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Wikipedia

East Asia

February 09, 2023

For other uses, see East Asia (disambiguation).

East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms.[8][9] The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.[3][4][5][6] China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state because of severe ongoing political tensions in the region, specifically the division of Korea and the political status of Taiwan. Hong Kong and Macau, two small coastal quasi-dependent territories located in the south of China, are officially highly autonomous but are under Chinese sovereignty. Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau are among the world's largest and most prosperous economies.[10] East Asia borders Siberia and the Russian Far East to the north, Southeast Asia to the south, South Asia to the southwest, and Central Asia to the west. To the east is the Pacific Ocean and to the southeast is Micronesia (a Pacific Ocean island group, classified as part of Oceania).

East Asia
Area11,840,000 km2 (4,570,000 sq mi) (3rd)
Population1.6 billion (2020; 4th)
Population density141.9 km2 (54.8 sq mi)
GDP (PPP)$40 trillion (2022)[1]
GDP (nominal)$28 trillion (2022)[2]
GDP per capita$17,500 (nominal)[2]
DemonymEast Asian
Countries
Dependencies
Languages
Time zonesUTC+7, UTC+8 & UTC+9
Largest citiesList of urban areas:[7]
UN M49 code030 – Eastern Asia
142 – Asia
001 – World
East Asia
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese东亚/东亚细亚
Traditional Chinese東亞/東亞細亞
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDōngyǎ/Dōngyà or Dōng Yǎxìyǎ/Dōng Yàxìyà
Wade–GilesTung1-ya3
Wu
Romanizationton平 ia去
Gan
RomanizationTung1 nga3
Hakka
Romanizationdung24 a31
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingdung1 aa3
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTang-a
Tibetan name
Tibetanཨེ་ཤ་ཡ་ཤར་མ་
Korean name
Hangul동아시아/동아세아/동아
Hanja東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationDong Asia/Dong Asea/Dong A
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicЗүүн Ази
ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ
Transcriptions
SASM/GNCDzuun Azi
Japanese name
Kanaひがしアジア/とうあ
Kyūjitai東亞細亞/東亞
Shinjitai東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
Transcriptions
Revised HepburnHigashi Ajia/Tō-A
Kunrei-shikiHigasi Azia/Tou-A
Uyghur name
Uyghurشەرقىي ئاسىي‎
Transcriptions
Latin Yëziqisherqiy asiy

East Asia, especially Chinese civilization, is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of civilization. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the Japanese, Korean and Mongolian civilizations. Various other civilizations existed as independent polities in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such as Tibet, Baiyue, Khitan, Manchuria, Ryukyu (Okinawa) and Ainu among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young history in the region after the prehistoric era; originally, it was a major site of Austronesian civilization prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence on its neighbours.[11][12][13] Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the Chinese sphere of influence, and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. The Chinese calendar serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived. Major religions in East Asia include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana[14]), Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Taoism, Ancestral worship, and Chinese folk religion in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, Shinto in Japan, and Christianity, and Musok in Korea.[15][16][17] Tengerism and Tibetan Buddhism are prevalent among Mongols and Tibetans while other religions such as Shamanism are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the Manchus.[18][19][citation not found][20][citation not found] Major languages in East Asia include Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Major ethnic groups of East Asia include the Han (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan), Yamato (Japan) and Koreans (North Korea, South Korea). Mongols, although not as populous as the previous three ethnic groups, constitute the majority of Mongolia's population. There are 76 officially-recognised minority or indigenous ethnic groups in East Asia; 55 native to mainland China (including Hui, Manchus, Chinese Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs and Zhuang in the frontier regions), 16 native to the island of Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples), one native to the major Japanese island of Hokkaido (the Ainu) and four native to Mongolia (Turkic peoples). Ryukyuan people are an unrecognised ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, which stretch from Kyushu Island (Japan) to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognised indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.

East Asian people comprise around 1.7 billion people, making up about 38% of the population in Continental Asia and 20.5% of the global population.[21][22][23] The region is home to major world metropolises such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Osaka, Seoul, Shanghai, and Tokyo. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km2 (120/sq mi).[when?][citation needed]

History

Main article: History of East Asia

China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed.[24] The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian Ping-ti Ho famously labeled Chinese civilization as the "Cradle of Eastern Civilization", in parallel with the "Cradle of Middle Eastern Civilization" along the Fertile Crescent encompassing Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt[25] as well as the Cradle of Western Civilization encompassing Ancient Greece [a] and Ancient Rome.[b]

 
Map showing the boundary of the 13th century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols.
 
The Qing conquest of the Ming and expansion of the empire
 
Colonies and influence zones in East Asia and Oceania circa 1914

Chinese civilization existed for about 1500 years before other East Asian civilizations emerged into history, Imperial China would exert much of its cultural, economic, technological, and political muscle onto its neighbours.[41][42][43][44] Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.[44][45][46] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[47][48][43] Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.[49]

Under Emperor Wu of Han, the Han dynasty made China the regional power in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial power on its neighbours.[44][50] Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.[51][52] Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's northeastern expansion in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called Lelang. Chinese influence would soon take root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, and Confucian political institutions.[53] Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting from the fourth century AD, Japan incorporated the Chinese writing system which evolved into Kanji by the fifth century AD and has become a significant part of the Japanese writing system.[54] Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.[55] During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[56][57] As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism, the use of written Han characters, Chinese style architecture, state institutions, political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and various scientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.[56][57][58] Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince Naka no oe launched the Taika Reform in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.[59] The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as poetry, calligraphy, and landscape painting became widespread.[59] During the Nara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.[60][61] The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the kimono, which was inspired from the Chinese robe (hanfu) during the eighth century AD.[62] For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.[63][64][65][66]

As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.[41][67] By the mid-nineteenth century, the weakening Qing dynasty became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.[68][69] The U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry would open Japan to Western ways, and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.[70][71][72] Around the same time, Japan with its rush to modernity transformed itself from an isolated feudal samurai state into East Asia's first industrialised nation in the modern era.[73][74][71] The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.[73][75] By the early 1900s, the Japanese empire succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant power.[75] With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active geopolitical position in East Asia and world affairs at large.[76] Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War as well as vanquishing imperial rival Russia in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.[77][78][79][80][70] Its hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include Taiwan and Korea.[73] During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.[81] After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the defeat and occupation of Japan by the victorious Allies as well as the division of China and Korea during the Cold War. The Korean peninsula became independent but then it was divided into two rival states, while Taiwan became the main territory of de facto state Republic of China after the latter lost Mainland China to the People's Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see the post war economic miracle of Japan, which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience an economic slowdown during the 1990s, but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the economic rise of Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, and the integration of Mainland China into the global economy through its entry in the World Trade Organization while enhancing its emerging international status as a potential world power.[3][82][83] Although there have been no wars in East Asia for decades, the stability of the region remains fragile because of North Korea's nuclear program.

Definitions and boundaries

 
Three sets of possible boundaries for the Central Asia region that overlap with conceptions of East Asia

In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including Greater China, Japan, and Korea.[84][85][86][87][21][88][89][90][91][92][83]

China, Japan, and Korea (including North and South) represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia - as they once shared a common written language, culture, as well as sharing Confucian philosophical tenets and the Confucian societal value system once instituted by Imperial China.[93][94][95][96][97] Other usages define Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan; as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with Japan and Korea having strong cultural influences that originated from China.[93][97][98][99][100][101] Few people include Vietnam ie Southeast Asian country as part of East Asia as it is always considered part of the Chinese cultural sphere; Northern Vietnam (including Hanoi) has subtropical climate and significant part of Vietnam has times to be influenced by cold waves, which also differs from other countries of Southeast Asia. Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China, yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[102][103] Xinjiang (East Turkestan) and Tibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia.[104][105][106]

Broader and looser definitions by international organisations such as the World Bank refer to East Asia as the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. Mainland China, Japan, and South Korea", as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the Russian Far East, and Siberia.[107] The Council on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and Nepal.[108] The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of Chinese special administrative regions Hong Kong and Macau, as well as Taiwan, a country with limited recognition. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, the Koreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian Federation".[109]

 
The countries of East Asia also form the core of Northeast Asia, which itself is a broader region.
 
East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.
 
UNSD geoscheme for Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:[110]
  North Asia
  Central Asia
  Western Asia
  South Asia
  East Asia
  Southeast Asia

The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[110] but others commonly use the same definition of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.[8][111]

Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non-continental geology, distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities with Micronesia.[112][113][114] Some groups, such as the World Health Organization, categorize China, Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania. The World Health Organization label this region the "Western Pacific", with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions. Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area of Cambodia, as well as the countries of the Malay Archipelago (excluding East Timor and Indonesia).[115]

Alternative definitions

In business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, Greater China, Japan and Korea. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term "Asia Pacific Region" is often used in describing East Asia, Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.[citation needed] On rare occasion, the term is also sometimes taken to include India and other South Asian countries not within the bounds of the Pacific, although the term Indo-Pacific is more commonly used for such a definition.[116]

Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[117][118][119] The Council on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[108]

Economy

Main article: Economy of East Asia
Customs territory GDP nominal
billions of USD (2022)[1]		 GDP nominal per capita
USD (2022)[1]		 GDP PPP
billions of USD (2021)[1]		 GDP PPP per capita
USD (2021)[1]
  China 19,911,593 14,096 26,656.766 17,205.654
  Hong Kong[c] 369,486 49,850 472.395 58,165.200
  Macau[d] 35,246 50,578 61.623 58,930.534
  Japan 4,912,147 39,243 5,585.786 41,636.628
  Mongolia 18,102 5,206 42.412 12,259.059
  North Korea N/A N/A N/A N/A
  South Korea 1,804,680 34,994 2,436.875 44,292.194
  Taiwan 841,209 36,051 1,403.663 54,019.882
East Asia $27,892,463 $16,513 $36,659.52 $21,779.585

