 356 sq mi It has an average elevation of 53 m 174 ft A characteristic feature of the geography of Patna is its confluence of major rivers 69 During the British Raj Patna was part of the Bengal Presidency After Nalanda district was carved out of Patna district in 1976 70 Patna was purged of all hilly regions It is an alluvial flat expanse of land The land in the district is too fertile and is almost entirely cultivated with no forest cover Alluvial soil found here is ideal for cultivation of rice sugarcane and other foodgrains The area under cultivation is studded with mango orchards and bamboo groves In the fields along the banks of river Ganges weeds such as ammannia citriculari hygrophile and sesbania grow But palmyra date palm and mango orchards are found near habitations Dry stretches of shrubbery are sometimes seen in the villages far from the rivers Trees commonly found are bel siris jack fruit and the red cotton tree 71 Patna is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity 72 It is the largest riverine city in the world 73 The topography of Patna city is saucer shaped as per Patna City Development Plan prepared in 2006 74 75 The bridge over the river Ganges named Mahatma Gandhi Setu is 5575m long and is the longest river bridge in the India 76 Patna comes under India s seismic zone IV indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes but earthquakes have not been common in recent history 77 Patna also falls in the risk zone for floods and cyclones 78 79 Climate Edit Monsoon clouds over Priyadarshi Nagar a part of Kankarbagh residential area in Eastern Patna Patna has a humid subtropical climate under the Koppen climate classification Cwa with extremely hot summers from late March to June the monsoon season from late June to late September and chilly winter nights and foggy or sunny days from November to February 80 Highest temperature ever recorded was 46 6 C 115 9 F in the year 1966 81 the lowest ever was 1 1 C 34 F on 9 January 2013 82 and highest rainfall was 204 5 mm 8 05 in in the year 1997 81 The table below details historical monthly averages for climate variables Climate data for Patna Airport 1981 2010 extremes 1951 2013 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 30 0 86 0 35 1 95 2 41 4 106 5 44 6 112 3 45 6 114 1 46 6 115 9 41 2 106 2 39 7 103 5 37 5 99 5 37 2 99 0 34 1 93 4 30 5 86 9 46 6 115 9 Mean maximum C F 27 0 80 6 30 4 86 7 37 3 99 1 41 1 106 0 42 5 108 5 41 7 107 1 36 8 98 2 36 1 97 0 35 1 95 2 34 5 94 1 31 8 89 2 27 9 82 2 43 3 109 9 Average high C F 22 4 72 3 26 0 78 8 32 2 90 0 37 0 98 6 37 4 99 3 36 4 97 5 33 0 91 4 32 9 91 2 32 5 90 5 31 9 89 4 29 0 84 2 24 5 76 1 31 3 88 3 Average low C F 9 3 48 7 12 1 53 8 16 7 62 1 22 1 71 8 25 1 77 2 26 7 80 1 26 3 79 3 26 3 79 3 25 5 77 9 21 5 70 7 15 1 59 2 10 5 50 9 19 8 67 6 Mean minimum C F 5 1 41 2 7 8 46 0 11 6 52 9 17 1 62 8 20 6 69 1 23 1 73 6 23 8 74 8 23 6 74 5 22 6 72 7 16 9 62 4 10 5 50 9 6 9 44 4 4 9 40 8 Record low C F 1 1 34 0 3 4 38 1 8 2 46 8 13 3 55 9 17 7 63 9 19 3 66 7 21 1 70 0 20 5 68 9 19 0 66 2 12 0 53 6 7 7 45 9 2 2 36 0 1 1 34 0 Average rainfall mm inches 11 1 0 44 14 0 0 55 9 5 0 37 12 7 0 50 43 7 1 72 162 5 6 40 354 4 13 95 277 8 10 94 197 7 7 78 49 1 1 93 7 2 0 28 6 1 0 24 1 145 8 45 11 Average rainy days 1 2 1 3 0 7 1 0 2 9 6 9 14 3 12 5 9 5 2 9 0 5 0 6 54 2Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 65 52 37 32 42 59 75 75 76 68 67 69 60Mean monthly sunshine hours 207 7 228 8 260 4 264 0 272 8 192 0 130 2 151 9 162 0 238 7 240 0 201 5 2 550Mean daily sunshine hours 6 7 8 1 8 4 8 8 8 8 6 4 4 2 4 9 5 4 7 7 8 0 6 5 7 0Average ultraviolet index 6 7 9 11 12 12 12 12 11 8 6 5 9Source 1 India Meteorological Department sun 1971 2000 83 84 85 Source 2 Weather Atlas 86 Air pollution Edit Pollution is a major concern in Patna According to the CAG report tabled in the Bihar Legislative Assembly in April 2015 respirable suspended particulate matter RSPM level PM 10 in Patna was 355 three and a half times higher than the prescribed limit of 100 micro gram per cubic metre 87 primarily due to high vehicular 88 and industrial emissions 89 and construction activities in the city 90 In May 2014 a World Health Organization survey declared Patna the second most air polluted city in India only after Delhi with the survey calculating the airborne particulate matter in the state capital s ambient air PM 2 5 to be 149 micro grams six times more than the safe limit which is 25 micro grams 91 92 Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution related respiratory ailments such as lung cancer asthma dysentery and diarrhoea 93 94 The dense smog in Patna during winter season results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year 95 Economy EditThis section may require copy editing December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Economy of Patna Maurya Lok is one of the oldest and major shopping area of the city Patna has long been a major agricultural hub and centre of trade Its most active exports are grain sugarcane sesame and medium grained Patna rice There are several sugar mills in