Territorial and regional data

Etymology

Flag Common Name Official name ISO 3166 Country Codes[120]
Exonym Endonym Exonym Endonym ISO Short Name Alpha-2 Code Alpha-3 Code Numeric
  China 中国 People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 China CN CHN 156
  Hong Kong 香港 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
of the People's Republic of China		 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區 Hong Kong HK HKG 344
  Macau 澳門 Macao Special Administrative Region
of the People's Republic of China		 中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區 Macao MO MAC 446
  Japan 日本 Japan 日本国 Japan JP JPN 392
  Mongolia Монгол улс / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ		 Mongolia Монгол Улс（ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ）		 Mongolia MN MNG 496
  North Korea 조선 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 조선민주주의인민공화국 Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of) KP PRK 408
  South Korea 한국 Republic of Korea 대한민국 Korea (the Republic of) KR KOR 410
  Taiwan[e] 臺灣 / 台灣 Republic of China 中華民國 Taiwan[120] TW TWN 158

Demographics

 
Historical distribution map of linguistic groups in China
State/Territory Area km2 Population[121][122]
(2021) 		Population density
per km2		 HDI[123] Capital/Administrative Centre
  China 9,640,011[f] 1,425,893,465[g] 138 0.768 Beijing
  Hong Kong 1,104 7,494,578 6,390 0.952 Hong Kong
  Macau 30 686,607 18,662 0.922 Macao
  Japan 377,930 124,612,530 337 0.925 Tokyo
  Mongolia 1,564,100 3,347,782 2 0.739 Ulaanbaatar
  North Korea 120,538 25,971,909 198 0.733 Pyongyang[h]
  South Korea 100,210 51,830,139 500 0.925 Seoul
  Taiwan 36,197 23,196,178 639 0.926 Taipei[i]
East Asia 11,840,000 1,683,205,624 141  0.861 (very high)

Ethnic groups

Main articles: East Asian people and Ethnic groups of East Asia
Ethnicity Native name Population Language(s) Writing system(s) Major states/territories* Traditional attire
Han/Chinese 漢族 or 汉族 1,313,345,856[124] Chinese (Mandarin, Min, Wu, Yue, Jin, Gan, Hakka, Xiang, Huizhou, Pinghua, etc.) Simplified Han characters, Traditional Han characters              
 
Yamato/Japanese 大和民族 125,117,000[125] Japanese Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana  
 
Korean 조선족 (朝鮮族)
한민족 (韓民族) 		79,432,225[citation needed] Korean Hangul, Han characters (Hanja)        
 
Bai 白族 1,858,063 Bai, Southwestern Mandarin Simplified Han characters, Latin script  
 
Hui 回族 10,586,087[citation needed] Northwestern Mandarin, other Chinese Dialects, Huihui language, etc. Simplified Han characters[j]  
 
Mongols Монголчууд ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ
Монгол/ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ 		8,942,528 Mongolian Mongol script, Cyrillic script      
 
Zhuang 壮族/Bouxcuengh 18,000,000 Zhuang, Southwestern Mandarin, etc. Simplified Han characters, Latin script  
 
Uyghurs 维吾尔族/ئۇيغۇر 15,000,000+[126] Uyghur Arabic alphabet, Latin script  [k]
 
Manchus 满族/ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ 10,422,873[citation needed] Northeastern Mandarin, Manchu language Simplified Han characters, Mongol script   
 
Hmong/Miao 苗族/Ghaob Xongb/Hmub/Mongb 9,426,007[citation needed] Hmong/Miao, Southwestern Mandarin Latin script, Simplified Han characters  
 
Tibetans 藏族/བོད་པ་ 6,500,000 Tibetan, Rgyal Rong, Rgu, etc. Tibetan script  
 
Yi 彝族/ꆈꌠ 8,714,393 Various Loloish, Southwestern Mandarin Yi script, Simplified Han characters  
 
Tujia 土家族 8,353,912 Northern Tujia, Southern Tujia Simplified Han characters  
 
Kam 侗族/Gaeml 2,879,974 Gaeml Simplified Han characters, Latin script  
 
Tu 土族/Monguor 289,565 Tu, Northwestern Mandarin Simplified Han characters  
 
Daur 达斡尔族/ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ 131,992 Daur, Northeastern Mandarin Mongol script, Simplified Han characters    
 
Indigenous Taiwanese Peoples 臺灣原住民/ 高山族/ Yincomin/ Kasetaivang/ Inanuwayan 533,600 Austronesian languages (Amis, Yami), etc. Latin script, Traditional Han characters  
 
Ryukyuan 琉球民族 1,900,000 Japanese
Ryukyuan 		Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana    
 
Ainu アイヌ/ Aynu/ Айну 200,000 Japanese
Ainu[127]		 Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana  
 
  • Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity, within East Asia only.

East Asian culture

Main article: Culture of East Asia
Main category: East Asian culture

Overview

The culture of East Asia has largely been influenced by China, as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization.[128] The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilised life in East Asia. Imperial China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea.[129][44][130][131][132][133][134][135][97] The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.[136][citation not found][137] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[48][137] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World.[133][131][137][129]

Religions

Main article: East Asian religions

Religion in East Asia (2020)[138]

  Folk Religion (52.10%)
  Buddhism (19.65%)
  No Religion (19.62%)
  Christianity (5.56%)
  Islam (1.57%)
  Hinduism (0.01%)
  Other (1.43%)
Religion Native name Creator/Current Leader Founded Time Main Denomination Major book Type Est. Followers Ethnic groups States/territories
Chinese folk religion 中國民間信仰 or 中国民间信仰 Spontaneous formation Prehistoric period Salvationist, Wuism, Nuo Chinese classics, Huangdi Sijing, precious scrolls, etc. Prehistoric，pantheism，and polytheism ~900,000,000[139][140] Han, Hmong, Qiang, Tujia (worship of the same ancestor-gods)        
Taoism 道教 Zhang Daoling, was considered the founder of Taoism by Taoists. He founded Zhengyi, the earliest denomination of Taoism. Zhang Daoling reformed the Chinese folk religion from Sichuan, into a real, organised, and regulated religion, in 125A.D.. Wang Chongyang founded the Quanzhen Denomination. Tale says Wang Chongyang met two Gods, Lü Dongbin and Han Zhongli, during Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in 1159. He then get started to study Taoism himself. Three years later, he finished his studying, and founded Quanzhen. The new leader of Zhengyi need to be the son or paternal nephew of the previous leader, confirmed by the court of Zhengyi, in Mount Longhu, Jiangxi. Also beginning from the Song Dynasty, the leaders of Zhengyi get started to be confirmed and titled by the Emperor of China. In 1949, the 63th leader, Zhang Enfu, fled to Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Kuomintang, died in 1969 in Taipei. The Kuomintang Authority titled his cousin Zhang Yuanxian as the 64th leader, while the Court of Zhengyi back in Jiangxi argued that the oracle already foreseen the leadership will end at the 63th generation. Zhang Yuanxian died in 2008, only left a daughter as heir. Meanwhile, the Kuomintang Authority didn't confirmed the next leader. On the other hand, in Mainland China, Zhang Enfu's second daughter's son, Lu Jintao, changes his surname to Zhang, and get in charge of the Court of Zhengyi currently. For the leader of Quanzhen, the last (18th) leader (1335-1362) was Wanyan Deming, titled by the Emperor of Yuan Dynasty. Wanyan Deming was a Jurchen Taoist, the Wanyan family was the imperial house of Jin Dynasty. There is no official leader of Quanzhen after Wanyan Deming anymore.[citation needed] 125 A.D. Eastern Han dynasty[citation needed] Zhengyi, Quanzhen Tao Te Ching Pantheism, polytheism ~20,000,000[140] Han, Zhuang, Hmong, Yao, Qiang, Tujia        
East Asian Buddhism/Chinese Buddhism 漢傳佛教 or 汉传佛教 The Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Zhuang, made a dream about the Buddha occasionally, then sent people to the Western Regions to Introduce Buddhism to the Capital, Chang'an, in 67 A.D. In 384 A.D., during the Eastern Jin dynasty, Indian Mālānanda introduced the Chinese Buddhism to Baekje. In 552 A.D., King Seong of Baekje offered Buddhism to the Emperor Kinmei of Japan.[citation needed] 67 A.D. Eastern Han dynasty Mahayana Diamond Sutra Non-God, Dualism. ~300,000,000 Han, Koreans, Yamato              
Tibetan Buddhism 藏传佛教/བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན། Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche, Prince of the Ancient Xang Xung Kingdom. 1800 years ago Mahayana, Bon Anuttarayoga Tantra Non-God ~10,000,000 Tibetans, Manchus, Mongols    
Shamanism[l] 萨满教 or Бөө мөргөл Spontaneous formation Prehistoric period N/A Prehistoric, polytheism, and pantheism N/A Manchus, Mongols, Oroqens    
Shinto 神道 Spontaneous formation Yayoi period[141] Shinto sects Kojiki, Nihon Shoki Prehistoric，pantheism，and polytheism N/A Yamato  
Musok/Muism 신도 or 무교 Spontaneous formation 900 years ago[citation needed] Musok sects N/A Prehistoric，pantheism，and polytheism N/A Koreans    
Ryukyuan religion 琉球神道 or ニライカナイ信仰 Spontaneous formation N/A N/A N/A Prehistoric，pantheism，and polytheism N/A Ryukyuans   ( )