and around Patna 96 It is an important business and luxury brand centre of eastern India 97 The economy of Patna has seen sustained economic growth since 2005 The economy has been spurred by growth in the fast moving consumer goods industry the service sector along with Green revolution businesses 97 In 2009 the World Bank stated Patna as the second best city in India to start up a business 98 As of 2011 12 GDP per capita of Patna is 1 08 657 and its GDP growth rate is 7 29 per cent 99 Patna is the 21st fastest growing city in the world and the fifth fastest growing city in India and is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 3 72 28 The major business districts of the city are Bander Bagicha Exhibition Road Gandhi Maidan Marg Frazer Road Indrapuri and Maurya Lok Earlier Patna was an international trading hub and a major textile center Going back to the 19th century when silk factory was set up here so many foreign traders came to visit it and have some income After the independence the economy was still stable After the independence many vegetables and vegetable oils were manufactured in the city Until 1980s up and down in economy was there But till the 1990s when liberalisation came in India Patna didn t receive any global funds and foreign investments The trading and economic environment were fully destroyed There were many fertiliser plants and sugar mills But to week ecosystem company saw loses and it was also get closed A large number of manufacturing companies Hero Cycles Britannia Industries PepsiCo Sonalika Tractors and UltraTech Cement have come with there manufacturing plants in Patna metropolitan area World s second largest leather cluster is in Fatuha at Patna Patna is also emerging as an IT based economy Tata Consultancy Services Patna got operational in 2019 at its new office 100 Many business park are introduced to the city State Bank of India Patna Regional office at East Gandhi Maidan Marg Software Technology Park of India Patna Reserve Bank of India s regional office at South Gandhi Maidan Marg PatnaDemographics EditSee also Demographics of Bihar and List of cities in Bihar Historical populationYearPop 1807 14312 000 1820100 000 67 9 1865284 100 184 1 1872158 000 44 4 1881170 684 8 0 1891165 200 3 2 1901134 785 18 4 1911136 153 1 0 1921119 976 11 9 1931159 690 33 1 1941196 415 23 0 1951283 479 44 3 1961364 594 28 6 1971475 300 30 4 1981813 963 71 3 19911 099 647 35 1 20011 376 950 25 2 20111 683 200 22 2 Note Huge population decline after 1814 due to the decreasein the river borne trade persistent unhealthiness and repeatedepidemics of plaque Source 101 102 103 With an estimated population of 1 68 million in 2011 Patna is the 19th most populous city in India and with over 2 million people its urban agglomeration is the 18th largest in India Residents of Patna are referred to by the demonym Patnaite 104 105 According to 2011 census data Patna city had a population of 1 683 200 before expansion of the city limits within the corporation limits with 894 158 men and 789 042 women This was an increase of 22 2 per cent compared to the 2001 figures 11 32 per cent of the population was under six years of age with 102 208 boys while 88 288 are girls The overall literacy rate is 83 37 with the male literacy rate being 87 35 and the female literacy rate being 79 89 The sex ratio of Patna is 885 females per 1 000 males Child sex ratio of girls is 877 per 1000 boys 106 The urban agglomeration had a population of 2 046 652 of which 1 087 864 are males and 958 788 are females with 82 73 literacy 107 Patna is the second largest city in eastern India 108 According to the 2011 census of India Patna s major religion is Hinduism with 86 39 followers Islam is the second most popular religion in Patna with approximately 12 27 following it Christianity Jainism Sikhism and Buddhism with smaller followings are also practised in Patna During the last census report around 0 01 stated other religions and approximately 0 49 stated no particular religion 106 Roughly 0 25 of Patna s population lives in slums which makes Patna the city with the lowest percentage of people living in slum in India 109 Like other fast growing cities in the developing world Patna suffers from major urbanisation problems including unemployment poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population 110 In 2015 the National Sample Survey Organisation revealed that for females Patna had highest unemployment rate 34 6 and for males it was the second highest with a rate of 8 in 2011 12 111 Religions in Patna City 2011 106 Religion PercentHinduism 86 39 Islam 12 27 Christianity 1 92 Sikhism 0 98 Jainism 0 09 Others 0 52 Hindi is the official language of the state of Bihar and Urdu is the additional official language but many other languages are spoken too The native Language is Magadhi or Magahi named after Magadha the ancient name of South Bihar is most widely spoken Other spoken dialects and languages include Bhojpuri Angika Maithili Bengali and Oriya 112 Administration EditThe Patna sub division Tehsil is one of the 6 Tehsils of the Patna district It is headed by an IAS or state Civil service officer of the rank of Sub Divisional Magistrate SDM The SDM of Patna Tehsil reports to the District Magistrate DM of Patna District Blocks Edit The Patna Tehsil is divided into 3 Blocks each headed by a Block Development Officer BDO List of Blocks is as follows Patna Sampatchak Phulwari SharifGovernment EditCivic administration Edit The civic administration of Patna is run by several government agencies and has overlapping structural divisions At least five administrative definitions of the city are available listed in ascending order of area those are Patna division Patna district also the Patna Police area the Patna Metropolitan Region 113 also known as Patna Planning area 114 Greater Patna or PRDA area which adds to the PMC area a few areas just adjacent to it 115 and Patna Municipal Corporation area City officials Assumed office Office SourceCorporation Mayor Sita Sahu BJP June 2017 Maurya Lok 116 Corporation Commissioner Animesh Kumar Parashar IAS November 2021 Maurya Lok 117 Divisional Commissioner Sanjay Kumar Agarwal IAS October 2019 Near Golghar Gandhi Maidan 118 District Magistrate Dr Chandrashekhar Singh IAS January 2021 Patna Collectorate 119 Senior Superintendent of Police Manavjit Singh Dhillon IPS January 2022 South Gandhi Maidan Marg 120 The Patna Municipal Corporation or PMC oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city s 75 wards 116 which accommodates a population of 1 7 million as per 2011 Census The municipal corporation consists of democratically elected members each ward elects a Councillor to the PMC 121 The PMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis As Patna s apex body the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor in council which comprises a mayor a deputy mayor and other elected members of the PMC The Mayor is usually chosen through indirect election by the councillors from among themselves The functions of the PMC include water supply drainage and sewerage sanitation solid waste management street lighting and building regulation The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and head of the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation All executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner who is an Indian Administrative Service IAS officer appointed by the state government 122 Although the Municipal Corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city it is the Commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute The powers of the Commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the Corporation or the Standing Committee As of June 2017 the BJP won PMC Mayor seat the mayor is Sita Sahu while the deputy mayor is Vinay Kumar Pappu 116 The Patna Municipal Corporation was ranked 4th out of 21 Cities for best governance amp administrative practices in India in 2014 It scored 3 6 on 10 compared to the national average of 3 3 123 The revenue district of Patna come under the jurisdiction of a District Collector District Magistrate 124 The Collectors are in charge of the general administration property records and revenue collection for the Central Government and oversee the national elections held in the city 125 The Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited BUIDCO and the Patna Metropolitan Area Authority are responsible for the statutory planning and development of Patna Metropolitan Region 126 Patna Metropolitan Area Authority was established in 2016 127 It is the superseding agency for the former Patna Regional Development Authority PRDA which was dissolved in 2006 128 In addition to city government numerous commissions and state authorities including the Ministry of Tourism the Bihar Health Department the Bihar Water Resources Department National Ganga River Basin Authority Bihar State Pollution Control Board and the Bihar Public Service Commission play a role in the life of Patnaites As the capital of Bihar Patna plays a major role not only in state politics but in central politics as well 129 In October 2016 Bihar cabinet approved the Patna master plan 2031 which envisages development of a new airport at Bihta 130 131 As of August 2015 the area of Patna city along with its urban agglomeration is 250 square kilometres 97 sq mi 3 Patna master 2031 is the second master plan of city which has been passed ever after the last plan was approved for 1961 1981 132 Patna master plan covers six urban local bodies Patna Municipal Corporation Danapur Nagar Parishad Phulwarisharif Nagar Parishad Khagaul Nagar Parishad Maner Nagar Panchayat and Fatuha Nagar Parishad 133 The new master plan proposed to increase the area of Patna city to 1 167 square kilometres 451 sq mi to transform it as a metropolitan city 134 5 satellite towns have also been proposed in the master plan at Bihta Naubatpur Punpun Fatuha and Khusrupur Patna has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Government of India s flagship Smart Cities Mission 135 With the grade of a Smart City Patna will have highly up to date and radical provisions like uninterrupted electric supply first rate