Festivals

Festival Native Name Other name Calendar Date Gregorian date Activity Religious practices Food Major ethnicities Major states/territories
Chinese New Year 農曆新年/农历新年 or 春節/春节 Spring Festival Chinese Month 1 Day 1 21 Jan–20 Feb Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks Worship the King of Gods Nian gao Han, Manchus etc.          
Korean New Year 설날 or 설 Seollal Korean Month 1 Day 1 21 Jan–20 Feb Ancestors Worship, Family Reunion, Tomb Sweeping N/A Tteokguk Koreans    
Losar or Tsagaan Sar 藏历新年/ལོ་གསར་ or 查干萨日/Цагаан сар White Moon Tibetan, Mongolian Month 1 Day 1 25 Jan – 2 Mar Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks N/A Chhaang or Buuz Tibetans, Mongols, Tu etc.    
New Year 元旦 Yuan Dan Gregorian 1 Jan 1 Jan Fireworks N/A N/A N/A                
Lantern Festival 元宵節 or 元宵节 Upper Yuan Festival (上元节) Chinese Month 1 Day 15 4 Feb – 6 Mar Lanterns Expo, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Sky-officer Yuanxiao Han        
Daeboreum 대보름 or 정월 대보름 Great Full Moon Korean Month 1 Day 15 4 Feb – 6 Mar Greeting of the moon, kite-flying, Jwibulnori, eating nuts (Bureom) Bonfires (daljip taeugi) Ogok-bap, namul, nuts Korean    
Hanshi Festival 寒食節 or 寒食节 Cold Food Festival Solar term Traditionally, on the 105th day after the Winter solstice. Revised to 1 day before the Qingming Festival by Johann Adam Schall von Bell (Chinese: 汤若望) during the Qing dynasty. April 3–5 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, No cooking hot meal/setting fire, Cold food only. Cuju, etc. (People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates) In Memory of a loyal Ancient named Jie Zhitui (Chinese: 介子推), ordered by the Monarch of the Jin (Chinese state), Duke Wen of Jin (Chinese: 重耳) Cold Food, e.g. Qingtuan Han, Koreans, Mongols            
Qingming Festival 清明節 or 清明节 Tomb Sweeping Day Solar term 15th day after the Vernal Equinox. Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival, but in much higher repute. April 4-6th Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Excursion, Planting trees, Flying kites, Tug of war, Cuju, etc. (Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival's, due to their close dates) Burning Hell money for deceased family members. Planting willow branches to keep ghosts away from houses. Boiled eggs Han, Koreans, Mongols            
Dragon Boat Festival 端午節 or 端午节 or 단오 Duanwu Festival / Dano (Surit-nal) Chinese / Korean Month 5 Day 5 Driving poisons & plague away. (China - Dragon Boat Race, Wearing coloured lines, Hanging felon herb on the front door.) / (Korea - Washing hair with iris water, ssireum) Worship various Gods Zongzi / Surichwitteok (rice cake with herbs) Han, Koreans, Yamato              
Ghost Festival 中元節 or 中元节 or 백중 Mid Yuan Festival Chinese Month 7 Day 15 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Earth-officer Han, Koreans, Yamato              
Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋節 or 中秋节 中秋祭 Chinese Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view Worship the Moon Goddess Mooncake Han        
Chuseok 추석 or 한가위 Hangawi Korean Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Enjoying Moon view N/A Songpyeon, Torantang (Taro soup) Koreans    
Tsukimi 月見 or お月見 Tsukimi or Otsukimi Gregorian Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view Worship the Moon Tsukimi Dango, Sweet Potato Yamato   *
Double Ninth Festival 重陽節 or 重阳节 Double Positive Festival Chinese Month 9 Day 09 Climbing Mountain, Taking care of elderly, Wearing Cornus. Worship various Gods Han, Korean, Yamato              *
Lower Yuan Festival 下元節 or 下元节 N/A Chinese Month 10 Day 15 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Water-officer Ciba Han        
Dongzhi Festival 冬至 or 동지 or 冬至 N/A Gregorian Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 Ancestors Worship, Rites to dispel bad spirits N/A Tangyuan, Patjuk, Zenzai, Kabocha Han, Koreans, Yamato              
Small New Year 小年 Jizao (祭灶) Chinese Month 12 Day 23 Cleaning Houses Worship the God of Hearth tanggua Han, Mongols          

*Japan switched the date to the Gregorian calendar after the Meiji Restoration.
*Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.

Collaboration

East Asian Youth Games

Main article: East Asian Youth Games

Formerly the East Asian Games, it is a multi-sport event organised by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since 2019 among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of Guam, which is a member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees.

It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the Central Asian Games, the Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games), the South Asian Games and the West Asian Games.

Free trade agreements

Name of agreement Parties Leaders at the time Negotiation begins Signing date Starting time Current status
China–South Korea FTA     Xi Jinping, Park Geun-hye May, 2012 Jun 01, 2015 Dec 30, 2015 Enforced
China–Japan–South Korea FTA       Xi Jinping, Shinzō Abe, Park Geun-hye Mar 26, 2013 N/A N/A 10 round negotiation
Japan-Mongolia EPA     Shinzō Abe, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj - Feb 10, 2015 - Enforced
China-Mongolia FTA     Xi Jinping, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj N/A N/A N/A Officially proposed
China-HK CEPA     Jiang Zemin, Tung Chee-hwa - Jun 29, 2003 - Enforced
China-Macau CEPA     Jiang Zemin, Edmund Ho Hau-wah - Oct 18, 2003 - Enforced
Hong Kong-Macau CEPA     Carrie Lam, Fernando Chui Oct 09, 2015 N/A N/A Negotiating
ECFA     Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou Jan 26, 2010 Jun 29, 2010 Aug 17, 2010 Enforced
CSSTA (Based on ECFA)     Xi Jinping, Ma Ying-jeou Mar, 2011 Jun 21, 2013 N/A Abolished
CSGTA (Based on ECFA)     Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou Feb 22, 2011 N/A N/A Suspended

Military alliances

Major cities

Main article: Cities of East Asia
 
Largest population centres of East Asia
Rank City name Country Pop.
 
Tokyo

 
Seoul

1 Tokyo Japan 38,140,000  
Shanghai

 
Beijing

2 Seoul South Korea 25,520,000
3 Shanghai China 24,484,000
4 Beijing China 21,240,000
5 Osaka Japan 20,337,000
6 Chongqing China 13,744,000
7 Guangzhou China 13,070,000
8 Tianjin China 11,558,000
9 Shenzhen China 10,828,000
10 Chengdu China 10,104,000
  •  

    Tokyo is the capital of Japan and the largest city in the world, both in metropolitan population and economy.

  •  

    Seoul is the capital of South Korea, leading global technology hub.

  •  

    Shanghai is the largest city in China.

  •  

    Beijing is the capital of the People's Republic of China.

  •  

    Osaka is the second largest metropolitan area in Japan.

  •  

    Guangzhou is one of the most important cities in southern China. It has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub today.

  •  

    Nagoya is the third largest metropolitan area in Japan. Nagoya is famous as the location of Lexus headquarters.

  •  

    Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries.

  •  

    Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia with a population of 1 million as of 2008.

  •  

    Hong Kong is one of the global financial centres and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis.

  •  

    Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea, and is a metropolis on the Korean Peninsula.

  •  

    Xi'an or Chang'an is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held the position under several of the most important dynasties. It has a significant cultural influence in East Asia.

  • Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and Japan. As the video progresses, you can see major cities along the coast and the Japanese islands on the Philippine Sea. The island of Guam can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand. A lightning storm can be seen as light pulses near the end of the video.

  •  

    With a population of 2.646 million, Taipei is the capital, financial centre of Taiwan and anchors a major high-tech industrial area in Taiwan.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ See[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]
  2. ^ [37][38][39][40]
  3. ^ Listed as "Hong Kong SAR" by IMF
  4. ^ Listed as "Macao SAR" by IMF
  5. ^ From 1949 to 1971, the ROC was referred as "China" or "Nationalist China".
  6. ^ Includes all area which under PRC's government control (excluding "South Tibet" and disputed islands).[citation needed]
  7. ^ A note by the United Nations: "For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China, and Taiwan Province of China."[121][122]
  8. ^ Seoul was the de jure capital of the DPRK from 1948 to 1972.
  9. ^ Taipei is the ROC's seat of government by regulation. Constitutionally, there is no official capital[citation needed] appointed for the ROC.
  10. ^ The Hui people also use the Arabic alphabet in the religious field.
  11. ^ The Khotons also in  .
  12. ^ almost Manchu, Mongolian