traffic and transport system superior health care and many other prime utilities Under this scheme the city will use digital technology that will act as the integral mechanism of the aforesaid facilities and thereby further elevate the lifestyle of the citizens A special purpose vehicle company named the Patna Smart City Limited has been formed to implement the smart city projects On 22 November 2017 Eptisa Servicios de Ingenieria SL of Spain was chosen as the project management consultant 136 Politics EditAs the seat of the Government of Bihar The city has several federal facilities including the Raj Bhavan Governor s house the Bihar Legislative Assembly the state secretariat which is housed in the Patna Secretariat and the Patna High Court The Patna High Court is one of the oldest High Court in India The Patna High Court has jurisdiction over the state of Bihar 137 Patna also has lower courts the Small Causes Court for civil matters and the Sessions Court for criminal cases 138 139 The Patna Police commanded by Senior Superintendent of Police is overseen by the Bihar Government s Home Department The Patna district elects two representatives to India s lower house the Lok Sabha 140 and 14 representatives to the state legislative assembly City representatives Legislators Member Party Constituency SourceRavi Shankar Prasad MP BJP Patna Sahib 141 Ram Kripal Yadav MP BJP Pataliputra 142 Sanjiv Chaurasia MLA BJP Digha 143 Nitin Naveen MLA BJP Bankipur 143 Nand Kishore Yadav MLA BJP Patna Sahib 143 Arun Kumar Sinha MLA BJP Kumhrar 143 Jai Vardhan Yadav MLA RJD Paliganj 143 Rama Nand Yadav MLA RJD Fatuha 144 Ritlal Yadav MLA RJD Danapur 143 Bhai Virendra MLA RJD Maner 145 Gopal Ravidas MLA CPI ML L Phulwari 146 Utility services Edit Bhootnath Road TV Tower broadcasts programming to Patna Groundwater fulfills the basic needs of the people 147 administered by Patna Jal Parishad under Patna Municipal Corporation 148 The public water supply system comprises 98 tube wells 149 that pump water directly to the distribution mains Around 23 overhead reservoirs 147 of which only the one s at Agam Kuan Gulzarbagh Press Guru Gobind Singh Hospital and High Court serves the city The sewerage system in Patna was set up in 1936 At present there are four sewage treatment plants 150 at Saidpur Beur Pahari and Karmali Chak 151 In 2019 the central government has started the process Nirmal Ganga which is to build new sewerage infrastructure at Patna s Karmalichak as well as in Barh Naugachia and Sultanganj The new infrastructure will be capable of preventing the flow of 67 million litre of sewage into Ganga 152 As of 2011 the city s electricity consumption is about 601 kWh per capita even though the actual demand is much higher 153 Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited 154 managed by Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited the holding company and a successor company of erstwhile Bihar State Electricity Board 155 The city forms the Patna Electricity Supply Unit PESU 156 Circle which is further divided into two wings namely Patna East consists Kankarbagh Patna City Gulzarbagh Bankipore Rajendra Nagar Divisions and Patna West Consists Danapur New Capital Pataliputra Gardanibagh Dak Bungalow divisions 157 158 Direct to home DTH is available via DD Free Dish Airtel digital TV Dish TV Tata Sky Videocon d2h Sun Direct and Reliance Digital TV 159 Cable companies include Darsh Digital Network Pvt Ltd 160 SITI Maurya Cablenet Pvt Ltd 161 etc The Conditional Access System for cable television was implemented in March 2013 162 Patna comes under the Patna Telecom District of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited BSNL 163 India s state owned telecom and internet services provider Both Global System for Mobile Communications GSM and Code division multiple access CDMA mobile services are available 164 Apart from telecom BSNL also provides broadband internet service 165 Among private enterprises Bharti Airtel Reliance Jio Reliance GSM CDMA Idea Cellular Aircel Tata Teleservices Tata DoCoMo Virgin Mobile and Tata Indicom Telenor Formerly Uninor amp Now Acquired by Bharti Airtel Vodafone and Videocon Telecom 166 are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city 167 168 Patna was the second Indian city after Bangalore 169 which offered free WiFi connectivity to its citizens in February 2014 By surpassing the previous record holder Beijing in China 170 Patna s WiFi zone is the world s longest free WiFi zone which covers a 20 km stretch from NIT Patna on Ashok Rajpath to Danapur 171 172 Transport EditRoads Edit Bihar s longest flyover from Jagdeo Path Mor to Sheikhpura Mor in Bailey Road Patna Chiriyatand Flyover at Patna one of the many new ones that have come up in the city recently Radio Taxis Digha Sonpur Bridge connecting Patna with North Bihar Patna is about 100 km south of national East West Highway corridor The NH 30 NH 31 and NH 2 passes through the city The Ashok Rajpath Patna Danapur Road Bailey Road Harding Road and Kankarbagh old bypass Road are the major corridors Patna was one of the first places in India to use horse drawn trams for public transport 173 Public transportation is provided for by buses auto rickshaws and local trains Auto rickshaws are said to be the lifeline of the city 174 BSRTC has started City bus service on all major routes of Patna 175 176 App based cab service is available within city 177 178 Patna is about 70 02KM away from Chhapra Air transport Edit Jay Prakash Narayan Airport Patna Patna Airport known as Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan International Airport is classified as a restricted international airport 179 The arrival of several low cost carriers and a number of new destinations have caused a growth in air traffic in recent years as has an improvement in the situation with regard to law and order 180 For the period April to December 2009 the airport ranked first in a survey of 46 airports in the country in terms of percentage growth of domestic passengers as well as domestic aircraft movement 181 The Airport Authority of India AAI has proposed to develop a civil enclave at Bihta Air Force Station to serve as the new airport for Patna The military airfield lies 40 kilometres 25 mi southwest of Patna in Bihta 182 Railways Edit Patna Junction Railway Station Patna Patna is served by several railway stations within The Patna Junction railway station is the main railway station of the city and one of the busiest railway stations in India 183 Patna lies in between New Delhi and Kolkata on Howrah Delhi main line which is one of the busiest rail routes in India 184 Patna Junction is directly connected to most of the major cities in India 185 The city has four additional major railway stations Rajendra Nagar Terminal adjacent to Kankarbagh Patliputra Junction near Bailey road Danapur near western outskirts and Patna Sahib in Patna City area Danapur is the divisional headquarters of East Central Railway zone s Danapur railway division Patna is well connected with neighbouring Gaya Jehanabad Bihar Sharif Rajgir Islampur through daily passenger and express train services And also connected with Jamalpur Junction and Munger India s longest road cum rail bridge Digha Sonpur bridge has been constructed across river Ganges connecting Digha Patna to Pahleja Ghat in Sonpur 186 The bridge was completed in 2015 187 188 It is 4 55 kilometres 2 83 mi long and therefore the second longest rail cum road bridge in India after Bogibeel Bridge in Assam 189 The city is served by several major road highways and state highways including National Highways 19 190 30 191 31 192 and 83 193 Pataliputra Bus Terminal is an upcoming ISBT Asia s longest river bridge the Mahatma Gandhi Setu built 1982 is in Patna and connects the city to Hajipur across the Ganga In recent times the bridge has been witnessing major traffic chaos and accidents due to exceeding number of vehicles passing over it and regularly overloading the structure 194 A new six lane road bridge across the Ganges parallel to Mahatma Gandhi Setu is proposed which would connect Kacchi Dargah in Patna City to Bidupur in Vaishali district 195 which will be the longest bridge in India after completion 196 Patna is well connected with roads to various major cities of Bihar like Hajipur Munger Jamalpur Bhagalpur Gaya and Purnia Patna is 1 015 kilometres 631 mi East from Delhi 1 802 kilometres 1 120 mi North East from Mumbai 1 527 kilometres 949 mi North from Hyderabad and 556 kilometres 345 mi North West from Kolkata 197 Luxury bus service between Patna and several neighbouring cities is provided by the Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation and the Bihar State Road Transport Corporation 198 Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transportation 199 Prepaid auto services operated by an all women crew was started in 2013 in Patna which is the first of its kind in India 200 Radio Taxi services are also available within city limit as well as outskirts There are private options such as Ola Cabs 178 177 Metro Edit Patna Metro is an under construction rapid transit system for the city It would be owned and operated by state run Patna Metro Rail Corporation 201 It will be constructed on Public Private Partnership PPP mode estimated to cost 140 billion US 2 billion 202 It will have 5 lines with a total planned length of 60 kilometres 37 mi km which will be built in 3 phases 203 Patna Monorail Project covering the municipal area is also underway Recently the central government approved Patna metro rail project comprising two corridors Danapur Khemnichak and Patna Junction Pataliputra Bus Terminal According to government the project will be completed until 2025 with an estimated cost of Rs 133657 7 million 204 River Port on National Waterway 1 at Gai Ghat Patna The Ganges navigable throughout the year was the principal river highway across the vast Indo Gangetic Plain Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period it served as a major trade route as goods were transported from Pataliputra to the Bay of Bengal and further to ports in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links it embraces all the major rivers