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Further reading

  • Church, Peter. A short history of South-East Asia (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
  • Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975 (1975) online 3rd edition 1958
  • Crofts, Alfred. A history of the Far East (1958) online free to borrow
  • Dennett, Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia (1922) online free
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (Cengage Learning, 2013).
  • Embree, Ainslie T., ed. Encyclopedia of Asian history (1988)
    • vol. 1 online; vol 2 online; vol 3 online; vol 4 online
  • Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. East Asia: The great tradition and East Asia: The modern transformation (1960) [2 vol 1960] online free to borrow, famous textbook.
  • Flynn, Matthew J. China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia (2006), for secondary schools
  • Gelber, Harry. The dragon and the foreign devils: China and the world, 1100 BC to the present (2011).
  • Green, Michael J. By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) a major scholarly survey excerpt
  • Hall, D.G.E. History of South East Asia (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
  • Holcombe, Charles. A History of East Asia (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017). excerpt
  • Iriye, Akira. After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931. (1965).
  • Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp online review
  • Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong (Scribner, 1997). online free to borrow
  • Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
  • Mackerras, Colin. Eastern Asia: an introductory history (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
  • Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.
  • Miller, David Y. Modern East Asia: An Introductory History (Routledge, 2007)
  • Murphey, Rhoads. East Asia: A New History (1996)
  • Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (1904) online
  • Paine, S. C. M. The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 (2014) excerpt
  • Prescott, Anne. East Asia in the World: An Introduction (Routledge, 2015)
  • Ring, George C. Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
  • Szpilman, Christopher W. A., Sven Saaler. "Japan and Asia" in Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History (2017) online
  • Steiger, G. Nye. A history of the Far East (1936).
  • Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times (1964)
February 09, 2023
east, asia, other, uses, disambiguation, eastern, region, asia, which, defined, both, geographical, ethno, cultural, terms, modern, states, include, china, japan, mongolia, north, korea, south, korea, taiwan, china, north, korea, south, korea, taiwan, unrecogn. For other uses see East Asia disambiguation East Asia is the eastern region of Asia which is defined in both geographical and ethno cultural terms 8 9 The modern states of East Asia include China Japan Mongolia North Korea South Korea and Taiwan 3 4 5 6 China North Korea South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state because of severe ongoing political tensions in the region specifically the division of Korea and the political status of Taiwan Hong Kong and Macau two small coastal quasi dependent territories located in the south of China are officially highly autonomous but are under Chinese sovereignty Japan Taiwan South Korea Mainland China Hong Kong and Macau are among the world s largest and most prosperous economies 10 East Asia borders Siberia and the Russian Far East to the north Southeast Asia to the south South Asia to the southwest and Central Asia to the west To the east is the Pacific Ocean and to the southeast is Micronesia a Pacific Ocean island group classified as part of Oceania East AsiaArea11 840 000 km2 4 570 000 sq mi 3rd Population1 6 billion 2020 4th Population density141 9 km2 54 8 sq mi GDP PPP 40 trillion 2022 1 GDP nominal 28 trillion 2022 2 GDP per capita 17 500 nominal 2 DemonymEast AsianCountries6 countries 3 4 5 6 China Japan Mongolia North Korea South Korea TaiwanDependencies2 autonomous dependencies Hong Kong China Macau China LanguagesChinese Japanese Korean Mongolian Tibetan OthersTime zonesUTC 7 UTC 8 amp UTC 9Largest citiesList of urban areas 7 BeijingBusanHong KongMacauOsakaPyongyangSeoulShanghaiShenzhenTokyoYokohamaUlaanbaatarTaipeiUN M49 code030 Eastern Asia142 Asia001 WorldEast AsiaChinese nameSimplified Chinese东亚 东亚细亚Traditional Chinese東亞 東亞細亞TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinDōngyǎ Dōngya or Dōng Yǎxiyǎ Dōng YaxiyaWade GilesTung1 ya3WuRomanizationton平 ia去GanRomanizationTung1 nga3HakkaRomanizationdung24 a31Yue CantoneseJyutpingdung1 aa3Southern MinHokkien POJTang aTibetan nameTibetanཨ ཤ ཡ ཤར མ Korean nameHangul동아시아 동아세아 동아Hanja東아시아 東亞細亞 東亞TranscriptionsRevised RomanizationDong Asia Dong Asea Dong AMongolian nameMongolian CyrillicZүүn Azi ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢTranscriptionsSASM GNCDzuun AziJapanese nameKanaひがしアジア とうあKyujitai東亞細亞 東亞Shinjitai東亜細亜 東アジア 東亜TranscriptionsRevised HepburnHigashi Ajia Tō AKunrei shikiHigasi Azia Tou AUyghur nameUyghurشەرقىي ئاسىي TranscriptionsLatin Yeziqisherqiy asiyEast Asia especially Chinese civilization is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of civilization Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the Japanese Korean and Mongolian civilizations Various other civilizations existed as independent polities in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day such as Tibet Baiyue Khitan Manchuria Ryukyu Okinawa and Ainu among many others Taiwan has a relatively young history in the region after the prehistoric era originally it was a major site of Austronesian civilization prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward For thousands of years China was the leading civilization in the region exerting influence on its neighbours 11 12 13 Historically societies in East Asia have fallen within the Chinese sphere of influence and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script The Chinese calendar serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived Major religions in East Asia include Buddhism mostly Mahayana 14 Confucianism and Neo Confucianism Taoism Ancestral worship and Chinese folk religion in Mainland China Hong Kong Macau and Taiwan Shinto in Japan and Christianity and Musok in Korea 15 16 17 Tengerism and Tibetan Buddhism are prevalent among Mongols and Tibetans while other religions such as Shamanism are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the Manchus 18 19 citation not found 20 citation not found Major languages in East Asia include Mandarin Chinese Japanese and Korean Major ethnic groups of East Asia include the Han mainland China Hong Kong Macau Taiwan Yamato Japan and Koreans North Korea South Korea Mongols although not as populous as the previous three ethnic groups constitute the majority of Mongolia s population There are 76 officially recognised minority or indigenous ethnic groups in East Asia 55 native to mainland China including Hui Manchus Chinese Mongols Tibetans Uyghurs and Zhuang in the frontier regions 16 native to the island of Taiwan collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples one native to the major Japanese island of Hokkaido the Ainu and four native to Mongolia Turkic peoples Ryukyuan people are an unrecognised ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan which stretch from Kyushu Island Japan to Taiwan There are also several unrecognised indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan East Asian people comprise around 1 7 billion people making up about 38 of the population in Continental Asia and 20 5 of the global population 21 22 23 The region is home to major world metropolises such as Beijing Hong Kong Osaka Seoul Shanghai and Tokyo Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world s most populated places the population in Mongolia and Western China both landlocked areas is very sparsely distributed with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre 340 sq mi about three times the world average of 45 km2 120 sq mi when citation needed Contents 1 History 2 Definitions and boundaries 2 1 Alternative definitions 3 Economy 4 Territorial and regional data 4 1 Etymology 4 2 Demographics 4 3 Ethnic groups 5 East Asian culture 5 1 Overview 5 2 Religions 5 3 Festivals 6 Collaboration 6 1 East Asian Youth Games 6 2 Free trade agreements 6 3 Military alliances 7 Major cities 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksHistory EditMain article History of East Asia China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed 24 The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs Historian Ping ti Ho famously labeled Chinese civilization as the Cradle of Eastern Civilization in parallel with the Cradle of Middle Eastern Civilization along the Fertile Crescent encompassing Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt 25 as well as the Cradle of Western Civilization encompassing Ancient Greece a and Ancient Rome b Map showing the boundary of the 13th century Mongol Empire compared to today s Mongols The Qing conquest of the Ming and expansion of the empire Colonies and influence zones in East Asia and Oceania circa 1914 Chinese civilization existed for about 1500 years before other East Asian civilizations emerged into history Imperial China would exert much of its cultural economic technological and political muscle onto its neighbours 41 42 43 44 Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally economically politically and militarily for over two millennia 44 45 46 The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia s history for over two millennia due to Imperial China s economic and cultural influence over the region and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular 47 48 43 Imperial China s cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia s first literate nation in the entire region it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems 49 Under Emperor Wu of Han the Han dynasty made China the regional power in East Asia projecting much of its imperial power on its neighbours 44 50 Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time 51 52 Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred China s impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty s northeastern expansion in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called Lelang Chinese influence would soon take root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system monetary system rice culture and Confucian political institutions 53 Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea Starting from the fourth century AD Japan incorporated the Chinese writing system which evolved into Kanji by the fifth century AD and has become a significant part of the Japanese writing system 54 Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities maintain historical records and give form to various ideas thoughts and philosophies 55 During the Tang dynasty China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea 56 57 As full fledged medieval East Asian states were established Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism the use of written Han characters Chinese style architecture state institutions political philosophies religion urban planning and various scientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties 56 57 58 Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system Prince Naka no oe launched the Taika Reform in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan s political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire 59 The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism Chinese style architecture and the imperial court s rituals and ceremonies including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as poetry calligraphy and landscape painting became widespread 59 During the Nara period Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy 60 61 The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the kimono which was inspired from the Chinese robe hanfu during the eighth century AD 62 For many centuries most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries China stood as East Asia s most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century 63 64 65 66 As East Asia s connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century China s power began to decline 41 67 By the mid nineteenth century the weakening Qing dynasty became fraught with political corruption obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan 68 69 The U S Commodore Matthew C Perry would open Japan to Western ways and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s 70 71 72 Around the same time Japan with its rush to modernity transformed itself from an isolated feudal samurai state into East Asia s first industrialised nation in the modern era 73 74 71 The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia s greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world 73 75 By the early 1900s the Japanese empire succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia s most dominant power 75 With its newly found international status Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active geopolitical position in East Asia and world affairs at large 76 Flexing its nascent political and military might Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the First Sino Japanese War as well as vanquishing imperial rival Russia in 1905 the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one 77 78 79 80 70 Its hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include Taiwan and Korea 73 During World War II Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere would incorporate Korea Taiwan much of eastern China and Manchuria Hong Kong and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia 81 After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists post colonial East Asia saw the defeat and occupation of Japan by the victorious Allies as well as the division of China and Korea during the Cold War The Korean peninsula became independent but then it was divided into two rival states while Taiwan became the main territory of de facto state Republic of China after the latter lost Mainland China to the People s Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War During the latter half of the twentieth century the region would see the post war economic miracle of Japan which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth only to experience an economic slowdown during the 1990s but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power East Asia would also see the economic rise of Hong Kong South Korea and Taiwan and the integration of Mainland China into the global economy through its entry in the World Trade Organization while enhancing its emerging international status as a potential world power 3 82 83 Although there have been no wars in East Asia for decades the stability of the region remains fragile because of North Korea s nuclear program Definitions and boundaries Edit Three sets of possible boundaries for the Central Asia region that overlap with conceptions of East Asia In common usage the term East Asia typically refers to a region including Greater China Japan and Korea 84 85 86 87 21 88 89 90 91 92 83 China Japan and Korea including North and South represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia as they once shared a common written language culture as well as sharing Confucian philosophical tenets and the Confucian societal value system once instituted by Imperial China 93 94 95 96 97 Other usages define Mainland China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties particularly with Japan and Korea having strong cultural influences that originated from China 93 97 98 99 100 101 Few people include Vietnam ie Southeast Asian country as part of East Asia as it is always considered part of the Chinese cultural sphere Northern Vietnam including Hanoi has subtropical climate and significant part of Vietnam has times to be influenced by cold waves which also differs from other countries of Southeast Asia Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society Thus Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan 102 103 Xinjiang East Turkestan and Tibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia 104 105 106 Broader and looser definitions by international organisations such as the World Bank refer to East Asia as the three major Northeast Asian economies i e Mainland China Japan and South Korea as well as Mongolia North Korea the Russian Far East and Siberia 107 The Council on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East Mongolia and Nepal 108 The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of Chinese special administrative regions Hong Kong and Macau as well as Taiwan a country with limited recognition The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as China Japan the Koreas Nepal Mongolia and eastern regions of the Russian Federation 109 The countries of East Asia also form the core of Northeast Asia which itself is a broader region East Asia map of Koppen climate classification UNSD geoscheme for Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories 110 North Asia Central Asia Western Asia South Asia East Asia Southeast Asia The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience 110 but others commonly use the same definition of Mainland China Hong Kong Macau Mongolia North Korea South Korea Taiwan and Japan 8 111 Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non continental geology distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities with Micronesia 112 113 114 Some groups such as the World Health Organization categorize China Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania The World Health Organization label this region the Western Pacific with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area of Cambodia as well as the countries of the Malay Archipelago excluding East Timor and Indonesia 115 Alternative definitions Edit In business and economics East Asia is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN Greater China Japan and Korea However in this context the term Far East is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia However being a Eurocentric term Far East describes the region s geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia Alternatively the term Asia Pacific Region is often used in describing East Asia Southeast Asia as well as Oceania citation needed On rare occasion the term is also sometimes taken to include India and other South Asian countries not within the bounds of the Pacific although the term Indo Pacific is more commonly used for such a definition 116 Observers preferring a broader definition of East Asia often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to China the Korean Peninsula and Japan with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries This usage which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions is at odds with the historical meanings of both East Asia and Northeast Asia 117 118 119 The Council on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea 108 Economy EditMain article Economy of East Asia Customs territory GDP nominalbillions of USD 2022 1 GDP nominal per capitaUSD 2022 1 GDP PPPbillions of USD 2021 1 GDP PPP per capitaUSD 2021 1 China 19 911 593 14 096 26 656 766 17 205 654 Hong Kong c 369 486 49 850 472 395 58 165 200 Macau d 35 246 50 578 61 623 58 930 534 Japan 4 912 147 39 243 5 585 786 41 636 628 Mongolia 18 102 5 206 42 412 12 259 059 North Korea N A N A N A N A South Korea 1 804 680 34 994 2 436 875 44 292 194 Taiwan 841 209 36 051 1 403 663 54 019 882East Asia 27 892 463 16 513 36 659 52 21 779 585Territorial and regional data EditEtymology Edit Flag Common Name Official name ISO 3166 Country Codes 120 Exonym Endonym Exonym Endonym ISO Short Name Alpha 2 Code Alpha 3 Code Numeric China 中国 People s Republic of China 中华人民共和国 China CN CHN 156 Hong Kong 香港 Hong Kong Special Administrative Regionof the People s Republic of China 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區 Hong Kong HK HKG 344 Macau 澳門 Macao Special Administrative Regionof the People s Republic of China 中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區 Macao MO MAC 446 Japan 日本 Japan 日本国 Japan JP JPN 392 Mongolia Mongol uls ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠤᠯᠤᠰ Mongolia Mongol Uls ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠤᠯᠤᠰ Mongolia MN MNG 496 North Korea 조선 Democratic People s Republic of Korea 조선민주주의인민공화국 Korea the Democratic People s Republic of KP PRK 408 South Korea 한국 Republic of Korea 대한민국 Korea the Republic of KR KOR 410 Taiwan e 臺灣 台灣 Republic of China 中華民國 Taiwan 120 TW TWN 158Demographics Edit Historical distribution map of linguistic groups in China State Territory Area km2 Population 121 122 2021 Population density per km2 HDI 123 Capital Administrative Centre China 9 640 011 f 1 425 893 465 g 138 0 768 Beijing Hong Kong 1 104 7 494 578 6 390 0 952 Hong Kong Macau 30 686 607 18 662 0 922 Macao Japan 377 930 124 612 530 337 0 925 Tokyo Mongolia 1 564 100 3 347 782 2 0 739 Ulaanbaatar North Korea 120 538 25 971 909 198 0 733 Pyongyang h South Korea 100 210 51 830 139 500 0 925 Seoul Taiwan 36 197 23 196 178 639 0 926 Taipei i East Asia 11 840 000 1 683 205 624 141 0 861 very high Ethnic groups Edit Main articles East Asian people and Ethnic groups of East Asia Ethnicity Native name Population Language s Writing system s Major states territories Traditional attireHan Chinese 漢族 or 汉族 1 313 345 856 124 Chinese Mandarin Min Wu Yue Jin Gan Hakka Xiang Huizhou Pinghua etc Simplified Han characters Traditional Han characters Yamato Japanese 大和民族 125 117 000 125 Japanese Han characters Kanji Katakana Hiragana Korean 조선족 朝鮮族 한민족 韓民族 79 432 225 citation needed Korean Hangul Han characters Hanja Bai 白族 1 858 063 Bai Southwestern Mandarin Simplified Han characters Latin script Hui 回族 10 586 087 citation needed Northwestern Mandarin other Chinese Dialects Huihui language etc Simplified Han characters j Mongols Mongolchuud ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ 8 942 528 Mongolian Mongol script Cyrillic script Zhuang 壮族 Bouxcuengh 18 000 000 Zhuang Southwestern Mandarin etc Simplified Han characters Latin script Uyghurs 维吾尔族 ئۇيغۇر 15 000 000 126 Uyghur Arabic alphabet Latin script k Manchus 满族 ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ 10 422 873 citation needed Northeastern Mandarin Manchu language Simplified Han characters Mongol script Hmong Miao 苗族 Ghaob Xongb Hmub Mongb 9 426 007 citation needed Hmong Miao Southwestern Mandarin Latin script Simplified Han characters Tibetans 藏族 བ ད པ 6 500 000 Tibetan Rgyal Rong Rgu etc Tibetan script Yi 彝族 ꆈꌠ 8 714 393 Various Loloish Southwestern Mandarin Yi script Simplified Han characters Tujia 土家族 8 353 912 Northern Tujia Southern Tujia Simplified Han characters Kam 侗族 Gaeml 2 879 974 Gaeml Simplified Han characters Latin script Tu 土族 Monguor 289 565 Tu Northwestern Mandarin Simplified Han characters Daur 达斡尔族 ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ 131 992 Daur Northeastern Mandarin Mongol script Simplified Han characters Indigenous Taiwanese Peoples 臺灣原住民 高山族 Yincomin Kasetaivang Inanuwayan 533 600 Austronesian languages Amis Yami etc Latin script Traditional Han characters Ryukyuan 琉球民族 1 900 000 JapaneseRyukyuan Han characters Kanji Katakana Hiragana Ainu アイヌ Aynu Ajnu 200 000 Japanese Ainu 127 Han