and streams in both north and south Bihar 205 In recent times Inland Waterways Authority of India has declared the stretch of river Ganges between Allahabad and Haldia National Inland Waterway and has taken steps to restore and maintain its navigability The National Waterway 1 the longest Waterway in India stretches 1620 km in the River Ganga from Allahabad to Haldia via Varanasi Munger Bhagalpur passes through Patna 206 This National Waterways has fixed terminal at Patna 207 Culture Edit Magahi folk singers Gandhi Maidan shown above lies in the heart of Patna and is the site for most political and social functions in the city The Mahavir Mandir is a famous temple in Patna Patna s native language is Magahi or Magadhi a language derived from the ancient Magadhi Prakrit 208 which was created in the ancient kingdom of Magadha the core of which was the area of Patna south of the Ganges It is believed to be the language spoken by Gautama Buddha Patna has a vibrant Bengali culture too with many Bengali stalwarts including the first Chief Minister of post independence West Bengal Bidhan Chandra Ray being born here The numerous Bengali speaking Patnaites have contributed massively into fine arts culture education and history of Bihar in general and Patna in particular 209 However Magahi was the official language of the Mauryan court in which the edicts of Ashoka were composed 210 The name Magahi is directly derived from the name Magadhi Prakrit and educated speakers of Magahi prefer to call it Magadhi rather than Magahi 211 Patna has many buildings adorned with Indo Islamic 212 and Indo Saracenic architectural motifs Several well maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared heritage structures 213 214 others are in various stages of decay 215 Established in 1917 as the Bihar s first museum the Patna Museum पटन स ग रह लय houses large collections that showcase Indian natural history and Indian art 216 The Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library and Sinha Library are historic public libraries of Patna 217 218 Several theatres are in or near the central part of the city including the Bhartiya Nritya Kala Mandir the Rabindra Parishad Premchand Rangshala and the Kalidas Rangalaya which is home to the Bihar art theatre Kalidas Rangalaya also hosts the Patliputra Natya Mahotsav a dance festival 219 But in the last two decades the popularity of commercial theatres in the city has declined 220 The Patna School of Painting or Patna Qalaam some times also called Company style is an offshoot of the well known Mughal Miniature school of painting which flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to the mid 20th centuries 221 The practitioners of this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting who facing persecution under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and who found refuge via Murshidabad in Patna during the late 18th century The Patna painters differed from the Mughal painters whose subjects included only royalty and court scenes in that they included as subjects bazaar scenes scenes of Indian daily life local dignitaries festivals and ceremonies and nature scenes 222 The paintings were executed in watercolours on paper and on mica but the style was generally of a hybrid and undistinguished quality It is this school of painting that inspired the formation of the College of Arts and Crafts Patna under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan which is an important centre of fine arts in Bihar 222 Some well known dishes of Bihari cuisine include sattu paratha parathas stuffed with roasted gram flour sattu ka sharbat a spiced drink with roasted gram flour as main ingredient chokha spicy mashed potatoes fish curry Bihari kebab postaa dana kaa halwaa malpua dal pitha Similar to momos kheer makhana fox nut and thekua khajuria a type of snack 223 Street foods such as samosa 224 chaat jalebi litti chokha phuchka a deep fried crepe with tamarind sauce South Indian and Chinese cuisine are favourite among Patnaites 225 Taj Hotel Patna is under construction at Budh Marg Lodipur 226 Bihari Women have traditionally worn cotton sari but shalwar kameez and other western attire are gaining acceptance among younger women 227 Western attire has gained wide acceptance among the urban men although the traditional dhoti and kurta 228 are seen during festivals Chhath also called Dala Chhath is a major ancient festival in Bihar 229 It is celebrated twice a year once in the summer called the Chaiti Chhath and once about a week after Deepawali called the Kartik Chhath Durga Puja held in September October is Patna s another important festival it is an occasion for glamorous celebrations 230 231 Among the city s other festivals are Saraswati Puja Eid Holi Christmas Vishwakarma Puja Makar Sankranti Raksha Bandhan and Rath Yatra Cultural events include the Patna Book Fair Patna Sahib Mahotsav the Patna Film Festival Bihar Diwas Rajgir Mahotsav Vaishali Mahotsav and the Sonepur Cattle Fair in neighbouring towns A murti or representation of the goddess Durga shown during the Durga Puja festival