characters Kanji Katakana Hiragana Note The order of states territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity within East Asia only East Asian culture EditMain article Culture of East Asia Main category East Asian culture Overview Edit The culture of East Asia has largely been influenced by China as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization 128 The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilised life in East Asia Imperial China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy Chinese calendar system political and legal systems architectural style diet terminology institutions religious beliefs imperial examinations that emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics political philosophy and cultural value systems as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea 129 44 130 131 132 133 134 135 97 The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras Through the tributary system the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order 136 citation not found 137 The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia s foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China s economic and cultural dominance over the region and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular 48 137 The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World 133 131 137 129 Religions Edit Main article East Asian religions Religion in East Asia 2020 138 Folk Religion 52 10 Buddhism 19 65 No Religion 19 62 Christianity 5 56 Islam 1 57 Hinduism 0 01 Other 1 43 Religion Native name Creator Current Leader Founded Time Main Denomination Major book Type Est Followers Ethnic groups States territoriesChinese folk religion 中國民間信仰 or 中国民间信仰 Spontaneous formation Prehistoric period Salvationist Wuism Nuo Chinese classics Huangdi Sijing precious scrolls etc Prehistoric pantheism and polytheism 900 000 000 139 140 Han Hmong Qiang Tujia worship of the same ancestor gods Taoism 道教 Zhang Daoling was considered the founder of Taoism by Taoists He founded Zhengyi the earliest denomination of Taoism Zhang Daoling reformed the Chinese folk religion from Sichuan into a real organised and regulated religion in 125A D Wang Chongyang founded the Quanzhen Denomination Tale says Wang Chongyang met two Gods Lu Dongbin and Han Zhongli during Jin dynasty 1115 1234 in 1159 He then get started to study Taoism himself Three years later he finished his studying and founded Quanzhen The new leader of Zhengyi need to be the son or paternal nephew of the previous leader confirmed by the court of Zhengyi in Mount Longhu Jiangxi Also beginning from the Song Dynasty the leaders of Zhengyi get started to be confirmed and titled by the Emperor of China In 1949 the 63th leader Zhang Enfu fled to Taiwan with Chiang Kai shek leader of the Kuomintang died in 1969 in Taipei The Kuomintang Authority titled his cousin Zhang Yuanxian as the 64th leader while the Court of Zhengyi back in Jiangxi argued that the oracle already foreseen the leadership will end at the 63th generation Zhang Yuanxian died in 2008 only left a daughter as heir Meanwhile the Kuomintang Authority didn t confirmed the next leader On the other hand in Mainland China Zhang Enfu s second daughter s son Lu Jintao changes his surname to Zhang and get in charge of the Court of Zhengyi currently For the leader of Quanzhen the last 18th leader 1335 1362 was Wanyan Deming titled by the Emperor of Yuan Dynasty Wanyan Deming was a Jurchen Taoist the Wanyan family was the imperial house of Jin Dynasty There is no official leader of Quanzhen after Wanyan Deming anymore citation needed 125 A D Eastern Han dynasty citation needed Zhengyi Quanzhen Tao Te Ching Pantheism polytheism 20 000 000 140 Han Zhuang Hmong Yao Qiang Tujia East Asian Buddhism Chinese Buddhism 漢傳佛教 or 汉传佛教 The Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty Liu Zhuang made a dream about the Buddha occasionally then sent people to the Western Regions to Introduce Buddhism to the Capital Chang an in 67 A D In 384 A D during the Eastern Jin dynasty Indian Malananda introduced the Chinese Buddhism to Baekje In 552 A D King Seong of Baekje offered Buddhism to the Emperor Kinmei of Japan citation needed 67 A D Eastern Han dynasty Mahayana Diamond Sutra Non God Dualism 300 000 000 Han Koreans Yamato Tibetan Buddhism 藏传佛教 བ ད བར ད ནང བས ན Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche Prince of the Ancient Xang Xung Kingdom 1800 years ago Mahayana Bon Anuttarayoga Tantra Non God 10 000 000 Tibetans Manchus Mongols Shamanism l 萨满教 or Boo morgol Spontaneous formation Prehistoric period N A Prehistoric polytheism and pantheism N A Manchus Mongols Oroqens Shinto 神道 Spontaneous formation Yayoi period 141 Shinto sects Kojiki Nihon Shoki Prehistoric pantheism and polytheism N A Yamato Musok Muism 신도 or 무교 Spontaneous formation 900 years ago citation needed Musok sects N A Prehistoric pantheism and polytheism N A Koreans Ryukyuan religion 琉球神道 or ニライカナイ信仰 Spontaneous formation N A N A N A Prehistoric pantheism and polytheism N A Ryukyuans Festivals Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Festival Native Name Other name Calendar Date Gregorian date Activity Religious practices Food Major ethnicities Major states territoriesChinese New Year 農曆新年 农历新年 or 春節 春节 Spring Festival Chinese Month 1 Day 1 21 Jan 20 Feb Family Reunion Ancestors Worship Tomb Sweeping Fireworks Worship the King of Gods Nian gao Han Manchus etc Korean New Year 설날 or 설 Seollal Korean Month 1 Day 1 21 Jan 20 Feb Ancestors Worship Family Reunion Tomb Sweeping N A Tteokguk Koreans Losar or Tsagaan Sar 藏历新年 ལ གསར or 查干萨日 Cagaan sar White Moon Tibetan Mongolian Month 1 Day 1 25 Jan 2 Mar Family Reunion Ancestors Worship Tomb Sweeping Fireworks N A Chhaang or Buuz Tibetans Mongols Tu etc New Year 元旦 Yuan Dan Gregorian 1 Jan 1 Jan Fireworks N A N A N A Lantern Festival 元宵節 or 元宵节 Upper Yuan Festival 上元节 Chinese Month 1 Day 15 4 Feb 6 Mar Lanterns Expo Ancestors Worship Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Sky officer Yuanxiao Han Daeboreum 대보름 or 정월 대보름 Great Full Moon Korean Month 1 Day 15 4 Feb 6 Mar Greeting of the moon kite flying Jwibulnori eating nuts Bureom Bonfires daljip taeugi Ogok bap namul nuts Korean Hanshi Festival 寒食節 or 寒食节 Cold Food Festival Solar term Traditionally on the 105th day after the Winter solstice Revised to 1 day before the Qingming Festival by Johann Adam Schall von Bell Chinese 汤若望 during the Qing dynasty April 3 5 Ancestors Worship Tomb Sweeping No cooking hot meal setting fire Cold food only Cuju etc People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates In Memory of a loyal Ancient named Jie Zhitui Chinese 介子推 ordered by the Monarch of the Jin Chinese state Duke Wen of Jin Chinese 重耳 Cold Food e g Qingtuan Han Koreans Mongols Qingming Festival 清明節 or 清明节 Tomb Sweeping Day Solar term 15th day after the Vernal Equinox Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival but in much higher repute April 4 6th Ancestors Worship Tomb Sweeping Excursion Planting trees Flying kites Tug of war Cuju etc Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival s due to their close dates Burning Hell money for deceased family members Planting willow branches to keep ghosts away from houses Boiled eggs Han Koreans Mongols Dragon Boat Festival 端午節 or 端午节 or 단오 Duanwu Festival Dano Surit nal Chinese Korean Month 5 Day 5 Driving poisons amp plague away China Dragon Boat Race Wearing coloured lines Hanging felon herb on the front door Korea Washing hair with iris water ssireum Worship various Gods Zongzi Surichwitteok rice cake with herbs Han Koreans Yamato Ghost Festival 中元節 or 中元节 or 백중 Mid Yuan Festival Chinese Month 7 Day 15 Ancestors Worship Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Earth officer Han Koreans Yamato Mid Autumn Festival 中秋節 or 中秋节 中秋祭 Chinese Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion Enjoying Moon view Worship the Moon Goddess Mooncake Han Chuseok 추석 or 한가위 Hangawi Korean Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion Ancestors Worship Tomb Sweeping Enjoying Moon view N A Songpyeon Torantang Taro soup Koreans Tsukimi 月見 or お月見 Tsukimi or Otsukimi Gregorian Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion Enjoying Moon view Worship the Moon Tsukimi Dango Sweet Potato Yamato Double Ninth Festival 重陽節 or 重阳节 Double Positive Festival Chinese Month 9 Day 09 Climbing Mountain Taking care of elderly Wearing Cornus Worship various Gods Han Korean Yamato Lower Yuan Festival 下元節 or 下元节 N A Chinese Month 10 Day 15 Ancestors Worship Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Water officer Ciba Han Dongzhi Festival 冬至 or 동지 or 冬至 N A Gregorian Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 Ancestors Worship Rites to dispel bad spirits N A Tangyuan Patjuk Zenzai Kabocha Han Koreans Yamato Small New Year 小年 Jizao 祭灶 Chinese Month 12 Day 23 Cleaning Houses Worship the God of Hearth tanggua Han Mongols Japan switched the date to the Gregorian calendar after the Meiji Restoration Not always on that Gregorian date sometimes April 4 Collaboration EditEast Asian Youth Games Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article East Asian Youth Games Formerly the East Asian Games it is a multi sport event organised by the East Asian Games Association EAGA and held every four years since 2019 among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia OCA as well as the Pacific island of Guam which is a member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA The others are the Central Asian Games the Southeast Asian Games SEA Games the South Asian Games and the West Asian Games Free trade agreements Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Name of agreement Parties Leaders at the time Negotiation begins Signing date Starting time Current statusChina South Korea FTA Xi Jinping Park Geun hye May 2012 Jun 01 2015 Dec 30 2015 EnforcedChina Japan South Korea FTA Xi Jinping Shinzō Abe Park Geun hye Mar 26 2013 N A N A 10 round negotiationJapan Mongolia EPA Shinzō Abe Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj Feb 10 2015 EnforcedChina Mongolia FTA Xi Jinping Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj N A N A N A Officially proposedChina HK CEPA Jiang Zemin Tung Chee hwa Jun 29 2003 EnforcedChina Macau CEPA Jiang Zemin Edmund Ho Hau wah Oct 18 2003 EnforcedHong Kong Macau CEPA Carrie Lam Fernando Chui Oct 09 2015 N A N A NegotiatingECFA Hu Jintao Ma Ying jeou Jan 26 2010 Jun 29 2010 Aug 17 2010 EnforcedCSSTA Based on ECFA Xi Jinping Ma Ying jeou Mar 2011 Jun 21 2013 N A AbolishedCSGTA Based on ECFA Hu Jintao Ma Ying jeou Feb 22 2011 N A N A SuspendedMilitary alliances Edit Name Abbr Parties within the regionGeneral Security of Military Information Agreement GSOMIA Sino North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea Taiwan Relations Act Sino American Mutual Defense Treaty before 1979 TRA SAMDT Major non NATO ally Global Partners of NATO 142 Major cities EditMain article Cities of East Asia Largest population centres of East Asia 143 144 Rank City name Country Pop Tokyo Seoul 1 Tokyo Japan 38 140 000 Shanghai Beijing2 Seoul South Korea 25 520 0003 Shanghai China 24 484 0004 Beijing China 21 240 0005 Osaka Japan 20 337 0006 Chongqing China 13 744 0007 Guangzhou China 13 070 0008 Tianjin China 11 558 0009 Shenzhen China 10 828 00010 Chengdu China 10 104 000 Tokyo is the capital of Japan and the largest city in the world both in metropolitan population and economy Seoul is the capital of South Korea leading global technology hub Shanghai is the largest city in China Beijing is the capital of the People s Republic of China Osaka is the second largest metropolitan area in Japan Guangzhou is one of the most important cities in southern China It has a history of over 2 200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub today Nagoya is the third largest metropolitan area in Japan Nagoya is famous as the location of Lexus headquarters Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia with a population of 1 million as of 2008 Hong Kong is one of the global financial centres and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea and is a metropolis on the Korean Peninsula Xi an or Chang an is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China having held the position under several of the most important dynasties It has a significant cultural influence in East Asia source source source source source source source source Pass of the ISS over Mongolia looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean China and Japan As the video progresses you can see major cities along the coast and the Japanese islands on the Philippine Sea The island of Guam can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand A lightning storm can be seen as light pulses near the end of the video With a population of 2 646 million Taipei is the capital financial centre of Taiwan and anchors a major high tech industrial area in Taiwan See also Edit Geography portal Asia portal China portal Hong Kong portal Japan portal North Korea portal South Korea portal Taiwan portalChina Japan South Korea trilateral summit East Asia Summit East Asia United States relations East Asian Community East Asian languages East Asian studies East Asian cultural sphereNotes Edit See 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Listed as Hong Kong SAR by IMF Listed as Macao SAR by IMF From 1949 to 1971 the ROC was referred as China or Nationalist China Includes all area which under PRC s government control excluding South Tibet and disputed islands citation needed A note by the United Nations For statistical purposes the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions SAR of China and Taiwan Province of China 121 122 Seoul was the de jure capital of the DPRK from 1948 to 1972 Taipei is the ROC s seat of government by regulation Constitutionally there is no official capital citation needed appointed for the ROC The Hui people also use the Arabic alphabet in the religious field The Khotons also in almost Manchu MongolianReferences Edit a b c d e World Economic Outlook Database October 2020 IMF a b World Economic Outlook Database International Monetary Fund October 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 a b c Kort Michael 2005 The Handbook Of East Asia Lerner Publishing Group p 7 ISBN 978 0761326724 a b East Asia rand org RAND Corporation Archived from the original on 2011 01 02 Retrieved 12 August 2021 a b Tasks of German foreign policy East Asia PDF auswaertiges amt de German Federal Foreign Office May 2002 Archived from the original PDF on 19 December 2021 Retrieved 12 August 2021 a b Countries of Asia nationsonline org Nations Online Archived from the original on 2001 07 01 Retrieved 12 August 2021 Demographia com PDF a b East Asia Encarta Microsoft Archived from the original on 2009 11 09 Retrieved 2008 01 12 the countries and regions of Mainland China Hong Kong Macau Taiwan Mongolia South Korea North Korea and Japan Miller David Y 2007 Modern East Asia An Introductory History Routledge pp xxi xxiv ISBN 978 0765618221 East Asia in the 21st Century Boundless World History courses lumenlearning com Retrieved 2019 11 25 Zaharna R S Arsenault Amelia Fisher Ali 2013 Relational Networked and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy The Connective Mindshift 1st ed Routledge published 2013 05 01 p 93 ISBN 978 0415636070 Holcombe Charles 2017 A History of East Asia From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty First Century Cambridge University Press p 13 ISBN 978 1107544895 Szonyi Michael 2017 A Companion to Chinese History Wiley Blackwell p 90 ISBN 978 1118624609 Selin Helaine 2010 Nature Across Cultures Views of Nature and the Environment in Non Western Cultures Springer p 350 ISBN 978 9048162710 Salkind Neil J 2008 Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology Sage Publications p 56 ISBN 978 1412916882 Kim Chongho 2003 Korean Shamanism The Cultural Paradox Ashgate ISBN 9780754631859 Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe Theologia crucis in Asia 1987 Rodopi Heissig Walther 2000 The Religions of Mongolia Translated by Samuel Geoffrey Kegan Paul International p 46 ISBN 9780710306852 Elliott 2001 p 235 sfnp error no target CITEREFElliott2001 help Shirokogorov 1929 p 204 sfnp error no target CITEREFShirokogorov1929 help a b Spinosa Ludovico 2007 Wastewater Sludge Iwa Publishing p 57 ISBN 978 1843391425 Wang Yuchen Lu Dongsheng Chung Yeun Jun Xu Shuhua 2018 Genetic structure divergence and admixture of Han Chinese Japanese and Korean populations Hereditas 155 19 doi 10 1186 s41065 018 0057 5 PMC 5889524 PMID 29636655 Wang Yuchen Lu Dongsheng Chung Yeun Jun Xu Shuhua 2018 Genetic structure divergence and admixture of Han Chinese Japanese and Korean populations Hereditas published April 6 2018 155 19 doi 10 1186 s41065 018 0057 5 PMC 5889524 PMID 29636655 Walker Hugh Dyson 2012 11 20 East Asia A New History AuthorHouse ISBN 978 1 4772 6517 8 Holcombe Charles 2017 01 11 A History of East Asia Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 11873 7 Maura Ellyn Maura McGinnis 2004 Greece A Primary Source Cultural Guide The Rosen Publishing Group p 8 ISBN 978 0 8239 3999 2 John E Findling Kimberly D Pelle 2004 Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement Greenwood Publishing Group p 23 ISBN 978 0 313 32278 5 Wayne C Thompson Mark H Mullin 1983 Western Europe 1983 Stryker Post Publications p 337 ISBN 9780943448114 for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture Frederick Copleston 1 June 2003 History of Philosophy Volume 1 Greece and Rome A amp C Black p 13 ISBN 978 0 8264 6895 6 PART I PRE SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER II THE CRADLE OF WESTERN THOUGHT Mario Iozzo 2001 Art and History of Greece And Mount Athos Casa Editrice Bonechi p 7 ISBN 978 88 8029 435 1 The capital of Greece one of the world s most glorious cities and the cradle of Western culture Marxiano Melotti 25 May 2011 The Plastic Venuses Archaeological Tourism in Post Modern Society Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 188 ISBN 978 1 4438 3028 7 In short Greece despite having been the cradle of Western culture was then an other space separate from the West Library Journal Vol 97 Bowker April 1972 p 1588 Ancient Greece Cradle of Western Culture Series disc 6 strips with 3 discs range 44 60 fr 17 18 min Stanley Mayer Burstein 2002 Current Issues and the Study of Ancient History Regina Books p 15 ISBN 978 1 930053 10 6 and making Egypt play the same role in African education and culture that Athens and Greece do in Western culture Murray Milner Jr 8 January 2015 Elites A General Model John Wiley amp Sons p 62 ISBN 978 0 7456 8950 0 Greece has long been considered the seedbed or cradle of Western civilization Slavica viterbiensia 003 Periodico di letterature e culture slave della Facolta di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne dell Universita della Tuscia Gangemi Editore spa 10 November 2011 p 148 ISBN 978 88 492 6909 3 The Special Case of Greece The ancient Greece was a cradle of the Western culture Kim Covert 1 July 2011 Ancient Greece Birthplace of Democracy Capstone p 5 ISBN 978 1 4296 6831 6 Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece Henry Turner Inman Rome the cradle of western civilisation as illustrated by existing monuments ISBN 9781177738538 Michael Ed Grant 1964 The Birth Of Western Civilisation Greece amp Rome Amazon co uk Thames amp Hudson Retrieved 4 January 2016 HUXLEY George et al 9780500040034 The Birth of Western Civilization Greece and Rome AbeBooks com Retrieved 4 January 2016 Athens Rome Jerusalem and Vicinity Peninsula of Mt Sinai Geographicus Rare Antique Maps Geographicus com Retrieved 4 January 2016 a b Ball Desmond 2005 The Transformation of Security in the Asia Pacific Region Routledge p 104 ISBN 978 0714646619 Walker Hugh Dyson 2012 East Asia A New History AuthorHouse p 119 a b Amy Chua Jed Rubenfeld 2014 The Triple Package How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America Penguin Press HC p 121 ISBN 978 1594205460 a b c d Kang David C 2012 East Asia Before the West Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute Columbia University Press pp 33 34 ISBN 978 0231153195 Goucher Candice Walton Linda 2012 World History Journeys from Past to Present Routledge published September 11 2012 p 232 ISBN 978 0415670029 Smolnikov Sergey 2018 Great Power Conduct and Credibility in World Politics ISBN 9783319718859 Lone Stewart 2007 Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War Greenwood p 3 ISBN 978 0313336843 a b Warren I Cohen 2000 East Asia at the Center Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0231101082 Norman Jerry 1988 Chinese Cambridge University Press p 17 ISBN 978 0521296533 Cohen Warren 2000 East Asia at the Center Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World Columbia University Press p 60 ISBN 978 0231101080 Chua Amy 2009 Day of Empire How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance and Why They Fall Anchor p 62 ISBN 978 1400077410 Leibo Steve 2012 East and Southeast Asia 2012 Stryker Post p 19 ISBN 978 1610488853 Tsai Henry 2009 02 15 Maritime Taiwan Historical Encounters with the East and the West Routledge p 3 ISBN 978 0765623287 Kshetry Gopal 2008 Foreigners in Japan A Historical Perspective Xlibris Corp p 30 ISBN 978 1425770495 Kshetry Gopal 2008 Foreigners in Japan A Historical Perspective Xlibris Corp p 31 ISBN 978 1425770495 a b Lockard Craig 1999 Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries PDF Encarta Historical Essays 2 3 a b Lockard Craig 1999 Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries PDF Encarta Historical Essays 7 Fagan Brian M 1999 The Oxford Companion to Archaeology Oxford University Press p 362 ISBN 978 0195076189 a b Lockard Craig 1999 Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries PDF Encarta Historical Essays 8 Lockard Craig A 2009 Societies Networks And Transitions Volume B From 600 To 1750 Wadsworth pp 290 291 ISBN 978 1 4390 8540 0 Embree Ainslie Gluck Carol 1997 Asia in Western and World History A Guide for Teaching M E Sharpe p 352 ISBN 9781563242656 Japan culture tang dynasty Kshetry Gopal 2008 Foreigners in Japan A Historical Perspective Xlibris Corp p 32 ISBN 978 1425770495 Brown John 2006 China Japan Korea Culture and Customs Createspace Independent p 33 ISBN 978 1419648939 Lind Jennifer February 13 2018 Life in China s Asia What Regional Hegemony Would Look Like Foreign Affairs Lockard Craig 1999 Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries PDF Encarta Historical Essays Ellington Lucien 2009 Japan Nations in Focus p 21 John M Roberts 1997 A Short History of the World Oxford University Press p 272 ISBN 0 19 511504 X Hayes Louis D 2009 Political Systems of East Asia China Korea and Japan Greenlight pp xi ISBN 978 0765617866 Hayes Louis D 2009 Political Systems of East Asia China Korea and Japan Greenlight p 15 ISBN 978 0765617866 a b Tindall George Brown Shi David E 2009 America A Narrative History 1st ed W W Norton amp Company published November 16 2009 p 926 ISBN 978 0393934083 a b April K Shockley M 2007 Diversity New Realities in a Changing World Palgrave Macmillan published February 6 2007 pp 163 ISBN 978 0230001336 Cohen Warren 2000 East Asia at the Center Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World Columbia University Press p 286 ISBN 978 0231101080 a b c Batty David 2005 01 17 Japan s War in Colour documentary TWI Asian History Module Learning Rex Bookstore Inc 2002 p 186 ISBN 978 9712331244 a b Goldman Merie Gordon Andrew 2000 Diversity New Realities in a Changing World Harvard University Press published