People Celebrating Chhath Festival the 2nd Day at Morning a tribute to the rising holy God SunTourism EditMain article Tourism in Patna Golghar was originally built to serve as a granary for the British East India company army during the famine of 1786 It now features an observation deck overlooking the Ganges and the city Sabhyata Dwar in Patna Patna is home to many tourist attractions and it saw about 2 4 million tourists including day visitors in 2005 Tourists visiting the city accounted for 41 of the total number of tourists visiting Bihar although Bodh Gaya was the most popular destination for foreign visitors 232 The cultural heritage of Bihar is reflected in its many ancient monuments Kumhrar and Agam Kuan are the sites of the ruins of the Ashokan Pataliputra Didarganj Yakshi remains as an example of Mauryan art 233 Takht Sri Patna Sahib is one of the Five Takhts of Sikhism and consecrates the birthplace of the tenth Guru of the Sikhs Gobind Singh 234 There are five other Gurdwaras in Patna which are related to different Sikh Gurus these are Gurdwara Pahila Bara 235 Gurdwara Gobind Ghat 236 Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh 237 Gurdwara Bal Leela 238 Gurdwara Handi Sahib 239 and Prakash Punj 240 Padri Ki Haveli High Court Golghar Sultan Palace and Secretariat Building are examples of British architecture Gandhi Maidan is a historic ground in Patna where several freedom movement rallies took place Nealy built Buddha Smriti Park near Patna Junction is also becoming a major tourist attraction The Patna Planetarium Indira Gandhi Planetarium is in Patna s Indira Gandhi Science Complex It claims to be one of the largest planetariums in Asia and to attract a large number of tourists 241 better source needed The Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan Patna Zoo is at Bailey Road Raj Bhawan Rajbanshi Nagar and includes over 300 mammals 300 birds and 450 species of reptiles as of January 2019 242 In 2015 the Bihar government has built a state of the art art landmark museum in Patna at a cost of approximately 530 crores 243 on a site of 13 9 acres at Bailey Road 244 5 firms were shortlisted for the architectural design 245 of which the Japanese firm Maki and Associates was chosen It is now completed and opened for all 246 Completed in May 2018 the Sabhyata Dwar was built with a Mauryan style architecture It was opened to the general public in December 2018 247 In 2014 the Bihar government laid the foundation of Samrat Ashok International Convention Centre It is expected to use more steel than used in raising Eiffel Tower and Indira Gandhi International Airport Construction of Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Science City began in February 2019 248 The Eco Park is in Jawaharlal Nehru Marg It has more than 3 000 varieties of plants and includes several theme parks a restaurant and a boat trip zone Education EditSee also List of schools in Patna List of educational institutions in Patna and Education in India Indian Institute of Technology Patna at Bihta one of the premier institutes of engineering and research in India Patna College established 1863 is considered to be the oldest institution of higher education in Bihar Schools in Patna are either government run schools or private schools The schools are affiliated to Bihar School Examination Board BSEB Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations CISCE National Institute of Open Schooling NIOS or the Central Board of Secondary Education CBSE boards A number of Bengali medium schools also thrive in Patna 249 Hindi and English are the primary languages of instruction 250 A 2012 survey found 1 574 schools of these 78 were private unaided schools most of them at affordable cost 21 were government schools and 1 were private aided 251 Under the 10 2 3 4 plan students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated to the Bihar State Intermediate Board the All India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations CISCE the NIOS 252 or the CBSE where they select one of three streams arts commerce or science 249 This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study or a professional degree course such as law engineering and medicine 253 Patna has important government educational institutions like Patna University Anugrah Narayan College Chanakya National Law University Aryabhatta Knowledge University Indian Institute of Technology Patna Bakhtiyarpur College of Engineering National Institute of Technology Patna Patna Science College Patna Women s College Patna Law College Bihar Veterinary College J D Women s College Birla Institute of Technology Patna 254 Patna Medical College Hospital Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences Nalanda Medical College Hospital Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences Mahavir Cancer Sansthan All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna Chandragupta Institute of Management Development Management Institute National Institute of Electronics amp Information Technology Patliputra University 255 Patna University was established