August 15 2000 p 3 ISBN 978 0674000971 Cohen Warren 2000 East Asia at the Center Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World Columbia University Press p 273 ISBN 978 0231101080 Shiping Hua Hu Amelia 2014 East Asian Development Model Twenty first century perspectives 1st ed Routledge published 2014 12 09 pp 78 79 ISBN 978 0415737272 Lee Yong Wook Key Young Son 2014 China s Rise and Regional Integration in East Asia Hegemony or community 1st ed Routledge published March 14 2014 p 45 ISBN 978 0313350825 Sino Japanese War 1894 95 Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 12 November 2012 The Japanese Economy Walk Japan 2010 12 16 Tindall George Brown Shi David E 2009 America A Narrative History 1st ed W W Norton amp Company published November 16 2009 p 1147 ISBN 978 0393934083 Northrup Cynthia Clark Bentley Jerry H Eckes Alfred E Jr 2004 Encyclopedia of World Trade From Ancient Times to the Present Routledge p 297 ISBN 978 0765680587 a b Paul Erik 2012 Neoliberal Australia and US Imperialism in East Asia Palgrave Macmillan p 114 ISBN 978 1137272775 Introducing East Asian Peoples PDF International Mission Board September 10 2016 Gilbet Rozman 2004 Northeast Asia s stunted regionalism bilateral distrust in the shadow of globalization Cambridge University Press pp 3 4 Northeast Asia dominates patent filing growth Reuters Retrieved August 8 2001 Paper Economic Integration in Northeast Asia PDF IIE Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 04 Retrieved August 8 2011 Kim Johnny S 2013 Solution Focused Brief Therapy A Multicultural Approach Sage Publications p 55 ISBN 978 1452256672 Shiping Hua Hu Amelia 2014 East Asian Development Model Twenty first century perspectives 1st ed Routledge published 2014 12 09 p 3 ISBN 978 0415737272 Ness Immanuel Bellwood Peter 2014 The Global Prehistory of Human Migration 1st ed Wiley Blackwell published 2014 11 10 p 217 ISBN 978 1118970591 Kort Michael 2003 The Handbook Of East Asia 21st Century p 7 9 ISBN 978 0761326724 Spinosa Ludovico 2007 Wastewater Sludge Iwa Publishing p 57 ISBN 978 1843391425 a b Prescott Anne 2015 East Asia in the World An Introduction Routledge p 3 ISBN 978 0765643223 Ikeo Aiko 1996 Economic Development in Twentieth Century East Asia The International Context Routledge p 1 ISBN 978 0415149006 Yoshimatsu H 2014 Comparing Institution Building in East Asia Power Politics Governance and Critical Junctures Palgrave Macmillan p 1 ISBN 978 1137370549 Kim Mikyoung 2015 Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia Routledge ISBN 978 0415835138 a b c Hazen Dan Spohrer James H 2005 Building Area Studies Collections Otto Harrassowitz published 2005 12 31 p 130 ISBN 978 3447055123 Grabowski Richard Self Sharmistha Shields William 2012 Economic Development A Regional Institutional and Historical Approach 2nd ed Routledge published September 25 2012 p 59 ISBN 978 0765633538 Ng Arden 4 February 2019 East Asia is the World s Largest Economy at 29 6 Trillion USD Including 4 of the Top 25 Countries Globally Blueback Currie Lorenzo 2013 Through the Eyes of the Pack Xlibris Corp p 163 ISBN 978 1493145171 Asato Noriko 2013 Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools Libraries Unlimited p 1 ISBN 978 1598848427 Prescott Anne 2015 East Asia in the World An Introduction Routledge p 6 ISBN 978 0765643223 Miller David Y 2007 Modern East Asia An Introductory History Routledge p xi ISBN 978 0765618221 Cummings Sally N 2013 Understanding Central Asia Politics and Contested Transformations Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 43319 3 Saez Lawrence 2012 The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC An emerging collaboration architecture Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 67108 1 Cornell Svante E Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia A New Spring PDF Central Asia Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Aminian Nathalie Fung K C Ng Francis Integration of Markets vs Integration by Agreements PDF Policy Research Working Paper World Bank a b Northeast Asia Council on Foreign Relations Retrieved August 10 2009 Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia 1999 Japan and Russia in Northeast Asia Partners in the 21st Century Greenwood Publishing Group p 248 a b United Nations Statistics Division Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications M49 United Nations Statistics Division 2015 05 06 Retrieved 2010 07 24 Composition of macro geographical continental regions geographical sub regions and selected economic and other groupings United Nations Statistics Division 11 February 2013 Retrieved 28 May 2013 Todd Ian 1974 Island Realm A Pacific Panorama Angus amp Robertson p 190 ISBN 9780207127618 Retrieved 2 February 2022 we can further define the word culture to mean language Thus we have the French language part of Oceania the Spanish part and the Japanese part The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands These three clusters lying south and south east of Japan are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands Two of them the Galapagos and Easter Island have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population the Polynesians of Easter Island The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish Latin American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland Therefore the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures Udvardy Miklos D F A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World PDF UNESCO Archived from the original PDF on 18 February 2022 Retrieved 7 March 2022 Oceania Military Guide GlobalSecurity org Retrieved 6 January 2022 IMAGE Countries and areas in WHO s Western Pacific Region via ResearchGate Forget Asia Pacific it s Indo Pacific now Where is that 15 September 2021 Christopher M Dent 2008 East Asian regionalism London Routledge pp 1 8 Charles Harvie Fukunari Kimura Hyun Hoon Lee 2005 New East Asian regionalism Cheltenham and Northamton Edward Elgar pp 3 6 Peter J Katzenstein Takashi Shiraishi 2006 Beyond Japan the dynamics of East Asian regionalism Ithaca Cornell University Press pp 1 33 a b Country codes iso org a b World Population Prospects 2022 population un org United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Retrieved July 17 2022 a b World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region subregion and country annually for 1950 2100 XSLX population un org Total Population as of 1 July thousands United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Retrieved July 17 2022 Human Development Reports www hdr undp org January 2018 Retrieved 2018 10 14 CIA Factbook Archived from the original on 2016 10 13 Retrieved 2018 03 17 人口推計 平成 28年 12月 報 PDF stat go jp 新疆维吾尔自治区统计局 www xjtj gov cn Archived from the original on 2019 03 31 Retrieved 2018 09 11 Gordon Raymond G Jr ed 2005 Ethnologue Languages of the World 15th ed Dallas SIL International ISBN 978 1 55671 159 6 OCLC 224749653 Lim SK 2011 11 01 Asia Civilizations Ancient to 1800 AD ASIAPAC p 56 ISBN 978 9812295941 a b Goscha Christopher 2016 The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam A History Allen Lane ISBN 978 1846143106 Amy Chua Jed Rubenfeld 2014 The Triple Package How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America Penguin Press HC p 122 ISBN 978 1594205460 a b Walker Hugh Dyson 2012 East Asia A New History AuthorHouse p 2 Lewis Mark Edward 2012 China s Cosmopolitan Empire The Tang Dynasty Belknap Press published April 9 2012 p 156 ISBN 978 0674064010 a b Reischauer Edwin O 1974 The Sinic World in Perspective Foreign Affairs 52 2 341 348 doi 10 2307 20038053 JSTOR 20038053 Lim SK 2011 11 01 Asia Civilizations Ancient to 1800 AD ASIAPAC p 89 ISBN 978 9812295941 Richter Frank Jurgen 2002 Redesigning Asian Business In the Aftermath of Crisis Quorum Books p 15 ISBN 978 1567205251 Vohra 1999 p 22harvnb error no target CITEREFVohra1999 help a b c Amy Chua Jed Rubenfeld 2014 The Triple Package How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America Penguin Press HC pp 121 122 ISBN 978 1594205460 Religious Composition by Country 2010 2050 www pewforum org 2 April 2015 Archived from the original on 2019 12 21 Retrieved 2020 10 18 Wenzel Teuber Katharina 2012 People s Republic of China Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011 PDF Religions amp Christianity in Today s China II 3 29 54 ISSN 2192 9289 Archived from the original PDF on 27 April 2017 a b Wenzel Teuber Katharina 2017 Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People s Republic of China Update for the Year 2016 PDF Religions amp Christianity in Today s China VII 2 26 53 Archived from the original PDF on 22 July 2017 Hardacre Helen 2017 Shinto a history New York p 18 ISBN 978 0 19 062171 1 OCLC 947145263 Shirley Kan December 2009 Taiwan Major U S Arms Sales Since 1990 DIANE Publishing p 52 ISBN 978 1 4379 2041 3 United Nations March 12 2017 The World s Cities in 2016 PDF United Nations 통계표명 주민등록 인구통계 in Korean Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 Retrieved 4 April 2015 Further reading EditChurch Peter A short history of South East Asia John Wiley amp Sons 2017 Clyde Paul H and Burton F Beers The Far East A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses 1830 1975 1975 online 3rd edition 1958 Crofts Alfred A history of the Far East 1958 online free to borrow Dennett Tyler Americans in Eastern Asia 1922 online free Ebrey Patricia Buckley and Anne Walthall East Asia A cultural social and political history Cengage Learning 2013 Embree Ainslie T ed Encyclopedia of Asian history 1988 vol 1 online vol 2 online vol 3 online vol 4 online Fairbank John K Edwin Reischauer and Albert M Craig East Asia The great tradition and East Asia The modern transformation 1960 2 vol 1960 online free to borrow famous textbook Flynn Matthew J China Contested Western Powers in East Asia 2006 for secondary schools Gelber Harry The dragon and the foreign devils China and the world 1100 BC to the present 2011 Green Michael J By more than providence grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 2017 a major scholarly survey excerpt Hall D G E History of South East Asia Macmillan International Higher Education 1981 Holcombe Charles A History of East Asia 2d ed Cambridge UP 2017 excerpt Iriye Akira After Imperialism The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921 1931 1965 Jensen Richard Jon Davidann and Yoneyuki Sugita eds Trans Pacific Relations America Europe and Asia in the Twentieth Century Praeger 2003 304 pp online review Keay John Empire s End A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong Scribner 1997 online free to borrow Levinson David and Karen Christensen eds Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 6 vol Charles Scribner s Sons 2002 Mackerras Colin Eastern Asia an introductory history Melbourne Longman Cheshire 1992 Macnair Harley F amp Donald Lach Modern Far Eastern International Relations 2nd ed 1955 1950 edition online free 780pp focus on 1900 1950 Miller David Y Modern East Asia An Introductory History Routledge 2007 Murphey Rhoads East Asia A New History 1996 Norman Henry The Peoples and Politics of the Far East Travels and studies in the British French Spanish and Portuguese colonies Siberia China Japan Korea Siam and Malaya 1904 online Paine S C M The Wars for Asia 1911 1949 2014 excerpt Prescott Anne East Asia in the World An Introduction Routledge 2015 Ring George C Religions of the Far East Their History to the Present Day Kessinger Publishing 2006 Szpilman Christopher W A Sven Saaler Japan and Asia in Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History 2017 online Steiger G Nye A history of the Far East 1936 Vinacke Harold M A History of the Far East in Modern Times 1964 a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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