in 1917 and is the seventh oldest modern university in the Indian Sub continent 256 Patna also has a variety of other universities as well as many primary and secondary schools Nalanda University also known as Nalanda International University is a newly established university in Rajgir around 100 kilometres 62 mi from Patna The University created as a revival of an ancient centre of learning at Nalanda began its first academic session on 1 September 2014 257 It will attract students from across the globe 258 Sports Edit Moin Ul Haque Stadium near Rajendra Nagar used for cricket and association football As in the rest of India cricket is popular in Patna and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the city 259 There are several sports grounds across the city The Bihar Cricket Association which regulates cricket in Bihar 260 is based in the city Tournaments especially those involving cricket basketball football badminton and table tennis are regularly organised on an inter locality or inter club basis Moin ul Haq Stadium which has a capacity of 25 000 has served as the venue for two one day international cricket matches and several national sport events 261 It was home to the Bihar cricket team Due to negligence and lack of maintenance the stadium is in a dilapidated state and no international match has been played here since 1996 262 In 2013 it was announced by the Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar that an international cricket stadium will be constructed at Rajgir 263 The Patna Golf Club was established on 21 March 1916 and is one of the oldest golf courses in India It has 18 holes in a historic setting in and around Bailey Road a 165 acre 67 ha course 264 265 Patna hosted the first ever woman s Kabaddi world cup 266 It was held at the Patliputra Sports Complex Kankarbagh from 1 to 4 March 2012 267 Hosts India won the World Cup defeating Iran in the finals 268 Patna also hosts the seven league matches of Pro Kabaddi League with its home team as Patna Pirates at the Patliputra Sports Complex 269 Other famous sports complexes of Patna are Bihar Military Police s Mithilesh Stadium 270 East Central Railway zone s indoor stadium at Digha 271 etc A game of cricket in progress Kankarbagh Indoor Stadium at Patliputra Sports Complex during Pro Kabaddi League matchMedia EditThe beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started in Patna in 1901 It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi Aryavarta from Dinapure Patna Udyoga and Chaitanya Chandrika 272 Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy a famous poet of the time and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami a literary figure of that time The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to many districts of Bihar 273 274 Magahi Parishad established in Patna in 1952 pioneered Magadhi journalism in Bihar It started the monthly journal Magadhi which was later renamed Bihan 275 Many national media agencies including the Press Trust of India and Doordarshan s regional offices are based in the city 276 The Hindu The Times of India Hindustan Times The Economic Times and The Telegraph are the five principal English language daily newspapers which have Patna editions The Pioneer and The Indian Express 277 though not printed in the city are other English language daily newspapers available in the city The city s Hindi newspapers include Hindustan Dainik Dainik Jagran Dainik Bhaskar 278 Prabhat Khabar Aaj and Rashtriya Sahara 277 all of which have editions from Patna There are also daily Urdu newspapers like Qaumi Tanzeem and Farooqi Tanzeem published in Patna 277 There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid Inext 279 Patna has several AM and FM radio stations including many state owned channels The city hosts several radio stations including the state owned All India Radio s Vividh Bharati and FM 105 The All India Radio Patna officially Akashvani Patna Kendra was established in 1948 280 Patna is served by several private channels Private FM stations Edit No Name Frequency Language01 Radio Mirchi 98 3 FM Hindi02 Radio City 91 1 FM Hindi03 Big FM 95 0 FM Hindi amp Bhojpuri04 Red FM 93 5 FM HindiNotable people EditMain article List of people from PatnaSee also EditList of cities in Bihar by populationReferences Edit a b c Provisional Population Totals Census of India 2011 Cities having population 1 lakh and above PDF Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Archived from the original PDF on 7 May 2012 Retrieved 26 March 2012 NDA backed Sita Sahu is first woman mayor of Patna 19 June 2017 Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 a b Master plan for Patna to be unveiled soon The Economic Times 12 August 2015 Archived from the original on 30 June 2021 Retrieved 30 August 2020 CPRS Patna About Us CRPS Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 28 October 2016 a b Provisional Population Totals Census of India 2011 Urban Agglomerations Cities having population 1 lac and above PDF Office of the Registrar General amp 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